How fast does a rocket fly into space?

  1. abstract science - creates illusions in the viewer
  2. If into low Earth orbit, then 8 km per second.
    If outside then 11 km per second. Like that.
  3. 33000 km/h
  4. Accurate - leaving at a speed of 7.9 km / seconds, it (the rocket) will rotate around the earth, if at a speed of 11 km / seconds, then this is already a parabola, that is, it will eat a little further, there is a chance that it may not return
  5. 3-5km/s, take into account the speed of rotation of the earth around the sun
  6. speed record spacecraft(240 thousand km / h) was installed by the American-German solar probe Helios-B, launched on January 15, 1976.

    The highest speed at which a person has ever moved (39897 km / h) was developed by the main module of Apollo 10 at an altitude of 121.9 km from the Earth's surface during the return of the expedition on May 26, 1969. On board the spacecraft were the commander of the crew, Colonel of the US Air Force (now Brigadier General) Thomas Patten Stafford (born in Weatherford, Oklahoma, USA, September 17, 1930), US Navy Captain 3rd Rank Eugene Andrew Cernan (born in Chicago, Illinois, USA, March 14, 1934 d.) and the captain of the 3rd rank of the US Navy (now the captain of the 1st rank, retired) John Watt Young (born in San Francisco, California, USA, September 24, 1930).

    Of the women, the highest speed (28115 km / h) was reached by the junior lieutenant of the USSR Air Force (now lieutenant colonel-engineer, pilot-cosmonaut of the USSR) Valentina Vladimirovna Tereshkova (born March 6, 1937) on the Soviet spacecraft Vostok 6 on June 16, 1963.

  7. 8 km/sec to overcome the Earth's gravity
  8. in a black hole you can accelerate to sub-light speed
  9. Nonsense thoughtlessly learned from school.
    8 or more precisely 7.9 km / s - this is the first space velocity - the speed of the horizontal movement of the body directly above the Earth's surface, at which the body does not fall, but remains a satellite of the Earth with a circular orbit at this very height, i.e. above the Earth's surface ( And that's not taking air resistance into account. Thus, PCS is an abstract quantity that links the parameters of a cosmic body: the radius and acceleration of free fall on the surface of the body, and has no practical significance. At an altitude of 1000 km, the speed of the circular orbital motion will be different.

    The rocket picks up speed gradually. For example, the Soyuz launch vehicle has a speed of 1.8 km/s in 117.6 s after launch at an altitude of 47.0 km, and 3.9 km/s in 286.4 s of flight at an altitude of 171.4 km. Approximately 8.8 min. after the launch at an altitude of 198.8 km, the spacecraft speed is 7.8 km/s.
    And the launch of the orbital ship into near-Earth orbit from the upper point of the flight of the launch vehicle is already carried out by active maneuvering of the OK itself. And its speed depends on the parameters of the orbit.

  10. All this is nonsense. Important role it is not the speed that plays, but the thrust of the rocket. At an altitude of 35 km, a full-fledged acceleration to PKS (first cosmic velocity) begins up to 450 km of altitude, gradually giving a course to the direction of the Earth's rotation. Thus, the height and thrust force are maintained while overcoming the dense words of the atmosphere. In a nutshell - you do not need to accelerate both horizontal and vertical speeds at the same time, a significant deviation in the horizontal direction occurs at 70% of the desired height.
  11. which
    spaceship is flying high.

From helicopters and spaceships to elementary particles, here are 25 of the fastest things in the world.

25. The fastest train

The Japanese train JR-Maglev reached a speed exceeding 581 kilometers per hour using magnetic levitation.

24. The fastest roller coaster


Formula Ross (Formula Rossa), recently built in Dubai, allows adventurers to reach speeds of 240 kilometers per hour.

23. The fastest elevator


Elevators in the Taipei Tower in Taiwan transport people up and down at speeds of 60 kilometers per hour.

22. The fastest production car


Bugatti Veyron EB 16.4 (Bugatti Veyron EB 16.4), accelerating to 430 kilometers per hour, is the world's fastest car approved for use on public roads.

21. The fastest non-serial car


On October 15, 1997, a Thrust SSC rocket-powered vehicle overcame sound barrier in the Nevada desert.

20. The fastest manned aircraft


X-15 air force The USA not only accelerates to an impressive speed (7270 kilometers per hour), but also rises so high that several of its pilots received astronaut "wings" from NASA.

19. The fastest tornado


The tornado near Oklahoma City was the fastest in terms of wind speeds, reaching 480 kilometers per hour.

18. The fastest man


In 2009, Jamaican sprinter Usain Bolt set the 100m world record in 9.58 seconds.

17. The fastest woman


In 1988, American Florence Griffith-Joyner ran the 100m in 10.49 seconds, a record that no one has yet broken.

16. The fastest land animal


In addition to the fact that cheetahs run fast (120 kilometers per hour), they are also able to accelerate faster than most production cars (from 0 to 100 kilometers per hour in 3 seconds).

15. The fastest fish


Some individuals of the sailboat species can accelerate up to 112 kilometers per hour.

14. The fastest bird


The peregrine falcon is also the fastest animal in the world overall and can exceed speeds of 325 kilometers per hour.

13. The fastest computer


While this record will most likely be broken by the time you read this article, Milky Way-2 in China is the fastest computer in the world.

12. The fastest submarine


It is difficult to record records in such things, since information about submarines is usually kept secret. However, according to some estimates, the Soviet submarine K-162 developed the highest speed in 1969. The speed was about 44 knots.

11. The fastest helicopter


In July 2010 Sikorsky X2 installed over West Palm Beach new record speed - 415 kilometers per hour.

10. The fastest boat


The world water speed record is officially recognized maximum speed, developed by water transport. On this moment the record holder is the Spirit of Australia, which reached 511 kilometers per hour.

9. The fastest racket sport


In badminton, the shuttlecock can reach speeds of over 320 kilometers per hour.

8. The fastest land transport


Military missile skids reach speeds in excess of Mach 8 (9800 kilometers per hour).

7. The fastest spaceship


In space, speed can only be measured relative to other objects. Given this, the fastest spacecraft moving from the Sun at a speed of 62,000 kilometers per hour is Voyager 1 (Voyager 1).

6. The fastest eater


Joey “Jaws” Chestnut is currently recognized as the world champion by the International Federation of Competitive Eating after eating 66 hot dogs in 12 minutes.

5. The fastest crash test


To determine the safety rating, EuroNCAP usually conducts its crash tests at speeds of 60 kilometers per hour. However, in 2011, they decided to increase the speed to 190 kilometers per hour. Just for fun.

4. The fastest guitarist


John Taylor set a new world record by perfecting Flight of the Bumblebee at 600 bpm.

3. The fastest rapper


No Clue earned the title of "fastest rapper" in the Guinness Book of World Records when he spoke 723 syllables in 51.27 seconds. He spoke about 14 syllables per second.

2. The biggest speed


Technically, the fastest speed in the universe is the speed of light. However, there are a few caveats that bring us to the first point...

1. The fastest elementary particle


Despite the fact that this is a controversial statement, scientists from the European Center for Nuclear Research recently conducted experiments in which the neutrino muon bridged the distance between Geneva, Switzerland and Gran Sasso, Italy for several nanoseconds. faster than light. However, for now, the photon is still considered the king of speed.

Readers are presented fastest rockets in the world throughout the history of creation.

Speed ​​3.8 km/s

The fastest medium-range ballistic missile with a maximum speed of 3.8 km per second opens the ranking of the most fast rockets in the world. The R-12U was a modified version of the R-12. The rocket differed from the prototype in the absence of an intermediate bottom in the oxidizer tank and some minor design changes - there are no wind loads in the mine, which made it possible to lighten the tanks and dry compartments of the rocket and abandon the stabilizers. Since 1976, the R-12 and R-12U missiles began to be withdrawn from service and replaced by Pioneer mobile ground systems. They were decommissioned in June 1989, and between May 21, 1990, 149 missiles were destroyed at the Lesnaya base in Belarus.

Speed ​​5.8 km/s

One of the fastest American launch vehicles with a maximum speed of 5.8 km per second. It is the first developed intercontinental ballistic missile adopted by the United States. Developed under the MX-1593 program since 1951. formed the basis nuclear arsenal US Air Force in 1959-1964, but then was quickly withdrawn from service in connection with the advent of the more advanced Minuteman missile. It served as the basis for the creation of the Atlas family of space launch vehicles, which has been in operation since 1959 to the present day.

Speed ​​6 km/s

UGM-133 A Trident II- American three-stage ballistic missile one of the fastest in the world. Its maximum speed is 6 km per second. Trident-2 has been developed since 1977 in parallel with the lighter Trident-1. Adopted in 1990. Starting weight - 59 tons. Max. throw weight - 2.8 tons with a launch range of 7800 km. The maximum flight range with a reduced number of warheads is 11,300 km.

Speed ​​6 km/s

One of the fastest solid-propellant ballistic missiles in the world, which is in service with Russia. It has a minimum radius of destruction of 8000 km, an approximate speed of 6 km / s. The development of the rocket has been carried out since 1998 by the Moscow Institute of Thermal Engineering, which developed in 1989-1997. ground-based missile "Topol-M". To date, 24 test launches of the Bulava have been made, fifteen of them were recognized as successful (during the first launch, weight and size layout missiles), two (seventh and eighth) - partially successful. The last test launch of the rocket took place on September 27, 2016.

Speed ​​6.7 km/s

Minuteman LGM-30 G- one of the fastest land-based intercontinental ballistic missiles in the world. Its speed is 6.7 km per second. The LGM-30G Minuteman III has an estimated range of 6,000 kilometers to 10,000 kilometers, depending on the type of warhead. The Minuteman 3 has been in service with the US since 1970. It is the only silo-based missile in the United States. The first rocket launch took place in February 1961, modifications II and III were launched in 1964 and 1968, respectively. The rocket weighs about 34,473 kilograms and is equipped with three solid propellant engines. It is planned that the missile will be in service until 2020.

Speed ​​7 km/s

The fastest anti-missile in the world, designed to destroy highly maneuverable targets and high-altitude hypersonic missiles. Tests of the 53T6 series of the Amur complex began in 1989. Its speed is 5 km per second. The rocket is a 12-meter pointed cone with no protruding parts. Its body is made of high-strength steels using composite windings. The design of the rocket allows it to withstand large overloads. The interceptor starts at 100x acceleration and is capable of intercepting targets flying at speeds up to 7 km per second.

Speed ​​7.3 km/s

The most powerful and fastest nuclear rocket in the world at a speed of 7.3 km per second. It is intended, first of all, in order to destroy the most fortified command posts, ballistic missile silos and air bases. The nuclear explosive of one missile can destroy Big city, a very large part of the US. Hit accuracy is about 200-250 meters. The missile is housed in the world's most durable mines. The SS-18 carries 16 platforms, one of which is loaded with decoys. Entering a high orbit, all the heads of the "Satan" go "in a cloud" of decoys and are practically not identified by radars.

Speed ​​7.9 km/s

An intercontinental ballistic missile (DF-5A) with a maximum speed of 7.9 km per second opens the top three fastest in the world. The Chinese DF-5 ICBM entered service in 1981. It can carry a huge 5 mt warhead and has a range of over 12,000 km. The DF-5 has a deviation of approximately 1 km, which means that the missile has one goal - to destroy cities. Warhead size, deflection, and the fact that it full training it takes only an hour to launch, all this means that the DF-5 is punitive weapon designed to punish any would-be attackers. The 5A version has increased range, improved 300m deflection, and the ability to carry multiple warheads.

R-7 Speed ​​7.9 km/s

R-7- Soviet, the first intercontinental ballistic missile, one of the fastest in the world. Its top speed is 7.9 km per second. The development and production of the first copies of the rocket was carried out in 1956-1957 by the OKB-1 enterprise near Moscow. After successful launches, it was used in 1957 to launch the world's first artificial earth satellites. Since then, launch vehicles of the R-7 family have been actively used to launch spacecraft for various purposes, and since 1961 these launch vehicles have been widely used in manned cosmonautics. Based on the R-7, a whole family of launch vehicles was created. From 1957 to 2000, more than 1,800 launch vehicles based on the R-7 were launched, of which more than 97% were successful.

Speed ​​7.9 km/s

RT-2PM2 "Topol-M" (15ZH65)- the fastest intercontinental ballistic missile in the world with a maximum speed of 7.9 km per second. The maximum range is 11,000 km. Carries one thermonuclear warhead with a capacity of 550 kt. In the mine-based variant, it was put into service in 2000. The launch method is mortar. The rocket's solid propellant main engine allows it to pick up speed much faster than previous types of rockets of a similar class, created in Russia and the Soviet Union. This greatly complicates its interception by missile defense systems in the active phase of the flight.

Duration of continuous human stay in space flight conditions:

During the operation of the Mir station, absolute world records were set for the duration of continuous human stay in space flight conditions:
1987 - Yuri Romanenko (326 days 11 hours 38 minutes);
1988 - Vladimir Titov, Musa Manarov (365 days 22 hours 39 minutes);
1995 - Valery Polyakov (437 days 17 hours 58 minutes).

The total time spent by a person in space flight conditions:

Absolute world records were set for the duration of the total time spent by a person in space flight conditions at the Mir station:
1995 - Valery Polyakov - 678 days 16 hours 33 minutes (for 2 flights);
1999 - Sergey Avdeev - 747 days 14 hours 12 minutes (for 3 flights).

Space walks:

On the Mir OS, 78 EVAs (including three EVAs to the depressurized Spektr module) were performed with a total duration of 359 hours and 12 minutes. Participated in exits: 29 Russian cosmonauts, 3 US astronauts, 2 French astronauts, 1 ESA astronaut (German citizen). Sunita Williams is a NASA astronaut who holds the world record for the longest work time for a woman. open space. The American worked on the ISS for more than half a year (November 9, 2007) together with two crews and made four spacewalks.

Space Survivor:

According to the authoritative scientific digest New Scientist, Sergei Konstantinovich Krikalev, as of Wednesday, August 17, 2005, spent 748 days in orbit, thereby breaking the previous record set by Sergei Avdeev during his three flights to the Mir station (747 days 14 hours 12 min). The various physical and mental loads endured by Krikalev characterize him as one of the most enduring and successfully adapting astronauts in the history of astronautics. Krikalev's candidacy has been repeatedly elected to carry out rather difficult missions. Texas State University physician and psychologist David Masson describes the astronaut as the best you can find.

Duration of space flight among women:

Among women, world records for the duration of a space flight under the Mir program were set by:
1995 - Elena Kondakova (169 days 05 hours 1 min); 1996 - Shannon Lucid, USA (188 days 04 hours 00 minutes, including at the Mir station - 183 days 23 hours 00 minutes).

The longest space flights of foreign citizens:

Of the foreign citizens, the longest flights under the Mir program were made by:
Jean-Pierre Haignere (France) - 188 days 20 hours 16 minutes;
Shannon Lucid (USA) - 188 days 04 hours 00 minutes;
Thomas Reiter (ESA, Germany) - 179 days 01 hours 42 minutes

Cosmonauts who made six or more spacewalks on the Mir station:

Anatoly Solovyov - 16 (77 hours 46 minutes),
Sergey Avdeev - 10 (41 hours 59 minutes),
Alexander Serebrov - 10 (31 hours 48 minutes),
Nikolai Budarin - 8 (44 hours 00 minutes),
Talgat Musabaev - 7 (41 hours 18 minutes),
Victor Afanasiev - 7 (38 hours 33 minutes),
Sergey Krikalev - 7 (36 hours 29 minutes),
Musa Manarov - 7 (34 hours 32 minutes),
Anatoly Artsebarsky - 6 (32 hours 17 minutes),
Yuri Onufrienko - 6 (30 hours 30 minutes),
Yuri Usachev - 6 (30 hours 30 minutes),
Gennady Strekalov - 6 (21 hours 54 minutes),
Alexander Viktorenko - 6 (19 hours 39 minutes),
Vasily Tsibliyev - 6 (19:11).

First manned spacecraft:

First manned space flight recorded International Federation aeronautics (MFA founded in 1905) was made on the ship "Vostok" on April 12, 1961 by the USSR pilot cosmonaut, Major of the USSR Air Force Yuri Alekseevich Gagarin (1934 ... 1968). From official documents The IFA follows that the spacecraft launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome at 06:07 GMT and landed near the village of Smelovka, Ternovsky District, Saratov Region. USSR in 108 min. The maximum flight altitude of the Vostok spacecraft with a length of 40868.6 km was 327 km with a maximum speed of 28260 km/h.

First woman in space:

The first woman to circle the Earth in space orbit was junior lieutenant of the USSR Air Force (now lieutenant colonel engineer pilot cosmonaut of the USSR) Valentina Vladimirovna Tereshkova (born March 6, 1937), who launched on the Vostok 6 spacecraft from the Baikonur Cosmodrome Kazakhstan USSR, at 9:30 min GMT on June 16, 1963 and landed at 08:16 on June 19 after a flight that lasted 70 hours and 50 minutes. During this time, she made more than 48 complete revolutions around the Earth (1971000 km).

The oldest and youngest astronauts:

The oldest among the 228 cosmonauts of the Earth was Carl Gordon Henitz (USA), who at the age of 58 took part in the 19th flight of the spacecraft reusable"Challenger" on July 29, 1985. The youngest was Major of the USSR Air Force (currently Lieutenant General Pilot-Cosmonaut of the USSR) German Stepanovich Titov (born September 11, 1935) who was launched on the ship "Vostok 2" on August 6, 1961 . at the age of 25 years 329 days.

First spacewalk:

On March 18, 1965, Lieutenant Colonel of the USSR Air Force (now Major General, Pilot-Cosmonaut of the USSR) Alexei Arkhipovich Leonov (born May 20, 1934) was the first to go into open space on March 18, 1965. He retired from the ship at a distance of up to 5 m and spent 12 min 9 s in open space outside the lock chamber.

First spacewalk by a woman:

In 1984, Svetlana Savitskaya was the first woman to go into outer space, having worked outside the Salyut-7 station for 3 hours and 35 minutes. Before becoming an astronaut, Svetlana set three world records for parachuting in group jumps from the stratosphere and 18 jet aircraft records.

Record duration of spacewalks by a woman:

NASA astronaut Sunita Lyn Williams has set the record for the longest spacewalk for a woman. She spent 22 hours 27 minutes outside the station, exceeding the previous achievement by more than 21 hours. The record was set during work on the outer part of the ISS on January 31 and February 4, 2007. Williams oversaw the preparation of the station to continue construction along with Michael Lopez-Alegria.

First autonomous spacewalk:

U.S. Navy Captain Bruce McCandles II (born June 8, 1937) was the first man to operate in open space without a tether. propulsion plant. The development of this space suit cost $15 million.

Longest manned flight:

Colonel of the USSR Air Force Vladimir Georgievich Titov (born January 1, 1951) and flight engineer Musa Hiramanovich Manarov (born March 22, 1951) launched on the Soyuz-M4 spacecraft on December 21, 1987 to space station"Mir" and landed on the Soyuz-TM6 spacecraft (together with the French cosmonaut Jean Lou Chretien) on the spare landing site near Dzhezkazgan, Kazakhstan, USSR, December 21, 1988, having spent 365 days in space 22 h 39 min 47 s.

The furthest journey in space:

Soviet cosmonaut Valery Ryumin spent almost a whole year in a spacecraft that made 5,750 revolutions around the Earth in those 362 days. At the same time, Ryumin traveled 241 million kilometers. This is equal to the distance from Earth to Mars and back to Earth.

Most Experienced Space Traveler:

The most experienced space traveler is Colonel of the USSR Air Force, USSR pilot-cosmonaut Yuri Viktorovich Romanenko (born in 1944), who spent 430 days 18 hours and 20 minutes in space in 3 flights in 1977 ... 1978, in 1980 and in 1987 gg.

Largest Crew:

The largest crew consisted of 8 cosmonauts (it included 1 woman), who launched on October 30, 1985 on the Challenger reusable spacecraft.

Most people in space:

The largest number of astronauts ever in space at the same time is 11: 5 Americans on board the Challenger, 5 Russians and 1 Indian on board orbital station Salyut 7 in April 1984, 8 Americans aboard the Challenger and 3 Russians aboard the Salyut 7 orbital station in October 1985, 5 Americans aboard the space shuttle, 5 Russians and 1 French aboard the orbital station Mir in December 1988

The highest speed:

The highest speed at which a person has ever moved (39897 km / h) was developed by the main module of Apollo 10 at an altitude of 121.9 km from the Earth's surface during the return of the expedition on May 26, 1969. On board the spacecraft were the crew commander Colonel US Air Force (now Brigadier General) Thomas Patten Stafford (b. Weatherford, Oklahoma, USA, September 17, 1930), US Navy Captain 3rd Rank Eugene Andrew Cernan (b. Chicago, Illinois, USA, 14 March 1934) and US Navy Captain 3rd Rank (now retired Captain 1st Rank) John Watt Young (born in San Francisco, California, USA, September 24, 1930).
Of the women, the highest speed (28115 km / h) was reached by the junior lieutenant of the USSR Air Force (now lieutenant colonel-engineer, pilot-cosmonaut of the USSR) Valentina Vladimirovna Tereshkova (born March 6, 1937) on the Soviet spacecraft Vostok 6 on June 16, 1963.

The youngest astronaut:

The youngest astronaut today is Stephanie Wilson. She was born on September 27, 1966 and is 15 days younger than Anyusha Ansari.

First Living being who has been in space:

The dog Laika, which was put into orbit around the Earth on the second Soviet satellite on November 3, 1957, was the first living creature in space. Laika died in agony from suffocation when the oxygen ran out.

Record time spent on the moon:

The crew of "Apollo 17" collected a record weight (114.8 kg) of samples rocks and pounds during work outside the spacecraft lasting 22 hours 5 minutes. The crew included Captain 3rd Rank US Navy Eugene Andrew Cernan (b. Chicago, Illinois, USA, March 14, 1934) and Dr. Harrison Schmitt (b. Saita Rose, New Mexico, USA, July 3 1935), who became the 12th person to walk on the moon. The astronauts were on the lunar surface for 74 hours 59 minutes during the longest lunar expedition, which lasted 12 days 13 hours 51 minutes from December 7 to 19, 1972.

First person to walk on the moon:

Neil Alden Armstrong (b. Wapakoneta, Ohio, USA, August 5, 1930, ancestors of Scottish and German ancestry), commander of the Apollo 11 spacecraft, became the first person to walk on the lunar surface in the Sea of ​​Tranquility region at 2 a.m. 56 min 15 s GMT July 21, 1969. He was followed from the Eagle lunar module by US Air Force Colonel Edwin Eugene Aldrin, Jr. (born in Montclair, New Jersey, USA, January 20, 1930.

The most high altitude space flight:

most high altitude the Apollo 13 crew reached the apopulation (i.e., at the farthest point of its trajectory) 254 km from the lunar surface at a distance of 400187 km from the Earth's surface at 1 hour 21 minutes GMT on April 15, 1970. As part of the crew were US Navy Captain James Arthur Lovell, Jr. (b. Cleveland, Ohio, USA, March 25, 1928), Fred Wallace Hayes, Jr. (b. Biloxi, Missouri, USA, November 14, 1933) and John L. Swigert (1931...1982). The altitude record for women (531 km) was set by American astronaut Katherine Sullivan (born in Paterson, New Jersey, USA, October 3, 1951) during a shuttle flight on April 24, 1990.

The highest spacecraft speed:

The first spacecraft to reach the 3rd space velocity, allowing you to go beyond solar system, became Pioneer-10. The carrier rocket "Atlas-SLV ZS" with the modified 2nd stage "Tsentavr-D" and the 3rd stage "Tiokol-Te-364-4" on March 2, 1972 left the Earth with an unprecedented speed of 51682 km / h. The spacecraft speed record (240 km/h) was set by the American-German solar probe Helios-B, launched on January 15, 1976.

The maximum approach of the spacecraft to the Sun:

On April 16, 1976, the Helios-B research automatic station (USA-FRG) approached the Sun at a distance of 43.4 million km.

The first artificial satellite of the Earth:

The first artificial Earth satellite was successfully launched on the night of October 4, 1957 into an orbit with a height of 228.5/946 km and a speed of more than 28565 km/h from the Baikonur cosmodrome, north of Tyuratam, Kazakhstan, USSR (275 km east of Aral Sea). The spherical satellite was officially registered as an object "1957 alpha 2", weighed 83.6 kg, had a diameter of 58 cm and, having existed for 92 days, burned down on January 4, 1958. The launch vehicle, modified R 7, 29.5 m long, was developed under the direction of Chief designer S.P. Korolev (1907 ... 1966), who also led the entire project for launching the IS3.

The most distant man-made object:

Pioneer 10 launched from Cape Canaveral, Space Center. Kennedy, Florida, USA, on October 17, 1986, crossed the orbit of Pluto, 5.9 billion km from the Earth. By April 1989 it was located beyond the farthest point of Pluto's orbit and continues to recede into space at a speed of 49 km / h. In 1934 n. e. it will approach the minimum distance to the star Ross-248, which is 10.3 light years away from us. Even before 1991, the faster-moving Voyager 1 spacecraft will be further away than Pioneer 10.

One of the two space "Travelers" Voyager, launched from the Earth in 1977, moved away from the Sun by 97 AU in 28 years of flight. e. (14.5 billion km) and is today the most remote artificial object. Voyager 1 crossed the heliosphere, the region where the solar wind meets the interstellar medium, in 2005. Now the path of an apparatus flying at a speed of 17 km/s lies in the zone of the shock wave. Voyager-1 will be operational until 2020. However, it is very likely that information from Voyager-1 will stop coming to Earth at the end of 2006. The fact is that NASA is scheduled to cut by 30% of the budget in terms of research on the Earth and the solar system.

The heaviest and largest space object:

The heaviest object launched into Earth orbit was the 3rd stage American missile Saturn 5 with the Apollo 15 spacecraft, which weighed 140512 kg before entering the intermediate selenocentric orbit. The American radio astronomy satellite Explorer 49, launched on June 10, 1973, weighed only 200 kg, but its antenna span was 415 m.

Most Powerful Rocket:

The Soviet space transport system Energia, first launched on May 15, 1987 from the Baikonur cosmodrome, has a weight at full load of 2,400 tons and develops a thrust of more than 4,000 tons. - 16 m. Basically a modular installation used in the USSR. 4 accelerators are attached to the main module, each of which has 1 RD 170 engine running on liquid oxygen and kerosene. A modification of the rocket with 6 boosters and an upper stage is capable of launching a payload weighing up to 180 tons into near-Earth orbit, delivering a load of 32 tons to the Moon and 27 tons to Venus or Mars.

Flight range record among solar-powered research vehicles:

The Stardust space probe has set a kind of flight distance record among all solar-powered research vehicles - it is currently at a distance of 407 million kilometers from the Sun. The main purpose of the automatic apparatus is to approach the comet and collect dust.

The first self-propelled vehicle on extraterrestrial space objects:

The first self-propelled vehicle designed to work on other planets and their satellites in automatic mode is the Soviet Lunokhod 1 (weight - 756 kg, length with an open lid - 4.42 m, width - 2.15 m, height - 1, 92 m), delivered to the Moon by the Luna 17 spacecraft and started moving in the Sea of ​​Rains on command from the Earth on November 17, 1970. In total, it traveled 10 km 540 m, overcoming elevations up to 30 °, until it stopped on October 4, 1971. , having worked 301 days 6 h 37 min. The cessation of work was caused by the depletion of the resources of its isotopic heat source "Lunokhod-1" examined in detail the lunar surface with an area of ​​80 thousand m2, transmitted to Earth more than 20 thousand of its photographs and 200 telepanoramas.

Record speed and range of movement on the moon:

The record for the speed and range of movement on the moon was set by the American wheeled lunar rover Rover, delivered there by the Apollo 16 spacecraft. He developed a speed of 18 km / h down the slope and traveled a distance of 33.8 km.

Most Expensive Space Project:

total cost American program human spaceflight, including the last expedition to the moon "Apollo 17", amounted to about 25.541.400.000 dollars. First 15 years space program The USSR, from 1958 to September 1973, according to Western estimates, cost $ 45 billion. The cost of the NASA Shuttle program (launch of reusable spacecraft) before the launch of Columbia on April 12, 1981 amounted to $ 9.9 billion.

11.06.2010 00:10

The American spacecraft Dawn recently set a new speed record - 25.5 thousand km / h, ahead of its main competitor - the Deep Space 1 probe. This achievement was made possible thanks to the super-powerful ion engine installed on the device. However, according to experts NASA, this is far from the limit of its capabilities.

The speed of the American spacecraft Dawn reached a record high on June 5 - 25.5 thousand km / h. However, according to scientists, in the near future the speed of the ship will reach the mark of 100 thousand km / h.

Thus, thanks to the unique engine, Dawn surpassed its predecessor, the Deep Space 1 probe, an experimental robotic spacecraft launched on October 24, 1998 by a launch vehicle. True, Deep Space 1 still retains the title of the station whose engines have worked the longest. But to get ahead of the "competitor" in this category Dawn may already in August.

The main task of the spacecraft, launched three years ago, is to study the asteroid 4 Vesta, which the device will approach in 2011, and the dwarf planet Ceres. Scientists hope to obtain the most accurate data on the shape, size, mass, mineral and elemental composition of these objects located between the orbits of Jupiter and Mars. The total path to be overcome by the device Dawn is 4 billion 800 million kilometers.

Since in outer space there is no air, having accelerated, the ship continues to move at the gained speed. On Earth, this is not possible due to frictional deceleration. The use of ion thrusters in vacuum conditions allowed scientists to make the process of gradually increasing the speed of the Dawn spacecraft as efficient as possible.

The principle of operation of the innovative engine is to ionize the gas and accelerate it with an electrostatic field. At the same time, thanks to high attitude charge to mass, it becomes possible to accelerate the ions to a very high speeds. Thus, a very high specific impulse can be achieved in the engine, which makes it possible to significantly reduce the consumption of the reactive mass of ionized gas (compared to chemical reaction), but requires a lot of energy.

The three engines of the Dawn are not constantly running, but are switched on briefly at certain points in the flight. To date, they have worked for a total of 620 days and have used up over 165 kilograms of xenon. Simple calculations show that the speed of the probe increased by about 100 km / h every four days. By the end of the eight-year Dawn mission (although experts do not exclude its extension), the total operating time of the engines will be 2000 days - almost 5.5 years. Such indicators promise that the speed of the spacecraft will reach 38.6 thousand km / h.

This may seem like a small amount against the background of at least the first cosmic speed with which launches artificial satellites Earth, but for an interplanetary vehicle without any external accelerators, not performing special maneuvers in the gravitational field of the planets, such a result is indeed remarkable.