The city as a habitat for small mammals

The first cities appeared on our planet about 5 thousand years ago. Growing up, they absorbed more and more new areas of the surrounding territory, along with the species of animals and plants that lived there. Some of them could not adapt to the new conditions, but there were those who managed to survive. And some even liked the new conditions. So, gradually, the formation of flora and fauna of the urban environment took place, which is now commonly called urbanized (from lat. urbanus- city).

Like an ecological system urbocenosis has a very complex structure. In it, one can distinguish the built-up part (houses, roads, communications, etc.) and undeveloped areas, on which the remains of more or less altered natural communities have survived or artificial plantations have been created. The suitability of such undeveloped areas for the life of various animals and plants is determined by the size of the territory, its surroundings, the degree of anthropogenic load, the duration of existence within the city, isolation from other habitats, etc.

Consider the features of such sites that are most significant for small mammals living in the city. Why exactly them? The fact is that this group may well be considered as bioindicator organisms , the number and species composition of which makes it possible to assess the state of the urban environment without the use of expensive devices and labor-intensive examinations. Small mammals - insectivores and rodents * - are very convenient for environmental research. They are quite numerous and very sensitive to environmental changes. In addition, they are physiologically closer to humans than, for example, amphibians or birds, i.e. more similarly react to dust and chemical pollution, noise, vibration and other adverse factors.

The most famous rodents - "townspeople" of the middle latitudes of our hemisphere - gray ( Rattus norvegicus) and (in some, especially port cities) black ( Rattus rattus) rats and house mouse ( Mus musculus). These are the so-called species sinanthropus (from the Greek. syn - side by side, together; antropos - man), who have adapted to live next to a man and have completely mastered the habitat created by him (man) for himself.

Another group - animals hemisinanthropes (from the Greek. hemy - semi), those that can successfully inhabit both natural habitats and in close proximity to humans. Of these species in our cities, field ( Apodemus agrarius), forest ( A.sylvaticus) and small forest ( A.uralensis) mice. Often found in cities and Eastern European ( Microtus rossiaemeridionalis) and ordinary ( Microtus arvalis) gray voles, squirrel ( Sciurus vulgaris), and among insectivores - the small shrew ( Crocidura suaveolens).

But the yellow-throated mouse ( Apodemus flavicollis), baby mouse ( Micromys minutus), red ( Clertrionomys glariolus) and plowed ( Microtus agrestis) vole and root vole ( M.oeconomus) you rarely meet in cities. The common hamster ( Cricetus cricetus), water vole ( Arvicola terrestris), mole ( Talpa europea). Kutora ( Neomys fodiens), the pygmy shrew ( Sorex minutus), muskrat ( Ondatra zibetica) and wood mouse ( Sicista betulina). All these animals generally avoid the proximity of humans, for which they received the name exoanthropes (from the Greek. exo- outside). They need relatively pristine, natural biotopes to live.

It is on the division of small mammals of the city into these three groups that the assessment of the state of the environment is based. If in some area rodents and insectivores are not found at all, or they are represented exclusively by synanthropes - rats and house mice - this indicates the extreme disadvantage of the biotope. If the undeveloped territory is dominated by hemisinanthropic animals, this place can be characterized as a biotope experiencing a rather significant anthropogenic load, but functioning normally in an urban environment. In the case of the presence of exoanthropic species on the territory, it can be argued that this biotope has practically retained the features inherent in a natural ecosystem.

An important indicator of the ecological well-being of any biotope is the variety of animal species living here. The lower it is, the more deplorable the ecosystem is.

We, a group of researchers from the Institute of Ecology and Evolution of the Russian Academy of Sciences, have been studying the species composition and number of small mammals in Moscow for a number of years. Ultimately, we identified 15 types of urban biotopes suitable for rodents and insectivores. They are listed in the table. As can be seen from the figures given in this table, city lawns, boulevards, squares and degrading parks are the least attractive for animals. The poorest species composition and the lowest number are observed here, synanthropic rodents prevail.

Regular parks, yards of fruit and vegetable bases, cemeteries, agrocenoses (greenhouse vegetables and flower farms), meadows, right-of-way along railways and orchards can be considered more suitable for small mammals.

And, finally, the best ecological areas of the urban landscape are forest parks and landscape parks, dense thickets of weeds and river banks.

Let us consider the characteristics of these biotopes important for the ecological health of the city in more detail.

Parks are a broad concept that includes a wide range of diverse natural and artificial tree and shrub biotopes. Parks in general perform a very important function in the conservation of the biodiversity of flora and fauna of cities. Many ecologists call them "green refugia" (from lat. refugium- refuge) urbanized areas.

Regular parks- as a rule, artificially created, consisting of geometrically correct lawns, flower beds, flower beds, flat paths, park furniture. They are often decorated with ponds and fountains. In addition to herbaceous plants, ornamental shrubs and some types of trees are usually planted in such parks. Landscape parks larger and more similar to natural biotopes. Most often they represent the remains of forests that have entered the city limits. Often, artificial plantings, lawns and water bodies in these parks almost completely imitate the natural environment and obey the terrain. Forest parks- rather vast territories covered with natural tree and shrub vegetation. Previously, these were ordinary forests, but after joining the city, of course, certain changes took place in them. Nevertheless, this type of biotope most closely matches the concept of “natural forest ecosystem”.

To category degrading in principle, any of the listed parks can enter if they constantly experience excessive anthropogenic pressure. First, on the trampled compacted soil, the grass cover disappears, then trees and shrubs begin to dry out (only the most resistant to anthropogenic impacts of the breed survive - different types poplars, caragana, or yellow acacia, and some others). Naturally, the fastest such changes can occur with regular parks due to their relatively small size and the specificity of the vegetation cover - ornamental plants are more sensitive to trampling and need constant care.

Rivers are of no less importance for the ecological well-being of cities. Their shores, overgrown with a variety of vegetation, make a great contribution to the enrichment of the diversity of urban fauna. This type of biotope is often figuratively referred to as "green corridors" as they provide communication natural areas surrounding the city, and biotopes inside it. Thus, preserving and improving the state of green areas of cities, Special attention should be given to parks and river banks.

The problems of urban ecology (urban ecology) are of concern to millions of people today. In our country, much attention is paid to this issue, which, for example, is evidenced by the number of conferences held recently: "Ecological problems of ecopolis" (1999), "Animals in the city" (2000 and 2002), "Problems of urban fauna "(2001). It is hoped that such close attention will have a positive effect on the preservation of an ecologically healthy environment, which is our common home with everyone living and growing near us.

Of these, the most common are the gray rat (pasyuk), house mouse, cat and dog.
Gray rats live mainly in basements and lower floors of buildings, as well as in landfills, where more garbage and food waste accumulate.
Rats are distinguished by intelligence, quick wit, and easily adapt to changing environmental conditions. They bring great harm to humans: they eat and spoil food, carry dangerous infections (tularemia, leptospirosis, trichinosis, rabies, plague, etc.), damage structures, underground cables and communications. According to American scientists, almost 20% of fires in cities are caused by short circuits in electrical wiring, which suit rats. Hordes of rats around the world are destroying enough food to feed nearly 0.15 billion people.
However, at the end of measures aimed at the destruction of rats, other environmental problems arise. So, after the rats, ticks that lived on them remain, which gradually move to people and other animals, striking their health. The ecological niche vacated by rats is quickly filled with house mice.
Unlike rats, mice master all floors, even the upper ones. They especially prefer the lower and upper floors, where there are more opportunities for nesting (basements, attics). According to the observations of experts, most often mice appear in buildings that have technical violations.
The invasion of mice into urban settlements mainly occurs in the fall, after the onset of cold weather. As for rats, their relocation is often facilitated by carrying out repair work in their original habitats (for example, in areas of underground communications) or the elimination of landfills.
Man's fight against these rodents is going on with varying success. They counteract their efforts to survive either by their increased reproduction rate (mice) or by their amazing adaptability to stressful situations. So, rats learned to bypass many traps and even developed immunity to some poisons. Many scientists believe that these animals, before death, manage to transmit a danger signal to their relatives, and they avoid the appropriate place. Those drugs that, without destroying animals, suppress their ability to reproduce or lead to an increase in the proportion of males in the litter, are very effective.
Thanks to a highly developed higher nervous system, some predatory mammals, such as the black polecat, weasel and even the common fox, adapt well to life in the city. During the day they hide in burrows, and at night they forage for themselves, catching small rodents or visiting landfills, containers with food waste, etc.
Among the mammals living in the city, there are insectivores and bats. The first group includes common hedgehogs, moles, shrews and shrews. Bats are represented mainly bats... The latter settle in shelters with a suitable microclimate (stone buildings with an iron roof and wooden beams) and feel comfortable in the presence of a high number and variety of nocturnal flying insects.
Of particular concern to humans from among the representatives of the urban fauna are stray animals, mainly dogs and cats. They are dangerous for humans: they worsen the sanitary and epidemiological situation, since they are capable of transmitting certain diseases (rabies, leptospirosis, helminthiasis, etc.); often attack people. Often stray dogs form packs that pose a threat not only to humans, but also to domestic animals.
In view of the above, the number of feral animals should be regulated. However, methods such as trapping them with subsequent killing (euthanasia) should be eradicated due to their cruelty and moral damage that they cause to the human psyche, especially the child. Moreover, the extermination of some animals contributes to the filling of the vacated ecological niche with other individuals, sometimes more aggressive and at the same time cautious, adapted to human behavior.
ka. Thus, the mass destruction of cats leads to a sharp increase in the number of rats and mice.
In this regard, it is necessary to properly study and adopt the experience of a number of countries, in particular Europe, where methods of mass sterilization of females and castration of males are widely used. A completely effective method is the elimination of places that can be used by homeless animals for setting up a den (abandoned buildings, mothballed construction sites, open basements and heating mains).

Recommended list of dissertations in the specialty "Ecology (by industry)", 03.02.08 code VAK

Features of the ecology of dogs in the conditions of Kazan and its environs 2009, candidate of biological sciences Shamsuvaleeva, Elmira Shamilevna
Population structure, features of behavior and morphology of free-living dogs and cats and the role of these animals in epizootic and epidemic processes in rabies, toxocariasis and toxoplasmosis 2012, Doctor of Biological Sciences Berezina, Elena Sergeevna
Population structure, behavioral features and morphology of free-living dogs and cats and the current epizootic and epidemic significance of these animals in rabies, toxocariasis and toxoplasmosis 2013, Doctor of Biological Sciences, Berezina, Elena Sergeevna
Ecological aspects of biological pollution of the urban system: the example of the city of Voronezh 2012, candidate of biological sciences Menyailova, Irina Sergeevna
Helminthic faunal complex of domestic carnivores on the territory of the Ulyanovsk region 0 years old, candidate of biological sciences Zonina, Nadezhda Vladimirovna

Dissertation introduction (part of the abstract) on the topic "Mammals of the urbanized territories of the Middle Volga region on the example of the city of Penza"

Relevance of the topic. The process of urbanization all over the world is constantly accelerating: the number of cities and their population is growing, and the pressure of the anthropogenic factor is increasing. Urbanized territories are a special kind, artificially created by man, biotopes within the urban environment (Klaustnitser, 1990). The study of the formation and stability of ecosystems in these places is becoming one of the most urgent tasks of modern ecology, and urban ecology is recognized as one of the priority areas of modern biology (Krivolutskiy, 1990).

The urban environment is evolutionarily new, completely special for the habitation of animals of any species (Karaseva et al., 1999). Specific (both negative and positive) living conditions are created in the city (Blago-slopes, 1980). Mammals, as an integral component of the animal population of cities, inevitably enter the processes of synanthropization and urbanization, acquiring a number of new ecological features and adaptations (Karaseva et al., 1957; Kucheruk et al., 1988; Meshkova, 1994; Berezina, 2000, 2002, 2003 ). One of the problems of modern urban ecology is the unevenness of the survey of settlements in Russia (Tikhonova et al., 2006). The importance of studying the formation and current state of mammals in urban biotopes is explained by the formation of complex relationships between humans and animals: wild animals and, especially, former domestic animals that have become homeless (Rakhmanov, 2002; Rybalko, 2006). The coexistence of both raises many questions that need to be addressed: elucidating species diversity, ensuring human safety, assessing the relationship of populations of wild animals with dogs and cats, using stray animals as regulators of the number of rats, mice and synanthropic birds.

When solving these issues, it is necessary to take into account that the features of the formation of the mammalian fauna of each urbanized territory are largely determined by the specifics of the landscape-climatic zone within which the city is located, as well as by the nature of urbanization itself - the type of development, the location of industrial enterprises, the presence of green spaces, reservoirs, etc. .d. The proposed dissertation work is devoted to a comprehensive study of the theriofauna of Penza - an industrial city, one of the regional centers Middle Volga region, located in the forest-steppe natural zone. In addition, the study deals with a very important problem - determining the state of the zoobiota using the example of small mammals in the zone of protective measures of a chemical weapons destruction plant (CWDF) located near the city in the village. Leonidovka.

The aim of the study is to clarify the species composition of mammals in the fauna of Penza, to determine the distribution of species on the territory of the city and the current state of populations of insectivores and rodents in the zone of protective measures of the plant for the destruction of chemical weapons. In this regard, the following tasks were set:

1. To reveal the species composition and nature of the stay of wild mammals in the city.

2. Determine the relative abundance and distribution characteristics of wild mammals in various biotopes of the city.

3. To study the population and group structure, distribution characteristics, levels of socialization of stray dogs and cats, as well as their role in the urban environment.

4. Outline the ways of solving the problem of human relations with wild and homeless mammals, as well as between homeless and wild representatives of this group of animals.

5. Determine the status of small mammal populations in the zone of protective measures of the plant for the destruction of chemical weapons.

The main provisions for the defense.

1. Research into the mammalian fauna within urban biotopes should be carried out according to three equivalent approaches: the study of wild fauna, the study of homeless animals, and the study of the relationship between one and the other between themselves and man.

2. The fauna of wild mammals within Penza is represented by a large number of species with different tendencies to synanthropy. In natural biotopes, the level of diversity of these animals should increase in comparison with built-up areas.

3. Differences in the species strategies of life in stray dogs and cats should be clearly manifested in the seasonal dynamics of their numbers and the degree of settlement in urbanized landscapes.

4. The state of the populations of small mammals in the zone of protective measures of the plant for the destruction of chemical weapons, studied by the change in their numbers in the absence of a strong anthropogenic influence, is comparable to the state of populations of these species in similar landscapes of the Penza region.

Scientific novelty. For the first time in the last 70 years, the species composition has been clarified and the distribution patterns of mammals in a large settlement of the Right-Bank Volga region - the city of Penza, located in the forest-steppe zone, have been analyzed. At the same time, special attention is paid to the study of populations of stray dogs and cats. The complex relationships between populations of wild and homeless animals are shown for the first time. For the first time, studies were carried out to determine the state of populations of small mammals in the zone of protective measures of a plant for the destruction of chemical weapons.

Scientific and practical significance. The materials of the dissertation, the scientific provisions and conclusions formulated in it, can find application in the work of nature conservation organizations in assessing the state of populations of wild mammals in urban biotopes. The identified features of the ecology of stray dogs and cats are of scientific interest for specialists in the field of population ecology, public environmental organizations and organizations for the protection of animals. Information about the social structure of groups of stray dogs and cats provides the necessary material for understanding the survival strategy of these animals in an urban environment, they will help to assess the size and reproductive potential of populations of stray animals, which will contribute to solving the problem of urbanized areas associated with the feralization of stray cats and dogs. The study of the fauna of the city using the proposed methods is recommended for teachers of biology of secondary schools for organizing research activities of schoolchildren.

Approbation of work. The materials of the work were presented at the International meeting "Theriofauna of Russia and adjacent territories" (VIII and IX congresses of the theriological society of the Russian Academy of Sciences) (Moscow, 2007, 2011), international scientific conference dedicated to the 130th anniversary of the birth of I.I. Sprygin (Penza, 2003), at meetings of the Department of Zoology and Ecology of P. V.G. Belinsky (2008-2011).

Implementation and implementation of work results. The results of the dissertation are used in the course of the program of zoomonitoring of the zone of protective measures of the plant for the destruction of chemical weapons in the village. Leonidovka of the Penza region. The materials and results of the dissertation work are used in the educational process of the Department of Zoology and Ecology of the Penza State Pedagogical University named after V.I. V.G. Belinsky in the preparation of bachelors and masters in the direction 020400 - "Biology".

Personal contribution of the author. All the results that make up the content of the dissertation were obtained by the candidate independently. The scientific supervisor is responsible for the development of the concept of the problem to be solved and the formulation of the research problem. The author personally participated in the collection of field material in the city of Penza and in the territories of Penza, Samara regions, independently carried out the analysis of the material and statistical data processing. In joint publications, the author's contribution was 50-70%.

Acknowledgments. The author expresses his deep gratitude to his scientific advisor V.Yu. Ilyin for support and constant assistance at all stages of the dissertation work, as well as for the staff of the Department of Zoology and Ecology of the Penza State Pedagogical University represented by professors T.G. Stoyko and C.B. Titov, associate professors O.A. Ermakova, D.G. Smirnov.

Conclusion of the thesis on the topic "Ecology (by industry)", Zolina, Natalya Fedorovna

1. 52 species of wild mammals live on the territory of Penza. The following groups of species have been identified according to their tendency to synanthropy: evisinanthropes (10%), hemisinanthropes (21%), exoanthropes (33%), invading species (36%). The largest number of synanthropic species was noted in the city center (5 species), the smallest (2 species) - at a distance from the center in the areas of Barkovka, Soglasie, Severnaya Polyana.

2. The largest number of species of small mammals is noted in the following biotopes: summer cottages (11 species), individual buildings (9), the smallest - agricultural land (3), meadows and wastelands (4). The dominant species in forest parks and parks is the bank vole; in cemeteries, meadows and agricultural lands - field mouse and common vole; in individual and multi-storey buildings - house mouse; wastelands and near-water biotopes - small forest mouse. Dominant species were not found in the dachas.

3. In the city of Penza, 1130 stray dogs and 2234 stray cats were counted.

The highest density of stray dogs was found in the area of Yuzhnaya Polyana (21.1 ind./km2), the lowest - in Zapadnaya Polyana (3.6 ind./km2). The highest density of stray cats is in the city center (61.3 animals / km2), the lowest is in the Barkovka area (4.5 animals / km2). The most preferred biotopes for cats are - Old city, institutions and points of sale; for dogs - an industrial zone and areas of construction sites, as well as institutions and trade points.

4. Stray dogs and cats have differences in the strategy of feeding behavior: for cats, parasitism is characteristic, for dogs - gathering. Stray cats are more attached to human housing than stray dogs.

5. The following groups of homeless animals have been identified by the nature of their relationship with humans: companions (single individuals or a group of individuals with a guardian); conditionally guard (single individuals or family groups, temporarily attracted by people to protect the territory); independent (solitary or gregarious, not related to humans).

6. Based on the results of long-term studies of the dynamics of the population of small mammals in the zone of protective measures of the plant for the destruction of chemical weapons (Leonidovka settlement), no negative impact on the theriofauna of the adjacent territories has been revealed.

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415. RCGEKiM in the Penza region1. A.I. Ivanov

416. Members of the Commission: Senior Researcher Researcher Engineer1. APPROVED "

417. Rector of the Penza State Pedagogical University. V.G. Ш1. IN AND. Korotov13 "2011 1. ACT U of the V Commission on the implementation of the main results of the dissertation work by Zolina Natalya Fedorovna

418. Mammals of the urbanized territories of the Middle Volga region on the example of the city of Penza ", presented for an academic degree

419. Vice-Rector for Academic Affairs1. Yu.A. Ointment 1. TT.N. Stolyarov 1. B.Yu. Ilyin1. C.B. Titov

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The most common mammals in the city are the gray rat, or the pasuk, and the house mouse. These animals belong to the group of true synanthropes, the area of distribution of which is many times larger than the original range. They can live in all types of buildings, including multi-storey stone buildings, these animals feed mainly on humans.
Gray rats and house mice
Gray rats mainly inhabit basements and lower floors of buildings. Especially great importance at the same time, the height of buildings: the more floors, the more garbage accumulates in the garbage chambers - and the more food for the rats. On the outskirts of the city, they are numerous in summer at dumps, along the banks of rivers and streams, and there are many of them in irrigated fields ”(Ecology..1998)”). Rats bring great harm to humans. They not only eat and spoil food, but damage structures, underground cables and communications, carry infections dangerous to humans, such as trichinosis, leptospirosis, tularemia, salmonellosis and others. So, only in Moscow and only registered bites there are annually 150-200 cases. According to American scientists, almost a fifth of fires in cities are caused by short circuits in electrical wiring due to the activity of rodents. Estimates of economic damage vary greatly, for example, for Moscow they amount to tens of millions of rubles a year. But after the destruction of the rats, the problems do not end.
First, there are rat mites. Having no permanent owners, they move to people, causing them severe dermatitis, the cause of which is the mouth

It is rather difficult to change, and a person, unaware of ticks, can be treated for a long time and unsuccessfully.
Secondly, when rats are exterminated, the vacated ecological niches are quickly occupied by house mice. This is another of the most competitive rodent species. House mice prefer dry rooms, the optimal conditions for them are in grocery warehouses. In houses, unlike rats, mice settle on all floors, but prefer the lower and upper ones. The smallest of them are on the middle floors, which, apparently, is due to the wider possibilities for arranging nests in basements and attics. According to the observations of T.Yu. Chistova and L.L. Danilkina, “most often house mice appear in buildings with technical violations. The settlement of these rooms by mice occurs in the fall, after the onset of a cold snap. The appearance of gray rats is not associated with weather conditions, and is mainly determined by the disturbance of these rodents in their permanent habitats. For example, carrying out any repair work almost always entails the occupation of rats in the premises connected with the area of work by underground communications ”.
It is quite difficult to calculate the exact number of rats and mice at the moment, since the exact method of counting the number has not yet been developed. However, there is usually a sharp increase in the number of these rodents by the fall and a decrease in the number by the spring.
Man is constantly fighting rodents, trying to reduce their number. An interesting fact is that if the house mouse survives under these conditions due to a very rapid reproduction, then the rat tries in one way or another to adapt to the methods of struggle. For several generations, rats have been able to develop immunity to some poisons, have learned to bypass many traps, and are gradually exploring new territories.
Insectivores and bats

Another group of mammals living in the city is only partially associated with humans. Insectivores can be found common hedgehog, common mole, common shrew and shrew. This also includes bats, represented in the cities of continental Europe mainly by insectivorous bats. It is interesting that, living mainly in deciduous forests, where there are many natural shelters, they also settle indoors, but feed outside them. Research by S.V. Kruskop and A.V. Borisenko showed that the key ecological factors determining the stable existence of bats in the city are the good condition of the food supply (high abundance and diversity of nocturnal flying insects).
the presence of foraging stations (first of all, river floodplains and deciduous forests with an area of up to several square kilometers), as well as the presence of shelters with a suitable microclimate located near foraging stations. According to K.K. Panyutin, human buildings (first of all, stone buildings with an iron roof and wooden floors) are the best suited for such shelters, since a mosaic temperature regime is created there due to the combination of materials with different thermal conductivity and heat capacity. In Moscow, bats can be observed more or less regularly only in the vicinity of large forest parks, as well as along the floodplain of the river. Moscow. There you can find ginger noch, baleen bat, water bat, bat, northern leather jacket and two-tone leather.
Rodents
From the order of rodents, the group of mammals partially associated with humans includes the field and wood mice, common and East European voles, common hamsters and squirrels. The squirrel itself does not seek to be close to a person, however, once within the city, it easily adapts to the urban environment. The number of squirrels in forest parks and parks is sometimes even higher than in the forest. This is largely facilitated by feeding animals, although, of course, the main protein feed is the seeds of conifers, and the largest number these rodents reach the cones of pines and firs during the harvest years. Squirrels are very quick to cuddle and bring great joy, especially for children and the elderly. But, unfortunately, these rodents cause great damage to songbirds, they eat eggs and even chicks of small passerine birds nesting openly, primarily songbirds, finches and others.
Predatory mammals
Due to highly developed higher nervous activity, carnivorous mammals adapt well to life in the city. Among the predators, there is a black polecat, a weasel, and a common fox. Weasel can live wherever there are small rodents - red voles, forest mice. In years when the number of these species is minimal, the weasel disappears completely. Foxes are also not rare guests in the city. They have adapted to make burrows under chunks of abandoned cement and in other places that are difficult to dig or dig for poachers or dogs. Sometimes they settle in the built-up part of the city, getting used to its noise. Researchers at the Institute of Ecology and Evolution. A.N. Severtsov Russian Academy of Sciences observed how in Moscow, on Pyatnitskaya Street (in the very center of the city), a fox lived in the courtyard of a small house for several years. During the day, she hid in a hole dug under the house, and at night she went out, fed in the garbage and caught rodents.
Inhabitants of conditionally indigenous landscapes
The third group includes mammals inhabiting areas of conditionally indigenous landscapes still preserved in the city. This is an ordinary farm, white hares and hares, hazel dormouse, bank voles, roe deer, elk, wild boar and others. Currently, as a result of intensive development, the number of these animals is rapidly falling. So, in Moscow, after the reconstruction of the Moscow Ring Road and the deployment of intensive construction activities in the nearby suburbs, urban forests became practically inaccessible to ungulates. Now only a few elk live in the urban part of Losiny Ostrov, and in some peripheral forest areas of the city, isolated individuals of wild boars remain.
Homeless animals
Stray animals, mostly dogs and cats, stand somewhat apart in the urban fauna. At present, very much attention is paid to this problem, since, on the one hand, these animals are potentially dangerous for humans. They worsen the sanitary and epidemiological situation, since they can carry various diseases that can affect not only other animals, but also humans (rabies, leptospirosis, dirofilariasis, toxoplasmosis, helmingosis, and others). a large number of people suffer from attacks by feral animals. Abandoned by their owners, dogs can form large flocks. Defending their territory, they sometimes show aggression towards a person. According to official data alone, in 1999, more bites were recorded in Moscow per 100,000 inhabitants. On the other hand, many of the methods used to manage the population of these animals are often inhuman and economically disadvantageous. The latter concerns the problem of capturing animals with their subsequent euthanasia (by destruction or killing). Until now, this method is one of the most widespread in Russia. However, the complete extermination of, for example, stray dogs in the area leads to the fact that their ecological niche is occupied by other stray dogs or cats, or, even worse, gray rats, and this entails new problems.
In many large European cities, in the United States, Hong Kong, Singapore, less violent means are now increasingly used to reduce the number of such animals, for example, methods of mass neutering and castration. Also of great importance are public organizations and individuals who create shelters and hotels for stray animals, where they can not only receive food, but also the necessary qualified veterinary care. An effective method is the elimination of places of potential den, where it is possible to raise offspring without hindrance (open basements, heating mains, abandoned and mothballed construction sites, etc.).
However, in order for these methods to be as effective as possible, it is necessary to pay attention to information and educational work and carry it out both among ordinary citizens and among catchers, veterinarians, and guardians.

Communities of small mammals in an urban environment. Stories of some cities

The city as a habitat for small mammals

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