Stress is a common human condition in the modern world. Causes of stress. Not what it seems
Many people mean exhaustion by stress. human body... However, its original interpretation sounds different. "Stress" is translated as tension, pressure. Thus, this is a physical or mental stress that a person experiences during changes in living conditions, environmental factors.
Stress Is a physiological response aimed at adaptation and survival.A completely different concept "Distress". This is an extreme degree of exhaustion caused by prolonged stress and the inability of a person to cope with it.
Stress factors
For full-fledged functioning, a person, like anyone Living being, adapts to the habitat. The following groups of factors act on it:
- Physical: temperature fluctuation, atmospheric pressure, ultraviolet radiation.
- Chemical: exposure to toxins, aggressive substances.
- Biological: penetration of bacteria, viruses into the body.
- Mechanical, such as injury.
- Psychogenic. This group plays a special role in life modern man... It is because of psychogenic factors that he experiences the greatest stress. The stress at work, the fast pace of cities, difficult events in life, information load - all this affects us, if not every day, then regularly and often.
Biochemistry and the positive role of stress
Stress plays a positive role. Let's say it affects us conflict situation when it is necessary to act quickly - the attack of a wild animal. The sympathetic nervous system is activated, the adrenal glands secrete the hormones adrenaline and norepinephrine, which increase blood pressure, quickens breathing, mobilizes glucose reserves, and pauses the digestion process to conserve energy for protection.
If the stress is prolonged (for example, psychogenic), other hormones are used - glucocorticoids. They affect the life of a person in long term by stimulating metabolism and switching the body to use reserves such as glycogen, which is broken down into glucose. Thus, stress, whatever its origin, gives us an impetus to function fully and get the job done.
Stages of stress
In 1936, Hans Selye, a renowned physiologist, put forward a theory according to which three stages of stress were distinguished:
Predisposition to the development of pathological stress
Without exception, all people experience stress throughout their lives. Hans Selye compared it to seasoning, salt, without which the dish becomes tasteless. Stress gives a taste of life, and those who never experience it and live in ideal, "greenhouse" conditions do not feel joy. They develop depression, dysphoria (sick mood), apathy for everything.
For example, in the dystopian novel by O. Huxley "Wonderful new world»People lived in an ideal society where any aggression and tension were excluded. However, they were periodically given a dose of "worry" in the form of a drug that stimulated the production of stress hormones in order to protect them from depression.
People, because of their mental and character characteristics, experience stress in different ways. One man acts, uses external circumstances to deal with the problem you are experiencing. The other falls into despair, exhausts himself with constant reflections and gradually passes into a phase of decompensation.
According to Pavlov, this is due to the type of our nervous system – temperament... Sanguine, phlegmatic, melancholic and choleric people solve the situation in different ways. For example, let's compare the problem with a stone on the road. A phlegmatic or sanguine person will bypass him, a choleric person will do it quickly and with lightning speed, with an admixture of aggression directed at an inanimate object, and a melancholic will begin to accuse himself of failure and doom, which will ultimately lead to a return back.
Of course, this division is rough and imprecise. We have different temperaments intertwined, and we develop under the influence of the social environment. Therefore, there are anxious, neurotic, suspicious individuals who are prone to stress.
Also plays an important role upbringing... A person's resistance to stress depends on his belief in himself and the ability to soberly assess the situation. But if a child is instilled with an inferiority complex from childhood or is surrounded by overprotection, not allowing himself to cope with difficulties, then he will not respond correctly to stress in adulthood.
Symptoms of stress and distress
Positive stress stimulates us. We feel good and orderly because we are in control. Thought processes are accelerated, and physical activity increases.
However, distress results in the following groups of symptoms.
Stress is a state of an individual in extreme conditions at the physiological, psychological and behavioral levels. Depending on the type of stressor and the nature of its influence, several types of stress are distinguished. One of the classifications distinguishes physiological and psychological stresses, the latter are subdivided into informational and emotional. Physiological stress is caused by physiological stressors such as fever. Information stress arises in situations of information overload, when a person cannot cope with a task, does not have time to make the right decisions at the required pace, with a high degree of responsibility for the consequences of decisions made. I think this type of stress is especially relevant in modern world where most people strive for a successful career and holding positions of responsibility. Emotional stress manifests itself in situations of threat, danger, resentment, etc. At the same time, its various forms lead to changes in the course of mental processes, emotional shifts, transformation of the motivational structure of activity, disorders of motor and speech behavior. All of these types of stress can have both a positive mobilizing effect on the vital activity of the body, and a negative one.
Today, it is an extremely common point of view that stress is a rare and vivid phenomenon in the life of ordinary people. G. Selye's opinion on this matter is extremely different. He believes that a person, even in a state of complete relaxation, seems to be experiencing stress. The circulatory, respiratory, nervous and digestive systems work incessantly. No stress at all would mean death. However, physiological stress levels are lowest during periods of rest and relaxation, although they are never absolute zero. Emotional arousal of any orientation is accompanied by an increase in the degree of physiological stress.
Summing up the interim results, I would like to say that the characteristics of stress are quite diverse: there are several types of stress, depending on the type of stressor and the consequences. Also, stress has three phases of its course. And finally, stress is a fairly common phenomenon in the life of any person, regardless of his type of activity, social status and age. If a person can somehow avoid psychological stress, then physiological stress is beyond his control.
Obviously, a person cannot completely protect and insulate himself from stress, which is an integral companion of man and all animals throughout their life. It is now widely believed that stress can and should be avoided.
The importance of stress in the modern world
In the modern world, there is a fairly widespread propaganda of the idea that stress inflicts an extremely destructive effect on a person, contributing to the development of various mental disorders and general wear and tear of the body. Perhaps, to some extent, this is indeed the case, and I will not refute it. However, I am convinced that stress can also have a positive effect, and then I will try to prove my point.
First, I think it is foolish to attribute any polarity to anything. I don’t think that we can definitely call something good and something bad. It seems to me that everything is relative, even those things that at first glance seem exclusively negative and negative, may reveal some positive aspects in themselves. Let me explain with an example. Let's say a person was fired from his job. Of course, at first glance it seems that this is an extremely negative event in the life of anyone, because a person has lost a source of livelihood, as well as the ability to work and self-actualize. However, this situation forces a person to mobilize all his strength and opportunities for entering another job, which, perhaps, is more promising and highly paid. If the person had not been fired, he, most likely, due to his habit of stability, would not have dared to change his place of work. Although another outcome is possible. For example, a person could not find a job and became depressed. Then, of course, the whole series of these events is negative. However, it is not in vain that they say: "He who seeks will always find." I think that a person's ability to find a new job in this situation depends solely on his personal qualities and perseverance. Thus, I believe that what influence certain events have on us depends only on our perception and attitude towards them, as well as on our behavior in a given situation. All of the above can be summed up in my point of view, according to which any event or phenomenon, including stress, is dual in nature. It is impossible to unequivocally call something good and something bad.
Secondly, it seems to me that it is foolish in itself - to give negative meaning to a phenomenon that takes place in the life of any person and which is inevitable. After all, it would never occur to anyone to say that hair growth or breathing, for example, is bad. I think the situation is similar with regard to stress. After all, stress, at least at the physiological level, accompanies a person throughout his life, like the growth of hair or nails.
Thirdly, even if stress is negative in nature, its overall global impact on the body, in my opinion, is positive. After all, a person who has not known misfortune cannot be truly happy. So it is with stress. Stress gives our life a bright color. Diseases give way to periods of health, tears give way to laughter, and hard daily work gives way to rest. It is this contrast that gives us a real opportunity to feel the taste of life, because "everything is cognized in comparison." Stress gives a person the opportunity to enjoy moments of stability and harmony, to appreciate them, which is especially important, in my opinion, in the modern world, when life takes on a frantic rhythm, when people are often deprived of a free minute to just think about their life when a person cares only its monetary stability.
Summing up, I would like to say that stress affects the human body at the physiological, psychological and behavioral levels, which, it seems to me, can affect a person's life in two ways, both positively and negatively. Of course, each person is individual, everyone perceives this or that event in a special, subjective way. However, stress gives any of us the opportunity to get a taste of life through comparing and accepting all the unexpected turns of fate. But to use this opportunity or to complain about life, it is up to us to decide. Hopefully I've been able to show that stress can have significant positive and positive effects along with negative ones.
Depression and stress are a real scourge modern society... The nervous system of people living in a permanent physical and emotional stress, does not always successfully cope with the stress, often the body simply cannot withstand, and against this background, any of the listed diseases arises.
Depression is not just a depressed sad state, it is a disease that requires active treatment. It arises, as a rule, under the influence of strong negative experiences, often as a result of affect. After extreme stress, the nervous system is drastically depleted, the body's reserves are emptied, hormonal disorders occur, which entails severe mental and even physical consequences. In some cases, the cause of depression can be a physical illness (or injury) that affects the production of the hormone of joy - serotonin.
Depression is characterized by a loss of interest in life, an unwillingness to communicate with others, a decrease in the level of emotional perception, anxiety, and sleep disturbances. This also includes problems with appetite (usually a decrease, but sometimes the appearance of a tendency to overeat), increased fatigue, constipation, decreased work efficiency and even suicidal thoughts.
A person himself cannot diagnose depression, for this it is necessary to visit an appropriate specialist ( psychologist or a psychotherapist), who, based on the totality of symptoms, will determine the condition and prescribe a competent treatment for depression.
A psychologist, by the nature of his work, can give general recommendations concerning the psychological aspect. Medication, such as antidepressants and sleep-stabilizing medications, can be prescribed by a qualified healthcare professional. medical education- a psychotherapist or psychiatrist. Despite the seriousness of the disease, it is quite easy to get rid of depression, the main thing is to take responsibility for your own health and follow all the recommendations.
A similar nature of occurrence has and negative stress, arising as a response of the body to any strong external influence. Usually, it comes about emotional upheavals or permanent psychological stress in which a person is. Stress treatment is possible without taking medication under the supervision of a qualified psychologist, because the main thing is to give the exhausted nervous system an opportunity to renew itself, and the body to have a good rest and gain strength.
Comprehensive techniques developed by experts help relieve stress even during busy days by minimizing negative impact external factors on the nervous system and human psyche.
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Stress and Depression. |
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The history of the word "stress" has developed in such a way that today it has two different meanings. In Russian, the word "stress" came from English, in English - from Latin. In the 18-19 centuries in English language this word was used mainly in physics and meant: the force of pressure, tension, pushing, compression or torsion arising from the impact of one object on another; deformation that has arisen in an object under the influence of such a force. In the 1930s, world renowned physician and biologist Hans Selye brought the word "stress" into medicine. Today this term is widely used in medicine, biology and psychology and, like in physics, has 2 meanings: a physical, chemical or emotional factor that causes physiological or psychological stress and can be the cause of the disease; physiological or psychological stress resulting from exposure to physical, chemical or emotional factors that upset the existing balance. From these definitions it can be seen that in the first case, stress denotes a factor that affects the body; in the second - the result of the influence of such a factor. To avoid terminological confusion, we will use the word "stress" only in the second meaning, and for the first we will take the word "stressor". As a result, we get the following definitions: Stressor- a physico-chemical or emotional-psychological factor that causes physiological or psychological stress and can be the cause of the disease. Stress- physiological and / or psychological stress resulting from exposure to stressors that disturb the existing balance. Or, in short: stress is tension, and the stressor is the factor that causes it. |
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It is customary to talk about stress as something unambiguously negative, harmful, undesirable. But this attitude is not always fair. In certain situations, stress in literally this word can save a person's life. When in August 1967 cosmonaut Alexei Leonov made a training parachute jump, an unforeseen incident happened to him. The parachute opened, but the strap wrapped around the astronaut's leg and caught on the metal back. As a result, he flew upside down. It happens that skydivers break their legs. It's easy to imagine what would happen if you land on your head. Of course, when a person gets into such a situation, a very strong stress reaction develops. It was thanks to the stress that Alexey Leonov was able to bend the metal structure and free the strap. The landing was successful. A little later, four (!) Astronauts were unable to unbend the metal back to give it its original shape. Four strong, healthy men on earth could not do what one in the air could do. Not only men are capable of super-efforts in such situations. A young guy is repairing a car. The jack does not hold up and the vehicle presses down on it. His parents see it. Father young man, knowing the weight of the car and soberly assessing the situation, runs for help. At this time, his mother runs up to the car and lifts the car with her hands (!). Stress gave her access to an emergency reserve of energy. Many more examples can be cited indicating that a person in a state of severe stress is capable of gigantic muscular efforts that are inaccessible to him in a normal state. A stress response can save a person's life. But provided that the life-threatening problem can be solved through physical (muscle) efforts. Stress is a fight or flight response. And he is able to give a person superpower during battle or super speed when fleeing from danger. If the fight or flight is not needed to solve the problem, stress can be detrimental. As a rule, life in the conditions of modern civilization is replete with just such problems. There is stress, but it is not needed. Stress builds up in the body and causes a number of adverse effects. This is why stress management skills are becoming more and more relevant. |
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There are at least 4 groups of stress symptoms: physiological, intellectual, emotional and behavioral. PHYSIOLOGICAL SYMPTOMS:
Persistent headaches, migraines Headache Uncertain pains Indigestion Bloating from the resulting gas Constipation or diarrhea Cramping, sharp abdominal pain Palpitations (feeling like the heart is beating hard, irregularly, or often) Feeling short of air while inhaling INTELLIGENT SIGNS OF STRESS: Indecision Loose memory Deterioration concentration of attention Increased distractibility "Tunnel" vision Bad dreams, nightmares Erroneous actions Loss of initiative Constant negative thoughts Disorder of judgment, confused thinking Impulsive thinking, hasty decisions EMOTIONAL SYMPTOMS: Irritability Anxiety Suspicion Gloomy mood, depression Fussiness Feeling of tension Emaciation Exposure to fits of anger Cynical, inappropriate humor Feeling nervous, fearful, anxious Loss of confidence Decreased life satisfaction Feeling alienated Lack of interest Lowered self-esteem Dissatisfaction with work BEHAVIORAL SIGNS OF STRESS: Loss of appetite or overeating Bad car driving Increased family problems Bad timing Avoiding supportive, friendly relationships Unkempt Antisocial behavior, deceit Failure to develop Low productivity Accident propensity Sleep disturbance or insomnia More intense smoking and alcohol consumption Finishing work at home Too busy to rest Each symptom is scored one point. A stress level of up to 10 points is considered acceptable, more than 10 - requiring action. At the same time, the number of points from 20 to 30 indicates a high level of stress, and more than 30 - a very high one. |
Typical symptoms of exam stress
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One of the most common types of stress is exam stress. As with "normal" stress, the symptoms of exam stress can be categorized into one of four groups: PHYSIOLOGICAL SYMPTOMS:
increased skin rash headache EMOTIONAL SYMPTOMS:
feeling of general malaise confusion COGNITIVE (INTELLECTUAL) SYMPTOMS: excessive self-criticism, comparing your preparedness with others in a disadvantageous light unpleasant memories of failing exams in the past (ours or others) imagination of the negative consequences of failure in the exam (expulsion from the university, deprivation of a scholarship, etc.) nightmares memory impairment decreased ability to concentrate, distraction BEHAVIORAL SYMPTOMS: the desire to do any other thing, just not to prepare for the exam avoiding any reminders of exams decrease in learning efficiency during the examination period involving other people in disturbing conversations about upcoming exams increased intake of caffeine and alcohol poor sleep loss of appetite |
Anxiety and aggression.
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The battle or flight response is often referred to as stress. According to this definition, two types of stress can be distinguished: attack stress and escape stress. Typically, the first type of stress is accompanied by aggressive emotions, the second - anxious. Emotions of the aggressive series:
irritation Emotions of an alarming series: feeling of tension concern excitement concern agitation a sense of danger, threat feeling confused sense of anxiety confusion confusion Any of these emotions indicates more or less severe stress. |
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Once the disease has developed, coping with it can be difficult. Any disease is easier to prevent than to cure. Effective prevention psychosomatic diseases are modern methods stress management.
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Psychosomatic diseases
Stress and depression are two sides of the same process
Yu.V. Khmelevsky
Is depression a disease or a condition of the body? Let's try to figure it out together. Medicine characterizes depression with the following symptoms:
depressed, depressed mood, loss of interest in loved ones, everyday affairs, work;
insomnia, early awakening in the morning, or, conversely, excessively long sleep;
irritability and anxiety, fatigue and loss of strength;
lack of appetite and weight loss, or sometimes, on the contrary, overeating and weight gain;
inability to concentrate and make a decision;
decreased sex drive;
feeling of own uselessness and guilt, feeling of hopelessness and helplessness;
frequent bouts of sobbing;
thoughts of suicide.
On the other hand, depression can be seen as a response to stress. We are faced with stress almost all the time, solving certain problems. For example, a bad mark on an exam or failing to pass results in more or less stress (strong negative emotions). We can experience stress, standing in a long line, because of difficulties at work or family problems, in the absence of mutual love, when we want to do a lot, but there is no time for this, when there are unrealized opportunities, daily watching crime stories on TV, and many other reasons, the list of which can be continued almost indefinitely. And after stress, a response (defensive) reaction of the body necessarily occurs - a state of depression. In response to every even the smallest (insignificant) stress, the body responds with adequate depression. But a little stress is even good for the body. They constantly train him, putting him into a state of activation or training (in the terminology of the Canadian scientist Hans Selye). The more stress, the stronger (deeper) and longer the state of depression. In time, moderate depression lasts up to two weeks. In severe cases (with severe stress, for example, the death of loved ones), depression can last for several months or even several years. That is why the obligatory remembrance of the deceased after 3, 9 and especially 40 days (“farewell to the soul”) helps first to reduce stress, and then to get out of the depressive state of family members, relatives and friends. During stress, the body is mobilized and uses up its energy as much as possible and directing it to protect the body. After stress, the body is in a state of “discharged battery”, depletion, ie depression, after which a gradual accumulation of energy begins (“recharging” of the body) until the moment of full recovery of strength and energy. The process (duration) of depression or inhibition of the body in time (duration) is approximately three times longer than the time of exposure to a stressful situation (process of arousal of the body) and this must be taken into account when eliminating the consequences of any stress, large or small.
The graph shows the processes (two curves) of excitation and inhibition of the body at different stressful situations... The first graph reflects the body's response to a small (small amplitude and duration) stress, which we encounter on a daily basis. Curve 2 reflects the body's response to severe stress. In the negative phase, the body is most energetically weakened and against this background various diseases can develop, especially during periods of prolonged depression. According to statistics, up to 70% of those applying to the clinic for somatic diseases have some form of depression.
And so, "bombardment" of the body with minor stresses and protection by small and short-term depressions is a common state of the body, accustomed to constant protection from the environment. Severe stresses consume a lot of energy from the body and cause deep (on the graph the depth of depression is marked by the BC segment) and prolonged depression (strong lethargy of the body with a significant decrease in activity). The body gradually accumulates energy, trying to return to the state of dynamic balance, which it had before the stress, i.e. self-healing. I would like to draw your attention to the fact that the most difficult and dangerous time for the onset of other diseases for the body during depression does not occur immediately after the end of the stress action (point A, for curve 2), but after some time, from the end of the stress action (point B ). During this period of time, you need to especially monitor your health. It can be unambiguously concluded that the cause of any depression (depressive state) is stress. Depression is the body's non-specific response to stress. Minor depression, with mild stress - a normal state of the body, with which the body, as a rule, copes on its own. Severe, deep depression is already a disease and you cannot do without the help of a doctor.
As a rule, in melancholic people, stress reactions are most often associated with arousal of the constitution, for example, anxiety or fear, phobia or neurotic anxiety. Choleric people have a typical stress reaction - anger. That is why they are more likely to suffer from hypertension, stomach ulcers, ulcerative colitis. In phlegmatic people, under the influence of stress, the activity of the thyroid gland decreases, the metabolism slows down and the sugar content in the blood can rise, which leads to a pre-diabetic state. In stressful situations, they "press" on food, as a result of which they can become obese. Sanguine people with their strong nervous system endure stress most easily.
Ideally, the body should not react to any stress at all or with minimal reaction, but practically this does not happen in life, and in order to achieve this, persistent and long-term training of the body is necessary. People who do not know the culture of health, especially young people, try to solve problems associated with stress and depression with the help of drugs (the fastest, easiest and most affordable way to overcome stress or get out of depression, but also the most harmful to health). Subsequently, they develop an addiction (constant craving) for such drugs as tobacco, alcohol, marijuana, and so on, from which it is already impossible to get rid of without outside help. And these problems are gradually moving from personal to state ones (the fight of the state against the drug mafia, treatment of drug addicts, etc.). Traditional medicine solves these problems with its equally effective, but absolutely safe for health methods. And, in order to minimize the effects of stress on the body, she has developed certain recommendations and advice.
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Stress can cause depression. This is due to the fact that during stress, the body spends its reserves, and in the post-stress period it needs to be restored. Therefore, some depression, depression and unwillingness to do anything are quite natural results of stress. Such emotions impede further activity, which gives the body the opportunity to quickly regain its strength. Normally, this condition is not very pronounced, does not last long and disappears after rest. However, too long or too severe stress can lead to clinically significant depression, which requires the qualified help of a psychotherapist or psychiatrist. How to distinguish normal post-stress depression, which goes away on its own, from pathological, which requires medical or psychotherapeutic professional intervention? This can be done using the following 10 questions: Do you feel depressed, depressed, melancholy? Have you lost the ability to experience pleasure in those activities that usually please you (work, hobbies, reading, etc.)? Do you have a constant feeling of tiredness and loss of energy? Do you notice a decrease in confidence and self-esteem? Do you feel guilty towards others? Do you ever think that life is no longer valuable to you? Do you have difficulty concentrating and making decisions? Do you complain of anxiety or, on the contrary, a feeling of general lethargy? Do you suffer from insomnia or, on the contrary, sleep more than usual? Do you notice a decrease or increase in appetite or weight? If you answered yes to any two of the first three questions, total amount There are four or more positive answers, these symptoms are not associated with somatic diseases, and you have been observing them for two or more weeks - the probability of the diagnosis "Depression" is quite high. In this case, it would be correct to consult a psychotherapist, neuropsychiatrist or psychiatrist to clarify the diagnosis and prescribe effective treatment. Exhaustion stages are characterized by anxiety, irritability, depression... Experienced stress negatively affects the performed ... its employees. If they are exposed stress, hypersensitivity, depression and hostile moods, then this ... |
Introduction ………………………………………………………………. …… 3
1.General concepts of stress ………………………………………………… ..4
1.1 Concept of stress ……………………………………………………… ... 4
1.2. Causes and consequences of stress ………………………………. ……… ..8
1.3. Stress Management Techniques …………………………………………… 11
Conclusion ……………………………………………………………… ... 15
References ………………………………………………………… ..17
Introduction
The word "stress" has acquired a pronounced negative meaning in everyday life. Stress is not only a natural, but also an absolutely normal reaction of the human body and psyche to difficult circumstances, therefore, its complete absence is like death.
These circumstances force management to deeply analyze the causes of stress in employees and develop measures to reduce its impact.
Therefore, the relevance of my term paper called "Stress Management" is defined by the fact that it summarizes the results of research on stress.
The subject of the course work is the concept of stress.
The object is the process of responding to unfavorable external conditions, unfolding in time in three stages.
The purpose of the course work is to find out the meaning of stress in modern society, its effect on a person in various spheres of life.
Coursework objectives:
Describe the main terms associated with the concept of "stress".
Analyze the causes and consequences of stress in workers.
Develop measures to regulate the level of stress.
Explore methods of dealing with stress.
Analyze the problem of stress and ways to solve this problem on the example of a specific educational institution.
1 GENERAL CONCEPTS OF STRESS
1.1 Stress concept
Stress (from the English "stress" - tension) is a non-specific (general) reaction of the body to a very strong impact, whether physical or psychological, as well as the corresponding state of the nervous system of the body (or the body as a whole). The nervous and immune systems are particularly affected by stress. When stressed, people are more likely to become victims of infection, since the production of immune cells decreases markedly during periods of physical or mental stress 1.
Among the most important concepts that entered science and everyday vocabulary in the 20th century, such as nuclear energy, genome, computer and the Internet, can be attributed to the word "stress". The discovery of this phenomenon is associated with the name of the outstanding Canadian explorer Hans Selye.
Even as a medical student, G. Selye drew attention to the fact that the symptoms of many diseases break down, as it were, into two parts - specific, characteristic of a given disease, and nonspecific, the same for various diseases. So, in almost all diseases, a temperature appears, there is a loss of appetite, weakness 2.
Later, having engaged in scientific research in the field of physiology, G. Selye began to study the most general physiological reactions, which are a generalized reaction of the body to a strong external influence. He found that responding to it, the body mobilizes its forces, if necessary, includes reserves, trying to adapt to the action of unfavorable factors and resist them. G. Selye called this adaptive reaction of the body to external influence the general adaptation syndrome, or stress. The adaptation syndrome was named because, according to the scientist, it led to the stimulation of the body's capabilities in order to protect, in order to fight against adverse influences, stressors. The indication that this reaction is a syndrome emphasizes that it captures different organs or even the body as a whole, manifesting itself in a complex reaction.
The process of responding to adverse external conditions unfolds in time.
Three stages of stress have been identified:
Anxiety, during which, in response to the action of an unfavorable factor, the body is mobilized;
Resistance, when, due to the mobilization of the body's capabilities, adaptation to the stressor occurs.
Exhaustion is the stage that occurs when the stressor is strong and lasts for a long time, when the body's forces are depleted and the level of resistance falls below the usual level 3.
Each stage is characterized by corresponding changes in the neuro-endocrine functioning. In medicine, physiology, psychology, there are positive (Eustress) and negative (Distress) forms of stress. Possible neuropsychic, heat or cold, light, anthropogenic and other stresses, as well as other forms.
Eustress... The concept has two meanings - “stress caused by positive emotions"And" light stress that mobilizes the body. "
Distress. A negative type of stress that the human body cannot cope with. It destroys a person's moral health and can even lead to severe mental illness 4.
Symptoms of Distress:
1. Headache;
2. Loss of strength; unwillingness to do anything.
3. Loss of faith in improving the situation in the future;
4. Excited state, willingness to take risks;
5. Absent-mindedness, memory impairment;
6. Unwillingness to think over and analyze the situation that led to the stressful state;
7. Changeable mood; tiredness, lethargy.
What can be a source of stress:
1. Psychological trauma or crisis situation (loss of loved ones, parting with a loved one)
2. Minor daily troubles;
3. Conflicts or communication with unpleasant people;
4. Obstacles that prevent you from achieving your goals;
5. Feeling of constant pressure;
6. Unrealizable dreams or too high demands on yourself;
8. Monotonous work;
9. Constant accusation, reproach to yourself that you have not achieved something or have missed something;
10. Blaming yourself for everything bad that happened, even if it was not your fault;
12. Financial difficulties;
13. Strong positive emotions;
14. Quarrels with people and especially with relatives (observation of quarrels in the family can also lead to stress.);
Risk group:
1. Women, as they are more emotional than men;
2. Elderly people and children;
3. People with low self-esteem;
4. Extroverts;
5. Neurotics;
6. People who abuse alcohol;
7. People with a genetic predisposition to stress.
Research on stress in the United States shows that the annual costs associated with its consequences - absenteeism (unreasonable absence from work), decreased productivity, increased cost of health insurance - amount to a huge amount - about 300 billion dollars. Moreover, they are constantly increasing.
This and many other examples show that stress can not only be dangerous for each individual person, but also have a devastating effect on the performance of an organization. Therefore, studying stress and its causes and its consequences is an important problem of organizational behavior.
The word "stress" has acquired a pronounced negative meaning in everyday life. However, G. Selye has repeatedly emphasized that stress is not only a natural, but also an absolutely normal reaction of the human body and psyche to difficult circumstances, therefore, its complete absence is like death. The negative consequences are not caused by stress itself, but the reactions associated with it. Therefore, when organizing work to reduce the influence of factors that can cause stress, it should be taken into account that not only high, but also too low stress levels lead to a decrease in productivity 5.
These circumstances force management to deeply analyze the causes of stress among employees and develop measures to regulate its level.
1.2 Causes and consequences of stress
Most people are daily faced with the influence of a large variety of adverse factors, the so-called stressors. If you are late for work, lost money, or got a low grade on an exam, all of these will have more or less impact on you. Such events undermine a person's strength and make him more vulnerable.
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