Reproduction by budding. Asexual reproduction. See what "budding" is in other dictionaries

Living organisms occurs with the participation of only one cell without the formation gametes. At the same time, new organisms are formed in some species in special bodies, and in others - from one or more cells of the mother's body. There are such types of asexual reproduction: vegetative reproduction, sporulation, polyembryony, fragmentation, budding and division.

• Vegetative propagation- this is a type of asexual reproduction, in which the reproduction of the cells of a new organism occurs from special structures of the maternal organism (tubers, rhizomes, etc.) or from a part of the vegetative body of the maternal individual. This type of reproduction is often found among plants.

Vegetative reproduction in examples.

• sporulation is reproduction by means of spores. Spores are cells that normally form in sporangia - specialized bodies. At higher organisms before pore formation occurs meiosis.

• Polyembryony(schizogony) is a type of asexual reproduction in which a new generation develops from parts into which the embryo breaks up (monozygous twins).

• Fragmentation is a type of asexual reproduction in which daughter organisms are formed from parts into which the mother organism breaks up. In this way, elodea, spirogyra, starfish, annelids.

• budding- This is a type of asexual reproduction in which daughter organisms are formed in the form of processes on the mother's organism. When budding new organism it can separate from the parent and live separately (for example, hydra), or it can remain attached to the parent organism. The latter type of budding is common in coral colonies.

• Division- this simplest way asexual reproduction, in which the mother organism divides into two or more daughter organisms. This method is typical for many unicellular organisms.

To answer the question of which fungi reproduce by budding, it is necessary to understand the essence of this process. After all, at first glance, mushrooms do not have such a reproductive organ as a kidney. This is a living organism that has properties that are characteristic of plants and animals at the same time. For most fungi, division by spores or parts of the mycelium is actual, although sexual reproduction is more characteristic of the animal world. But there is lower class fungi that bud. There are also some exceptions higher mushrooms. This process is also called vegetative propagation.

For most fungi, division by spores or parts of the mycelium is actual, although sexual reproduction is more characteristic of the animal world.

This process is characteristic of many species of protozoan animals and plants. Budding is called vegetative, or asexual, reproduction of fungi, which consists in the formation of a daughter organism from a parent individual in the form of a protrusion of the cell body. Such living beings are microscopic in size. This process of asexual reproduction begins with nuclear fission. The formed center of the cell moves into an outgrowth that appears on the mother's body. Then the constriction is formed. And after that, this fragment is separated. This process takes about two hours on average. Daughter cells are initially tiny, and it will take time for them to grow and acquire the appearance characteristic of a mature specimen. Budding occurs in some higher fungi and many lower species.

In rare cases, when conditions are unfavorable, the process slows down or stops completely, which is impossible if reproduction is sexual.

This process is characteristic of many types of protozoan animals and plants.

Misconceptions about them are connected precisely with the fact that their life cannot be considered. And yet, without them, humanity would not be able to make wine, beer, and most importantly, antibiotics. The cultivation of mushrooms has great value for the course of evolution. Thanks to them, plants spread across the continents. Without them, there would be no forests in familiar person sight, and possibly their inhabitants. The value of mushrooms for the outside world is great. The life of these creatures passes without visible movement, they do not have organs of smell, touch and the rest. In general, nothing to make them look like animals. Therefore, for a long time they were attributed to the kingdom of flora. But they also do not have organs characteristic of plants that contain chlorophyll - this is a green pigment that promotes absorption sunlight and its transformation. This process is not typical for fungi. Therefore, like animals, they feed on organic matter. Thus, they are singled out in a separate kingdom.

Sexual reproduction of mushrooms (video)

Living things that reproduce by budding

When fungi reproduce, budding of hyphae or individual cells occurs. This division option is inherent in yeast - these are unicellular fungi that are round or oval in shape. They live in substrates of liquid or semi-liquid consistency, which consist of a large number organic matter. About 1500 specimens belong to the yeast, which belong to the classes of basidiomycetes and ascomycetes. In wildlife, they are very common and feed on the nectar of flowers, plant sap. These species survive in water and soil, in the intestines of animals. Yeast can grow and multiply very quickly, while changing environment. Sometimes there is a sexual process of reproduction of such fungi, but more often they divide by budding.

When fungi reproduce, budding of hyphae or individual cells occurs.

Smut fungi infect all parts of the plant and cause hypertrophy of plant tissues. They are especially dangerous for cereals. The resulting buds gradually separate, grow and eventually begin to bud themselves.

Vegetative propagation

Vegetative reproduction of mushrooms occurs due to mycelium. Such division is carried out by separate pieces of cells, which, getting into favorable conditions, germinate and give rise to a new fungus. Such a distribution is inherent in the house fungus, honey agaric and other species. A more specialized method of vegetative reproduction, in which the mycelium, due to the peculiarities of its structure, is easily separated into separate cells or spores, each of which subsequently grows into a new such mycelium.

Such disputes include chlamydospores, oidia, gemma and other modifications of the mycelium.

Thus, budding is inherent in rare cases for higher fungi and more often for lower species. Division is inherent in the simplest animals - sponges, some types of worms, the flagellate family, tunicates, ciliates and sporozoans. Many types of mosses (for example, the liver type) and some types of ferns reproduce by bud formation.

Estimate

Budding is a type of asexual or vegetative reproduction in animals and plants.

Some species of unicellular organisms are characterized by such a form of asexual reproduction as budding.

Budding is a type of asexual or vegetative reproduction of animals and plants, in which daughter individuals are formed from outgrowths of the body of the mother organism, that is, kidneys.

The daughter cell - the kidney is usually smaller than the mother cell, it takes some time to grow and complete the missing structures, after which it takes on the form characteristic of a mature organism.

Budding is characteristic of many fungi, liver mosses, and protozoa - ciliates, tunicates, sporozoa, and some types of worms. .

In a number of animals, budding does not reach the end, and young individuals remain connected to the mother's body. In such cases, this leads to the formationcolonies.

Outwardly, this resembles the development of a plant shoot from a bud - hence the name of this method - budding.

Reproduction by budding always produces genetically homogeneous offspring, exact copy of the mother's organism, since the processes of budding are based on mitoses, in which daughter cells receive equal genetic material. Such reproduction, carried out in artificial conditions in order to obtain genetically homogeneous offspring, they are called cloning, and the resulting offspring are called clones (from the Greek word "clone" - twig, shoot, offspring).

Hydra reproduces by budding. This usually happens during the summer. On the body in the middle part of the hydra there is a budding belt, on which tubercles are formed - kidneys. Several cells begin to divide, and gradually a small hydra grows on the mother, which forms a mouth with tentacles and E. coli associated with the intestinal cavity of the "mother". If the mother individual catches prey, then part nutrients shares food with the mother. The daughter individual, while hunting, also falls into a small hydra. Soon the little hydra separates from the mother organism and usually, but not always, is located next to it. The kidney grows and a mouth and tentacles form at its top, after which the kidney laces at the base, separates from the mother's body and begins to live on its own.

The starfish reproduces by "budding", which occurs by dividing the disk or by lacing off its rays. This is clearly seen in the photograph of the starfish.

Yeast also reproduce by budding. The process of yeast budding is that a tubercle appears on the cell - thickening, which gradually increases in size and turns into a full-fledged daughter cell of yeast(sometimes there are several). This tubercle is called a kidney. As the kidney grows, a constriction forms between it and the producing cell. The channel connecting the newly formed daughter cell with the old, mother cell gradually narrows and, finally, the young cell separates and begins to live an independent life. Under favorable conditions, this process lasts about two hours.

In some cases, especially on the surface of liquid media, where yeast cells are always more elongated, budding growths resemble mold mycelium. However, this is a false mycelium, which is a thin film that is easily destroyed when the liquid is agitated. Only individual wild (living in natural conditions) the so-called membranous yeast forms more or less thick wrinkled films on the surface of liquids, which are firmly held when shaken. These yeasts cause spoilage of wine, beer and pickled vegetables.

An unusual form of budding is found in a houseplant - Kalanchoe. Along the edges of its leaves, miniature plants with roots form from the buds, which then fall off and turn into small independent plants.

Budding bacteria include a number of water and soil bacteria. This species is found in stagnant waters, in water

baths in the laboratory. Similar to them appearance a purple bacterium that has a characteristic shape and goes through a complex development cycle.

Rods with two polar flagella are attached by the pole, on which the flagellum is located, to solid surfaces, including other bacteria. Then a stalk grows from this pole. The cell undergoes the usual division, after which the daughter cell at the free pole again forms a flagellum.

A careful examination of algae, shells of crustaceans and inhabitants of the water surface found bacteria of a strange shape - "stalked" bacteria. Bacteria sit on stalks made of mucus, which is a bean-shaped cell. On the concave side, it secretes mucus, which, as seen under a microscope, forms a spirally twisted ribbon. This bacterium is known as iron bacterium. It is found in water bodies containing iron (streams, in sewer pipes), and, especially in spring, grows in mass quantities on the surface of ponds, swamp ditches and in sewage.

"Stalked" bacteria on crayfish shell and algae.

reproduction- the property of living organisms to reproduce their own kind. There are two main breeding method- asexual and sexual.

Asexual reproduction is carried out with the participation of only one parent and occurs without the formation of gametes. The daughter generation in some species arises from one or a group of cells of the parent organism, in other species - in specialized organs. There are the following methods of asexual reproduction: fission, budding, fragmentation, polyembryony, spore formation, vegetative reproduction.

Division- a method of asexual reproduction, characteristic of unicellular organisms, in which the mother individual is divided into two or large quantity daughter cells. We can distinguish: a) simple binary fission (prokaryotes), b) mitotic binary fission (protozoa, unicellular algae), c) multiple fission, or schizogony (malarial plasmodium, trypanosomes). During the division of paramecium (1), the micronucleus is divided by mitosis, the macronucleus by amitosis. During schizogony (2), the nucleus is first repeatedly divided by mitosis, then each of the daughter nuclei is surrounded by cytoplasm, and several independent organisms are formed.

budding- a method of asexual reproduction, in which new individuals are formed in the form of outgrowths on the body of the parent individual (3). Daughter individuals can separate from the mother and move on to an independent lifestyle (hydra, yeast), they can remain attached to it, forming colonies in this case (coral polyps).

Fragmentation(4) - a method of asexual reproduction, in which new individuals are formed from fragments (parts) into which the parent individual breaks up (annelids, starfish, spirogyra, elodea). Fragmentation is based on the ability of organisms to regenerate.

Polyembryony- a method of asexual reproduction, in which new individuals are formed from fragments (parts) into which the embryo breaks up (monozygous twins).

Vegetative propagation- a method of asexual reproduction, in which new individuals are formed either from parts of the vegetative body of the mother individual, or from special structures(rhizome, tuber, etc.), specially designed for this form of reproduction. Vegetative propagation is characteristic of many groups of plants, it is used in horticulture, horticulture, plant breeding (artificial vegetative propagation).

sporulation(6) - reproduction through spores. controversy- specialized cells, in most species are formed in special organs - sporangia. In higher plants, spore formation is preceded by meiosis.

Cloning- a set of methods used by humans to obtain genetically identical copies of cells or individuals. Clone- a set of cells or individuals descended from a common ancestor through asexual reproduction. Cloning is based on mitosis (in bacteria, simple division).

sexual reproduction is carried out with the participation of two parent individuals (male and female), in which specialized cells are formed in special organs - gametes. The process of formation of gametes is called gametogenesis, the main stage of gametogenesis is meiosis. The daughter generation develops from zygotes- a cell formed as a result of the fusion of male and female gametes. The process of fusion of male and female gametes is called fertilization. An obligatory consequence of sexual reproduction is the recombination of genetic material in the daughter generation.

Depending on the structural features of gametes, the following can be distinguished forms of sexual reproduction: isogamy, heterogamy and ovogamy.

isogamy(1) - a form of sexual reproduction in which gametes (conditionally female and conditionally male) are mobile and have the same morphology and size.

Heterogamy(2) - a form of sexual reproduction in which female and male gametes are mobile, but female are larger than male and less mobile.

Ovogamy(3) - a form of sexual reproduction in which the female gametes are immobile and larger than the male gametes. In this case, the female gametes are called eggs, male gametes, if they have flagella, - spermatozoa if they don't have - sperm.

Ovogamy is characteristic of most animal and plant species. Isogamy and heterogamy are found in some primitive organisms (algae). In addition to the above, some algae and fungi have forms of reproduction in which germ cells are not formed: chologamy and conjugation. At chologamy unicellular haploid organisms merge with each other, which in this case act as gametes. The resulting diploid zygote then divides by meiosis to form four haploid organisms. At conjugations(4) the contents of individual haploid cells of the filamentous thalli are fused. Through specially formed channels, the contents of one cell flows into another, a diploid zygote is formed, which usually also divides by meiosis after a dormant period.

Go to lectures №13"Methods of division of eukaryotic cells: mitosis, meiosis, amitosis"

Go to lectures №15"Sexual reproduction in angiosperms"

budding budding

one of the methods of vegetative reproduction, carried out by the formation of a kidney on the mother's body - an outgrowth, from which a new individual develops. P. is characteristic of certain marsupials, a number of basidiomycetes, and also liver mosses that reproduce the so-called. brood buds. Among animals, sponges, coelenterates, some ciliates, worms, bryozoans, pterygobranchs, and tunicates reproduce by P.. In animals, P. is external and internal. The first is divided into parietal, in which the kidneys are formed on the mother's body, and stolonial, when the kidneys are formed on the special. outgrowths - stolons (in some coelenterates and tunicates). With internal The item the new individual develops from the isolated vnutr. part of the mother's body - such are the gemmules of sponges and the statoblasts of bryozoans, which have protective membranes and serve as preim. for experiencing in winter or arid conditions when the mother's body dies. In a number of animals, P. does not reach the end - the young individuals remain connected to the mother's organism, as a result of which a colony arises. P. can be called artificially decomp. adverse effects on the mother's body, for example. burn or cut.

.(Source: Biological encyclopedic Dictionary." Ch. ed. M. S. Gilyarov; Editorial: A. A. Babaev, G. G. Vinberg, G. A. Zavarzin and others - 2nd ed., corrected. - M.: Sov. Encyclopedia, 1986.)

A method of vegetative reproduction of organisms, when an outgrowth is formed on the mother's organism - a kidney, from which a new organism develops. Some fungi, mosses, as well as ciliates, sponges, coelenterates, worms and a number of other invertebrates reproduce by budding. Budding in animals is external, when the kidneys are formed on the mother's body, and internal, when the kidneys are isolated from the inner part of the mother's body. In the case when budding does not reach the end and young individuals are connected to the mother's organism, a colony is formed.

.(Source: "Biology. Modern Illustrated Encyclopedia." Editor-in-Chief A.P. Gorkin; M.: Rosmen, 2006.)

See what "BUDING" is in other dictionaries:

Budding is a type of asexual or vegetative reproduction of animals and plants, in which daughter individuals are formed from outgrowths of the body of the mother organism (kidneys). Budding is characteristic of many fungi, liver mosses and animals ... ... Wikipedia

A type of asexual reproduction in which the offspring are formed from outgrowths of the mother's body (kidneys). Budding is characteristic of many fungi, liver mosses and animals (protozoa, sponges, coelenterates, some worms, bryozoans, ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

budding, a method of asexual reproduction in which a new organism grows on the body of a parent. For example, hydras (small freshwater polyps) often reproduce by budding in spring summer period. On the parent individual, a small ... ... Scientific and technical encyclopedic dictionary

budding, budding, pl. no, cf. (biol.). Asexual reproduction by means of kidneys (see kidney 1 in 2 meanings) or gradually increasing outgrowths of cells. Dictionary Ushakov. D.N. Ushakov. 1935 1940 ... Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov

A method of vegetative reproduction typical of yeasts and some bacteria. It consists in the formation of a protrusion of the mother cell, which develops in a new cell(kidney). The kidney can separate from the mother cell or remain ... ... Dictionary of microbiology

Exist., Number of synonyms: 1 reproduction (31) ASIS Synonym Dictionary. V.N. Trishin. 2013 ... Synonym dictionary

budding- BUDDING, one of the types of asexual reproduction, found both in protozoa and in multicellular animals (sponges, coelenterates, worms and lower chordates). There are simple (with the formation of 1 kidney) and multiple P. (with simultaneous ... ... Big Medical Encyclopedia

budding- A form of vegetative reproduction is the formation of an outgrowth (kidney) on the maternal organism, from which a daughter individual develops; P. is characteristic of some fungi, liver mosses, sponges, coelenterates, some worms, bryozoans, ciliates; ... ... Technical Translator's Handbook

budding- * smudge bath * budding 1. One of the forms of vegetative (asexual) reproduction (). 2. In bacteria, yeast and plants, the process of bud formation. 3. Enveloped viruses (e.g., influenza virus, Sindbis virus) have a type of exit from the host cell, in which ... Genetics. encyclopedic Dictionary

I; cf. Biol. Asexual reproduction by the formation of kidneys (1.P .; 2 signs). Study of budding processes. Polyps reproduce by budding. * * * budding is a type of asexual reproduction in which daughter individuals are formed from outgrowths of the body ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

Books

• Big medical encyclopedia. volume 27 Budding - Psoriasis, N.A. Semashko. The Great Medical Encyclopedia sets itself the task of being not only a scientific reference book on all issues of medicine and related areas, but also to give the reader information with which he ...