Composition: The history of official business style and genres of business speech. The history of official business style in Russia

Business documents appeared in Russia after the introduction in the tenth century. writing. The first written documents recorded in the annals are the texts of treaties between the Russians and the Greeks in 907, 911, 944 and 971. In the XI century. the first code of laws appears Kievan Rus"Russkaya Pravda" is an original monument of writing, which makes it possible to judge the development of the system of legal and socio-political terminology at that time. In the language of "Russkaya Pravda" it is already possible to distinguish the features of word usage and organization of speech, which are related to the characteristic features business style. This is a high terminology, the predominance of composition over subordination in complex sentences, the presence of complex structures with coordinating conjunctions “and”, “yes”, “same”, as well as non-union chains. Of all the types of complex sentences, constructions with a conditional clause are the most widely used.

In Russkaya Pravda, terms are already used that testify to the development of legal relations in Ancient Russia: head (killed), golovnik (murderer), posluh (witness), vira (fine), mined (property), veno vop koe (bride price ), kuna (money). Legal terms represent the most important lexical layer of the language of ancient documents.

After the Russkaya Pravda, the most ancient document is considered to be the “Charter of the Grand Duke Mstislav Volodimirovich and his son Vsevolod of 1130”. The initial formula of this charter “Se az” ... (“Here I am”) has since become an obligatory element (props) of ancient Russian letters.

Letters ended with a special formula, which indicates who was a witness to the transaction and who sealed the letter with his signature.

In the "General Regulations" of the Petrine Collegiums, an already complete system of documenting norms was given. "General Forms", i.e. forms of documents, provided for the norms of registration, etiquette norms for addressing the addressee with an indication of the rank, title, rank, uniform norms for naming and self-naming. The vocabulary of the business language is increasingly moving away from colloquial, lively speech, a huge number of foreign words (province, act, ballot, appeal, etc.) and terms penetrate into it.

In the 19th century, when the formation of a codified literary language is basically completed, its functional varieties - styles - begin to actively form. Official correspondence documents were obtained in the 19th century. the widest distribution and quantitatively significantly surpassed other types of business texts. They were written on official forms, included a certain set of details.

Since 1811, after the adoption of the “General Establishment of Ministries”, the characteristic features of the clerical style have been actively formed: the formal-logical organization of the text, the impersonal nature of the statement, syntactic cumbersomeness, the nominal nature of speech, morphological and lexical uniformity (the prevalence of nominative and genitive cases), standardization . As a result of the reform of office work (rules for paperwork), the need arose to reform the clerical style, which began to be understood as a task of national importance. In the XX century. unification of documents becomes irreversible. New rules for maintaining official documentation were developed: in 1918, a single form of business letter forms was introduced. In the 20s. 20th century work began on the creation of new business writing standards, screen texts appeared.

1. Characteristics of the official business style: history of formation, linguistic and extralinguistic features

In the field of science, office work and lawmaking, in the means mass media and in politics language is used in different ways. Each of the listed spheres of public life has its own subtype of the Russian literary language, which has a number of distinctive features at all language levels - lexical, morphological, syntactic and textual. These features form a speech system in which each element is connected with others. This subtype of literary language is called functional style.

The official business style is assigned to the sphere of social and legal relations that are implemented in lawmaking, in the economy, in managerial and diplomatic activities. The periphery of the business style includes informative advertising, patent style and everyday business speech (statements, explanatory notes, receipts, etc.). Organizational and administrative documentation (ORD) is a type of business writing that most fully represents its specifics. Together with various types of legislative speech (license, rules, charter, decree, etc.), the ORD is the center of business writing, the core of the official business style.

A document is a text that controls the actions of people and has legal significance. Hence the increased requirement for accuracy, which does not allow for other interpretations, imposed on the text of documents. Only a written speech, prepared and edited, can meet this requirement. IN oral speech it is almost impossible to achieve such a degree of accuracy due to its unpreparedness, spontaneity, variability. In addition to the requirement of denotative accuracy (a denotation is an object or phenomenon of the reality around us, with which a given language unit is correlated), the language of documents is subject to the requirement of communicative accuracy - an adequate reflection of reality, reflection of the author's thought in a speech fragment (sentence, text).

In documents, therefore, clichéd standard phrases are used:

The agreement comes into force from the date of signing.

Pursuant to order no.

Standardizing the language of business papers provides the degree of communicative accuracy that gives the document legal force. Any phrase, any sentence should have only one meaning and interpretation. To achieve such a degree of accuracy in the text, one has to repeat the same words, names, terms: In case of advance payment, the Customer is obliged, within three days from the date of payment, to hand over to the Contractor a copy of the payment document certified by the bank or notify him by telegram. If the Customer fails to comply with the requirements of this clause, the Contractor shall have the right, after ten days from the date of signing the contract, to sell the goods.

The detail of the presentation in the official business style is combined with the analytic expression of actions, processes in the form of a verbal noun:

Emphasized logic, unemotionality of presentation with a standard arrangement of text material on a sheet also very significantly distinguish written business speech from oral speech. Oral speech is most often emotionally colored, asymmetric according to the principle of text organization. The emphasized logicality of oral speech indicates the formality of the communication environment. Business verbal communication should proceed against the background of positive emotions - trust, sympathy, goodwill, respect.

The information in the document is carried not only by text fragments, but also by all elements of the text design that are mandatory - details. For each type of document, there is a set of details provided for by the state standard - GOST.

A prop is a mandatory information element of a document, strictly assigned to a specific place on a form, sheet. Name, date, registration number, information about the compiler, etc. constantly located in the same place - the first three at the top, and the last one at the bottom of the sheet after the signatures.

The number of details varies and depends on the type and content of documents. The sample key establishes the maximum composition of the details and the order in which they are located. These include:

1. National emblem Russian Federation.

2. The emblem of the organization and enterprise.

3. Image of government awards.

4. Code of the enterprise, institution or organization according to the all-Russian classifier of enterprises and organizations (OKPO).

5. Code of the document form according to the all-Russian classifier of management documentation (OKUD).

6. Name of the ministry or department.

7. Name of the institution, organization or enterprise.

8. Name structural unit.

9. Post office index, postal and telegraph address, teletype, telephone, fax number, bank account number.

10. Name of the document type.

14. Place of compilation and publication.

15. Signature of restriction of access to the document.

16. Addressee.

17. Stamp of approval.

18. Resolution.

19. Title to the text.

20. Mark of control.

22. Mark about the presence of the application.

23. Signature.

24. Stamp of approval.

26. Print.

27. A mark on the certification of copies.

28. Surname of the performer and his phone number.

29. A note on the execution of the document and sending it to the case.

30. A mark on the transfer of data to a machine carrier.

31. Mark of admission.

Thus, a high degree of unification, standardization as a leading feature of syntax, a high degree of terminating vocabulary, consistency, unemotionality, the information load of each element of the text, attention to detail are characteristic of the language of documents and distinguish it from oral spontaneous business dialogic speech.

The history of the formation of the official business style.

· Business documents appeared in Russia after the introduction in the tenth century. writing. The first written documents recorded in the annals are the texts of treaties between the Russians and the Greeks in 907, 911, 944 and 971. And in the XI century. the first set of laws of Kievan Rus "Russkaya Pravda" appears - an original monument of writing, which makes it possible to judge the development of the system of legal and socio-political terminology at that time. In the language of "Russkaya Pravda" it is already possible to distinguish the features of word usage and organization of speech, which are among the characteristic features of business style. This is a high terminology, the predominance of composition over subordination in complex sentences, the presence of complex structures with coordinating conjunctions "and", "yes", "same", as well as non-union chains. Of all the types of complex sentences, constructions with a conditional clause (with the conjunction asche - if) are most widely used: In Russkaya Pravda, terms are already used that indicate the development of legal relations in Ancient Russia: head (killed), golovnik (murderer), posluh ( witness), vira (fine), obtained (property), veno vopi koe (bride price), kuna (money). Legal terms represent the most important lexical layer of the language of ancient documents.

· After "Russkaya Pravda" the most ancient document is "The Diploma of Grand Duke Mstislav Volodymyrovich and his son Vsevolod of 1130". The initial formula of this charter "Se az" ... ("Here I am") becomes from that time an obligatory element (props) of ancient Russian letters: "Behold, the great prince Vsevolod gave me to St. with people, and with horses, and a forest, and boards, and traps for fishing ... ("from" Letters of the Grand Duke Vsevolod Mstislavovich to the Yuriev Monastery 1125-1137 "). The letters ended with a special formula, which indicates who was a witness to the transaction and who affixes the letter with his signature.

· And in the "General Regulations" of the Peter's Collegiums, an already complete system of documenting norms was given. "General Forms", i.e. forms of documents, provided for the norms of registration, etiquette norms for addressing the addressee with an indication of the rank, title, rank, uniform norms for naming and self-naming. The vocabulary of the business language is increasingly moving away from colloquial, lively speech, a huge number of foreign words (province, act, ballot, appeal, etc.) and terms penetrate into it.

· In the 19th century, when the formation of a codified literary language was basically completed, its functional varieties - styles - began to actively form. Official correspondence documents were obtained in the 19th century. the widest distribution and quantitatively significantly surpassed other types of business texts. They were written on official forms, included a certain set of details. Since 1811, after the adoption of the "General Establishment of Ministries", the characteristic features of the clerical style were actively formed: the formal-logical organization of the text, the impersonal nature of the statement, syntactic cumbersomeness, nominal character of speech, morphological and lexical monotony (the prevalence of nominative and genitive cases), standardization. As a result of the reform of office work (rules for paperwork), the need arose to reform the clerical style, which began to be understood as a task of national importance.

In the XX century. unification of documents becomes irreversible. New rules for maintaining official documentation were developed: in 1918, a single form of business letter forms was introduced. In the 20s of the twentieth century. work began on the creation of new business writing standards, screen texts appeared

Official business style as a language of documents

A new era in the process of standardization was opened by machine processing and computerization of office work. The choice and consolidation in practice of one language variant out of several possible ones is economically justified, dictated by the requirements of the increasingly complex economic and socio-political life of society, and technological progress. The use of stable formulas, accepted abbreviations, uniform arrangement of material in the preparation of a document is typical for standard and template letters, questionnaires, tables, analogue texts, etc., allows you to encode information, assigning certain language means to a typical situation. For example, the need to take part in an exhibition of goods involves filling out an application made by an exhibition organization in a typographical way in the form of a questionnaire. The so-called analogue texts, forms, forms, in which the stencil has the form of a formalized text, are subjected to special standardization.

The process of creating stencil texts consists in allocating constant parts for a group of texts of the same type, containing previously known information, and spaces for entering changing information. As a rule, these are nominations, dates of execution, signing of a document, indication of cost, quantity, form of delivery of goods (equipment), scope of work, etc.

Template texts with permanent and changing parts are called blanks. "The form is a kind of ideal basis for business paper, in the completed form this is the standard to which it aspires and which it achieves. In the form, the rigidity of the form nullifies all the possibilities of several interpretations," rightly notes P.V. Veselov, one of the leading experts in the field of documentary linguistics.

The standardization of the language of documents has developed special types of text organization: stencil, questionnaire, table.

The questionnaire is a folded text in the form of nominations of generic correspondence.

The table is an even more capacious organization of the document: constant information is placed in the headings of the graph and sidebar (row headings), and the variable is in the cells of the table.

These types of text organization can be used in various genres of business documentaries: the questionnaire method can be used to simulate personnel questionnaires, orders, memorandums, explanatory notes; the following types of documents can be presented in tabular form: staffing, staff structure, vacation schedule, personnel orders. Stencil are often contracts, business letters.

Stencilling, thus, causes a high degree of informative capacity of the text due to the folding of the statement and the possibility of deciphering (including with the help of machine processing), expanding it into a complete structure.

The process of standardization and unification covers all levels of business language documents - vocabulary, morphology, syntax, text organization - and determines the originality and specificity of the official business style. Even well-known types of texts (narration, description, reasoning) are modified in a business style, turning into types of presentation of an affirmative-stating or prescriptive-stating nature. Hence syntactic monotony, lexical homogeneity of speech, high repetition of words.

Typification of business documents allows you to model the text of any variety, situation. At the same time, the constituent text operates with certain modules, standard blocks, which are clichéd parts of the text (in the texts of agreements, this is the representation of the parties, the subject of the agreement, the calculation procedure, the obligations and rights of the parties, the duration of the agreement).

Vnukovo Airport Open Joint Stock Company, hereinafter referred to as ___________ Customer, represented by General Director V.V. Baranov, acting on the basis of the Charter, on the one hand, and the firm "Networks and Systems", hereinafter referred to as the Contractor, represented by Director M.V. Petrov, acting on the basis of the Charter, on the other hand, have concluded an agreement among themselves on the following...

A lease agreement is concluded between Closed Joint Stock Company Wholesale Market Samara, hereinafter referred to as the Lessor, and Ares LLP, hereinafter referred to as the Lessee.

These modules are invariably included in the texts of contracts (on the performance of work, on rent, on sale and purchase). The text of the initial module of the contract itself practically does not change (variation of the members of the proposal, synonymous replacements are allowed), the legal terms that define social roles contracting parties:

Contract for the performance of work - Customer - Contractor (Contractor)

sale and purchase agreement - Seller - Buyer

· lease agreement - Landlord - Tenant.

All features of the official business style, its iconic nature are due to the action of the dominant and the function of duty, which ensures the legal and social regulatory significance of business texts.

Economic necessity, the development of science and technology determine the ever-increasing unification and standardization of documents, on the one hand, and the trend towards simplification, purification from outdated clerical stamps and clichés of the language of business letters and, more broadly, business correspondence, on the other hand.

Language of business correspondence

The language of business correspondence is the periphery of the official business style. Along with regulated letters, today unregulated business letters are increasingly entering the practice of business communication, along with official ones, semi-official (congratulatory, advertising), in which the ratio of expression and standard changes in one direction or the other. Undoubtedly, the official business style, like the Russian language as a whole, has undergone significant changes. Its formation is closely connected with the formation and development of the Russian state, primarily because the sphere of regulation of legal and economic relations has created a need to single out a special functional variety of the literary language.

The regulation of relations between people, institutions, countries required written evidence, acts, documents, in which the features of the official business style gradually crystallized. So, the official business style is distinguished by:

High degree of terminating vocabulary:

o legal terms (owner, law, registration, ownership, acceptance of objects, transfer of objects, act, privatization, fall, lease, redemption, personal file, etc.);

o economic terms (subsidy, costs, sale and purchase, budget, expense, income, payment, estimate, budget items, budget expenditures, etc.);

o economic and legal terms (loan repayment, sequestration, property rights, the period of sale of goods, quality certificate, etc.);

The nominal nature of speech, expressed in the high frequency of verbal nouns, which often denote an objectified action:

o loan repayment - pay off a loan

o resolving the issue - resolving the issue

o use credit - use credit

o shipment of goods - to ship goods

o deferred payment - defer payment

in a high frequency of denominative prepositions and prepositional combinations: to, in relation to, by virtue of, in connection with, in accordance with, on account of, in, course, in order to, as far as, along the line, at the address, after the expiration, due to , if available, with assistance, provided, in relation to, according to, according to, respectively (what), etc.;

The development of actual clerical meanings associated with the transition of participles into the class of adjectives and pronouns:

o real rules

o this agreement

o current rates

o Appropriate measures

o proper handling

o with inadequate quality

o in due course

Standardization of lexical compatibility: the narrowing of the meaning of words explains the limitation of the lexical compatibility of words, the emergence of the so-called regulated compatibility:

o control is usually assigned

o deal - is concluded

o payment - made

o invoice - issued (or paid)

o price - set

o right - granted

o Positions are constructive / non-constructive; activity - successful; necessity - imperative; discounts - significant; disagreements - significant/insignificant, etc.;

standardization of syntactic units (sentences, phrases) that are not compiled, but as a formula are reproduced in the text of a document that fixes the corresponding situation of social and legal relations:

o in the prescribed manner; in accordance with the agreement;

o in order to provide technical assistance; in case of non-fulfillment of debt obligations;

o The contract comes into force from the date of signing;

o Complaints are filed in the manner prescribed by law;

o Delivery is made by road transport;

The formal-logical principle of text organization, expressed in the splitting of the main topic into sub-topics, considered in paragraphs and sub-paragraphs, into which the text is graphically divided and which are indicated by Arabic numerals:

o 1. Subject of the contract

o 1.1. The contractor assumes responsibility for supplying the customer with central heating and water supply.

o 1.2. The customer pays for the services provided in a timely manner;

lack of emotionality, a narrow range of speech expression;

The maximum degree of etiquette requirements, expressed in the abundance of etiquette signs, etiquette texts (congratulations, condolences, gratitude).

Functions of formal business style

The official business style is characterized by the functions of expression of will, obligation, represented in texts by a wide range of imperativeness from the genres of orders, decrees, orders to requests, wishes, proposals expressed in petitions and business correspondence; function of fixing legal relations (agreement, contract); information transfer function (newsletters, reports, certificates).

2. The main genres of written business speech: linguistic and compositional characteristics

Vocabulary of the language of business documents

Grammar of the language of business documents

Syntax of the language of business documents

· Business letters

Types of business letters

One of the actual genres of written business speech has now become a contract. An agreement is a document that establishes the legal relationship of legal entities (counterparties) or an individual with a legal entity. The nature of the transaction, conditions, terms, rights and obligations of the parties are necessarily reflected in the relevant clauses of the contract and constitute a set of information that provides the document with legal force. From the point of view of text organization, these items are modules - text fragments with typical headings, represented by a set of standard phrases. There should be at least seven such models:

1. Representation of the parties.

2. Subject of the contract.

3. Obligations of the parties.

4. Conditions and procedure for settlements.

5. Responsibility of the parties.

6. Duration of the contract.

7. Legal addresses and payment details of the parties.

8. In addition to the above, the following items are introduced into the text of the agreement, if necessary:

9. Controversial issues.

10. Cost of the contract.

11. Additional conditions (special conditions).

12. Responsibility of the parties (sanctions).

13. Settlement procedure (payments and settlements).

14. Force majeure circumstances (force majeure).

15. Guarantees of fulfillment of obligations (quality of goods).

16. Order of delivery and acceptance of works.

17. The procedure for resolving disputes (arbitration), etc.

Note that the title of the document contains keyword"agreement":

Supply contract

contract agreement

Rent contract

Service Agreement

Contract for the supply of electricity

The heading is thus a phrase with a noun in prepositional with the preposition "o" ("about") or the noun "contract" with the genitive case of the dependent word

Room lease contract.

Purchase and sale contract.

It is incorrect to use any other case form, for example:

Contract for the supply of electricity or

Contract of sale.

AGREEMENT No. 7

partnership with limited liability - manufacturing enterprise"Master-93", hereinafter referred to as the "CONTRACTOR", represented by Director Ganyushev Mikhail Vasilievich, acting on the basis of the charter, on the one hand, and LLP "BLOK", hereinafter referred to as the "CUSTOMER", represented by Director Gerasimov Oleg Alekseevich, acting on the basis of the Articles of Association, on the other hand, have concluded this agreement as follows:

I. SUBJECT OF THE CONTRACT AND OTHER GENERAL CONDITIONS.

1.1. The Customer instructs, and the Contractor assumes obligations for the manufacture and installation of a mobile book and photo exhibition in accordance with the requirement of register No. 68, Art. 3-12 within 25 business days from the date of receipt of payment to the account of the Contractor.

II OBLIGATIONS OF THE PARTIES

2.1. The customer undertakes:

make payment for the services of the Contractor in accordance with clause 3.1 of this agreement;

provide assistance to the Contractor in the fulfillment of his obligations.

III. AMOUNT OF AGREEMENT AND PROCEDURE OF PAYMENT

3.1. The total amount under this agreement is 34,000 (Thirty-four thousand) rubles.

3.2. Payment is made in advance or 100% within 5 days from the date of signing the contract.

IV. RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE PARTIES

4.1. In case of late payment for the Contractor's services (including advance payment), the Customer shall pay the Contractor a penalty in the amount of 0.2% of the contract amount for each day of delay.

4.2. In case of untimely fulfillment by the Contractor of his obligations, he pays the Customer a penalty in the amount of 0.2% of the contract amount for each day of delay.

V. TERM OF THE CONTRACT

This agreement comes into force from the moment of signing by the parties and is valid until the parties fulfill their obligations.

VI. ADDITIONAL TERMS AND FINAL PROVISIONS

All other conditions not stipulated by the contract are governed by the current legislation.

1. The Agreement is made in two copies, one of which is with the Contractor, the second - with the Customer.

2. Legal addresses and payment details of the parties:

Vocabulary of the language of business documents

1. High degree of termination. A characteristic feature of the Russian language of documents is, as already mentioned, a high degree of termination, and a huge layer adjoins the terms:

Nomenclature vocabulary:

o nomenclature of names: AOOT "Olimp"

o nomenclature of positions: sales manager, advertising manager,

o CEO, commercial director;

o nomenclature of goods: ZIL-130, gasoline A-76, etc.;

technical terms. In addition to legal, economic and legal-economic terms, a fairly large number of technical terms are used in the language of business papers:

o energy carriers, mineral resource base, auxiliary equipment,

o abbreviations:

o ACS - automatic control system;

o AIS - automatic information system;

o Efficiency - efficiency factor;

o NRB - radiation safety standards.

abbreviations. In addition to terms, the names of well-known legal acts are abbreviated:

o GK - Civil Code;

o CC - Criminal Code.

o Nomenclature signs of the most diverse properties are being reduced; representing the names of organizations:

o IMF - International Monetary Fund;

o CBR - the Central Bank of Russia;

o indicating the form of ownership of the enterprise and included as a classifier in the names of enterprises:

o 000 - limited liability company;

o OJSC - open joint stock company;

o PE - private enterprise;

o MP - municipal enterprise;

o JV - joint venture.

o The range of positions is being reduced:

o IO - acting.

2. High frequency. Homogeneity of the stylistic coloring of business vocabulary writing It is also achieved due to the high frequency of the so-called procedural vocabulary (this is a vocabulary with a generalized meaning), representing in the text of the document a specific action, subject or sign in the official legal interpretation:

violation of labor discipline (this may be late, absenteeism, attendance at work in drunk etc.),

disruption of the delivery schedule (delay in transit, untimely shipment of goods, etc.),

bear responsibility (subject to fines, pecuniary penalties, criminal prosecution, etc. in case of violation)

The presentation procedure is connected not only with the preference for generalized semantics, but also with the preference for generic lexemes over species ones:

· production - books, booklets, boards, nails;

premises - room, apartment, hall;

building - barn, house, stall, etc.,

with an inclination towards dissected concepts of both actions and objects:

make a calculation - calculate

trade process - trade

· cash- money

Terms and procedural vocabulary make up the basic, style-forming vocabulary of the language of documents, which in certain genres makes up from 50 to 70% of all word usage.

The most important feature procedural vocabulary is that the words are used in the text in one possible meaning. The unambiguity of contextual use is due to the subject of the document:

The parties undertake to provide mutual barter supplies...

With all the ambiguity, the word "parties" is read only in the legal aspect - "legal entities concluding a contract."

A high degree of generalization and abstractness of the main style-forming vocabulary (termination, provision, loss, calculation, work, disagreement, product, name, etc.) in business writing is combined with the specific meaning of nomenclature vocabulary.

Nomenclatural vocabulary with its specific denotative meaning, as it were, complements the high level of generalization of terms and procedural vocabulary. These types of words are used in parallel: in the text of agreements - terms and procedural vocabulary, in annexes to agreements - nomenclature vocabulary. In questionnaires, registers, specifications, applications, etc. the terms seem to get their decoding.

In the texts of documents, the use of swear words and generally reduced vocabulary, colloquial expressions and jargon is not allowed, however, professional and slang words fall into the language of business correspondence: personnel officer, payroll, cape, work in progress, etc. The use of such vocabulary in business letters is just as inappropriate as the use of clericalism in everyday conversation, since its use is reserved only for the oral sphere of communication and it cannot meet the requirement of accuracy.

Grammar of the language of business documents

TO grammar rules business style, representing the language of documents, include the unification of the grammatical structure of the phrase, word form. The selected option is assigned as a reference for each compositional part of the text. For example, in the text of the order, each item begins with the addressee in the dative hope - "to whom?", And then "what to do?":

28.5 words. In general, a sentence of a scientific text contains about one and a half times more words than a sentence of a literary text. Official business style Among the book styles of the language, the official business style stands out for its relative stability and isolation. Over time, it naturally undergoes some changes due to the nature of the content itself. But many...

comic effect. Let us dwell in more detail on certain aspects of colloquial speech. The study of styles To identify the frequency of figurative and expressive means in various functional styles of the Russian language, we will consider examples of texts of each of the styles separately and analyze them. The analysis consists in identifying tropes and figures in all styles and comparing their number in relation to ...

Since business written speech represents the official business style of speech, it is absolutely necessary to consider a number of its specific features.

The official business style stood out before other written styles due to the fact that it served the most important areas of public life: foreign relations, securing private property and trade. The need for written consolidation of contracts, laws, records of debts, registration of the transfer of inheritance began to form a special "language", which, having undergone many changes, retains its main distinctive features.

Business documents appeared in Russia after the introduction in the tenth century. writing. The first written documents recorded in the annals are the texts of treaties between the Russians and the Greeks in 907, 911, 944 and 971. And in the XI century. the first set of laws of Kievan Rus "Russkaya Pravda" appears - an original monument of writing, which makes it possible to judge the development of the system of legal and socio-political terminology at that time. In the language of "Russkaya Pravda" it is already possible to distinguish the features of word usage and organization of speech, which are among the characteristic features of business style. This is a high terminology, the predominance of composition over subordination in complex sentences, the presence of complex structures with coordinating conjunctions "a", "and", "yes", "same", as well as non-union chains. Of all the types of complex sentences, constructions with a conditional clause (with a union) are most widely used. more - if):

"If a free man is killed 10 hryvnias of silver per head." "If a merchant gives a merchant a kun for purchase, then don't take the merchant before the rumors of the kun, hear the rumors to him in need. But go to his own company, if he starts locking up."

Translation:"If a free man is killed, the fee is 10 hryvnia per head." "If the merchant gives the merchant money for trade, then he does not need witnesses to the conclusion of the transaction to return the debt, but to receive the debt, if the debtor begins to deny, it is enough to take an oath."

The Russkaya Pravda already uses terms that testify to the development of legal relations in Ancient Russia: head(killed) golovnik(killer), listen(witness), vira(fine), get(property), votskoe vein(bride price) kuna(money). Legal terms represent the most important lexical layer of the language of ancient documents.

After "Russkaya Pravda" the most ancient document is the "Charter of Grand Duke Mstislav Volodimirovich and his son Vsevolod of 1130". The initial formula of this charter "Se az" ... ("here I am") becomes from now on an obligatory element (props) of ancient Russian letters:

"Behold, the great prince Vsevolod gave me to Saint George (Yuryev Monastery) the Terpug churchyard of Lyakhovichi with land, and with people, and with horses, and forest, and boards, and traps for catching ..." (from "Diploma of the Grand Duke Vsevolod Mstislavovich Yuriev Monastery 1125-1137").

The letters end with a special formula, which indicates who witnessed the transaction and who signs the letter with his signature:

"Az Sava attached a seal to this given. And the rumor (witness) of this spiritual archpriest of the bright Archangel Fyodor Fomin. And my man Ignat Moseev wrote the given letter" (This letter from S.D. Syuzov to the Nizhny Novgorod Annunciation Monastery).

From the 15th century information about who wrote the text becomes the norm, and from the 17th-18th centuries. - Mandatory details of a business letter. State-mandatory language of the XV-XVII centuries. for all the lexical diversity, it is a more standardized, reference language than live colloquial speech. He introduces a number of command formulas into use, which become clichés and clericalisms. (take bail, this is given in that, give a confrontation, be in disgrace, put on trial, inflict reprisal etc.).

There were more and more documents. The extensive office work of pre-Petrine Russia required the development of unified approaches to the design and processing of documents. The process of unifying the language of documents, which began in Kievan Rus, was further developed.

And in the "General Regulations" of the Petrine Collegiums, an already complete system of documenting norms was given. "General Forms", i.e. forms of documents, provided for the norms of registration, etiquette norms for addressing the addressee with an indication of the rank, title, rank, uniform norms for naming and self-naming. The vocabulary of the business language is increasingly moving away from colloquial, lively speech, a huge number of foreign words penetrate into it. (province, act, run, appeal etc.) and terms.

In the 19th century, when the formation of a codified literary language was basically completed, its functional varieties - styles - began to actively form. Official correspondence documents were obtained in the 19th century. the widest distribution and quantitatively significantly surpassed other types of business texts. They were written on official forms, included a certain set of details.

The adoption in 1811 of the "General Establishment of Ministries" consolidates the process of unifying the language of business papers as a state form. The characteristic features of the clerical style are actively formed: the formal-logical organization of the text, the impersonal nature of the statement, syntactic bulkiness, the nominal nature of speech, morphological and lexical uniformity (the prevalence of nominative and genitive cases), standardization.

As a result of the reform of office work (rules for paperwork), the need arose to reform the clerical style, which began to be understood as a task of national importance.

In the XX century. unification of documents becomes irreversible. New rules for maintaining official documentation were developed: in 1918, a single form of business letter forms was introduced. In the 1920s, work began on the creation of new business writing standards, screen texts appeared.

A new era in the process of standardization was opened by machine processing and computerization of office work.

The choice and consolidation in practice of one language variant out of several possible ones is economically justified, dictated by the requirements of the increasingly complex economic and socio-political life of society, and technological progress. The use of stable formulas, accepted abbreviations, uniform arrangement of material, document design is typical for standard and template letters, questionnaires, tables, analogue texts, etc., allows you to encode information, assigning certain language means to a typical situation. For example, the need to take part in an exhibition of goods involves filling out an application made by the exhibition organization in a typographical way in the form of a questionnaire (see the sample on p. 41).

The so-called analogue texts, forms, forms, in which the stencil has the form of a formalized text, are subjected to special standardization.

“The form is a kind of ideal basis for business paper, in the completed form this is the standard to which it aspires and which it achieves. In the form, the rigidity of the form nullifies all the possibilities of several interpretations,” * rightly notes P.V. Veselov, one of the leading experts in the field of documentary linguistics.

* Veselov P.V. Modern business writing in industry. M., 1990. S. 25.

The standardization of the language of documents has developed special types of text organization: stencil (p. 41), questionnaire, table (p. 48).

The questionnaire is a folded text in the form of nominations of generic correspondence. The table is an even more capacious organization of the document: constant information is placed in the headings of the graph and sidebar (row headings), and the variable is in the cells of the table.

Thus, stenciling determines a high degree of informative capacity of the text due to the folding of the statement and the possibility of deciphering (including with the help of machine processing), expanding it into a complete structure.

The process of standardization and unification covers all levels of the language - vocabulary, morphology, syntax, text organization - and determines the originality and specificity of the official business style. Even well-known types of texts (narration, description, reasoning) are modified in a business style, turning into types of presentation of an affirmative-stating or prescriptive-stating nature. Hence syntactic monotony, lexical homogeneity of speech, high repetition of words.

Document typing allows you to model text of any kind according to the situation. At the same time, the constituent text operates with certain modules, standard blocks, which are clichéd parts of the text (in the texts of agreements, this is the representation of the parties, the subject of the agreement, the calculation procedure, the obligations and rights of the parties, the duration of the agreement).

Vnukovo Airport Open Joint Stock Company, hereinafter referred to as the Customer, represented by General Director V. V. Baranov, acting on the basis of the Charter, on the one hand, and Networks and Systems, referred to as but further, the Contractor, represented by Director M.V. Petrov, acting on the basis of the Charter, on the other hand, entered into an agreement between themselves on the following ...

A lease agreement is concluded between Closed Joint Stock Company Wholesale Market Samara, hereinafter referred to as the Lessor, and Ares LLP, hereinafter referred to as the Lessee.

All features of the official business style, its symbolic nature are due to the action of the dominant and the function of duty, which ensures the legal and social regulatory significance of business texts.

The economic necessity and the development of science and technology determine the ever-increasing unification and standardization of documents, on the one hand, and the trend towards simplification, purification from outdated clerical stamps and clichés of the language of business letters and, more broadly, business correspondence, on the other hand.

Undoubtedly, the official business style, like the Russian language as a whole, has undergone significant changes. Its formation is closely connected with the formation and development of the Russian state, primarily because the sphere of regulation of legal and economic relations has created a need to single out a special functional variety of the literary language.

The regulation of relations between people, institutions, countries required written certificates, acts, documents, in which the features of the official business style gradually crystallized:

a) a high degree of terminating vocabulary:

legal terms (owner, law, registration, property, acceptance of objects, transfer of objects, act, privatization, possession, lease, redemption, personal file etc.);

economic terms (subsidy, costs, purchase and sale, budget, expense, income, payment, estimate, budget items, budget expenditures etc.);

economic and legal terms (loan repayment, sequestration, property rights, product realization period, quality certificate etc.);

b) the nominal nature of speech, expressed in the high frequency of verbal nouns, which often denote an objectified action:

in the high frequency of denominative prepositions and prepositional combinations: in address, in relation to, by virtue of, in connection with, in accordance with, on account of, in the course of, for the purpose of, insofar as, along the line, at the address, after the expiration of, due to, if there is, with the assistance of, provided, in relation to , according to, according to, according to(what), etc.;

c) the development of actual clerical meanings associated with the transition of participles and the class of adjectives and pronouns:

the real rules are the rules

this agreement - this agreement(cf.: real dollar, real guy, real terror)

current rates - today's rates

appropriate measures - adequate measures

proper handling - careful handling

in the right way - in the right way

adequate compensation - adequate compensation

with inadequate quality - with poor quality

in the prescribed manner - in a legal manner;

d) standardization of lexical compatibility: the narrowing of the meaning of words explains the limitation of the lexical compatibility of words, the emergence of the so-called regulated compatibility:

Positions are constructive / non-constructive; activity - successful; necessity - imperative; discounts - significant; disagreements - significant / insignificant, etc.;

e) standardization of syntactic units (sentences, phrases), which are not compiled, but as a formula are reproduced in the text of a document that fixes the corresponding situation of social and legal relations:

in in the prescribed manner; in accordance with the agreement; in order to provide technical assistance; in case of non-fulfillment of debt obligations;

The agreement comes into force from the date of signing:

The rights of the tenant are determined by the current legislation;

Complaints are filed in the manner prescribed by law;

Shipment is made by motor transport;

f) the formal-logical principle of text organization, which is expressed in the division of the main topic into sub-themes considered in paragraphs and subparagraphs, into which the text is graphically divided and which are indicated by Arabic numerals:

1 . Subject of the contract

1.1. The Contractor assumes the responsibility for supplying the customer with central heating, water supply and sewage disposal.

1.2. The customer pays for the services provided in a timely manner;

g) lack of manifestation of an idiolect, lack of emotionality, a narrow range of speech expression.

T.G. Vinokur believes that in a business style "the speech action of one person has a quasi-individual language content"thanks to the attitude" to speak (write) like everyone else" out of necessity *;

* Vinokur T.G. The speaker and the listener. Variants of speech behavior. M., 1993. P.53.

h) the maximum degree of etiquette requirements, expressed in the abundance of etiquette signs, etiquette texts (congratulations, condolences, gratitude).

Functions are inherent in the official business style will, duty, represented in the texts by a wide range of imperativeness from the genres of orders, decrees, orders to requests, wishes, proposals expressed in petitions and business correspondence;

function fixing legal relations (agreement, contract);

function transmission of information (information letters, reports, certificates).

Business documents appeared in Russia after the introduction in the tenth century. writing. The first written documents recorded in the annals are the texts of treaties between the Russians and the Greeks in 907, 911, 944 and 971. In the XI century. the first set of laws of Kievan Rus "Russkaya Pravda" appears - an original monument of writing, which makes it possible to judge the development of the system of legal and socio-political terminology at that time. In the language of "Russkaya Pravda" it is already possible to distinguish the features of word usage and organization of speech, which are among the characteristic features of business style. This is a high terminology, the predominance of composition over subordination in complex sentences, the presence of complex structures with coordinating conjunctions "and", "yes", "same", as well as non-union chains. Of all the types of complex sentences, constructions with a conditional clause (with the union if - if) are most widely used:

In Russkaya Pravda, terms are already used that testify to the development of legal relations in Ancient Russia: head (murdered), golovnik (murderer), posluh (witness), vira (fine), mined (property), veno vopi koe (bride price ), kuna (money). Legal terms represent the most important lexical layer of the language of ancient documents.

After "Russkaya Pravda" the most ancient document is the "Charter of Grand Duke Mstislav Volodimirovich and his son Vsevolod of 1130". The initial formula of this letter "Se az" ... ("Here I am") becomes from that time an obligatory element (props) of ancient Russian letters: "Behold, the great prince Vsevolod gave me to St. with people, and with horses, and a forest, and boards, and traps on Lovat ... "(from" Letter of the Grand Duke Vsevolod Mstislavovich to the Yuriev Monastery 1125-1137 ").

Letters ended with a special formula, which indicates who was a witness to the transaction and who sealed the letter with his signature.

In the "General Regulations" of the Petrine Colleges, an already complete system of documenting norms was given. "General Forms", i.e. forms of documents, provided for the norms of registration, etiquette norms for addressing the addressee with an indication of the rank, title, rank, uniform norms for naming and self-naming. The vocabulary of the business language is increasingly moving away from colloquial, lively speech, a huge number of foreign words (province, act, ballot, appeal, etc.) and terms penetrate into it.

Since 1811, after the adoption of the "General Establishment of Ministries", the characteristic features of the clerical style have been actively formed: the formal-logical organization of the text, the impersonal nature of the statement, syntactic cumbersomeness, nominal character of speech, morphological and lexical monotony (the prevalence of nominative and genitive cases) , standardization. As a result of the reform of office work (rules for paperwork), the need arose to reform the clerical style, which began to be understood as a task of national importance.

In the XX century. unification of documents becomes irreversible. New rules for maintaining official documentation were developed: in 1918, a single form of business letter forms was introduced. In the 20s. 20th century work began on the creation of new business writing standards, screen texts appeared.

HISTORY OF OFFICIAL BUSINESS STYLE AND GENRE OF BUSINESS SPEECH

1. Characteristics of the official business style: history of formation, linguistic and extralinguistic features

In the field of science, office work and lawmaking, in the media and in politics, the language is used in different ways. Each of the listed spheres of public life has its own subtype of the Russian literary language, which has a number of distinctive features at all language levels - lexical, morphological, syntactic and textual. These features form a speech system in which each element is connected with others. This subtype of literary language is called functional style.

A document is a text that controls the actions of people and has legal significance. Hence the increased requirement for accuracy, which does not allow for other interpretations, imposed on the text of documents. Only a written speech, prepared and edited, can meet this requirement. In oral speech, it is almost impossible to achieve such a degree of accuracy due to its unpreparedness, spontaneity, and variability. In addition to the requirement of denotative accuracy (a denotation is an object or phenomenon of the reality around us, with which a given language unit is correlated), the language of documents is subject to the requirement of communicative accuracy - an adequate reflection of reality, reflection of the author's thought in a speech fragment (sentence, text).

In documents, therefore, clichéd standard phrases are used:

The agreement comes into force from the date of signing.

Pursuant to order no.

The detail of the presentation in the official business style is combined with the analytic expression of actions, processes in the form of a verbal noun:

1. State Emblem of the Russian Federation.

2. The emblem of the organization and enterprise.

3. Image of government awards.

4. Code of the enterprise, institution or organization according to the all-Russian classifier of enterprises and organizations (OKPO).

5. Code of the document form according to the all-Russian classifier of management documentation (OKUD).

6. Name of the ministry or department.

7. Name of the institution, organization or enterprise.

8. Name of the structural unit.

9. Post office index, postal and telegraph address, teletype, telephone, fax number, bank account number.

10. Name of the document type.

14. Place of compilation and publication.

15. Signature of restriction of access to the document.

16. Addressee.

17. Stamp of approval.

18. Resolution.

19. Title to the text.

20. Mark of control.

22. Mark about the presence of the application.

23. Signature.

24. Stamp of approval.

26. Print.

27. A mark on the certification of copies.

28. Surname of the performer and his phone number.

29. A note on the execution of the document and sending it to the case.

30. A mark on the transfer of data to a machine carrier.

31. Mark of admission.

The history of the formation of the official business style.

Official business style as a language of documents

The standardization of the language of documents has developed special types of text organization: stencil, questionnaire, table.

The questionnaire is a folded text in the form of nominations of generic correspondence.

A lease agreement is concluded between Closed Joint Stock Company Wholesale Market Samara, hereinafter referred to as the Lessor, and Ares LLP, hereinafter referred to as the Lessee.

Contract for the performance of work - Customer - Contractor (Contractor)

sale and purchase agreement - Seller - Buyer

· lease agreement - Landlord - Tenant.

Language of business correspondence

High degree of terminating vocabulary:

o legal terms (owner, law, registration, ownership, acceptance of objects, transfer of objects, act, privatization, fall, lease, redemption, personal file, etc.);

o economic terms (subsidy, costs, sale and purchase, budget, expense, income, payment, estimate, budget items, budget expenditures, etc.);

o economic and legal terms (loan repayment, sequestration, property rights, the period of sale of goods, quality certificate, etc.);

The nominal nature of speech, expressed in the high frequency of verbal nouns, which often denote an objectified action:

o loan repayment - pay off a loan

o resolving the issue - resolving the issue

o use credit - use credit

o shipment of goods - to ship goods

o deferred payment - defer payment

The development of actual clerical meanings associated with the transition of participles into the class of adjectives and pronouns:

o real rules

o this agreement

o current rates

o Appropriate measures

o proper handling

o with inadequate quality

o in due course

Standardization of lexical compatibility: the narrowing of the meaning of words explains the limitation of the lexical compatibility of words, the emergence of the so-called regulated compatibility:

o control is usually assigned

o deal - is concluded

o payment - made

o invoice - issued (or paid)

o price - set

o right - granted

o Positions are constructive / non-constructive; activity - successful; necessity - imperative; discounts - significant; disagreements - significant/insignificant, etc.;

o in the prescribed manner; in accordance with the agreement;

o in order to provide technical assistance; in case of non-fulfillment of debt obligations;

o The contract comes into force from the date of signing;

o Complaints are filed in the manner prescribed by law;

o Delivery is made by road transport;

o 1. Subject of the contract

o 1.1. The contractor assumes responsibility for supplying the customer with central heating and water supply.

o 1.2. The customer pays for the services provided in a timely manner;

lack of emotionality, a narrow range of speech expression;

The maximum degree of etiquette requirements, expressed in the abundance of etiquette signs, etiquette texts (congratulations, condolences, gratitude).

Functions of formal business style

2. The main genres of written business speech: linguistic and compositional characteristics

Vocabulary of the language of business documents

Grammar of the language of business documents

Syntax of the language of business documents

· Business letters

Types of business letters

1. Representation of the parties.

2. Subject of the contract.

3. Obligations of the parties.

4. Conditions and procedure for settlements.

5. Responsibility of the parties.

6. Duration of the contract.

7. Legal addresses and payment details of the parties.

8. In addition to the above, the following items are introduced into the text of the agreement, if necessary:

9. Controversial issues.

10. Cost of the contract.

11. Additional conditions (special conditions).

12. Responsibility of the parties (sanctions).

13. Settlement procedure (payments and settlements).

14. Force majeure circumstances (force majeure).

15. Guarantees of fulfillment of obligations (quality of goods).

16. Order of delivery and acceptance of works.

17. The procedure for resolving disputes (arbitration), etc.

You should pay attention to the fact that the title of the document contains the keyword "contract":

Supply contract

contract agreement

Rent contract

Service Agreement

Contract for the supply of electricity

The heading is thus a phrase with a noun in the prepositional case with the preposition "o" ("about") or a noun "contract" with the genitive case of the dependent word

Room lease contract.

Purchase and sale contract.

It is incorrect to use any other case form, for example:

Contract for the supply of electricity or

Contract of sale.

AGREEMENT No. 7

Limited Liability Partnership - the production enterprise "Master-93", hereinafter referred to as the "CONTRACTOR", represented by the director Mikhail Vasilyevich Ganyushev, acting on the basis of the charter, on the one hand, and BLOCK LLP, hereinafter referred to as the "CUSTOMER", in represented by Director Gerasimov Oleg Alekseevich, acting on the basis of the charter, on the other hand, have concluded this agreement as follows:

I. SUBJECT OF THE CONTRACT AND OTHER GENERAL CONDITIONS.

II OBLIGATIONS OF THE PARTIES

2.1. The customer undertakes:

make payment for the services of the Contractor in accordance with clause 3.1 of this agreement;

provide assistance to the Contractor in the fulfillment of his obligations.

III. AMOUNT OF AGREEMENT AND PROCEDURE OF PAYMENT

3.1. The total amount under this agreement is 34,000 (Thirty-four thousand) rubles.

3.2. Payment is made in advance or 100% within 5 days from the date of signing the contract.

IV. RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE PARTIES

4.2. In case of untimely fulfillment by the Contractor of his obligations, he pays the Customer a penalty in the amount of 0.2% of the contract amount for each day of delay.

V. TERM OF THE CONTRACT

This agreement comes into force from the moment of signing by the parties and is valid until the parties fulfill their obligations.

VI. ADDITIONAL TERMS AND FINAL PROVISIONS

All other conditions not stipulated by the contract are governed by the current legislation.

1. The Agreement is made in two copies, one of which is with the Contractor, the second - with the Customer.

2. Legal addresses and payment details of the parties:

Vocabulary of the language of business documents

1. High degree of termination. A characteristic feature of the Russian language of documents is, as already mentioned, a high degree of termination, and a huge layer adjoins the terms:

Nomenclature vocabulary:

o nomenclature of names: AOOT "Olimp"

o nomenclature of positions: sales manager, advertising manager,

o CEO, commercial director;

o nomenclature of goods: ZIL-130, gasoline A-76, etc.;

technical terms. In addition to legal, economic and legal-economic terms, a fairly large number of technical terms are used in the language of business papers:

o energy carriers, mineral resource base, auxiliary equipment,

o abbreviations:

o ACS - automatic control system;

o AIS - automatic information system;

o Efficiency - efficiency factor;

o NRB - radiation safety standards.

abbreviations. In addition to terms, the names of well-known legal acts are abbreviated:

o CC - Civil Code;

o CC - Criminal Code.

o Nomenclature signs of the most diverse properties are being reduced; representing the names of organizations:

o IMF - International Monetary Fund;

o CBR - the Central Bank of Russia;

o indicating the form of ownership of the enterprise and included as a classifier in the names of enterprises:

o 000 - limited liability company;

o OJSC - open joint stock company;

o PE - private enterprise;

o MP - municipal enterprise;

o JV - joint venture.

o The range of positions is being reduced:

o IO - acting.

2. High frequency. The homogeneity of the stylistic coloring of the vocabulary of business written speech is also achieved due to the high frequency of the so-called procedural vocabulary (this is vocabulary with a generalized meaning), which represents a specific action, object or feature in the official legal interpretation in the text of the document:

violation of labor discipline (it can be late, absenteeism, appearing at work in a state of intoxication, etc.),

disruption of the delivery schedule (delay in transit, untimely shipment of goods, etc.),

bear responsibility (subject to fines, pecuniary penalties, criminal prosecution, etc. in case of violation)

The presentation procedure is connected not only with the preference for generalized semantics, but also with the preference for generic lexemes over species ones:

· production - books, booklets, boards, nails;

premises - room, apartment, hall;

building - barn, house, stall, etc.,

with an inclination towards dissected concepts of both actions and objects:

make a calculation - calculate

trade process - trade

cash - money

Terms and procedural vocabulary make up the basic, style-forming vocabulary of the language of documents, which in certain genres makes up from 50 to 70% of all word usage.

The most important feature of procedural vocabulary is that the words are used in the text in one possible meaning. The unambiguity of contextual use is due to the subject of the document:

The parties undertake to provide mutual barter supplies...

With all the ambiguity, the word "parties" is read only in the legal aspect - "legal entities concluding a contract."

Grammar of the language of business documents

The grammatical norms of business style, representing the language of documents, include the unification of the grammatical structure of a phrase, word form. The selected option is assigned as a reference for each compositional part of the text. For example, in the text of the order, each item begins with the addressee in the dative hope - "to whom?", And then "what to do?":

1. Head of the technical department Volkov M.Yu. organize the work of the department on Saturdays from 01/10/96 to 02/10/96

2. Chap. accountant Slavin O.G. prepare an offer for overtime pay.

At the same time, it is especially important to take into account the attachment of derivative prepositions to a certain case form. As a rule, they are used either with the genitive or with dative case. The most widespread mistake in all types of documents is the use of the preposition "according to" with the genitive instead of the dative.

Based on (what?) the existing need, in conclusion (what?) of the report, in accordance with (with what?) the decision made earlier, according to (what?) the decision made earlier, including (what?) accruals (penalties) for outstanding debt, henceforth (until what?) until further notice, and similar clericalisms, which are cliched phrases, are assigned to one grammatical case form. Along with clerical phraseological units (take into account, take into account, put to a vote, take measures, bring to the attention, etc.), such phrases create a rigid text frame, manifested in the interdependence of text parts and sentence fragments.

So, in a cliched sentence, the Treaty comes into force from the date of signing, it is difficult to single out the predicate and the secondary members of the sentence - the words are so merged into a single semantic whole. In fact, it is impossible to write "The Treaty comes into force" and put an end to it, thus we break the predicate "comes into force". "The contract comes into force" - from a legal and linguistic point of view, it is also an unfinished sentence: it is imperative to indicate from what moment. So it turns out that the sentence in the language of documents becomes indecomposable, easily reproduced in a certain situation, a sign of the situation. There are few such sentences in the text of the document, but their constructive, text-forming role is great. This is indicated by the fact that, as a rule, they begin and end the text of an agreement, order, order, and other types of documents.

Business Document Language Syntax

1. Business writing is dominated by simple sentences. A feature of their functioning in the language of business papers is that they often convey information in documents that is equal in volume to the information transmitted using a complex sentence. By what means is this achieved? Of course, due to the greater length and semantic capacity of the sentence. Separate phrases can convey the same information as subordinate clauses.

By mutual agreement, it is possible to change the terms of the contract, which are an integral part of this contract = if mutual agreement is reached ...

If the tax is not paid before the specified deadline, the payer is deprived of the right to re-nominate his candidacy for a loan. = If taxes are not paid by the due date...

As you can see from the examples, the phrase easily replaces the sentence, becoming the nomination of the event. At the same time, such phrases do not just condense information, occupying a smaller volume than a sentence, they create a rigid structure of the statement, in which one component is dependent on the other.

If payment is delayed...

To make a decision...

In order to make a decision as soon as possible

They motivate the action, being an indecomposable and necessary component of the utterance.

2. A sentence in business writing is often complicated by homogeneous members, participles and participle turns. Thus, it grows (especially in orders, resolutions, orders) to a paragraph, sometimes to a page, i.e. up to several hundred words. There are genres in which the text is equal to the sentence (memo, telegram, order, resolution). The table is also a sentence of a special structure: the subject is constant information located in the sides, and the predicate is variable information located in vertical columns, which must be taken into account when translating written speech into oral.

3. The word order of a sentence in an official business style is distinguished by its rigor and conservatism. The so-called direct word order, characteristic of the structure of the Russian sentence, consists in the precedence of the subject in relation to the predicate (the goods are sold ...); definitions - in relation to the defined word (credit relations); control word - in relation to the controlled addition and circumstance (fix prices, allocate a loan, send to the ministry). Each member of the sentence has its usual, peculiar place, determined by the structure and type of the sentence, the way this member of the sentence is syntactically expressed, the place among other words that are directly related to it. For example, inconsistent definition, expressed by a noun in the indirect case, must come after the word being defined. The language of business writing is characterized by chains of genitive cases: the order of the Head of the city administration.

In impersonal sentences and passive constructions, the first position instead of the subject is usually occupied by a secondary member of the sentence.

The Commission establishes liability and the amount of compensation for the damage caused.

4. The formal-logical type of text organization is manifested in the headings of a simple sentence, i.e. in dividing the text into its component parts graphically. As a rule, homogeneous members of a sentence are broken down by rubrication, often they are complicated by participial and participial constructions, subordinate clauses, introductory words:

The Intermediary promptly warns the Customer:

about the unsuitability or poor quality of the goods received from the Customer;

that compliance with the instructions of the Customer in the process of performing work stipulated by the contract will lead to damage to the goods;

about the presence of other circumstances beyond the control of the Intermediary that threaten the deterioration of the quality of the goods or the impossibility of fulfilling the terms of this agreement.

Depending on the complexity of the division, one-, two- or three-digit designation of the item, sub-item is selected. The subheadings of the paragraphs give business texts an emphatically logical, analytical character (which is typical for the textual organization of contracts, treaties, agreements).

5. As logical text clips in the text of the document are introductory words: therefore, thus, in addition, on the one hand, on the other hand. Demonstrative pronouns and participles act as a means of communication in the texts of documents, which replace nomenclature names, terms in the text:

indicated, given, next, given, present, last, etc.

The contractor is obliged to start work no later than three days after payment is transferred. The specified period is necessary for the purchase of materials for this order.

In the texts of contracts (agreements), the same function is performed by the role designations of counterparties (Customer - Contractor, Customer - Contractor, Lessee - Lessor, Buyer - Seller, Supplier - Buyer, etc.), replacing the detailed nominations of legal entities.

6. The text is united by the logic of the theme development, which is divided into micro-themes, each of which is considered independently. In this case, the use of parallel syntactic constructions is inevitable.

Contract

· 1. The Subject of the Agreement

· 1.1. The Supplier undertakes...

· 1.2. The buyer undertakes...

2. Liability of the parties

· 2.1. In case of failure...

· 2.2. In the event of a breach of the contract...

· 2.3. For late payment...

· 2.4. For breach of duty...

7. The peculiarity of the text organization of decrees, orders, resolutions is that this text is one detailed sentence of a directive nature with infinitive constructions as homogeneous members. Stringing these designs creates an open row. Openness for additions creates the originality of the text organization of the ODS:

Decree

To prepare proposals for the implementation of urgent economic problems of the prospective and current development of the city, I decide:

2. Create a financial and economic council under the Head of the city.

3. To approve the Regulations on the Financial and Economic Council under the Head of the city.

The text organization of business letters, memos is more free, less canonical, however, regulated letters are closer in standardization to the texts of the ORD.

Despite the originality, all the genres of business writing discussed above are united by a high degree of standardization, which covers all levels of the language - vocabulary, morphology, syntax and text level. As a result, a certain type of language is formed, which is distinguished by conservatism, isolation, and impenetrability for intrusions of other styles, for the manifestation of the author's individual style. The impersonality of the presentation is expressed in the rejection of interpretations, evaluation of events, emotional reactions.

8. Business speech has accumulated a huge amount of speech formulas, patterns, idioms, proven by many years of practice, the knowledge of which helps to create new business texts. The formula "typical situation - standardized speech manner" stipulates the use of standard means and helps to ensure that degree of accuracy that distinguishes a document from any other paper. Standardization makes it easier to perceive and process the information contained in a document. Thus, the official business style and the genres by which it is presented in business communication have a number of characteristic features, which assume a sufficiently high level of linguistic preparation of the compiler of the document.

· The compiler of the document must know:

o the dominant and main features of the official business style (i.e. the requirements for the language of the document);

o an arsenal of stable formulas and rules for their use in a particular genre of business writing;

o characteristics of genres and their attachment to a particular situation of business communication.

The writer of the document must be able to:

o adequately use speech means in the text, subject to language norms;

o competently draft a document and (or) edit it

Business letters

Official correspondence of various types, which is sent on behalf of one organization, institution of another organization, institution, although it may be addressed to one official and signed by one official, is business correspondence.

A business letter is a special type of document, less strictly regulated than a contract or resolution, but having legal significance. Business correspondence is registered and stored in both organizations as outgoing and incoming documentation. Business letters are classified according to various criteria.

1. On a functional basis, business letters are divided into:

Requiring a mandatory response letter

and not requiring it.

2. By type, business letters can be built as:

initiative commercial letters (letter of inquiry, letter of offer, letter of complaint)

a letter of request

· invitation letter

confirmation letter

letter of notice

reminder letter

letter of warning

letter-declaration (statement)

a letter of command

a rejection letter

· transmittal letter

· letter of guarantee

· information mail

3. On the basis of the addressee, business letters are divided into:

ordinary, that is, letters that are sent to one address;

· circular - letters that are sent from one source to several addresses, as a rule, subordinate authorities (organizations).

4. According to the form of departure, it is possible to distinguish, along with the traditional postal item:

· email,

facsimile communication

teletype and telegraph communications.

At the same time, electronic and facsimile communications are used to resolve operational issues.

5. By structural features, business letters are divided into regulated and non-regulated.

· Regulated letters are drawn up according to a certain pattern (this applies not only to standard aspects of the content, but also to the paper format, composition of details, etc.). A regulated letter decides typical questions regular economic and legal situations and is implemented in the form of standard texts or texts composed of standard syntactic constructions.

Such standard constructions include statements indicating:

o the reason for contacting:

o Due to non-receipt of an invoice...

o Due to the delay in receiving the shipment...

o Referring to your request from...

o According to the protocol on mutual deliveries...

o on target:

o In order to resolve the issue as soon as possible...

o In response to your request...

Regulated letters have a clear structure, as a rule, consisting of two parts: in the first, introductory part, the reasons are stated, the goals of the sender are indicated and links are provided on the basis of which statements are made, speech actions are carried out, representing the second, main part of the letter:

Please send product samples and price list...

Please consider our offer...

· Unregulated letters are the author's text, which is realized in the form of a formal-logical or etiquette text. It, as a rule, includes narrative elements (history of the issue), an etiquette frame and an obligatory element of a business letter - a speech action:

o etiquette rituals: thank you, express hope, wish you success, apologize, etc.;

o messages: inform, inform you, notify, notify, etc.;

o confirmation: confirm;

o statements: declare, declare;

o requirements, requests: I order, I decide, I insist, I ask, we turn to you with a request;

o promises: we guarantee, we assure, we undertake;

o reminders: remind;

o offers: offer

As can be seen from the examples, these performative verbs are used mainly in the form of the 1st person singular and plural, less often in the form of the 3rd person singular.

Unlike regulated business letters, non-regulated business letters do not have a rigid text structure, they use standard phrases less often.

However, it would be wrong to believe that the language of ad hoc letters does not contain elements of standardization at all. Standard phrases (terms, nomenclature characters *, fixed expressions) are also used in ad hoc letters. These include letters of instruction, letters of explanation, recommendations, letters of presentation, letters of announcement, proposal-representation, etc.

Advertising is an organic and integral part of commercial relations, therefore it is adjacent to business proposals, highlights the stages of formation and activities of a company, organization, institution. The types of promotional business letters listed above (letters-presentations, letters-advertisements, proposals-representations) combine elements business message and advertising, being today mass types of business correspondence. A feature of the language of this type of correspondence is a combination of business and journalistic styles: locale, template on the one hand, and expression on the other.

In general, the language of non-regulated letters differs from the language of regulated letters by the inclusion of a significant layer of general literary vocabulary, greater variability in the syntactic constructions of the statement, i.e. greater freedom in the implementation of the plan. common features language of regulated and non-regulated business correspondence are the formality of communication, the trend towards the standardization of speech means. The desire to create a favorable background for communication determines the universality of the use of etiquette means. Business letter etiquette is not only etiquette formulas. It starts with addressing and includes the entire content aspect of writing.

In conclusion, it should be noted that business correspondence today is more personal and dynamic than it was ten or fifteen years ago. Therefore, mastering this genre of business writing is one of the priority professional skills of a manager. The ability to clearly state the essence of the issue, the state of affairs, unambiguously formulate a proposal, request, demand, convincingly substantiate one's conclusions does not come by itself. The art of writing business letters requires practice and knowledge of the arsenal of speech tools accumulated over a millennium in the language of business writing.

Types of business letters

A reminder letter is sent when it is not possible to obtain the necessary answer or achieve acceptance through negotiations or personal contact. the right solution. A reminder letter, as a rule, consists of two logical elements: 1) a reminder of the need to respond to a request; 2) reminders of the implementation of the decisions made, agreements and indications of measures to be taken in case of their non-fulfillment.

The mark "secondary" placed on the margin of the letter indicates that this is a reminder.

Petition ADMINISTRATION OF THE CITY OF KALUGA RUSSIA, 243010, Kaluga, st. Kuibysheva, 135 tel.: (346 2) 322 068 fax: (146 2) 332 635
11/17/99 No. 03-358 No. _______	Samara, Volzhsky prospect, 19 Chairman of the liquidation Commission "Prima-bank" TULIN P.B.
Dear Pavel Borisovich!
I ask you to assist in obtaining a cash contribution in the amount of 2 million rubles. pensioner, widow of a participant in the Great Patriotic War. Abramova Lydia Alekseevna, residing at the address: Kaluga, st. Soviet army, 39-23. Dependent on citizen Abramova L.A. there is an elderly mother at the age of 87, Abramova L.A. is a disabled child. Abramova LA family. really needs help.
First Deputy Head of the City Administration	S.N. Sidorenko

Information mail. Information letters include letters of notification, letters of communication, letters of application, advertising and information letters, for example:

the Russian Federation

Moscow City Administration

HEADQUARTERS

EDUCATION

117103, Moscow, Sadovaya-Yamskaya st., 41

Phone 132-11-07

to CEO

joint-stock company

"Production Association

"School book"

Burakov V.V.

entry No. 3 dated 8.08.99

Copy: To the head of the committee

in Economics and Finance

Gorbunov A.V.

Dear Vyacheslav Viktorovich!

I inform you that as of August 1, 1999, out of the 800 million credit (Order of the Head of the Administration of the City of Moscow No. 722 dated December 30, 1998), you returned 321,541 (three hundred and twenty-one thousand, five hundred and forty-one) rubles. Of these, 231,019 (two hundred thirty-one thousand nineteen) rubles were shipped literature to the Main Department of Education:

1. Primers according to the Zankov system

2. Abstracts

3. Informative-methodical collection No. 21

4. -- \\ -- № 22

5. -- \\ -- № 23

6. Address folders

7. Method. economics manual

Are in work:

1. Lessons of self-determination. Method, manual

2. Fundamentals of physical education of an average student

3. Fundamentals of physical education of an older student

15,500 copies217,000 rubles

1000 copies1 170 rubles

3000 copies1 197 rubles.

3000 copies1 936 rub.

2000 copies1 068 rub.

60 copies 819 rubles

5000 copies 7 827 rubles

2000 copies5 762 rub.

10,000 copies41,878 rubles.

10000 copies42 881 rub.

For the total amount of 90,522 (ninety thousand five hundred and twenty two) rubles.

I also inform you that in your production department there are 2 copies of manuscripts submitted on May 15 and June 1 of this year, work on which has not yet begun:

1. Monuments of wooden architecture.

2. Fundamentals of marketing.

I suggest that you set a date, time and place for a meeting to agree on the ways and terms of repayment of the remaining loan in the amount of 478,458 (four hundred and seventy-eight thousand, four hundred and fifty-eight) rubles.

And about. chief

Main Department of Education

Administration of Moscow

V.A. Poddubnaya

Invitation letter. Invitation letters are one of the most popular types of business postal items. The need for business contacts determines the addressing of invitations to one or several persons on behalf of legal entity or a specific addressee (individual) representing a particular organization. If it is necessary to invite a large number of people, stencil texts with spaces for the surname, name and patronymic are used. The fax communication system today facilitates the task of distributing correspondence.

All-Russian

research

institute of mechanical engineering

Phone: ...

Chief Engineer

plant "Progress"

cand. tech. Sciences Aristov A.V.

Invitation

Dear Alexander Vasilyevich!

April 16, 2000 at 12 o'clock in the conference hall of our Institute will discuss the project of a new configuration of cars VAZ-10.

Considering your great contribution to the development of technical progress in industry, I am sending you a draft and asking you to take part in its discussion.

If you are unable to participate in the discussion, please send your comments and suggestions to: ...

Chairman of the Academic Council of the Institute

Secretary of the Academic Council

P. N. Sergeev

A. D. Sukhov

Thank you letter. Thanksgiving letters more and more actively enter the practice of business communication. The widespread use of this genre in Western European management is determined not only by the standard of behavior of a manager, but also by the principle of optimizing business relations between partners. Thanks for the offer, for the timely response, for participation in the event, for the quality work done.

	Mr. P. Kut Vice President of IAMTI
Dear Mr Kutu!
Thank you for participating in the presentation of the Master and Business Plans for Sheremetyevo International Airport II. This event was the next step in the reconstruction of the airport. We are confident that, with the support of the Moscow City Government and stakeholders, we will be able to lead the modernization of the Russian airport system by providing high-quality service on a commercial basis, while adhering to environmental requirements and in line with international standards. I hope that our further cooperation will be mutually beneficial.
Sincerely,	V.F. Bobrov

Letters of guarantee are drawn up to confirm certain promises or conditions for the implementation of the transaction. Payment for the work performed, the timing of its implementation, the quality of the work performed, the quality of the goods, the timing of its delivery, payment for the products received, etc. can be guaranteed. These aspects can make up the content of the whole letter or enter the text of the letter as part of it.

Transmittal letter. A cover letter is drawn up to inform the addressee about the direction of any documents, material values, for example, about sending contracts, specifications, catalogs, samples of goods, cargo. Cover letters perform an important function of controlling the passage of documents and cargoes, while at the same time performing the function of a label.

	General Director Mosdortrans Mr. Tazov A.F.
Dear Alexander Fedorovich,
We are sending you an agreement drawn up on our part for the use of access road No. 216d/97. We ask you to review, sign, seal 1 copy of the agreement and protocols of disagreements to it, if any, return to our address within the time period prescribed by law. In case of disagreement with the clauses of the contract, a representative of your organization can resolve disputed issues in the commercial services department of OJSC " international Airport Samara". We look forward to a good and mutually beneficial relationship.
Application: 5 sheet.
Sincerely, Head of Department commercial services Tel. commercial services department: 227-48-17; 226-18-18	L.N. Kamysheva

A letter of inquiry is a commercial document, which is an appeal by a person wishing to conclude a deal (buyer to seller, importer to exporter) with a request to give detailed information about the goods and send an offer for the supply of goods (the seller's request to the buyer).

Commercial request
443022 Software "Ekran" Samara, Kirov Ave. 24 03.03.99 No. 50-279/56 1	JSC "Kelmeks"
About Request for Quotation for Spare Parts Please send us an offer in 3 copies for the supply of spare parts in accordance with the attached specification. In the proposal, please indicate the full name, type, specifications, material (where applicable), price and weight for each item of the specification, as well as possible terms and total volume of delivery in cubic meters. Please also indicate separately the cost of packaging and transportation. Please, if possible, provide a more precise date for sending your proposal to our address. In the event that for some reason you are unable to develop an offer, we will be grateful for your notification of this as soon as possible by return mail. When answering, please refer to our number. Thanks in advance.
Commercial Director	L. N. Shishakov

A commercial offer (offer) is a statement by the seller, exporter about the desire to conclude a deal, indicating its specific conditions. An offer to conclude a transaction may be sent in response to the request of the buyer on the basis of a firm agreement or on an initiative basis. The offer usually specifies the name and quantity of goods, services, terms of payment and other terms of the transaction. An offer of this type is similar to the text of a sales contract, has legal force and is subject to mandatory consideration. The offer can be firm and free. If the offer is made to only one buyer and the period is indicated, during which the seller considers himself bound by the terms of the offer, it is considered firm. If there is no validity period for the offer, or it is sent to several addresses, it is considered free.

Response to the offer (acceptance). In the letter of response to the offer, if the conditions of the offer are accepted, the addressee confirms its acceptance, and then the transaction is considered concluded. Acceptance of an offer is the issuance of an order or the conclusion of a contract. positive response to offer is called the acceptor, and the person accepting the offer is called the acceptor. If a positive answer does not exclude objections on individual points, correspondence is started between the counterparties.

Complaint. Reclamation is a commercial document that represents a claim against a party that has violated its obligations, and a claim for damages. Claims may be filed in relation to the quality of goods, delivery time, packaging, labeling, payment and other terms of the contract. A necessary component of a complaint is the grounds for making claims, argumentation, evidence, specific requirements from the side making the claim. Complaints are often accompanied by acts of examination, acceptance of goods.

	Director of OAO "Bumlestorg" Feklistov O.A.
About the delay in the delivery of goods
Oleg Alekseevich!
Under contract No. 24 dated September 17, 1999, your company was supposed to deliver the goods no later than October 1, 1999. However, in violation of clause 4.1 of the contract, the goods were delivered 22 days late. On the basis of clause 5.4 of the contract, our company charges you a penalty in the amount of ... rubles. Please transfer the specified amount within 5 banking days to our settlement account No. ... in Inkombank. In case of non-payment of this amount within the proposed period, we will be forced to apply to arbitration. Attachment: Certificate of acceptance of goods dated 23.09.99
Director of the firm...

Service telegram. As you know, a service telegram as official document used to convey emergency information. A telegram often has the status of a document: a telegram with certified facts, a telegram with a certified signature, a photo telegram, a power of attorney telegram, a telegram on a special form (text-cliché). Among other text messages, the telegram is distinguished by its peculiar language and composition, which are called "telegraphic style". This style has developed under the influence of two factors. The first factor is the high cost of telegraph communication, which determines the extreme laconism of the text: the telegraph uses the concept of "tariff word", which does not necessarily coincide with the grammatical word. For example, the preposition "in relation to" is defined by linguists as one word, and the telegraph charges three word units in this case. The desire for conciseness leads to the exclusion from the text of all elements without which information can be understood. Unions, prepositions, pronouns are omitted, adjectives, adverbs are rarely used. Verb forms are truncated whenever possible. Information about the quantity and dates is accepted on the telegraph in digital, and not in literal terms. Only one-word numerals are transmitted by letters. In the syntax of the telegram language, there are no complex sentences, participles, participles and other isolated turns, introductory structures. Information is conveyed in simple sentences, which are often incomplete or truncated statements.

All this requires a special skill in compiling and processing telegraph texts, since they often give the impression of an incoherent statement to an unprepared reader:

Eliminate the consequences of the earthquake to ship no later than June 10 Dlsambulskaya region 22 vehicles MMZ-555 fund agriculture Kazakh second quarter six pieces third quarter sixteen

The second factor - which formed the telegraph style - should contain accessible, understandable information for the addressee. It is obvious that both of these factors are poorly combined, which requires flexibility and a sense of proportion in reducing the usual text from the compiler of the text of the telegram. In this case, it is necessary to take into account: 1) the degree of awareness of the addressee about the reported; 2) certain transformational rules: use nominative case instead of indirect ones to indicate the place and time (Dzhambul region, second quarter), replacing verbs with verbal nouns (fulfillment, liquidation, acceptance, shipment, etc.), for example.