Words with a positive emotional coloring are examples. Features of work on the expressiveness of speech of deaf primary school students

Many words not only define concepts, but also express the speaker's attitude towards them, a special kind of evaluativeness. For example, admiring the beauty of a white flower, you can call it snow-white, white, lily. These words are emotionally colored: a positive assessment distinguishes them from the stylistically neutral definition of white. The emotional coloring of the word can also express a negative assessment of the concept called: blond, whitish. Therefore, emotional vocabulary is also called evaluative (emotional-evaluative). At the same time, it should be noted that the concepts of emotionality and evaluativeness are not identical, although they are closely related. Some emotional words(for example, interjections) do not contain an assessment; and there are words in which evaluation is the essence of their semantic structure, but they do not belong to the emotional vocabulary: good, bad, joy, anger, love, suffer. A feature of the emotional-evaluative vocabulary is that the emotional coloring is "superimposed" on the lexical meaning of the word, but is not reduced to it: the denotative meaning of the word is complicated by the connotative one. As part of the emotional vocabulary, three groups can be distinguished. Words with a bright connotative meaning, containing an assessment of facts, phenomena, signs, giving an unambiguous description of people: inspire, delightful, daring, unsurpassed, pioneer, predestinate, herald, self-sacrifice, irresponsible, grouch, double-dealer, businessmanship, antediluvian, mischief, defame, fraud , sycophant, windbag, slob. Such words, as a rule, are unambiguous, expressive emotionality prevents the development of figurative meanings in them. Polysemantic words, neutral in the main meaning, receiving a qualitative-emotional connotation when used figuratively. So, about a person of a certain character, one can say: a hat, a rag, a mattress, an oak tree, an elephant, a bear, an eagle, a crow, a rooster, a parrot; verbs are also used in a figurative sense: saw, hiss, sing, gnaw, dig, yawn, blink, etc. Words with subjective assessment suffixes that convey various shades of feelings: son, daughter, granny, sun, neatly, close - positive emotions; beards, kid, bureaucracy - negative. Their evaluative meanings are determined not by nominative properties, but by word formation, since affixes give emotional coloring to such forms. The emotionality of speech is often conveyed by especially expressive expressive vocabulary. Expressiveness (expression) (lat. expressio) means expressiveness, the power of manifestation of feelings and experiences. There are many words in Russian that have an element of expression added to their nominative meaning. For example, instead of the word good, getting excited about something, we say beautiful, wonderful, delightful, wonderful; I can say I don't like it, but it is not difficult to find stronger, more colorful words I hate, I despise, I abhor. In all these cases, the semantic structure of the word is complicated by connotation. Often one neutral word has several expressive synonyms that differ in the degree of emotional stress; cf .: misfortune - grief, disaster, catastrophe; violent - unrestrained, indomitable, frantic, furious. Vivid expression highlights solemn words (herald, accomplishments, unforgettable), rhetorical (comrade-in-arms, aspirations, announce), poetic (azure, invisible, silent, sing). Words are also expressively colored playful (believing, newly minted), ironic (deign, don Juan, vaunted), familiar (good-natured, cute, mumble, whisper) Expressive shades delimit disapproving words (mannered, pretentious, ambitious, pedant), dismissive (painting, pettiness ), contemptuous (to slander, toady), derogatory (skirt, squishy), vulgar (grabber, lucky), abusive (boor, fool). All these nuances of the expressive coloring of words are reflected in the stylistic marks to them in explanatory dictionaries. The expression of a word is often superimposed on its emotional and evaluative meaning, and in some words expression prevails, in others - emotionality. Therefore, it is often not possible to distinguish between emotional and expressive coloring, and then one speaks of emotional-expressive vocabulary (expressive-evaluative). Words that are similar in nature of expressiveness are classified into: 1) vocabulary expressing a positive assessment of the called concepts, and 2) vocabulary expressing a negative assessment of the called concepts.

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The words are stylistically unequal. Some are perceived as bookish (intelligence, ratification, excessive, investment, conversion, prevail), others - as colloquial (real, blurt out , smallness); some give solemnity to speech (predestinate, expression of will), others sound at ease (work, talk, old, cold). VV Vinogradov The stylistic characterization of a word takes into account, firstly, its belonging to one of the functional styles or the absence of functional and stylistic fixation, and secondly, the emotional coloring of the word, its expressive possibilities.

Functional style is a historically established and socially conscious system of speech means used in a particular area of ​​human communication. “Functional style,” emphasizes M.N. Kozhin, is a peculiar character of the speech of tai or its other social variety, corresponding to a certain area social activities and the correlative form of consciousness, created by the peculiarities of the functioning of linguistic means in this sphere and the specific speech organization that creates its certain general stylistic coloring.

In modern Russian, book styles are distinguished: scientific, journalistic, official business. They are stylistically opposed to colloquial speech, usually speaking in its characteristic oral form.

A special place, in our opinion, in the system of styles is occupied by the language of fiction, or artistic (fictional) style. The language of fiction, or rather artistic speech, is not a system of linguistic phenomena, on the contrary, it is devoid of any stylistic isolation, it is distinguished by a variety of individual authorial means.

1.7.1. Functional-style stratification of vocabulary

The stylistic characteristic of a word is determined by how it is perceived by speakers: as assigned to a certain functional style or as appropriate in any style, commonly used. The stylistic fixation of the word is facilitated by its thematic relevance. We feel the connection of words-terms with the scientific language ( quantum theory, assonance, attributive); we attribute to the journalistic style words related to political topics (world, congress, summit, international, law and order, personnel policy); we single out as official business words used in office work (the following, proper, victim, residence, notify, prescribe, forwarded).

In the most in general terms functional-style stratification of vocabulary can be depicted as follows:

Bookish and colloquial words are most clearly contrasted (cf .: intrude - get in, meddle in; get rid of - get rid of, get rid of; criminal - gangster).

As part of the book vocabulary, one can single out words that are characteristic of book speech in general (subsequent, confidential, equivalent, prestige, erudition, presuppose), and words assigned to specific functional styles (for example, syntax, phoneme, litote, emission, denomination tend to scientific style; election campaign, image, populism, investment - to journalistic; action, consumer, employer, prescribed, above, client, prohibited - to official business).

The functional fixedness of vocabulary is most definitely revealed in speech. Book words are not suitable for casual conversation (the first leaves have appeared on green spaces), scientific terms cannot be used in a conversation with a child (It is very likely that dad will come into visual contact with Uncle Petya during the coming day), colloquial and colloquial words are inappropriate in official - business style (On the night of September 30, racketeers ran into Petrov and took his son hostage, demanding a ransom of 10 thousand dollars).

The ability to use a word in any style of speech indicates its general use. Thus, the word house is appropriate in various styles: House No. 7 on Lomonosov Street is to be demolished; The house was built according to the project of a talented Russian architect and is one of the most valuable monuments of national architecture; Pavlov's house in Volgograd became a symbol of the courage of our fighters, who selflessly fought against the Nazis in the slots of the city; Tili-bom, tili-bom, the cat's house caught fire (March.). In functional styles, special vocabulary is used against the background of common language.

1.7.2. Emotionally expressive coloring of words

Many words not only name concepts, but also reflect the attitude of the speaker towards them. For example, admiring the beauty of a white flower, you can call it snow-white, white, lily. These adjectives are emotionally colored: the positive assessment contained in them distinguishes them from the stylistically neutral word white. The emotional coloring of the word can also express a negative assessment of the concept called (white-haired). Therefore, emotional vocabulary is called evaluative (emotional-evaluative). However, it should be noted that the concepts of emotional words (for example, interjections) do not contain evaluation; at the same time, words in which evaluation constitutes their very lexical meaning (moreover, the evaluation is not emotional, but intellectual) do not belong to emotional vocabulary (bad, good, anger, joy, love, approve).

A feature of emotional-evaluative vocabulary is that the emotional coloring is “superimposed” on the lexical meaning of the word, but is not reduced to it, the purely nominative function is complicated here by evaluativeness, the speaker’s attitude to the phenomenon being called.

As part of the emotional vocabulary, the following three varieties can be distinguished. 1. Words with a bright evaluative meaning, as a rule, are unambiguous; “the evaluation contained in their meaning is so clearly and definitely expressed that it does not allow the word to be used in other meanings.” These include the words “characteristics” (forerunner, herald, grouch, empty talker, sycophant, slob, etc.), as well as words containing an assessment of a fact, phenomenon, sign, action (purpose, destiny, business, fraud, marvelous, miraculous , irresponsible, antediluvian, dare, inspire, defame, mischief). 2. Polysemantic words, usually neutral in the main meaning, but receiving a bright emotional coloring when used metaphorically. So, they say about a person: a hat, a rag, a mattress, an oak tree, an elephant, a bear, a snake, an eagle, a crow; in a figurative sense, verbs are used: sing, hiss, saw, gnaw, dig, yawn, blink, etc. 3. Words with subjective assessment suffixes that convey various shades of feeling: containing positive emotions - son, sun, granny, neatly, close, and negative ones - beards, kid, bureaucracy, etc. Since the emotional coloring of these words is created by affixes, the estimated meanings in such cases are determined not by the nominative properties of the word, but by word formation.

The image of feeling in speech requires special expressive colors. Expressiveness (from Latin expressio - expression) - means expressiveness, expressive - containing a special expression. At the lexical level, this linguistic category is embodied in the "increment" to the nominative meaning of the word of special stylistic shades, special expression. For example, instead of the word good, we say beautiful, wonderful, delicious, wonderful; I can say I don't like it, but stronger words can be found: I hate, I despise, I abhor. In all these cases, the lexical meaning of the word is complicated by expression. Often one neutral word has several expressive synonyms that differ in the degree of emotional stress (cf.: misfortune - grief - disaster - catastrophe, violent - unrestrained - indomitable - frantic - furious). Vivid expression highlights solemn words (unforgettable, herald, accomplishments), rhetorical (sacred, aspirations, announce), poetic (azure, invisible, sing, incessant). vaunted), familiar (good-natured, cute, mooing, whispering). Expressive shades delimit the words disapproving (pretentious, mannered, ambitious, pedant), scornful (painting, pettiness), contemptuous (to slander, servility, toady), derogatory (skirt, squishy), vulgar (grabber, lucky), swear words (boor, fool ).

Expressive coloring in a word is superimposed on its emotional and evaluative meaning, and in some words expression prevails, in others - emotional coloring. Therefore, it is not possible to distinguish between emotional and expressive vocabulary. The situation is complicated by the fact that "the typology of expressiveness is, unfortunately, not yet available." This leads to difficulties in developing a common terminology.

Combining words that are close in expression into lexical groups, we can distinguish: 1) words expressing a positive assessment of the called concepts, 2) words expressing their negative assessment. The first group will include words high, affectionate, partly playful; in the second - ironic, disapproving, abusive, etc. The emotionally expressive coloring of words is clearly manifested when comparing synonyms:

The emotional and expressive coloring of a word is influenced by its meaning. We have received a sharply negative assessment of such words as fascism, separatism, corruption, hired killer, mafia. Behind the words progressive, law and order, sovereignty, glasnost, etc. positive color is fixed. Even the different meanings of the same word can diverge markedly in stylistic coloring: in one case, the use of the word can be solemn (Wait, prince. Finally, I hear the speech of not a boy, but a husband. - P.), in another - the same word receives an ironic tint (G. Polevoy proved that the venerable editor enjoys the fame of a learned man, so to speak, on my word of honor. - P.).

The development of emotional and expressive shades in the word is facilitated by its metaphorization. So, stylistically neutral words used as paths get a vivid expression: burn (at work), fall (from fatigue), suffocate (at work). adverse conditions), flaming (gaze), blue (dream), flying (gait), etc. The context finally determines the expressive coloring: neutral words can be perceived as lofty and solemn; high vocabulary in other conditions acquires a mockingly ironic coloring; sometimes even a swear word can sound affectionate, and affectionate - contemptuously. The appearance of additional expressive shades in a word, depending on the context, significantly expands the visual possibilities of vocabulary.

Expressive coloring of words in works of art different from the expression of the same words in non-figurative speech. In an artistic context, vocabulary acquires additional, secondary semantic shades that enrich its expressive coloring. Modern science attaches great importance to the expansion of the semantic scope of words in artistic speech, associating with this the appearance of a new expressive coloring in words.

The study of emotional-evaluative and expressive vocabulary draws us to the selection various types speech, depending on the nature of the speaker's influence on the listeners, the situation of their communication, their relationship to each other and a number of other factors. "It is enough to imagine," wrote A.N. Gvozdev, - that the speaker wants to make laugh or touch, to arouse the disposition of the listeners or their negative attitude towards the subject of speech, so that it is clear how different language means will be selected, mainly creating a different expressive coloring. With this approach to the selection of language means, several types of speech can be identified: solemn (rhetorical), official (cold), intimate affectionate, playful . They are opposed to neutral speech, using linguistic means, devoid of any stylistic coloring. This classification of types of speech, dating back to the "poetics" of ancient antiquity, is not rejected by modern stylists either.

The doctrine of functional styles does not exclude the possibility of using various emotional and expressive means in them at the discretion of the author of the work. In such cases, “methods for selecting speech means ... are not universal, they are private character". Solemn coloring, for example, can be received by publicistic speech; “Rhetorical, expressively rich and impressive can be one or another speech in the sphere of everyday communication (anniversary speeches, ceremonial speeches associated with the act of a particular ritual, etc.).”

At the same time, it should be noted that the expressive types of speech are not well studied, and there is no clarity in their classification. In this regard, the definition of the relationship between the functional-style emotional-expressive coloring of vocabulary also causes certain difficulties. Let's dwell on this issue.

The emotionally expressive coloring of the word, layered on the functional, complements its stylistic characteristics. Emotionally-expressive neutral words usually belong to common vocabulary (although this is not necessary: ​​terms, for example, in emotionally expressive terms, are usually neutral, but have a clear functional fixation). Emotionally expressive words are distributed between book, colloquial and vernacular vocabulary.

The book vocabulary includes lofty words that give solemnity to speech, as well as emotionally expressive words that express both positive and negative assessments of the named concepts. In book styles, vocabulary is ironic (beautifulness, words, quixotic), disapproving (pedantic, mannerisms), contemptuous (masque, corrupt).

Colloquial vocabulary includes words affectionate (daughter, dove), playful (butuz, laughter), as well as words expressing a negative assessment of the concepts called (small fry, zealous, giggle, brag).

In common speech, words are used that are outside the literary vocabulary. Among them, there may be words containing a positive assessment of the concept being called (hard worker, brainy, awesome), and words expressing the speaker’s negative attitude towards the concepts they denote (crazy, flimsy, vulgar).

Functional, emotionally expressive and other stylistic shades can intersect in a word. For example, the words satellite, epigone, apotheosis are perceived primarily as bookish. But at the same time, we associate the word satellite, used in a figurative sense, with the journalistic style, in the word epigone we note a negative assessment, and in the word apotheosis - a positive one. In addition, the use of these words in speech is influenced by their foreign origin. Such affectionately ironic words as sweetheart, motanya, zaleka, drolya combine colloquial and dialectal coloring, folk-poetic sound. The richness of stylistic shades of Russian vocabulary requires a particularly careful attitude to the word.

1.7.3. The use of stylistically colored vocabulary in speech

The tasks of practical stylistics include the study of the use of vocabulary of various functional styles in speech - both as one of the style-forming elements and as a different style means, which stands out by its expression against the background of other linguistic means.

The use of terminological vocabulary, which has the most definite functional and stylistic significance, deserves special attention. Terms are words or phrases that refer to special concepts any sphere of production, science, art. Each term is necessarily based on the definition (definition) of the reality it denotes, due to which the terms represent a capacious and at the same time concise description of an object or phenomenon. Each branch of science operates with certain terms that make up the terminological system of this branch of knowledge.

As part of the terminological vocabulary, several “layers” can be distinguished, differing in the scope of use, the content of the concept, and the features of the designated object. In the most general terms, this division is reflected in the distinction between general scientific terms (they constitute the general conceptual fund of science as a whole, it is no coincidence that the words denoting them are the most frequent in scientific speech) and special ones, which are assigned to certain areas of knowledge. The use of this vocabulary is the most important advantage of the scientific style; terms, according to S. Bally, "are those ideal types of linguistic expression, to which the scientific language inevitably strives."

Terminological vocabulary contains more information than any other, so the use of terms in a scientific style is a necessary condition for brevity, conciseness, and accuracy of presentation.

The use of terms in works of scientific style is seriously investigated by modern linguistic science. It has been established that the degree of terminology of scientific texts is far from the same. The genres of scientific works are characterized by a different ratio of terminological and interstyle vocabulary. The frequency of the use of terms depends on the nature of the presentation.

Modern society demands from science such a form of description of the data obtained, which would make it possible to make the greatest achievements of the human mind the property of everyone. However, it is often said that science has fenced itself off from the world with a language barrier, that its language is “elitist”, “sectarian”. To vocabulary scientific work was available to the reader, the terms used in it should first of all be sufficiently mastered in this field of knowledge, understandable and known to specialists; new terms need to be clarified.

Scientific and technological progress has led to the intensive development of the scientific style and its active influence on other functional styles of the modern Russian literary language. The use of terms outside the scientific style has become a kind of sign of the times.

Studying the process of terminology of speech that is not bound by the norms of scientific style, the researchers point out the distinctive features of the use of terms in this case. Many words that have precise terminological meanings have become widespread and are used without any stylistic restrictions (radio, television, oxygen, heart attack, psychic, privatization). Another group combines words that have a dual nature: they can be used both in the function of terms and as stylistically neutral vocabulary. In the first case, they differ in special shades of meanings, giving them special accuracy and unambiguity. Thus, the word mountain, which in its broad, interstyle usage means “a significant hill rising above the surrounding area”, and which has a number of figurative meanings, does not imply an accurate quantitative measurement of height. In geographical terminology, where the distinction between the concepts of mountain and hill is essential, a clarification is given: a hill over 200 m in height. So the use similar words outside the scientific style is associated with their partial determinology.

Special features highlight the terminological vocabulary used in a figurative sense (virus of indifference, sincerity coefficient, the next round of negotiations). Such a rethinking of terms is common in journalism, fiction, colloquial speech. A similar phenomenon lies in line with the development of the language of modern journalism, which is characterized by various kinds of stylistic shifts. The peculiarity of such word usage is that “not only a metaphorical transfer of the meaning of the term takes place, but also a stylistic transfer”.

The introduction of terms in non-scientific texts must be motivated, the abuse of terminological vocabulary deprives speech of the necessary simplicity and accessibility. Let's compare the two versions of the sentences:

The advantage of "non-terminological", clearer and more concise options in newspaper materials is obvious.

The stylistic coloring of the word indicates the possibility of using it in one or another functional style (in combination with commonly used neutral vocabulary). However, this does not mean that the functional attachment of words to certain style excludes their use in other styles. Characteristic for modern development In the Russian language, the mutual influence and interpenetration of styles contributes to the movement of lexical means (along with other linguistic elements) from one of them to another. For example, in scientific works one can find journalistic vocabulary next to terms. As M.N. Kozhin, "the style of scientific speech is characterized by expressiveness not only of the logical, but also of the emotional plan." At the lexical level, this is achieved by using foreign-style vocabulary, including high and low.

The journalistic style is even more open to the penetration of foreign-style vocabulary. You can often find terms in it. For example: “Canon 10 replaces five traditional office machines: it works like computer fax, a fax machine that uses plain paper, jet printer (360 dpi), scanner and photocopier). you can use software included with the Canon 10 to send and receive PC-faxes directly from your computer screen” (from gas).

Scientific vocabulary, terminological here may be next to expressively colored colloquial, which, however, does not violate stylistic norms journalistic speech and enhances its effectiveness. Here, for example, is a description of a scientific experiment in a newspaper article: There are thirty-two laboratories at the Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry. One of them studies the evolution of sleep. At the entrance to the laboratory there is a sign: "Do not enter: experience!" But from behind the door comes the clucking of a chicken. She's not here to lay eggs. Here Researcher picks up a crest. It turns it upside down... Such an appeal to foreign-style vocabulary is quite justified, colloquial vocabulary enlivens newspaper speech, makes it more accessible to the reader.

Of the book styles, only the formal business style is impervious to foreign-style vocabulary. At the same time, one cannot ignore “the undoubted existence of mixed speech genres, as well as situations where the mixing of stylistically heterogeneous elements is almost inevitable. For example, the speech of various participants in the trial is hardly capable of presenting any stylistic unity, but it would also hardly be legitimate to attribute the corresponding phrases wholly to colloquial or wholly to official business speech.

The appeal to emotional-evaluative vocabulary in all cases is due to the peculiarities of the individual author's manner of presentation. Reduced evaluative vocabulary may be used in book styles. Publicists, scientists, and even criminologists writing for the newspaper find in it a source of strengthening the effectiveness of speech. Here is an example of mixing styles in an informational note about a traffic accident:

Having moved into the ravine, "Ikarus" ran into an old mine

The bus with Dnepropetrovsk shuttles was returning from Poland. Exhausted from the long journey, the people slept. At the entrance to the Dnepropetrovsk region, the driver also dozed off. Lost control "Ikarus" went off the road and landed in a ravine. The car rolled over through the roof and froze. The blow was strong, but everyone survived. (...) It turned out that in the ravine "Ikarus" ran into a heavy mortar mine ... The "rusty death" turned out of the ground rested right on the bottom of the bus. The sappers were waiting for a long time.

(From newspapers)

Colloquial and even vernacular words, as we see, coexist with official business and professional vocabulary.

The author of a scientific work has the right to use emotional vocabulary with vivid expression if he seeks to influence the feelings of the reader (And the will, but the open space, nature, the beautiful surroundings of the city, and these fragrant ravines and swaying fields, and pink spring and golden autumn, weren’t our educators Call me a barbarian in pedagogy, but from the impressions of my life I learned a deep conviction that a beautiful landscape has such a huge educational influence on the development of a young soul that it is difficult to compete with the influence of a teacher.-KD Ushinsky). Even in a formal business style, high and low words can penetrate if the topic causes strong emotions.

Thus, in a letter sent from the administrative apparatus of the Security Council to the President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin says:

According to information received by the apparatus of the Security Council of Russia, the situation in the gold mining industry, which forms the country's gold reserves, is approaching critical […].

main reason crisis - the inability of the state to pay for the gold already received. […] Paradox and absurdity The situation is that the money in the budget for the purchase of precious metals and precious stones is laid down - 9.45 trillion rubles for 1996. However, these funds are regularly go to darn holes in the budget. Gold miners have not been paid for the metal since May - since the beginning of the flushing season.

... Only the Ministry of Finance, which manages budgetary funds, can explain these tricks. The debt for gold prevents miners from continuing to produce the metal, as they unable to pay off for "fuel", materials, energy. […] All this not only exacerbates the crisis of non-payments and provokes strikes, but also disrupts the flow of taxes to the local and federal budgets, destroying financial fabric of the economy and normal life entire regions. The budget and incomes of residents of about a quarter of the territory of Russia - the Magadan region, Chukotka, Yakutia - directly depend on gold mining.

In all cases, no matter what stylistically contrasting means are combined in the context, the appeal to them must be conscious, not accidental.

1.7.4. Unjustified use of words with different stylistic coloring. Mixing styles

A stylistic assessment of the use of words with different stylistic coloring in speech can only be given bearing in mind a specific text, defined functional style, since the words necessary in one speech situation are out of place in another.

A serious stylistic shortcoming of speech can be the introduction of publicistic vocabulary in texts of a non-publicistic nature. For example: The Council of Residents of House No. 35 decided: to build a playground with great value in educating the next generation. The use of journalistic vocabulary and phraseology in such texts can cause comical, illogical statements, since words of high emotional sounding act here as an alien style element (one could write: The Council of Residents of House No. 35 decided to build a playground for children's games and sports.).

In the scientific style, errors arise due to the inability of the author to use terms professionally and competently. In scientific works, it is inappropriate to replace terms with words of similar meaning, descriptive expressions: air-actuated control with weight-resistant operator handle, was designed ... (necessary: ​​hydrant coupling with pneumatic control system...).

Inaccurate reproduction of terms is unacceptable, for example: The driver's movements must be limited seat belt. The term seatbelt is used in aviation, in which case the term seatbelt should have been used. The confusion in terminology not only damages the style, but also reveals the author's poor knowledge of the subject. For example: Cardiac peristalsis is noted, followed by a stop in the systole phase - the term peristalsis can only characterize the activity of the digestive organs (it should have been written: Cardiac fibrillation is noted ...).

The inclusion of terminological vocabulary in texts that are not related to the scientific style requires the author to have a deep knowledge of the subject. An amateurish attitude to special vocabulary is unacceptable, leading not only to stylistic, but also to semantic errors. For example: At the Central German canal, they were overtaken by frantically racing cars from a bluish tint with armor-piercing glass - there may be armor-piercing guns, shells, and glass should be called impenetrable, bulletproof. Strictness in the choice of terms and their use in strict accordance with the meaning is a mandatory requirement for texts of any functional style.

The use of terms becomes a stylistic flaw in the presentation if they are incomprehensible to the reader for whom the text is intended. In this case, the terminological vocabulary not only does not perform an informative function, but also interferes with the perception of the text. For example, in a popular article, the accumulation of special vocabulary is not justified: In 1763, the Russian heating engineer I.I. Polzunov designed the first multi-strength two-cylinder steam-atmospheric car. Only in 1784 was D. Watt's steam engine implemented. The author wanted to emphasize the priority of Russian science in the invention of the steam engine, and in this case the description of Polzunov's machine is redundant. The following variant of stylistic editing is possible: The first steam engine was created by the Russian heat engineer I.I. Polzunov in 1763. D. Watt designed his steam engine only in 1784.

Passion for terms and book vocabulary in texts that are not related to the scientific style can cause pseudo-scientific presentation. For example, in a pedagogical article we read: Our women, along with work in production, perform and family function which includes three components: childbearing, educational and economic. And it could have been written in a simpler way: Our women work in production and pay a lot of attention to the family, raising children, and household chores.

The pseudo-scientific style of presentation often causes inappropriate comic speech, so you should not complicate the text where you can express the idea simply. So, in magazines intended for the general reader, such a selection of vocabulary cannot be welcomed: Staircase - specific interfloor communications room preschool institution - has no analogues in none of its interiors. Wouldn't it be better to abandon the unjustified use of bookish words by writing: The staircase in preschool institutions connecting the floors is distinguished by a special interior.

The cause of stylistic errors in book styles can be the inappropriate use of colloquial and colloquial words. Their use is unacceptable in an official business style, for example, in the minutes of meetings: Effective control over the prudent use of feed on the farm has been established; In the district center and villages, the administration has done some work, and yet there is no end to the improvement of work. These phrases can be corrected as follows: ... Strictly control the consumption of feed on the farm; The administration began to improve the district center and villages. This work should be continued.

In the scientific style, the use of foreign-style vocabulary is also not motivated. With the stylistic editing of scientific texts, colloquial and colloquial vocabulary is consistently replaced by interstyle or bookish.

The use of colloquial and colloquial vocabulary sometimes leads to a violation of the stylistic norms of journalistic speech. The modern journalistic style is experiencing a strong expansion of vernacular. In many magazines and newspapers, a reduced style dominates, saturated with evaluative non-literary vocabulary. Here are examples from articles on various topics.

As soon as the wind of change breathed, this praise of the intelligentsia was absorbed into commerce, parties and governments. Pulling up her pants, she abandoned her disinterestedness and her big-nosed Panurges.

And here is 1992... Philosophers flooded out of the ground like russula. Quell, stunted, not yet accustomed to daylight ... Seems to be good guys, but they are infected with eternal domestic self-criticism with a masochistic bias ... (Igor Martynov // Interlocutor. - 1992. - No. 41. - P. 3).

Seven years ago, everyone who was considered the first beauty in the class or in the yard came to the Miss Russia contest as applicants ... When it turned out that the jury had not chosen her daughter, the mother brought her unfortunate child into the middle of the hall and arranged a showdown... Such is the fate of many girls who are now working hard on the catwalks in Paris and the Americas (Lyudmila Volkova // MK).

The Moscow government will have to fork out. One of his latest acquisitions, a controlling stake in AMO - ZiL - needs to unfasten 51 billion rubles in September to complete the program for the mass production of the ZiL-5301 light-duty vehicle (Let's ride or ride // MK).

The passion of journalists for vernacular, expressive reduced vocabulary in such cases is often stylistically not justified. Permissiveness in speech reflects the low culture of the authors. The editor should not be led by reporters who do not recognize stylistic norms.

The stylistic editing of such texts requires the elimination of lowered words, the revision of sentences. For example:

A characteristic feature of modern journalistic texts is the stylistically unjustified combination of book and colloquial vocabulary. A mixture of styles is often found even in articles by serious authors on political, economic topics. For example: It is no secret that our government is heavily in debt and, apparently, decides to take a desperate step by starting the printing press. However, experts Central Bank believe that collapse is not expected. Unsecured money is being issued even now, therefore, if bills are drawn, this is unlikely to lead to a collapse of the financial market (“MK”) in the near future.

Out of respect for the author, the editor does not correct the text, trying to convey to the reader the originality of his individual style. However, mixing different styles of vocabulary can give speech an ironic tone that is unjustified in the context, and sometimes even inappropriate comedy. For example: 1. Leadership commercial enterprise immediately clung to the valuable offer and agreed to the experiment, chasing the profits; 2. Representatives of the investigating authorities took a photojournalist with them in order to arm themselves with irrefutable facts. The editor should eliminate such stylistic errors by resorting to synonymous substitutions for reduced words. In the first example, you can write: Managers of a commercial enterprise got interested a valuable offer and agreed to the experiment, hoping for a good profit; in the second, it is enough to replace the verb: they didn’t take it, but took it with them.

Mistakes in the use of stylistically colored vocabulary should not be confused, however, with a deliberate mixing of styles, in which writers and publicists find a life-giving source of humor and irony. The parodic collision of colloquial and official business vocabulary is a tried and tested method of creating a comic sound of speech in feuilletons. For example: “Dear Lyubanya! Spring is coming soon, and in the little garden where we met, the leaves will turn green. And I love you still, even more. When, finally, is our wedding, when will we be together? Write, I'm looking forward to it. Your Vasya. “Dear Vasily! Indeed, the territory of the square where we met will soon turn green. After that, you can begin to resolve the issue of marriage, since the season of spring is the time of love. L. Buravkina.

1.7.5. Stationery and speech stamps

When analyzing errors caused by the unjustified use of stylistically colored vocabulary, special attention should be paid to words associated with the official business style. Elements formal business style, introduced into a context stylistically alien to them, are called clericalisms. It should be remembered that these speech means are called clericalisms only when they are used in speech that is not bound by the norms of official business style.

Lexical and phraseological clericalisms include words and phrases that have a typical coloring for official business style (presence, in the absence of, in order to avoid, live, withdraw, the above, takes place, etc.). Their use makes speech inexpressive (If there is a desire, much can be done to improve the working conditions of workers; At present, there is an understaffing of teaching staff).

As a rule, you can find many options for expressing thoughts, avoiding clericalism. For example, why should a journalist write: Marriage is the negative side of an enterprise's activity, if one can say: It's bad when an enterprise releases marriage; Marriage is unacceptable at work; Marriage is a great evil that must be fought; It is necessary to prevent marriage in production; It is necessary, finally, to stop the production of defective products!; You can't put up with marriage! A simple and specific wording has a stronger effect on the reader.

The clerical coloring of speech is often given verbal nouns, formed with the help of suffixes -eni-, -ani-, etc. (identifying, finding, taking, blowing up, closing) and non-suffixed (tailoring, stealing, time off). Their clerical shade is exacerbated by the prefixes non-, under- (non-detection, underfulfillment). Russian writers often parodied the syllable "decorated" with such bureaucratic words [The case of the gnawing of the plan by mice (Hertz); The case of flying in and breaking glasses with a crow (Pis.); Having announced to the widow Vanina that she did not stick a sixty-kopeck mark ... (Ch.)].

Verbal nouns do not have the categories of tense, aspect, mood, voice, person. This narrows their expressive possibilities in comparison with verbs. For example, such a sentence is lacking in accuracy: On the part of the head of the farm, V.I. Shlyk was shown a negligent attitude towards milking and feeding cows. You might think that the manager milked and fed the cows poorly, but the author only wanted to say that the Farm Manager V.I. Shlyk did nothing to facilitate the work of milkmaids, to prepare fodder for livestock. The impossibility of expressing the meaning of the pledge by a verbal noun can lead to ambiguity in constructions such as the statement of the professor (does the professor approve or is he approved?), I love singing (I like to sing or listen when they sing?).

In sentences with verbal nouns, the predicate is often expressed in a passive form of participle or a reflexive verb, this deprives the action of activity and enhances the clerical coloring of speech [At the end of familiarization with the sights, tourists were allowed to take pictures of them (better: Tourists were shown sights and allowed to take pictures of them)].

However, not all verbal nouns in the Russian language belong to the official business vocabulary, they are diverse in stylistic coloring, which largely depends on the characteristics of their lexical meaning and word formation. Verbal nouns with the meaning of a person (teacher, self-taught, confusion, bully), many nouns with the meaning of action (running, crying, playing, washing, shooting, bombing) have nothing to do with bureaucracy.

Verbal nouns with book suffixes can be divided into two groups. Some are stylistically neutral (meaning, name, excitement), for many of them -nie changed into -ne, and they began to denote not an action, but its result (cf .: baking pies - sweet cookies, cherry jam - cherry jam). Others retain a close relationship with verbs, acting as abstract names for actions, processes (acceptance, non-detection, non-admission). It is precisely such nouns that are most often characterized by clerical coloring; only those that have received a strict terminological meaning in the language (drilling, spelling, adjoining) do not have it.

The use of clericalisms of this type is associated with the so-called "splitting of the predicate", i.e. replacement of a simple verbal predicate a combination of a verbal noun with an auxiliary verb that has a weakened lexical meaning (instead of complicating, it leads to complication). So, they write: This leads to complication, confusion of accounting and an increase in costs, but it is better to write: This complicates and confuses accounting, increases costs.

However, in the stylistic assessment of this phenomenon, one should not go to extremes, rejecting any cases of the use of verb-nominal combinations instead of verbs. In book styles, such combinations are often used: they took part instead of participated, gave instructions instead of indicated, etc. In the official business style, verb-nominal combinations have become entrenched to declare gratitude, accept for execution, impose a penalty (in these cases, the verbs thank, fulfill, exact are inappropriate), etc. The scientific style uses such terminological combinations as visual fatigue occurs, self-regulation occurs, transplantation is performed, etc. The expressions used in the journalistic style are the workers went on strike, there were clashes with the police, an assassination attempt was made on the minister, and so on. In such cases, verbal nouns are indispensable and there is no reason to consider them clericalisms.

The use of verb-nominal combinations sometimes even creates conditions for speech expression. For example, the combination to take an ardent participation is more capacious in meaning than the verb to participate. The definition with a noun allows you to give the verb-nominal combination an exact terminological meaning (cf .: help - provide urgent medical care). The use of a verb-nominal combination instead of a verb can also help eliminate the lexical polysemy of verbs (cf .: give a beep - buzz). The preference for such verb-nominal combinations over verbs is naturally beyond doubt; their use does not damage the style, but, on the contrary, gives greater effectiveness to the speech.

In other cases, the use of a verb-nominal combination introduces a clerical coloring into the sentence. Let's compare two types of syntactic constructions - with a verb-nominal combination and with a verb:

As you can see, the use of turnover with verbal nouns (instead of a simple predicate) in such cases is inappropriate - it generates verbosity and makes the syllable heavier.

The influence of formal business style often explains the unjustified use of denominative prepositions: along a line, in a section, in part, in a deed, in force, in order, in an address, in an area, in a plan, at a level, due to, etc. They are widely used in book styles, and under certain conditions their use stylistically justified. However, often their passion is detrimental to the presentation, weighing down the style and giving it a clerical coloring. This is partly due to the fact that denominative prepositions usually require the use of verbal nouns, which leads to stringing of cases. For example: By improving the organization of repayment of wage and pension arrears, improving the culture of customer service, the turnover in state and commercial stores should increase - the accumulation of verbal nouns, many identical case forms made the proposal heavy, cumbersome. To correct the text, it is necessary to exclude the denominative preposition from it, if possible, replace verbal nouns with verbs. Let's assume this editing option: To increase the turnover in state and commercial stores, you need to pay salaries on time and not delay the pension of citizens, as well as improve the culture of customer service.

Some authors use denominative prepositions automatically, without thinking about their meaning, which is still partly preserved in them. For example: Due to the lack of materials, the construction is suspended (as if someone foresaw that there would be no materials, and therefore the construction was suspended). Incorrect use of denominative prepositions often leads to illogical statements.

Let's compare the two versions of the sentences:

The exclusion of denominative prepositions from the text, as we see, eliminates verbosity, helps to express the thought more concretely and stylistically correctly.

The use of speech stamps is usually associated with the influence of the official business style. Words and expressions with erased semantics and faded emotional coloring, which are becoming widespread, become speech clichés. So, in a variety of contexts, the expression get a residence permit begins to be used in a figurative sense (Each ball that flies into the goal net receives a permanent residence permit in the tables; Petrovsky's muse has a permanent residence permit in the hearts; Aphrodite has entered the permanent exhibition of the museum - now she is registered in our city ).

Anything frequently repeated can become a stamp speech medium, for example, stereotyped metaphors, definitions that have lost their figurative power due to constant reference to them, even hackneyed rhymes (tears are roses). However, in practical stylistics, the term "speech stamp" has received a narrower meaning: this is the name for stereotypical expressions that have a clerical coloring.

Among the speech stamps that have arisen as a result of the influence of the official business style on other styles, one can first of all single out stereotyped turns of speech: at this stage, at a given period of time, today, emphasized with all sharpness, etc. As a rule, they do not contribute anything to the content of the statement, but only clog the speech: In this period of time a difficult situation has developed with the liquidation of debts to supplier enterprises; Currently the payment of wages to miners was taken under unremitting control; At this stage, the crucian spawning is normal, etc. Deleting the highlighted words will not change anything in the information.

Speech stamps also include universal words that are used in a variety of, often too broad, indefinite meanings (question, event, series, conduct, expand, separate, specific, etc.). For example, the noun question, acting as a universal word, never indicates what is being asked (Especially importance have nutritional issues in the first 10-12 days; great attention deserve the issues of timely collection of tax from enterprises and commercial structures). In such cases, it can be painlessly excluded from the text (cf .: Nutrition in the first 10-12 days is especially important; It is necessary to collect taxes from enterprises and commercial structures in a timely manner).

The word appear, as universal, is also often superfluous; this can be seen by comparing two wordings of sentences from newspaper articles:

The unjustified use of linking verbs is one of the most common stylistic flaws in professional literature. However, this does not mean that linking verbs should be banned, their use should be appropriate, stylistically justified.

Speech stamps include paired words, or satellite words; the use of one of them necessarily suggests the use of the other (cf .: the event is held, the scope is wide, criticism is sharp, the problem is unresolved, overdue, etc.). The definitions in these pairs are lexically defective, they give rise to speech redundancy.

Speech stamps, relieving the speaker from the need to look for the right, exact words, deprive the speech of specificity. For example: The current season was held at a high organizational level - this proposal can be inserted into the report on hay harvesting, and on sports competitions, and on preparing the housing stock for winter, and harvesting grapes ...

The set of speech stamps changes over the years: some are gradually forgotten, others become "fashionable", so it is impossible to list and describe all the cases of their use. It is important to understand the essence of this phenomenon and prevent the emergence and spread of stamps.

Language standards should be distinguished from speech stamps. Language standards are ready-made, reproducible in speech means of expression used in a journalistic style. Unlike the stamp, "the standard ... does not call negative attitude, as it has a clear semantics and economically expresses a thought, contributing to the speed of information transfer. Language standards include, for example, such combinations that have become sustainable: Employees public sector, employment service, international humanitarian aid, commercial structures, law enforcement agencies, branches of the Russian government, according to informed sources, are phrases such as household services (nutrition, health, recreation, etc.). These speech units are widely used by journalists, since it is impossible to invent new means of expression in each specific case.

Comparing the journalistic texts of the period of "Brezhnev's stagnation" and the 1990s, one can note a significant reduction in clericalism and speech stamps in the language of newspapers and magazines. The stylistic "companions" of the command-bureaucratic system left the stage in the "post-communist time". Now clericalism and all the beauties of the bureaucratic style are more easily found in humorous works than in newspaper materials. This style is wittily parodied by Mikhail Zhvanetsky:

Decree to further deepen the expansion of constructive measures taken as a result of consolidation to improve the state of all-round interaction of all conservation structures and ensure even greater intensification of the mandate of the working people of all masses on the basis of the rotational priority of the future normalization of relations of the same workers according to their own mandate.

The accumulation of verbal nouns, chains of identical case forms, speech clichés firmly “block” the perception of such statements that cannot be comprehended. Our journalism has successfully overcome this "style", and it "decorates" only the speech of individual speakers and officials in public institutions. However, while they are in their leadership positions, the problem of combating clericalism and speech stamps has not lost its relevance.

Emotionally expressive words are distributed between book and colloquial (colloquial) vocabulary. Colloquial vocabulary is used in casual conversation. The book vocabulary includes words high, giving solemnity to speech, as well as emotionally expressive, expressing both positive and negative assessment of the named concepts.

Being synonymous with interstyle words, expressive vernacular words differ from them not only in their ability to express an assessment. They often contain an additional semantic shade, which is not in the interstyle word and with which the assessment of a given object, action, attribute, etc. is usually associated. The semantic “additive” that many rough-expressive words have in comparison with the interstyle word is often reflected in the interpretation. Some linguists call them actually vernacular *, others - vernacular (rightly noting the "similarity" with dialect words).

Expressive colloquial words also play an important role as a means of expressing an assessment, often negative, ironic, mocking, condemning. Wed and the above excerpt of the text, where in one phrase with high radiant, expressive colloquial sodrav and flayer are used.

The culture of speech communication is understood as such a selection and organization of language tools that contribute to the most effective achievement of the tasks set in this area of ​​speech ... A significant place in the textbook is occupied by material related to the culture of speech communication and the design of official documentation.

Emotionally expressive coloring of words

To vocabulary oral speech include words characteristic of oral varieties of communicative activity. In terms of belonging to different parts speech, colloquial vocabulary, as well as neutral, is diverse. However, it cannot be said that they are not found in the speech of cultured and educated people, that is, those who follow their language.

The ability to use a word in any style of speech indicates its general use. Many words not only name concepts, but also reflect the attitude of the speaker towards them. As part of the emotional vocabulary, the following three varieties are distinguished. 1. Words with a bright evaluative meaning, as a rule, are unambiguous; “the evaluation contained in their meaning is so clearly and definitely expressed that it does not allow the word to be used in other meanings.”

Vocabulary of oral speech (colloquial, colloquial)

Therefore, it is not possible to distinguish between emotional and expressive vocabulary. 2) words expressing their negative assessment. Even different meanings of the same word can diverge noticeably in stylistic coloring: in one case, the use of the word can be solemn (Wait, prince.

The use of stylistically colored vocabulary in speech

The appearance of additional expressive shades in a word, depending on the context, significantly expands the visual possibilities of vocabulary. 1. Neutral (interstyle) is a vocabulary that is used in all styles of the language, it is a category of words that are not expressively colored, emotionally neutral. One can compare the commonly used word to lie and the words to compose, to flood, which belong to colloquial vocabulary and have a colloquial and playful character.

Modern Russian language. Vocabulary. Phraseology. Morphology

Becoming a term, the word loses its emotionality and expressiveness. This is especially noticeable if we compare common words in a diminutive form with the corresponding terms. Zubok from the word tooth in the meaning of “a bone formation, an organ in the mouth for grasping, biting and chewing food” and the term zubok is a cutting tooth of a machine, tool.

But the same term can be used in different areas. The word often intersects functional features and emotionally expressive and other stylistic shades. Emotionally-expressive words that are neutral are usually included in the layer of commonly used vocabulary. Colloquial vocabulary - words with a stylistically reduced, rude and even vulgar connotation, which are outside literary speech(see vernacular).

Many words not only define concepts, but also express the speaker's attitude towards them, a special kind of evaluativeness. For example, admiring the beauty of a white flower, you can call it snow-white, white, lily. These words are emotionally colored: a positive assessment distinguishes them from the stylistically neutral definition of white. The emotional coloring of the word can also express a negative assessment of what is called understood: fair-haired, whitish. Therefore, emotional vocabulary is also called evaluative (emotional-evaluative).

At the same time, it should be noted that the concepts of emotionality and evaluativeness are not identical, although they are closely related. Some emotional words (for example, interjections) do not contain evaluation; and there are words in which evaluation is the essence of their semantic structure, but they do not belong to the emotional vocabulary: good, bad, joy, anger, love, suffer.

A feature of the emotional-evaluative vocabulary is that the emotional coloring is "superimposed" on the lexical meaning of the word, but is not reduced to it: the denotative meaning of the word is complicated by the connotative one.

As part of the emotional vocabulary, three groups can be distinguished.

• 1 Words with a bright connotative meaning, containing an assessment of facts, phenomena, signs, giving an unambiguous description of people: inspire, delightful, daring, unsurpassed, pioneer, predestinate, herald, self-sacrifice, irresponsible, grouch, double-dealer, businesslike, antediluvian, mischief, defame, swindle, toady, windbag, slob. Such words, as a rule, are unambiguous, expressive emotionality prevents the development of figurative meanings in them.
• 2 Polysemantic words, neutral in the main meaning, receiving a qualitative-emotional connotation when used figuratively. So, about a person of a certain character, one can say: a hat, a rag, a mattress, an oak tree, an elephant, a bear, a snake, an eagle, a crow, a rooster, a parrot; verbs are also used in a figurative sense: saw, hiss, sing, gnaw, dig, yawn, blink, etc.
• 3 Words with subjective assessment suffixes that convey various shades of feelings: son, daughter, granny, sun, neatly, close - positive emotions; beards, kid, bureaucracy - negative. Their evaluative meanings are determined not by nominative properties, but by word formation, since affixes give emotional coloring to such forms.

The emotionality of speech is often conveyed by especially expressive expressive vocabulary. Expressiveness (expression) (lat. expressio) means expressiveness, the power of manifestation of feelings and experiences. There are many words in Russian that have an element of expression added to their nominative meaning. For example, instead of the word good, getting excited about something, we say beautiful, wonderful, delightful, wonderful; I can say I don't like it, but it is not difficult to find stronger, more colorful words I hate, I despise, I abhor. In all these cases, the semantic structure of the word is complicated by connotation.

Often one neutral word has several expressive synonyms that differ in the degree of emotional stress; cf .: misfortune - grief, disaster, catastrophe; violent - unrestrained, indomitable, frantic, furious. Vivid expression highlights solemn words (herald, accomplishments, unforgettable), rhetorical (comrade-in-arms, aspirations, announce), poetic (azure, invisible, silent, sing). Words are also expressively colored playful (believing, newly minted), ironic (deign, don Juan, vaunted), familiar (good-natured, cute, mumble, whisper) Expressive shades delimit disapproving words (mannered, pretentious, ambitious, pedant), dismissive (painting, pettiness ), contemptuous (to slander, toady), derogatory (skirt, squishy), vulgar (grabber, lucky), abusive (boor, fool). All these nuances of the expressive coloring of words are reflected in stylistic notes to them in explanatory dictionaries.

The expression of a word is often superimposed on its emotional and evaluative meaning, and in some words expression prevails, in others - emotionality. Therefore, it is often not possible to distinguish between emotional and expressive coloring, and then one speaks of emotional-expressive vocabulary (expressive-evaluative).

Words similar in expressiveness are classified into: 1) vocabulary expressing a positive assessment of the called concepts, and 2) vocabulary expressing a negative assessment of the called concepts. The first group will include words high, affectionate, partly playful; in the second - ironic, disapproving, abusive, contemptuous, vulgar and so on.

The emotional and expressive coloring of a word is influenced by its meaning. Thus, such words as fascism, Stalinism, and repressions received a sharply negative assessment from us. A positive assessment was attached to the words progressive, peace-loving, anti-war. Even the different meanings of the same word can diverge noticeably in stylistic coloring: in one meaning, the word acts as a solemn, lofty one: Wait, prince. Finally, I hear the speech of not a boy, but a husband (P.), in another - as ironic, mocking: G. Polevoy proved that the venerable editor enjoys the fame of a learned man (P.).

The development of expressive shades in the semantics of the word is also facilitated by its metaphorization. Thus, stylistically neutral words used as metaphors get a vivid expression: burning at work, falling from fatigue, suffocating in conditions of totalitarianism, a flaming gaze, a blue dream, a flying gait, etc. The context finally shows the expressive coloring of words: in it, stylistically neutral units can become emotionally colored, high - contemptuous, affectionate - ironic, and even a swear word (scoundrel, fool) can sound approvingly.

Emotionally expressive coloring of speech

The use of words with bright emotional and expressive coloring enlivens speech. Such words not only name concepts, but also reflect the attitude of the speaker towards them. For example, admiring the beauty of a white flower, you can call it snow-white, white, lily. These adjectives are emotionally colored: in them, a positive assessment distinguishes them from the stylistically neutral word "white". The emotional coloring of the word can also express a negative assessment of the concept being called (blond speaks of an ugly person with blond hair, whose appearance is unpleasant to us). Therefore, emotional vocabulary is called evaluative.

The image of feeling for speech also requires special expressive colors.

Expressiveness (from Lat. expressio expression) means expressive, expressive expressive. In this case, special stylistic assessments are added to the nominative meaning of the word, enhancing its expressiveness. So, instead of the word "good" we use the more expressive beautiful, wonderful, delicious, etc.; one can say I don’t like it, but sometimes we find stronger words: I hate, I despise, I’m disgusted. In such cases, the lexical meaning of the word is complicated by expression. Often one neutral word has several expressive synonyms that differ in the degree of expressive tension (cf: misfortune - grief - disaster - catastrophe; violent - unrestrained - indomitable - frantic - furious).

Vivid expression highlights solemn, rhetorical, poetic words. A special expression distinguishes the words playful, ironic, familiar. Expressive shades distinguish words disapproving, dismissive, contemptuous, humiliating, vulgar, abusive. Expressive coloring in a word is superimposed on its emotional and evaluative meaning, and in some words expression prevails, in other words expression prevails, in others emotional coloring. This is not difficult to determine, trusting your linguistic instinct.

Expressive vocabulary can be classified by highlighting: 1) words expressing a positive assessment of the called concepts, and 2) words expressing their negative assessment. The first group will include words high, affectionate, desperate joking; in the second ironic, disapproving, abusive, etc.

It is necessary in all lessons, especially reading, speech development, to ask children - “say differently, say affectionately, come up with gentle words, pick up beautiful words”, i.e. enrich and learn to use a synonymous dictionary.

The value of oral speech for deaf children is extremely high. Oral speech for them acts as a means of communication, the basis of language proficiency, an instrument of thought.

Oral speech as a means of communication ensures the integration of deaf students in society.

For proper organization work on the expressiveness of speech, it is necessary to take into account such components of the acoustic system as frequency, strength (intensity), timbre, sound duration.

Each component of the expressiveness of oral speech is very important. All of them are interconnected and this relationship is taken into account when developing methodological techniques and the content of work on pronunciation.

The question of the formation of expressive speech is connected with the general process of learning. The richer and more expressive the child's speech, the deeper, wider and more diverse his attitude to the content of speech; expressive speech complements and enriches it.

Now, we consider it necessary to proceed to the description of the practical part of this work.