Parachuting in Kazakhstan. Parachuting of Kazakhstan
SPECIAL CASES AND ACTIONS OF THE PARACHUTIST IN SPECIAL CASES DURING PARACHUTE JUMPS D-1-5U. (reserve parachute Z-5)
SPECIAL CASES
Special cases in parachuting are called emergency situations when performing a jump that threaten the life and health of a parachutist.
When jumping on a “round” parachute technique, the main ones, i.e. The most likely special cases are:
1 .Parachutist hooking on an aircraft(airplane, helicopter) elements of the parachute system.
2
. Dome failure– i.e. parachute failure when opening. Dome failures are divided into complete and partial.
Complete failure
implies the complete absence of the canopy when trying to put it into operation as a result of its absence from the knapsack or case (and when jumping with parachutes of the D-5 .. D-6., D-10 type from the knapsack or camera). Also, a complete failure is equally considered a situation in which the paratrooper himself cut off the main canopy from suspension system in case of entanglement with an aircraft (in rarer cases, for jumps on round equipment, it is also possible to detach or cut off the main canopy when merging with other paratroopers).
Partial failure
implies a situation when the canopy enters the stream from the backpack but does not provide desired speed lowering the parachutist safe for his landing, in view of the damage. Most often this happens in cases of overlapping of the dome, breakage of lines or a tear in the fabric of the dome of more than one square meter.
3 . Convergence in the air- i.e. a collision in the air of several paratroopers with the subsequent failure of the operation (extinguishing) of one or all the canopies of the participants in this situation.
4 . Updraft or downdraft- i.e. a situation in which a parachutist, being under a normally working canopy, cannot descend (in case of falling into an updraft) and is carried away from the prepared landing site. Or vice versa (in case of falling into a downdraft) it decreases at a greater speed than is necessary for a safe landing.
5 . Landing on obstacles— i.e. landing of a skydiver on an unprepared site with various natural (forest, stones, reservoirs) or other obstacles (buildings, poles, equipment, power lines, railways and roads, GDP, etc.), landing on which may result in injury or death of a paratrooper.
ACTIONS OF THE PARACHUTIST IN SPECIAL CASES (parachute d-1-5U opening method - full forced)
Airplane engagement.
If the skydiver after separation, feeling a jerk, raised his head to inspect the dome and realized that there was a hook on the aircraft, he must establish visual contact with the releasing instructor, that is, find the aircraft door with his eyes and see the releasing one there. After the issuing instructor makes sure that the paratrooper sees him and is able to act adequately, the paratrooper is lowered from the plane on a special halyard with a carbine (or “cat”). jumper. It is forbidden to hook a carabiner (cat) to any metal parts of the suspension system: other carabiners, half rings, etc. Having hooked the carbine to the soft elements of the suspension system, the paratrooper, having previously made sure that the engagement is reliable (i.e., having pulled the carbine several times), gives a hand signal to the releaser, after which other paratroopers on board pull the hooked into the plane.
In the event that attempts to retract a skydiver into the aircraft fail, due to insufficient number of people on board or for other reasons, the releaser gives a go-ahead to the hooked paratrooper, indicating that the retraction has failed. After that, a sling cutter descends from the plane on another halyard to the paratrooper. Having taken the sling cutter knife, the paratrooper first of all cuts it off from the halyard on which it was lowered, in order to avoid a possible cut to the hand in the future. After cutting off the sling cutter from the halyard, the parachutist cuts off (or unfastens) the carabiner (cat) received earlier. Then he begins to cut off the free ends of the suspension system. Trimming the risers begins with the least tight (most loose, sagging) riser. All actions with a sling cutter are performed by chopping movements away from you. After the skydiver cuts off the extreme (fourth) free end, he finds himself in free fall. Once in free fall, the parachutist throws out the knife, finds the reserve parachute ring with his eyes, takes it with his hand, twists it out of the pocket of the satchel, and putting the opposite hand to the side, pulls the ring forward from himself for the entire length of the arm. When deploying the reserve parachute, it is advisable to tilt the head and legs slightly back.
When descending with a reserve parachute, the skydiver must take into account that the rate of descent on the reserve parachute exceeds the rate of descent when descending on the main one, and therefore it is necessary to be prepared for a harder landing.
Dome failure.
Dome failures are divided into complete and partial.
A complete failure implies the complete absence of a canopy over a parachutist after he has used an exhaust ring as a result of a parachute failure. As a complete failure, it can also be considered
a situation in which the parachutist himself cut off the main parachute due to entanglement with the aircraft.
Partial failure implies a situation in which the canopy of the main parachute, having left the pack, is damaged and is not able to perform its functions in full volume necessary for a safe landing.
The division of canopy failures into complete and partial is necessary due to the fact that with a complete and partial failure of the main parachute, the actions of the parachutist differ significantly, and the reserve parachute is activated in different ways.
Complete failure . (Parachute D-1-5U forced opening method, reserve parachute Z-5 manual opening)
After separation from the aircraft, the parachutist, without fail, begins the countdown: 501, 502, 503. meaning that immediately after pronouncing 503 there will be a dynamic jerk, indicating the opening of the main parachute. the fact that the parachute dome did not come out of the satchel, i.e. there was a complete failure.
In this situation, the skydiver, without hesitation, finds the ring of the reserve parachute with his eyes, takes it, turns it out of the pocket of the satchel, and putting the opposite hand to the side, sharply pulls the ring forward from himself for the entire length of his arm. At the same time, it is advisable to take the legs back slightly bending at the knees, it is also advisable to throw the head back to avoid a possible cut to the face by the lines of the reserve parachute when it leaves the satchel.
ATTENTION! Exposing the arm to the side is mandatory, as this eliminates the possibility of a parachutist falling in a strictly horizontal position, which can lead to the canopy of the reserve parachute falling into a "shadow" that prevents it from opening.
Partial failure canopy and activation of the reserve parachute (parachute D-1-5U forced opening method, reserve parachute Z-5 manual opening)
Partial failure of the canopy during parachute jumps D-1-5U for full forced opening implies three possible options: Overlapping (overlapping the canopy with one or more lines leading to its deformation). Line breakage (breakage of one or more lines). Dome rupture (a rupture of the fabric of the main dome with a size of one square meter or more)
Overlap.
After counting: 501, 502, 503 and feeling a dynamic jerk, the skydiver raises his head up and inspects the canopy, the canopy must be of the correct round shape without gusts, overlaps and breaks in the lines. If, when examining the canopy, a parachutist, instead of the correct, well-filled hemisphere of the main canopy, finds that it is deformed - that is, instead of the correct round one, the canopy has a crumpled hemisphere divided into two or more parts by lines that have crossed over it, this indicates an overlap of the canopy of the main parachute.
Dome overlaps are divided into light and deep.
A light overlap is considered to be a shallow overlap with one or more lines near the edge of the canopy. Such an overlap can be eliminated by a skydiver by pulling it off, for which it is necessary to find the necessary line (or lines) at the place of its attachment to the free end and, holding it with both hands, pull it down with force if it will take a few times. If this does not lead to the elimination of the overlap, it is necessary to activate the reserve parachute.
Deep overlap means overlapping the canopy with one or more lines closer to the center of the canopy with a deep (sometimes more than a meter) division of the canopy into several parts. A deep overlap cannot be eliminated by the skydiver, so if a deep overlap is detected, the paratrooper immediately activates the reserve parachute.
video example of the overlap of the main parachute D-1-5U
Line break.
If, when inspecting the canopy, the skydiver discovers a break in one or more lines, he must act in accordance with the situations described below.
If one to three lines break, no action is taken, the descent is carried out in the normal mode.
If three or more adjacent lines break, the reserve parachute is activated. (adjacent slings are slings attached to one free end)
If one to five lines break at different free ends, no action is taken, the descent is carried out in the normal mode. (for example, one line breaks at one free end, two at the second, and one line at the third or fourth)
If five or more lines break, the reserve parachute is deployed in total.
Dome break.
Canopy rupture, i.e. rupture of the fabric of the canopy to the extent that the parachute is unable to carry out a safe landing of the parachutist. The D-1-5U parachute does not lose its stability and controllability with a burst of up to one square meter. If a canopy rupture is detected, the parachutist visually determines its size. If the canopy gust does not exceed one square meter, then the landing is carried out in the normal mode according to the instructions.
When a canopy gust exceeds one square meter (or several gusts close to a square meter), the parachutist activates the reserve parachute according to the scheme provided for the introduction of a reserve parachute in case of partial failure.
Determining the size of the gust of the main canopy is carried out in the following way - the entire canopy of the D-1-5U parachute is stitched with clearly visible reinforcing tapes 2 cm wide, which divide the area of the dome into many sectors (squares) in case the gust is in one sector (square), and does not affect reinforcing tapes with a transition to the next sector, the size of the gust is considered to be less than one square meter and the landing is carried out in the normal mode. If the gust, having damaged the fabric of one of the sectors, crosses the reinforcing tape and passes to the next sector, then the size of this gust is considered to be more than one square meter and the parachutist must activate the reserve parachute according to the reserve parachute input scheme in case of partial failure.
RESERVE PARACHUTE COMMISSIONING IN PARTIAL FAILURE(main parachute D-1-5U, reserve Z-5)
The commissioning of the reserve parachute in case of partial failure is carried out as follows: the paratrooper finds the ring with his eyes and takes it with the hand on which side it is located, at the same time, with the palm of the other hand, the paratrooper presses the reserve parachute pack to himself, after which the paratrooper turns the ring out of the pocket of the pack sharply pulls it forward from itself for the entire length of the arm, followed by the removal of the arm down to the leg. After that, the ring is thrown away. As a result of the release of the reserve parachute pack, the pack valves, under the influence of the knapsack rubber bands, jump out from under the parachutist’s palm and the reserve parachute canopy itself is at hand. in the manner of a reserve parachute with both hands, throws it forward and upward at an angle of forty-five degrees.
ATTENTION! Before dropping the reserve parachute, the parachutist must determine the presence or absence of rotation. As a rule, in the event of a partial failure of the main canopy, the paratrooper constantly rotates along its axis, and therefore the reserve parachute must be thrown by the parachutist exclusively in the direction of rotation in order to eliminate the possibility of twisting of the main parachute lines with lines of a reserve. Throwing a reserve parachute in the direction opposite to the rotation is strictly prohibited.
When throwing a reserve parachute, the parachutist's legs must be bent at the knees and tightly compressed to exclude the possibility of catching the lines on the legs, because the canopy of the reserve parachute, when used in case of partial failure, usually fills up relatively slowly and part of the lines coming out of the backpack rubber bands first sags down and can entangle the parachutist's legs.
To speed up the filling of the canopy of the reserve parachute, the parachutist can help it fill up by independently releasing the straps from the backpack elastic bands and, as it were, shaking them. As a result of the resulting tension of the lines, the canopy of the reserve parachute fills faster.
When using a reserve parachute in the event of a partial failure, a situation is possible in which the reserve parachute, after being thrown out by a parachutist, does not fill up, but simply lies in the air, while no twitching and shaking of the lines change anything. In such a situation, the parachutist needs to bend his knees, squeezing his legs, bring his feet under him as much as possible, and raising his knees to the level of the belt, pull the reserve parachute towards him by the lines. Then, on your knees, roll it up and throw it forward and up again at an angle of 45 degrees, in the direction of rotation. If after that the parachute also does not fill up, the action should be repeated.
If, after two or three throw-ins, or upon reaching a height of 150 meters, the reserve parachute has not filled up, the paratrooper pulls it towards him, turns it up, and, holding it between his legs, lands on the main parachute.
Failure to inflate the reserve parachute after several drops indicates a low rate of descent of the paratrooper, which means that the canopy of the main parachute, even in a damaged state, performs its functions in full, providing a safe rate of descent for landing.
In this case, the parachutist, holding the reserve parachute between his legs, performs a landing under the canopy of the main parachute according to the instructions for landing in a normal situation. At the same time, the reserve parachute must be controlled and firmly held by the paratrooper until it touches the ground, in order to exclude possible slipping and opening of the reserve parachute at an unexpected moment, or slipping back between the legs with subsequent opening behind the back, which can lead to a change in the position of the parachutist’s body almost to horizontal which in turn will inevitably lead to injury. However, if a situation nevertheless happened in which the reserve parachute slipped free between the legs of the paratrooper and opened behind him, and the paratrooper was in a horizontal position, then the paratrooper needs to put his palms between his stomach and the lines of the reserve parachute and squeeze the lines as far away from him as possible, carefully, trying not to catch on, throw one leg over them, as a result of which the reserve parachute will be in front and the parachutist will take a vertical position. After that, the descent is carried out under two domes. At the height of the canopy of the reserve and main parachutes, they tend to diverge from each other, which introduces the body of the parachutist into an inclined position close to horizontal, to correct this situation, it is necessary to pull them towards you by holding the free ends of the reserve parachute. An opposite situation is created near the ground, in which the main and reserve parachutes converge, clinging to each other, this is corrected by pushing the free ends of the reserve parachute away from themselves.
ATTENTION! It is forbidden to use control lines and try to deploy the main parachute canopy in case of descent under two canopies, as this can lead to twisting of the lines of the main and reserve parachutes with their subsequent extinction or reduction in area, which will lead to a critical increase in landing speed.
Convergence in the air.(parachute D-1-5U)
A mid-air convergence is a situation in which two or more skydivers collide with each other after the parachutes open.
Being in dangerous proximity to each other that could lead to such a collision is called a prerequisite for this special occasion and must be eliminated by the paratrooper without delay.
Prerequisites for convergence in the air and ways to eliminate them.
If a parachutist during the inspection on the sides finds another paratrooper dangerously close to him, he is obliged to immediately take measures to move away from the course of a probable collision.
Leaving aside in this situation is carried out by the sliding method.
sliding method.(leaving to the side by pulling on the risers)
To go sideways by sliding, the parachutist takes both hands on those free ends in which direction he wants to go, and pulls them down with force as far as possible, holding in this position until he leaves a safe distance from the course of a probable collision. Simultaneously with the tension of the free ends, the paratrooper is obliged to voice the attention of the paratrooper with whom there was a threat of a collision and give him the command to leave in the opposite direction. down, and gives the command to the second paratrooper to go to the left (pull the left risers). If the second paratrooper approaches the first with his back to him, then the first paratrooper, pulling the right risers of his suspension system, gives the second paratrooper the command to also pull the right risers (go to the right) since in this case there is no mirror effect.
As a result of a long tension of the free ends chosen by paratroopers, the edge of the parachute dome breaks down in the direction of tension, and the parachute slides down in this direction. back rear. It is also possible to go to the side diagonally (obliquely), for this, one free end located on the side you need to go is pulled with both hands.
Convergence in the air and the actions of the parachutist in this situation.
If, in the event of a threat of a collision in the air, attempts to go to the side by sliding did not lead to the desired result and the distance between approaching paratroopers was reduced to several meters, making a collision inevitable, the paratrooper must:
1.Collision on the same level(along the horizon).
If the second skydiver is advancing straight along the course at approximately the same level, that is, a blow to each other is inevitable, the skydiver needs to compress his knees and cover his face, holding his hands crosswise at the front free ends, while the backs of the hands should be turned to the face ( veins inward), this will reduce the likelihood of injury from equipment or parts of the harness of another skydiver. After a collision, paratroopers are forbidden to sharply push off each other trying to go to the side, since there is a high probability that the paratroopers will begin to swing under their canopies for a long time with the heavier of them gradually going down and the lighter paratrooper, who is above, will fall into the lines of the first. Therefore, paratroopers should take up the suspension systems each other (preferably the shoulder girths are closer to the chest bridge) and continue the descent together, constantly controlling the canopies and the approach of the ground. They should also land together without trying to move away from each other directly at the ground, since swinging at this moment is likely to lead to injury. The task of both paratroopers, when touching the ground, will land on each of their feet, eliminating the option of hanging one person on the other, as a result of which the force of impact falling on the feet of the paratrooper on which his comrade will hang will increase significantly. To prevent this from happening, it is necessary, even when descending, to try to take a position in which the feet of both paratroopers will be at the same level.
2.Collision at different levels.(the threat of another skydiver falling into the parachute lines, followed by the extinguishing of one or both main parachutes)
If there is a threat of convergence in the air, in a position where one of the paratroopers approaches the other at the level of his parachute lines, and it is not possible to avoid convergence, the paratrooper flying into the parachute lines of his comrade should spread his arms and legs as wide as possible (asterisk position ) as if increasing the area of \u200b\u200bhis body and thereby reducing the likelihood of slipping between the lines of the approaching parachutist and, at the moment of contact with the lines, gently push off from them and immediately after repulsion, start moving to the side by sliding, by pulling the rear free ends. Going to the side does not stop until until the distance between the paratroopers becomes completely safe, excluding the possibility of a repetition of the situation.
If it was not possible to push off and go to the side and the skydiver got tangled in the lines of the parachute of another skydiver below and the canopy of the lower skydiver begins to go out (lose its shape and fullness), the top skydiver (who got into the lines of a friend) is obliged to take several lines of the lower skydiver and hold him before landing, carrying out a descent together on their own parachute. At the same time, for reliability, it is best to wrap the parachute lines of the lower paratrooper several times around the pack of your reserve parachute. When landing, the lower paratrooper must take into account the likelihood that the upper paratrooper can land directly on him, therefore, immediately upon touching the ground, it is desirable to run away or roll away from the landing point.
If the top jumper, having fixed the lines of the parachute of the bottom jumper, discovers that his (the top jumper's) canopy starts to go out, then the top jumper gives the command to the bottom jumper to activate the reserve parachute. Further, the descent of both paratroopers occurs on the reserve parachute of the lower one. In this situation, both paratroopers must be ready for a hard landing, immediately after touching the ground, it is desirable to use a roll to reduce the force of impact.
3.Hit on the dome of another parachutist.
If, when looking around, a paratrooper, examining the space below him, discovers that he is descending onto the canopy of another paratrooper descending under him, he must start leaving by sliding towards the nearest edge of the canopy of the lower paratrooper until he completely leaves to a safe distance, while simultaneously giving the command to the lower parachutist to leave in the opposite direction.
If the speed of gliding is insufficient and the upper parachutist touches the lower canopy closer to the center with his feet, then he, without stopping pulling the free ends in the direction chosen for the escape, immediately from the moment the canopy touches, runs away from it to the nearest edge, that is, in the same direction in which was carried out by sliding care.
If the touch with the feet occurs at the edge of the dome, then the parachutist puts his feet forward and slides off it, after which he leaves by sliding to a safe distance.
If this fails and the upper skydiver falls into the canopy and gets tangled in the lines of the lower skydiver, then further actions are taken, as well as when descending at different levels with entanglement in the lines, based on the scenario.
video examples of another skydiver getting into the dome (contains profanity)
| Russian Airborne Forces parachute D-10 | DSHB Kazakhstan parachute D-6 |
Upstream/downstream hit.
Hitting the updraft is characterized by stopping the descent and hovering at the same altitude, and often additional climb. In this case, the parachutist gradually moves away from the prepared site. The hovering time in the updraft can be up to several tens of minutes, and the drift from the airfield (landing area) up to several tens of kilometers in the most unexpected direction, followed by landing on various obstacles at the landing point, which creates a direct threat to the life and health of the parachutist. Therefore if a parachutist suddenly feels a stop of descent during a descent under the canopy, he must visually make sure whether he got into the updraft or not.
Most in a simple way is to assess the situation by observing other skydivers, especially those who left the aircraft a little later, as well as the horizon level. If, when observing skydivers who have left the plane and opened after it, the skydiver finds that they are much lower or have already landed, and the horizon level remains stationary or drops, then this clearly indicates that the skydiver is in an updraft. In this situation, the parachutist must exit the updraft by sliding in any direction, choosing the safest landing point.
Leaving in line by the sliding method is carried out until the moment when the skydiver feels the beginning of the descent or reaches a height of 100-150 meters. After that, the landing is carried out in the normal mode according to the instructions.
The downdraft entry is characterized by an unexpectedly high rate of descent with a normally filled operating canopy. It is also determined by other paratroopers descending nearby.
If the paratroopers who left the aircraft and opened much earlier are higher and the horizon level rises too quickly, then this indicates a downdraft, in which the paratrooper descends at a speed unsafe for a normal landing. In such a situation, the skydiver activates the reserve parachute in the manner used in case of partial failure.
LANDING ON OBSTACLES.(parachute D-1-5U)
The most likely obstacles for a skydiver landing are:
Forests, isolated trees, poles, power lines, complex terrain (mountains, ravines, etc.), reservoirs, various buildings and structures, vehicles, railways. and highways, runways as well as groups of people (parachute launch).
If there is a threat of landing on obstacles at a height that does not allow the use of control lines, the parachutist shall go to a safe side by sliding.
If attempts to move to the side do not lead to the desired result, the skydiver prepares for landing in the following way:
Landing on trees.
When there is a threat of landing on trees, the skydiver covers his face with his hands, holding a cross on the cross by the front free ends, so that the back sides of the hands are turned to the face (with veins inward). The legs should be tightly compressed, half-bent and set slightly forward in order to meet them possible obstacle: large branches, branches, etc. This position is maintained until a complete stop or landing.
When hovering on a tree, the parachutist needs to make sure that he is firmly fixed on the tree before changing his position. To do this, remaining in the same grouping position, the parachutist pulls the front free ends several times, while continuing to keep his hands in a crosswise position, with veins inward, covering his face, chest and neck with them, in case of an unexpected fall down through the branches and branches of a tree. The legs also continue to remain brought together and half-bent at the knees, and the feet are parallel to the ground.
After making sure that it is securely fixed on the tree, the skydiver assesses the situation and decides to descend.
Descent to the ground while hovering in the trees.
If the hovering height is small (up to two meters), the parachutist sits as deep as possible in the harness, unfastens the chest jumper and leg loops in sequence, releases
one hand from the shoulder girths and holding both hands on the straps of the suspension system,
descends gently to the ground.
ATTENTION! Preliminary seating in the harness and the sequence of unfastening the leg loops and the chest strap are performed strictly, regardless of the height of the skydiver!
Failure to comply with these requirements can lead to accidental slipping of a skydiver from the harness and his death, if an unfastened chest jumper gets under the parachutist's chin, with previously unfastened leg loops.
Also, in the case of a shallow landing in the suspension system, there is a possibility of accidental loss
from it a parachutist head down, after unfastening the chest jumper with the leg loops fastened at the same time.
When hovering on a tree at a high altitude, the parachutist, having previously sat down as deep as possible in the harness, unfastens one of the sides of the reserve parachute pack from it and pulls out the ring of its manual opening, after the reserve parachute canopy falls down, the paratrooper releases his lines from the pack rubber bands to the entire available length (for Z-5 6.5 meters). After making sure that the lines are completely released, the parachutist, by twitching, checks the reliability of the remaining fastening of the reserve parachute pack to the harness and, having unfastened the chest jumper and leg loops in succession, descends to the ground along the lines of the reserve parachute, holding on to them so as to exclude the possibility of cutting or burning the palms during a quick descent, i.e. to break.
ATTENTION! Complete release of the reserve parachute lines from the backpack elastic bands before descending them is mandatory, since leaving even a small length of them in the backpack elastic bands during the descent will lead to their sudden abrupt release under the weight of the parachutist, and the inevitable, uncontrolled fall of a person to the ground.
Landing on poles
If there are any pillars or supports on the landing path of the parachutist and it is not possible to get away from them by sliding, then the parachutist needs to meet the pillar with his feet, for this the legs must be firmly pressed together and slightly bent at the knees and the feet slightly turned along the axis to the side to avoid the possibility of their divergence at the moment of hitting the pole and hitting it between the legs. If the height of the pillar or support is small, then after meeting the obstacle in this way, the parachutist lands in the normal mode. With a significant height of the pillar or support and a collision with their upper part, the parachutist immediately after meeting the obstacle with his feet leaves by sliding to the side or back.
Landing on power lines (power lines)
If a skydiver descends onto a power line, you should try with all your might to go to the side by sliding, at the same time preparing to meet the wire with your feet, your legs must be tightly squeezed together and your feet turned perpendicular to the direction of the wires to exclude the possibility of slipping the wire between the legs of the parachutist. With this position of the legs, at the moment of contact with the wire, the parachutist either slides down from it or the wire breaks under the weight of the parachutist and a landing occurs. At the same time, the skydiver holds hands on the free ends of the harness and is in a grouped position until the moment of landing; it is forbidden to try to grab onto any wires or support elements that are nearby, as this can lead to electric shock.
If, after the landing of the paratrooper, his parachute is hanging on the wires, the parachutist removes the suspension system from himself as soon as possible and runs off to the side. It is strictly forbidden to try to remove the parachute from the power line on your own.
ATTENTION! The paratrooper's task in no case includes the mandatory hitting the wire with his feet! On the contrary, he is obliged to try in every possible way to slip past or between the wires, and the described position of the legs is taken in order to reduce the likelihood of injury if the contact of the legs with the wire does occur.)
Landing on buildings
When landing on buildings or structures, a parachutist, if it is impossible to get away from an obstacle by sliding, prepares for landing as follows:
1. Landing on the task wall
When approaching the wall of the building, the parachutist, holding his hands on the rear free ends, puts his tightly compressed legs in front of him, slightly bending them at the knees, while the feet of the legs should be directed directly at the wall so that they meet it with the entire area of two feet squeezed together and not any separate part: fingertips, toe or heels. At the moment of contact with the wall, the parachutist pulls the rear free ends of the suspension system and leaves the building by sliding, if the collision with the wall occurs close to the edge of the building, then it is possible to escape by sliding in that direction, with the appropriate wind direction. At the moment of contact with the wall, too vigorous repulsion from it is not recommended, as this will lead to amplitude swaying of the paratrooper, in which a repeated collision with the wall of the building is possible.
2.Landing at the window of the building
If, when approaching the wall of the building, the parachutist discovers that at the point of his contact with the wall he is in the window and it is not possible to go to the side by sliding, then he needs to cover his face and neck with his hands, holding the front free ends crosswise with the veins inward and push forward the compressed legs bent at the knees.
If the window has a central frame, it is necessary to aim with the feet at it, slightly turning the feet to the side, as when landing on a pole. If the frame is strong enough, the parachutist pushes off from it and goes back (or to the side) by sliding.
If the skydiver does not hit the central frame with his feet or the frame breaks or is missing altogether and the skydiver flies into the room by breaking the glass with his feet, then he must immediately fix his suspension system for any stationary object with one or more lines, for example, wind the lines around the battery in several turns, for so that the dome of the parachute, which has not yet gone out, does not have time to pull it back out of the building while the parachutist is released from the suspension system.
Fixation with slings for a stationary object before removing the suspension system is mandatory! The height of the building and the floor on which the window is located do not matter, since dragging a paratrooper through a broken window, even on the first floor, will most likely lead to injuries from glass fragments remaining in the frame, and when the room is on the upper floors, the parachute dome will pull the paratrooper out of the window already will not be able to provide him with a safe landing, as it will be partially or completely extinguished.
3.Landing on the roof of the building
If a skydiver lands on the roof in the center or far from its edge, then immediately after landing, he needs to fix himself with parachute lines for any stationary object, antenna, pipe, etc., and only after that remove the suspension system from himself. Locations of such stationary objects it is desirable to install visually in advance even at the landing stage, which will significantly reduce the time for fixing parachute lines for them and reduce the likelihood of a paratrooper being pulled off the roof by an unextinguished canopy.
In the event that a parachutist lands close to the edge of the roof, and there is a real threat of being pulled off the roof of the building, then even in the process of landing, the parachutist, barely touching the roof with his feet, immediately runs away from it and jumps down without allowing the dome to go out, with a further escape from the building by slip.
CLARIFICATION
Taking into account the fact that the general instruction on the landing rules for parachuting D-1-5U requires a novice skydiver at a height of 50 meters to take a position on a small drift (against the wind), then if the parachutist detects an obstacle after turning to a small drift, and the wind speed exceeds the horizontal speed of the canopy, as a result of which the skydiver approaches the obstacle with his back, then he needs to turn in the harness using the method used when looking around, and land while holding in this position, trying to meet the obstacle with the feet brought together.
Landing on a body of water
The D-1-5U parachute, thanks to its design and control lines, provides for the choice of the direction of flight in the right direction, if this is not interfered with by the direction and strength of the wind. Therefore, if a skydiver, after opening, finds a body of water near a possible landing site, he must use these possibilities of the canopy to move away from the body of water to a safe distance. However, if for some reason this could not be done either with the help of control lines at a height, or by sliding directly near the ground and getting into a reservoir is inevitable, then the skydiver prepares for it as follows:
1.Sits as deep as possible in the harness.
2. Unfastens the reserve parachute bag from one side of the harness.
3. Unfastens the chest strap and leg loops in sequence, being careful not to accidentally slip off the circular strap and fall out of the harness.
4. Firmly grasps the back risers with his hands and waits for contact with water.
ATTENTION! It is forbidden to jump out of the suspension system before it comes into contact with water, so when visually assessing the height above the water surface, an error of tens of meters is possible.
5. As soon as the skydiver's legs touch the water, he makes a deflection (throws his head, arms and legs back) and slipping out of the harness, under water, sails as far as possible away from the splashdown course (to the right or left) so that he does not emerge under the dome or in the lines of your parachute.
6. Having surfaced, assesses the situation and swims to the nearest shore.
7. If a skydiver has problems swimming or the coast is far away, then he can stay on the surface of the water before the help arrives using a reserve parachute - a reserve parachute
Z-5 in the laid state contains between the folds of the dome the amount of air sufficient to use it as an auxiliary watercraft up to half an hour inclusive. When deciding to use a reserve parachute, the skydiver must be careful not to get entangled in the lines and canopy of the main parachute located nearby both on the surface of the water and under water.
Landing on the runway
When landing on the runway of the airfield, the parachutist immediately after extinguishing the canopy, without wasting time, takes the canopy of the parachute and lines in an armful and quickly (running) leaves the GDP. Leaving is carried out towards the nearest edge. Removing the suspension system from oneself and putting the parachute into a portable bag is carried out only after the parachutist moves away from the edge of the runway to a safe distance (at least 15-20 m).
ATTENTION! Operational exit from the runway is carried out by a parachutist in any case! Regardless of whether he sees planes landing / taking off or not.
If it is necessary to cross the runway, the runway is crossed directly perpendicular (at right angles). Crossing the runway "obliquely", "zigzag", etc., is prohibited.
Landing on a parachute start
When landing on a parachute launch where other paratroopers are located, as well as if there are people at any other point of his landing, the parachutist loudly gives the command “Air!” several times. until those at the landing point leave it.
Happy and safe jumping!
The article was prepared by Oleg Russkikh. Karaganda. This article is the property of the site When copying and reprinting, please indicate the working link.
Synopsis (D-1-5U, Z-6P)
D - 1 - 5 y (training, controlled)
Designed for training jumps.
The design provides, with a total weight of a parachutist with parachutes of 120 kg, the following performance data:
a) Reliable operation at an altitude of up to 2000 meters, both with its immediate introduction at a flight speed of a horizontally flying aircraft up to 250 km / h, and with any delay in the opening of the knapsack, while the maximum overloads that occur at the time of filling the dome do not exceed 10g
b) The minimum safe jump height from a horizontally flying aircraft at a flight speed of 180 km / h with the immediate introduction of a parachute into action is 150 meters.
c) The average vertical rate of descent, reduced to the standard atmosphere, measured in a section of 30-35 m from the ground - 5.11 m / s
d) Deceleration Stability
e) Parachute control with two control lines,
f) Turning the canopy 360 in any direction for no more than 18 seconds with the tension of one control line
g) Horizontal forward movement up to 2.47 m/s.
h) Application of semi-automatic opening device PPK-U-575 A
i) The force required to pull out the pull ring or rope does not exceed 16 kg.
j) Assigned (technical) resource - 200 jumps during the service life of the parachute, subject to timely military repairs.
l) Dimensions of the packed parachute: length - 570 + 20 mm,
width - 377 + 20 mm
height - 262 + 20 mm
m) The mass of the parachute with PPK-U without a portable bag is 17.5 kg.
ROPE ROPE
Designed to turn on the safety device or for forced opening
parachute backpack, made of tape pr. 1200 kg, rope length 3 meters. There is a carabiner at one end, at the other end (for attaching a flexible hairpin halyard, or a cover bridle
when jumping for forced opening, or loops of the traction cable during the release) and at a distance of 1.4 m (for locking, or for the traction cable during forced opening) there are two loops from it. To protect it from burns, a cover made of cotton tape in the form of a hollow hose is put on it. For control, the carbine has a red tape.
EXHAUST BALL LINELESS PARACHUTE.
Designed to pull the cover off the main dome, consists of a base and a spring mechanism. The upper part has the shape of a hemisphere and is made of nylon fabric.
The lower hemispherical part of the base is made of a mesh fabric and passes into a conical one made of nylon.
On the outer part of the base, four nylon reinforcing tapes, pr. 150 kg, are sewn
evenly spaced along the surface in the meridian direction. At the intersection of the tapes, a grommet with a sewing washer is installed. At the bottom, the ribbons are brought together into a thimble (for attaching to the bridle of the cover), on which the cover is put on. On one of the ribbons on the upper part, a gazyr and a ribbon with a pin-check are sewn (for fastening the ball screw in the laid state). The spring mechanism consists of 8 meridian spokes ending in heads, which are fastened at the pole with washers. The conical spring has 5.8 working turns, half of which is inside the sphere. Inside there is a limiter made of ShKP-120 nylon cord. A plate with a cone is fixed on the lower base for locking the spring mechanism in a compressed state. When laying the parachute, the pin-check is placed in the gazyr.
DOME COVER.
Designed to streamline the process of filling the dome and reduce cases of overlapping with lines, it is made of orange fabric, has the shape of a sleeve 5.28 m long and is put on the entire length of the laid dome.
Reinforced along the entire length with tapes approx. 150 kg, which in the upper part form a bridle for attaching an exhaust device. Two pockets are sewn in the upper part, which contribute to the contraction of the cover and the exit of the straps. The bottom has one pair of double rubber removable
honeycombs, eleven pairs of non-removable honeycombs and two tapes for the laying frame. The apron has two windows with safety pockets for the passage of removable combs. Line guard protects against snagging.
DOME 82.5 sq.m.
Designed for safe landing of a parachutist in a given place, has a round shape and consists of 4 sectors, each of which consists of 5 trapezoidal panels of a straight cut. Sectors and panels are stitched together with a lock seam.
The dome is made of percale, in the center there is a pole hole with a diameter of 430 mm. The edge of the pole hole is reinforced on both sides with nylon tape, pr. 150 kg. From the outside, a reinforcing frame made of the same tape is sewn onto the dome, which forms 28 loops at the lower edge of the dome, to which slings are tied. Reinforcing tapes, stitched on the seams connecting the sectors, form a bridle in the polar hole. 25 pockets are sewn on the outer side of the dome at the bottom edge between the straps. The dome has 28 lines made of cotton cord with a strength of 125 kg. To facilitate laying, the sling 14 is made of red color. To control the correct laying of lines 1 and 28 green. It is allowed to make slings 1,14,28 from an uncolored cord, but then they are sewn on with sleeves of the corresponding color. On the lower edge of the dome, to the left of the lines, the serial numbers of the lines are indicated. In the free state, the length of the lines is 8.97 mm. At a distance of 0.45 m from the lower edge of the dome, marks are applied to the lines (they begin laying the lines into the honeycomb). At a distance of 1.8 m from the buckles, there are marks (the place where detachable pockets are secured with slings at the bottom of the satchel.).
On the panels between the lines 27-28, 28-1 and 1-2 there are vertical cutouts, the edges of which are reinforced with nylon tape pr.150kg. To control the canopy, control lines are mounted to the lines 26, 27, 28, 1, 2, 3, the second ends of which are brought to the toggle and fixed to the rear free ends of the suspension system.
SUSPENSION SYSTEM.
It is a connecting link between the canopy with lines and a parachutist, made of LTK-44-1600 nylon tape and consists of the following parts: - 2 front straps, right and left - circular straps with leg loops
Two adapter straps with carabiners
Two back and shoulder girths
Two pairs of loose ends
Two chest straps with buckle and carabiner
The front straps are the main power element of the suspension system. On the left front strap, at chest level, there is a pocket of an exhaust ring, a loop for attaching a flexible hose a little higher.
To attach a reserve parachute to a harness, at the bottom of each strap there is a fastening bracket with a lock, to which a circular strap is attached. With leg loops. In the lower part, the circular strap is bifurcated, the tapes are sewn together, and an overlay is sewn to them for a more comfortable sitting in the harness during the descent. Circular shoulder strap and leg loops have buckles for height adjustment.
Each adapter strap has a carabiner to close the leg loop. The dorsal-shoulder straps are mounted to the release locks and with the help of buckles form a waist strap, and the other ends are fastened together, forming a cross, to which the satchel is attached and have buckles for adjustment.
On the right back-shoulder girth there is a loop for a flexible hose.
The free ends are attached to the suspension system with the help of cutaway locks.
In order to prevent the toggles from getting into the dome lines, two half-ring buckles are sewn on the rear free ends, through which the control lines pass. Rise ends are labeled “Right” and “Left”
Length of free ends 560 mm. The front straps are fitted with chest straps, adjustable to the height of the parachutist. Fuses are sewn under all metal parts.
SUSPENSION SYSTEM without release locks.
Made from LTK-44-1600 tape and consists of a main strap and two back and shoulder girths.
The main strap is sewn from a ribbon in two additions, the ends of which form two free ends 430 mm long. It has two curved buckles (for connection with back-shoulder girths., At the level of the chest on the left side there is a pocket of an exhaust ring, and above the pocket attached flexible hose.
At the bottom, the tape is bifurcated, the tapes are sewn end-to-end and an overlay is sewn to them for a more comfortable sitting in the harness during descent.
To attach a reserve parachute, two fastening brackets with locks are mounted in the main strap.
The dorsal-shoulder girths pass through the curved buckles and openings of the main strap and form a chest bridge and, with the help of two buckles, a waist girth that provides adjustment of the suspension system. The dorsal-shoulder girths are fastened together, forming a crosspiece, to which the satchel is attached. The dorsal-shoulder girths, going down from the crosspiece, go around the main strap below the windows for the waist girth, forming triangles with a carabiner and a buckle fixed. The lower ends of the dorsal-shoulder girths, passed between the main strap and enveloping in several places, form leg girths, on which buckles for adjustment and a carabiner with a buckle are mounted.
Knapsack with reserve parachute attachment
It is intended for laying in it a canopy in a case, lines and part of the free ends of the harness, an exhaust ball lineless parachute and placing a safety device, made of Avizent A and consists of the bottom of the knapsack and 4 valves.
Two flexible hoses are sewn to the upper valve, the head of the plate for attaching the PPK-U hose. At the base of the upper flap there are two openings for the release of the free ends of the suspension system. The top and side valves of the knapsack have flaps with pockets (to protect the dome from contamination), which, after laying the dome in the knapsack, are filled with a laying ruler.
To hold the valves in the closed position, there is a locking device consisting of: a cord ring (made of silk cord ShSh-80), two cones located on the valves of the backpack, four eyelets with a sew-on washer and one lu-verse buckle. The fifth eyelet, installed on the right side flap between the lower and middle eyelets, is designed to fix the position of a ball slingless pilot chute.
Quick opening of the backpack is provided by seven single (370 mm) and one double (385 mm) backpack elastic bands. With one ring of elastic bands, they are detachably attached to the wire loops on the valves of the knapsack.
On the side flaps of the satchel, on the outside, along the perimeter tape, two scarves with buckles are sewn, to which the reserve parachute mounts, consisting of a tape and a carbine, are attached. The factory marking is placed on the outside of the left side valve.
On the right side flap there is a pocket for the device, a pocket for a carabiner, a tape = a tie for attaching the device, a ring for locking an exhaust rope, a tape for attaching a flexible hose.
The safety valve, which is a continuation of the right side valve, is fastened with four turnstile buttons.
The safety and bottom valves have metal stiffening plates.
The bottom of the knapsack has 4 pairs of loops on the outer side for attaching the suspension system to the knapsack and loops for guiding the knapsack rubber. Pockets are sewn on the bottom of the satchel to prevent the dome placed in the case from blowing off from the bottom of the satchel when the parachute opens. At the top flap, the pockets have holes with metal rings. Removable rubber honeycombs are passed through the holes, which are fastened with a noose loop to a cord attached to the upper valve of the satchel. The cord and attachment point are covered with loops.
FLEXIBLE HOSE
Designed to guide the movement of the traction ring cable and the traction cable in the process of pulling them out and to protect them from accidental engagement.
Flexible hose made of metal flexible sleeve, covered
cotton tape, the ends of which are tucked into caps.
The length of the flexible hose is 515 mm.
EXTRACTION RING
Designed for manual opening of the parachute pack and consists of a ring (made of steel wire with a diameter of 7 mm), a cable, three pins and a limiter.
The protruding part of the ring for quick finding is painted red. The tabs on the two opposite ends hold the ring in the pocket. There are two guide holes in the ring, through which a cable passes, ending with three pins, and which is fixed in the ring with a limiter. Distance between studs
150 mm, stud length: first - 38 mm, the rest 32 mm. The length of the cable from the end of the stud to the limiter is 1070 mm.
EXHAUST CABLE
The traction cable is designed to force the opening of the parachute bag with the help of a traction rope. The lanyard has three pins at one end and a loop at the other.
The cable pins are designed to close the eyelets on the knapsack cones, and the cable loop is to connect the traction cable with the traction rope loop; a rubber tube is put on the cable loop. The first stud is 38mm, the rest 32mm, the distance between the studs is 150mm. Rope length 1015 mm.
SAFETY COVER.
It is used to protect the aircraft skin from possible damage by the pins of the exhaust cable. It has the shape of a sleeve 900 mm long and is made of raincoat fabric.
There is a loop at one end for attaching to a rope loop.
BREAKING STRAP
Designed for attaching the bridle of the dome with the loop of the pulling rope with forced tightening of the cover, made of ShHB-60. The cord is folded in half and stitched with a zigzag stitch, while at one end a loop is obtained, and at the other two ends of the cord 505 and 605 mm long. The loop is attached to the bridle of the dome, and the ends are tied to the loop of the pull rope so that the long end has a slack equal to a quarter of the length of the short one.
CARRY BAG.
It is intended for laying a parachute in it during storage and operation. It is made of avisent and has a rectangular shape.
The bag has: 2 handles, a valve with half-ring buckles, a cord for tightening the bag, a tag for sealing the bag, a tightening tape and a pocket for the cord.
Bag weight - 0.725 kg. Bag dimensions 590 + 260+ 740.
THE PASSPORT
PARACHUTE 50 sq.m.
Designed for safe descent and landing of a parachutist in case of failure or abnormal operation of the main canopy.
The dome has a round shape and consists of four sectors, each of which is made of five trapezoidal straight-cut panels. All seams are zippered.
The dome is made of kapron fabric, with panels 1 and 5 made of fabric of greater breathability.
Pole hole diameter 0.7 sq.m. From the outside, the pole hole is covered with eight pockets (facilitating the quick pulling of the canopy with straps from the knapsack and provide partial filling of the parachute canopy in its central part before the lower edge comes into operation) made of nylon dyed fabric. Pockets are stitched for radial frame tapes. The pole hole and the lower edge are reinforced with nylon tape pr. 185 kg
From the outside, a reinforcing frame is sewn from a tape of pr. 70 kg., Which at the lower edge forms 24 loops to which slings from ShKP-150 are tied. To facilitate the laying of the sling 12 in red. On the lower edge, to the left of the lines, the serial numbers are indicated. In the free state, the length of the lines from the bottom edge to the free ends of the suspension system is 4.99 m. At a distance of 1.4 m from the bottom edge, there are marks on the lines, up to which the lines fit into the honeycomb. On the lower edge above the lines (except 12 and 24) are sewn tightening tapes.
For convenience of laying in the center of the parachute there is a bridle. On the outer side of the dome, between lines 24 and 1, there is a marking.
Knapsack.
It is intended for laying in it a dome with slings and a part of the free ends of the suspension system, envelope-shaped, made of nylon adviser, has a false bottom with a cover and 4 flaps: upper, lower, right (to which the flap-pocket is sewn) and left.
On the upper flap there are: a pocket of a knife, a carrying handle, two loops for attaching knapsack rubber, a knapsack locking device valve (comp.: two eyelets with a sewing washer, a metal plate and a textile fastener.
On the right side flap there is a pocket flap for the manual opening link, a grommet buckle, a flexible hose for dl. 330 mm (for the direction of movement of the cable of the deployment link), plate and tie for fastening the hose of the device.
On the left side valve there are: a plate, a loop for attaching backpack rubber, a ring with a tape for fastening the system to the main parachute scarf. On the lower valve there are: two loops (for attaching knapsack rubbers). two cones and a safety valve, markings, pockets for refilling valves when laying.
The length of knapsack tires: lateral 0.37 m - 2 pcs., upper and lower - 0.525 m - 4 pcs.
At the bottom of the knapsack from the outside there are: a pocket for a passport, 10 loops for attaching knapsack rubber, a hole on the side of the reinforcing tape for the release of the protrusion of the stiffening frame, a pocket made of tapes for attaching PPK-U, a pillow for covering PPK-U, fastened with a textile fastener, tape-tying of the hose of the device.
On the false bottom there are loops designed for the convenience of laying free ends, the bottom of the knapsack is double, a rigidity frame is inserted into it, consisting of: a rectangular base (consists of external and internal frames made of steel wire D 4 mm interconnected by crimps) and a folding frames (for throwing the parachute to the side when releasing the valves of the knapsack). On the right side on the inner frame there is a half ring for attaching a spare system to the harness of the main parachute. The left side of the base serves as the axis for the springs (the number of turns is 14). The folding frame is covered with a cover, a loop is sewn on the outer side, designed for the convenience of checking in the satchel.
LINK OF MANUAL OPENING
Designed for manual opening of the spare system pack and consists of a ring (made of steel wire with a diameter of 7 mm), a cable, two pins and a limiter.
The protruding part of the ring for quick search is painted red, bent 60 degrees and thickened. The tabs on the two opposite ends hold the ring in the pocket. There are two guide holes in the ring, through which a cable passes, ending with three pins, and which is fixed in the ring with a limiter. The distance between the studs is 90 mm, the length of each stud is 32 mm. The length of the cable from the end of the stud to the limiter is 615
CARRY BAG.
Designed for laying a parachute in it during storage and operation.
The bag has: 2 handles, a pocket with a loop for attaching and storing a tag. The lid and the bag have blocks through which the locks are passed.
Bag dimensions 410+ 260+ 380
THE PASSPORT Designed to keep records of the acceptance, transfer, operation and repair of the parachute, is an integral part of the parachute.
The rules for maintaining a passport are set out in the passport itself.
Theme 3 Parachute packing ..
: Learn the rules for packing a parachute.
Styling accessories. (styling table, hooks, forks, stacking frame, crutches for camping cloths, weights.
Styling rules. (according to the user manual).
Place for packing (parachute class or place for packing parachutes.)
Inspection before packing. (Inspection of the parachute - the first stage of packing)
Parachute packing.
Installation control (step-by-step control). Beginners under constant supervision.
Rules for putting on and fitting a parachute. Main circular strap, waist girth, chest jumper, pull-up tapes.
Preparing a parachute for a jump. Inspection in the "goats".
Assembling the parachute after the jump. Pull out the dome and slings, lay the metal parts inside the satchel. Put the satchel in the bag so that the metal does not come into contact with the parachute canopy. Then, having collected the lines with an endless loop, put them in a portable bag and, carefully winding them, put the dome on the lines. Make sure that the safety devices are at the top of the bag.
n Shaking out the snow from the parachute in winter. Shaking out starts from the top of the canopy Carrying and carrying parachutes. Parachutes are transported only packed in portable bags, protected from contact with contaminated surfaces, direct sunlight.
Rules for maintaining documentation for parachutes. The forms are filled in: technical inspection, drying, packing and repacking - who and when, which organization owns the parachute and who is assigned to it, who jumped and who controlled the packing.
Theme 4 Parachute safety devices .
Purpose: To study the design, principles of operation, rules for the operation and storage of safety devices.
Purpose, principle of operation and design of devices.
Semi-automatic parachute combined, unified (PPK-U) is designed to put the parachute into action after a specified period of time or at a given height (used as a safety device).
PERFORMANCE DATA
n response range:
a) in height - 0.3 to 8 km
b) by time - from 2 to 5 seconds
operates at temperatures from minus 60 to plus 60 degrees Celsius at an altitude of up to 35 km.
Force of power springs - 28 kg.
The operating time of the clock mechanism after the aneroid has been taken off the stop is 0.8 - 1.2 sec.
The working course of an exhaust cable - 70 mm.
Device weight 950 gr.
The device consists of the following main parts:
Instrument housing made of aluminum alloy
aneroid device,
exhaust mechanism
The device is switched on by pulling out a flexible pin. When jumping from a height lower than that set on the height scale, the clock mechanism ensures that the exhaust mechanism is triggered after a time interval set on the time scale of the device.
If the height of the jump exceeds the height on the scale of the device, then the aneroid device blocks the clockwork until the skydiver reaches the height set on the height scale of the device. After that, the aneroid releases the clock mechanism, which completes the remaining 0.8 - 1.2 seconds and ensures the opening of the parachute bag.
The altitude scale is calibrated with an excess of 100 m to compensate for the loss of height by a parachutist during the time from the moment the device was triggered to the moment the canopy was filled.
Checking the device.
1. Carry out an external inspection, insert the pin and cock the device, check the clock mechanism for bleeding, check the operation of the clock mechanism.
2. Turn on the device and let it work by turning the glasses down, see if there are any foreign objects on the glasses.
Preparation and installation of the device on a parachute.
1. cock the device and check its operation, set the desired height and time, Lock the flexible pin, insert the pin of the bayonet nut into the hole of the mounting plate and turn the instrument hose so that it is aligned along the axis of the mounting plate. Insert the device into the pocket of the satchel and secure with tape, mount the loop of the device under the upper pin of the exhaust ring.
n Rules for jumping with safety devices
The use of the device is mandatory when performing all types of parachute jumps (it is allowed to perform dome acrobatics jumps). When using only the time scale, set the time to less than 2 seconds PROHIBITED.
n Storage and transport of instruments.
The device that has fallen into water, dirt, having damage to the body and hoses is not subject to operation and is sent for repair and maintenance. The parachute is placed in a portable bag with the device up, the devices are stored in special boxes or packing boxes.
n Record keeping.
All devices have passport-forms, where all movements of the device are indicated: the date of its manufacture, stamp and signature admission committee, equipment, arrival and departure from organizations, maintenance and regulations, the number of operations.
Place of employment: parachute class.
Theme 5 Theoretical foundations of skydiving
Purpose: To study the theoretical foundations of skydiving.
Basic properties of air.
1. The air that makes up the atmosphere is a mixture of various gases and water vapor. In the lower part of the atmosphere, the composition of the air is almost constant: 78% by volume is nitrogen, 21% is oxygen, etc. The occurrence of aerodynamic forces is largely due to the viscosity and compressibility of air. VISCOSITY is the ability of liquids and gases to resist shear forces.
2. According to the law of universal gravitation, all bodies are attracted to each other. Therefore, gravity acts on any body raised above the ground.
P = m g where m is the mass of the body, g is the acceleration of gravity = 9.81 m / s.
If such a body begins to move freely towards the ground, then every second it will increase its speed, but not by 9.81 m / s, but somewhat less, since as soon as the body starts moving, air resistance will also appear. Its strength depends on the shape of the body, largest area its sections in a plane perpendicular to the oncoming air flow, air density and body motion
Time: 3 hours.
Place: mock-up of the cargo compartment of the aircraft, slipway.
Introduction
Skydiving by novice skydivers in exercises involving free fall is performed in order to acquire the skills to control their body in the air. Skills in body control allow you to eliminate possible rotations, conduct visual observation of the ground and the environment, take a body position that ensures reliable opening of the parachute.
Parachute Delay Jumps are performed in the following cases:
during forced parachute jumps at high flight speeds to reduce the dynamic load that occurs at the time of opening the parachute canopy;
· in case of forced exit from the aircraft at high altitude to quickly pass through the zone of low pressures and air temperatures;
· when forced to leave an uncontrolled aircraft to move to a safe distance from the falling aircraft;
· when performing UTPP on exercises CPR, SPP;
in skydiving competitions.
After separation from a horizontally flying aircraft, the body continues to move in the direction of flight by inertia, and tends downward under the influence of gravity. As a result, it moves along a curve, gradually deviating from the horizontal direction of movement and approaching the vertical. In this case, the horizontal component of the velocity, due to air resistance, will noticeably decrease, and the vertical component will increase. On average, if you do not apply special techniques to reduce or increase the resistance force of the oncoming flow, the horizontal component will drop to zero by 10 - 12 seconds of free fall and the body will fly 300 - 350 meters behind the aircraft. The vertical component, under the influence of gravity, increases, but again, due to air resistance, by 10 - 15 seconds it reaches an equilibrium value, which is determined by the weight and size (area) of the parachutist and is about 50 m / s.
In free fall, a parachutist, using the force of the oncoming air flow, using his arms and legs as "rudders", can change his position, change the speed of vertical fall, move horizontally in any direction, rotate around vertical or horizontal axes. Accordingly, falling in a group of two, three or more skydivers, move up and down relative to the group, approach any skydiver, move according to a pre-planned program. Many types of parachuting are built on this - individual and group acrobatics, freestyle and freefly. Free fall and evolution in free fall is "skydiving" and that's what people come to skydiving for.
Main part:
When conducting theoretical classes and ground training, it is necessary to teach the athlete to properly adjust the equipment, which is of no small importance for mastering the methods of separation from the aircraft and practicing a steady fall.
For the initial training in separation from the aircraft in modern parachuting, they mainly use the separation "on the stream".
Training should begin on the ground, separating from a model aircraft on a trampoline or stretched tarpaulin. The starting position of the athlete - the right leg is parallel to the front edge of the door, left leg behind the right, the body is slightly bent, the right hand holds the front edge of the door just above the latch hole. Left hand on the stopwatch button. By moving the left leg overboard and a slight push of the right leg, the athlete must separate and, including the stopwatch, lie down “on the stream” (tarpaulin, trampoline). In this case, the back should be slightly bent, the legs should be slightly bent at the knee and hip joint and divorced, arms laid aside and bent at the elbow joints at an angle of approximately 90-120 °.
Having worked out the method of separation "on the flow" on the ground, you can proceed to learning the separation from the aircraft in the air. At the same time, according to the training program, use all jumps with stabilization of the fall, tightening the cover, unlocking the knapsack.
After a steady separation "on the flow", you can proceed to learning to jump with a delay in opening a parachute.
Jumps with a delayed parachute opening should be preceded by special ground training, including practicing methods of separation from the aircraft and training in body control during free fall, orientation in the air and determining the timely and correct moment for opening the parachute.
Parachutists who have mastered a steady fall when separating from the aircraft in jumps with manual parachute opening are allowed to perform UCTP with a delayed opening of the parachute.
Jumps with a delay in the opening of the parachute for more than 5 seconds. are performed with the obligatory presence of a stopwatch for a parachutist, and with a delay of more than 10 seconds. with stopwatch and altimeter.
Classes must be accompanied by a demonstration of exercises and training on the parachute town shells (horizontal board, suspension system).
The most favorable position of the body during a free fall with a parachute without a stabilizing device is one in which the parachutist falls face down with arms and legs spread apart, while maintaining a deflection in the lower back and the position of symmetrically spread and slightly bent legs. The limbs of the body must be relaxed so as not to create the conditions for a spin or a disorderly fall - this position of the body is considered a "falling flat face down". The average vertical fall speed, starting from the tenth second, is 48-50 m/s.
The torso and hips lie in the same horizontal plane, the shins are bent at the knee joints at an angle of up to 90 degrees, the socks are pulled back. The angle between the hips up to 90 degrees. The arms at the elbows are bent 90 degrees. The angle between the body and the shoulder is 90 degrees. Shoulders and head are raised. The fingers are brought together. Fingertips and nose are on the same line. The muscles of the body are in a semi-relaxed state. The key points in assuming a pose are deflection, symmetry and relaxation. This body position is "basic - neutral", that is, all other body positions for maneuvers in free fall, are made from it with the help of minimal body movements.
When practicing this pose on the ground, you should carefully remember which muscles of the body are tensed to maintain the pose, and which should be relaxed. There should be only two points of tension: the area between the shoulder blades: the shoulder blades should be brought together, the head thrown back so that the eyes look parallel to the earth's surface, and the lumbo-femoral region: the pelvis must be moved forward so that the navel (aka the center of gravity of the body) is the most the bottom point of the figure, the hips should be raised, the legs apart (not wide), the socks pulled back. The symmetry of the position of the legs and the absence of distortions of the body are the most important, since the legs and body account for most of the surface of the body and in the air flow they are powerful rudders. All other muscles should be relaxed.
Factors affecting novice skydivers after separation from the aircraft can lead to an inadequate reaction of the skydiver to what is happening. To reduce their impact, the parachutist needs to make a count when separating from the aircraft: "521, 522, 523, 524, 525" and comment on his actions with his voice. It also allows the novice skydiver to use a reserve parachute in a timely manner in case of an emergency. At the end of the countdown, the skydiver must pull out the main parachute ring. Increasing the time of free fall until the safety device is triggered is prohibited.
One of the reasons for the rotational fall may be the incorrect, excessively sharp separation of the parachutist from the aircraft. In order to take the most advantageous position during free fall, it is necessary to separate without sharp shocks, with a smooth transition to falling face down with simultaneous spreading of arms and legs to the sides. In order to maintain the most correct position in the air during a free fall or to eliminate an unfavorable (rotational) fall, the skydiver uses his arms and legs as control rudders.
The most common mistakes beginners make are tense arms, the wrong point of deflection (chest instead of pelvis), lowering the hips, distortions of the body. Do not neglect practicing the free fall position on the ground, "on stools". Despite the apparent uselessness, this exercise is very effective. It is much more difficult to maintain such a position on the ground than in a stream. Therefore, the muscles involved in the support of the posture, which almost do not experience such loads in Everyday life are intensively working and developing.
When the muscles remember this position and the body itself takes it after any maneuver, then 
he is no longer in danger of a random fall.
If a skydiver is tense in the air, strongly bent, then he feels the flow weakly, and then a free fall is accompanied by pecks, pitching, yaws, rolls to the left and right, and can turn into a chaotic fall or a spin. Consider the causes of these phenomena and methods for their elimination.
In summer the sun rises early. As soon as the evening dawn has time to hand over its watch, it begins to turn red in the east, and soon a crimson-red disk of the daylight rolls out from behind the horizon.
Quiet, windless. Only in the heights the lark is flooded, and in the withered grass the grasshoppers chirp monotonously.
Despite the early hour, stuffy, hot. A group of staff officers headed by General M.T. Tonkaev had just arrived in this deserted steppe. The officers crowd around a small table, at which a navigator and a tablet player perched with their magazines and stopwatches. The general looked at his watch and said quietly, as if to himself:
- It starts now...
What exactly will begin - the officers did not need to explain. Today, on this plain, they were to receive a mass air assault from heavy Tu-4D airships flying at high speed. Such an experiment was carried out for the first time.
Everyone quickly rises from their seats. And here is the familiar, but always alarming sounding signal: “Go!”.
The paratroopers one by one rush to the hatch and disappear into the gray void.
The moment has come to jump and let out. Vladimir Doronin takes a step, another and, habitually bending down, throws himself head down into the abyss whistling from the rushing air stream. A tight wave immediately hit him in the face, turned his body and threw it to the side with force.
Then he felt a jolt. But not the same as it happens when the canopy of the main parachute opens, but weak, barely perceptible. "Something's wrong!" - burned thought. Doronin raised his head and saw above him white tongue cloths. The main part of the dome, twisted into a bundle, wriggled, clamped by strong parachute lines.
Vladimir knew well what this threatened.
“But if you open the reserve parachute now,” thought Vladimir, “then, having escaped from the satchel, it can wrap itself around the harness of the main parachute, and then it’s the end.
After waiting for an opportune moment, Vladimir pulled the reserve parachute ring and heard a familiar pop. The parachute filled with air. The rapid fall has stopped.
Landing on a reserve parachute, Vladimir unfastened the suspension system and, with pleasure, stretched out on the warm ground, buried his face in the grass. My God, how pleasantly these herbs smell, what a primordial aroma the earth itself exudes, how loudly the grasshoppers chirp. Why hadn't he noticed this before, why didn't he experience burning joy from these smells and these sounds? And my heart beat loudly, with jubilation: alive, alive! After a while, he struggled to his feet and looked around. Nearby, three paratroopers were lying in the grass, and next to them the faded and wrinkled parachute panels were white. It hasn't happened yet. Is there a problem with them?
But the paratroopers at the same time, as if on command, got up, collected their parachutes and headed towards Doronin. Other paratroopers also hurried to the gathering place.
- What's happened? - the officer asked one of the paratroopers, who a minute ago lay motionless in the grass. The boy stuttered and replied:
- Ku-pol ra-a-exploded ...
The same story, it turns out, happened to his friend.
At this time, another nine aircraft appeared over the landing area. One by one, paratroopers poured down from above. The sky was white with parachutes. Something went wrong with one of the paratroopers. Having overtaken his comrades, he continued to rapidly rush to the ground. Behind him stretched a twisted tourniquet of an unopened parachute.
Vladimir and the three paratroopers who approached him held their breath and watched a man in trouble approaching the ground.
- Tear the spare ring! - shouted Doronin, as if the paratrooper could hear his advice. But, to the delight of all who watched, the canopy of the reserve parachute finally opened over the paratrooper.
When the last paratrooper sank to the ground, Vladimir headed for the assembly point. The general was there. Doronin began to report to him about what had happened. But the general stopped him with a sharp gesture:
- I know. I know everything.
In the general's tone, Vladimir caught irritation. It's a joke to say: the landing almost ended in the death of several people.
What's the reason? Why did the canopies of the main parachutes in a number of cases not work, while Doronin's main canopy was turned inside out, torn and almost completely twisted into a tight tourniquet? For three people, the parachute lines were twisted to their entire length, and the canopies, as they are commonly called, turned out to be “crushed”. In two cases, an unknown force rolled the panels of the main parachutes into a ball and tied them with slings.
Later it turned out that several people at the time of opening the parachutes from a strong dynamic impact lost consciousness, others received severe bruises on the head and face with the free ends of the suspension system.
In the evening, a group of officers and generals from the headquarters of the Airborne Forces arrived at the field site where the troops landed. Such a phenomenon, when about ten parachutes were denied work at once, has not been noted in the entire history of the Airborne Forces. The headquarters was alarmed: D-1, who faithfully served the paratroopers for more than one year, suddenly misfired.
A commission was quickly formed. Vladimir Doronin also entered it as a leading test engineer. Specialists meticulously examined every fold of parachutes, checked the lines by touch, opened and closed the satchels, hoping to find at least the slightest clue. But in vain. No flaws were found in the parachutes.
What is the point then? This issue was discussed at a meeting of experts. They spoke passionately, passionately, sometimes arguing. In the end, they came to the conclusion that the speed at which the jumps from aircraft were to blame was to blame. The old, loyal D-1 was at odds with her.
- What do we do? - asked the participants of the meeting, the general who led the operation to drop the landing. - Go back to the sluggards? But this is not the way out. In the near future we will receive new, even faster aircraft. What is your opinion, comrade Doronin?
The general knew Vladimir as a master of sports, the inventor of many devices that were widely used in the troops.
- I can’t give an explanation right off the bat, Comrade General, - Vladimir answered. - I am firmly convinced of one thing - the D-1 is not suitable for jumping from high-speed aircraft. We have to create something new. The development of a new parachute was carried out earlier. There were even individual samples. But practical application they did not find: the parachutes were heavy, bulky.
The Doronins took up the creation of a new model. Logic prompted the inventors that since the D-1 behaves abnormally at high flight speeds in a highly disturbed air flow, it means that it is necessary to look for a fundamentally new, consistent scheme for its entry into action. The phased introduction of the parachute into operation should guarantee not only the trouble-free and normal opening of the main canopy, but also bring the large dynamic load experienced by the paratrooper to normal limits.
Doronins made hundreds of various calculations, checking the developed structures in the air. To do this, we had to repeatedly jump from high-speed planes ourselves, and in especially dangerous cases, entrust the experiment to the trouble-free "Ivan Ivanovich". In the end, the picture, as if on photographic paper, lowered into the developer, appeared before them quite clearly.
As soon as the paratrooper leaves the plane, a small canopy of a stabilizing parachute opens behind him. In a strongly disturbed air flow, he immediately sets the person down with his feet in the direction of flight, stops his random tumbling, and reduces the speed of the fall.
At the same time, the stabilizing parachute also pulls out of the satchel the upper part of the main dome placed in the case - a train on which the paratrooper carries out a stabilizing descent to the desired height. Then the automatic device PPD-10 or KAP-3 is activated, releasing the stabilizing parachute, and that, in turn, easily “takes out” the rest of the main canopy from the inner pocket of the knapsack, pulls the cover off it and then the canopy is fully operational.
Now the parachutist could be firmly convinced that the surprises that made themselves felt when throwing a mass landing at high flight speed no longer lay in wait for him. The stabilizing parachute guarantees the normal opening of the main parachute, regardless of the speed of the aircraft, protects against strong dynamic shock and all kinds of injuries.
The use of a new landing parachute, named D-1-8, greatly contributed to the rapid development of high-speed transport aviation. He passed the state and military tests and was adopted by the Airborne Forces and the Air Force. Its first testers were the inventors themselves and their friends V. G. Romanyuk, N. K. Nikitin, A. V. Vanyarkho. They jumped from D-1-8 from An-8, An-10, An-12, Tu-4D and others, and in all cases he behaved flawlessly.
Tests, as well as mass landings at various military exercises from high-speed aircraft, led to the conclusion that the scheme proposed by the Doronins for the sequential implementation of landing parachutes has no equal. Its advantage was that pilot chutes could not get into the lines of the main domes. The slings of the pilot chute could no longer catch on to the legs, head, weapons, equipment of the paratrooper.
Previously, during jumps, the lines of the main dome were quite often tied with so-called "mechanical knots", pinching the lower edges of the domes. Sometimes the slings overlapped the domes and, of course, did not allow them to work normally. And how people suffered when the free ends of the suspension system hit the face or head. Now such phenomena are no longer observed.
The sequential scheme of the D-1-8 coming into action reduced the dynamic load on a person by two or three times, because the falling speed was extinguished gradually.
Of no small importance was the fact that the paratrooper immediately after separation from the aircraft took up a position with his feet downstream. He did not experience any somersaults or strong rotations, had a good overview of the surrounding space and convenient access to the exhaust rings of the main and reserve parachutes, if he had a chance to use them in case of need.
This circumstance was also very important. The new parachute did not exclude, but assumed the use of any previously released serial canopies, because the stabilizing parachute took a significant share of the dynamic load on itself. Serial domes remained the same.
All this gave great economic effect. If we calculate the cost of the material previously spent on the production of parachutes, and present in monetary terms the work of factory teams, we get a figure of millions of rubles.
The main thing was that within two years all airborne and aviation units were provided with new parachutes suitable for jumping from high-speed aircraft.
The Doronins created not only the parachute itself. In relation to it, they developed an original two-cone lock of the stabilizing system, introduced automatons that open the parachute, used the parachute pack as a power system that takes on dynamic loads. All this was a significant contribution to the development of domestic parachute equipment, approved the priority of our Motherland in this area.
The main merit belongs to the Doronin in the development of the D-1-8. But other specialists worked on its creation together with them: design engineer F. D. Tkachev, who had previously created a round dome for the D-1, designers A. F. Zimina, I. M. Artemov, S. D. Khahilev , I. S. Stepanenko, who developed a lineless ball pilot chute, colonels V. P. Ivanov, M. V. Arabin, A. V. Vanyarkho, A. F. Shukaev, N. Ya. Gladkov, engineer-lieutenant colonel A. V Alekseev, head of the political department of the formation, Colonel I. I. Bliznyuk.
Tests of the new parachute were carried out under the leadership of Generals S. E. Rozhdestvensky, A. I. Zigaev and I. I. Lisov.
The appearance of parachutes D-1-8 affected the increase in the combat readiness of the airborne troops. With them, paratroopers jumped from high-speed planes at the largest military exercises "Dnepr", "Dvina", "South".
In the summer of 1967, an air parade took place at the Domodedovo airfield near Moscow. It was dedicated to the fiftieth anniversary of the Soviet state. The participants and spectators of this grandiose holiday will surely remember the following picture: an armada of heavy airships appeared from the western side of the airfield. They marched in close combat formation. Soon the sky above the airfield blossomed with bright domes.
And the planes kept coming and going. Some paratroopers left the planes, others, having landed, rushed to perform a combat mission. Over a thousand people, with weapons in their hands, fell to the ground in record time. It was a breathtaking and unforgettable sight.
Massive parachute assault from high-speed aircraft! It became possible due to the fact that new equipment entered service with the army. And also because the D-1-8 parachute appeared. He had a high
reliability.
One document signed by the commander of the Airborne Forces, Colonel-General V.F. Margelov on May 10, 1967, states:
“The D-1-8 landing parachute has a fundamentally new sequential scheme for putting it into operation, which allowed the Airborne Forces and Military Transport Aviation to conduct normal combat training of personnel for jumping from all types of modern aircraft at flight speeds up to 400 km / h on the instrument and constantly stay in combat readiness for landing. This has been convincingly demonstrated in air parade in 1961 in Moscow and at many exercises of the Warsaw Pact countries and was twice highly appreciated by the Marshal Soviet Union comrade Malinovsky R. Ya. in his speeches at the XXII and XXIII Congresses of the CPSU. At present, more than three million jumps have been made on D-1-8 parachutes, and they "showed high reliability in operation."
Meanwhile, by chance, this parachute might not have seen the light, if the commander did not take part in its fate airborne troops V. F. Margelov. He showed foresight, determination, took responsibility when the fate of a new product hung in the balance.
This happened at the first stage of military trials, when only one hundred and fifty jumps were included in the track record of D-1-8. One of the paratroopers hurried to leave the plane and during the jump made a mistake that cost him his life. The free part of the canopy of the main parachute fell under his legs in the bend of his knees, wrapped around him from below. The parachutist, falling down-back, did not take any measures to change the position of the body. Apparently he went into shock.
Everyone focused their attention on the black dot rapidly approaching the ground. Finally, the canopy of the reserve parachute shot up over the man. But it was already too late. To stop the rapid fall, the paratrooper lacked some ten to fifteen meters in height.
What is the reason for the parachutist's death? Lost, apparently, the guy consciousness, they said alone. Others, however, brought a different base under the state of emergency: the parachute, they say, had not been brought to full condition, and it would be better to wait a little with military tests.
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Fedor LUSHNIKOV
Packing a parachute for a jump with manual opening of the knapsack includes the following operations:
- Inspection.
- Parachute preparation for packing.
- Parachute packing.
- Mounting on the knapsack of the semi-automatic device PPK-U-575A or KAP-ZP-575.
1. Inspection
a) Inspection of the parachute.
Inspection and preparation of a parachute for a jump with manual opening should be carried out in the same order as indicated in paragraph 1 of section "", with the exception of subparagraphs f, g, i. In addition, inspect the exhaust ring with three studs.
When inspecting the exhaust ring, check whether the braid and soldering of the cable studs are broken, whether there are any cracks on the ring body.
b) Inspection of the device PPK-U-575A or KAP-ZP-575.
It is allowed to install a serviceable device on a parachute, on which the following work has been performed:
- external examination with checking the position of the stop of the aneroid;
- checking the "bleeding" of the clock mechanism and the jamming of the flexible pin when it is slowly withdrawn from the shutter;
- checking the operation of clock and exhaust mechanisms;
- checking the accuracy of the device operation on the scales of time and heights. The work is carried out in accordance with the technical description and instructions for installation and operation of the device with the appropriate filling of the passport for it.
2. Preparing the parachute for packing
After inspecting all parts of the parachute, insert the cable with the pull ring pins into the flexible hose, and insert the pull ring body into the pull ring pocket on the harness.
Further preparation for packing a parachute with manual opening of the knapsack is carried out as indicated in the section “Stowing a parachute for a jump with forced opening of the knapsack”, paragraph 2, with the exception of the operation “Attach a loop of the safety cover with a noose loop to the loop of the traction cable” (Fig. 3 ).
Attach the small loop of the flexible stud halyard to the flexible stud of the device with a choke loop and set the bartack according to the technical description and instructions for installation and operation of the device.
3. Packing a parachute
Laying the canopy and checking the slings, putting on the cover on the canopy, laying the lines in the honeycomb of the canopy cover and tightening the knapsack should be carried out as indicated in paragraphs 3-6 of Section IV, with the exception that instead of the studs of the traction cable, use the studs of the traction ring, and tying the tape - ties do not produce and do not produce a fastener for knapsack rubbers.
After tightening the knapsack, pass the flexible hose for the exhaust cable of the forced opening of the knapsack under the right free ends and thread it into the side valve hose fastening tape.
When jumping with manual opening of the parachute pack, use the semi-automatic device PPK-U-575A or KAP-ZP-575.
When installing the device, you must:
a) attach the halyard with a flexible hairpin to the end loop of the exhaust rope with a noose;
b) insert the flexible pin into the device. The flexible stud must be inserted into the instrument with some braking in the closure. In cases where the flexible pin, having passed the shutter, seems to encounter an obstacle, the device should be swung sharply in the plane of the time scale - the balance will take the desired position and the obstacle will be removed. After that, smoothly (without jerking) cock the device (power springs);
c) set the specified height and specified time on the scales of the device and lock the flexible hairpin with a safety thread in one addition (Fig. 32);
d) insert the pin of the bayonet nut into the hole in the head of the plate and turn the hose of the device so that it takes a position along the axis of the cones of the parachute pack (Fig. 33, A);
e) unscrew the screw with the loop from the special cable nut and remove the loop from the slot of the screw (Fig. 33, B);
f) put a loop on the nearest (first) to the hose of the device, the pin of the cable of the parachute exhaust ring. It is impossible to put a loop on the cable of the exhaust ring, as this will lead to non-disclosure of the parachute pack;
g) put a screw on the hinge and screw a special nut onto it. Pay special attention to ensure that the screw is completely screwed into the special nut. If the screw is not completely screwed in, it is necessary to tighten the collar in the special nut to the end, and then screw the special nut onto the screw with the loop again (Fig. 33, B);
h) insert the device into the pocket of the parachute pack and tie it with ribbons to the pack;
i) adjust the cable slack within 0.01-0.015 m by rotating the hose relative to the bayonet nut;
j) fasten the device hose so that it fits snugly to the parachute bag along its entire length, and the hose tip is located on the longitudinal axis of symmetry of the plate.
Close the safety valve of the backpack. Then you should check whether the hooks-pendants of the knapsack rubber are sufficiently clamped in the metal loops on the valves, whether the knapsack rubber is threaded into the loops, and fasten the knapsack rubber.
Fasten the knapsack rubbers of the upper valve of the knapsack after all the knapsack rubbers are fastened.
Note. When setting the response height on the device, it is necessary to take into account the atmospheric (barometric) pressure and the terrain in the area of possible landing. It is not recommended to use the 0.3 km mark on the PPK-U-575A device, since this height is within the range of atmospheric pressure changes even in areas located at sea level.
The stowed parachute is shown in Fig. 34.
For this you need:
a) thread the pull rope under the upper and lower knapsack rubbers on the right side valve and lock it, for which the middle loop of the pull rope is tied with a locking thread in two additions to the ring attached to the right knapsack valve (Fig. 35). The bends of the pull rope should extend beyond the knapsack rubber by 0.04-0.06 m;
b) insert the pull rope carabiner into the pocket on the right side flap;
c) close the safety valve and fasten it with turnstiles.
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