GRADUATE QUALIFICATION WORK

on the topic:

The main directions of development of the sphere social service population on the example of a municipal budgetary institution Complex center of social services for the population of the Bagansky district of the Novosibirsk region

Introduction

Chapter 1. Theoretical and regulatory framework for the organization of social services for the population in the Russian Federation

1 The main directions of state and municipal social policy in the Russian Federation

2 Features of the organization of social protection and social services in Russian Federation and abroad

3 Experience of organizing social services in urban districts: problems and prospects

Chapter 2. Analysis of the organization of social services for the population in the MBU Comprehensive Center for Social Services for the Population of the Bagansky District of the Novosibirsk Region

1 Organizational and regulatory framework of MBU activities Complex center of social services for the population of the Bagansky district of the Novosibirsk region

3 Analysis of the activities and quality of services provided by MBU Comprehensive Center for Social Services for the Population of the Bagansky District of the Novosibirsk Region

Chapter 3. Improving the quality of social services in MBU Comprehensive center of social services for the population of the Bagansky district of the Novosibirsk region

1 Problems and difficulties in the activities of MBU Complex center of social services for the population of the Bagansky district of the Novosibirsk region. Factors and reasons impeding the improvement of the quality of service

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

In the context of the country's reforming, the emergence of market relations, economic and political crises, tens of millions of people (pensioners, disabled people, orphans, refugees, etc.) need emergency social assistance and protection. The seriousness of social tension in Russia is evidenced by the following facts: the number of orphans with living parents is increasing, every second or third marriage breaks up, in terms of the number of abortions performed, Russia has significantly outstripped highly developed countries, about a million disabled children need material, psychological and legal assistance, and the number of crimes committed by adolescents is growing. Russia is not only at the forefront in terms of the number of alcoholics, but is also confidently catching up with other countries in terms of the number of drug addicts and substance abusers. Social ill-being has become the reason for the increased abuse of children, psychological stress, illness, suicide, and prostitution.

The world has accumulated a colossal experience of social work, including with the indicated groups of the population. There is also considerable domestic experience. The processes of exacerbation of social relations require comprehension, analysis and generalization. It is necessary to develop a scientifically grounded concept of social work with the population, develop social technologies, understandable and convincing methods of organizing and conducting social work. As the world experience shows, in many countries, without taking into account the activities social workers neither social development programs nor state social policy are bypassed.

Currently, the priority direction of reforming social policy is the implementation of the transition to a new, more effective model of social policy - a targeted social system. The model of targeted social policy is characterized by the differentiation of the fulfillment of social functions of the state in relation to various segments of the population, the redistribution of social expenditures of the state in favor of the most vulnerable groups of the population, an increase in the efficiency of the social system, and a decrease in social tension in society.

The level of social tension, the volume and nature of the accumulated social problems require adhering to a step-by-step, evolutionary approach to building a new model of social policy. In the process of transition to a targeted social system, the following main stages can be distinguished: anti-crisis management social processes in society; achieving social stability; sustainable development of the social sphere. One of the main directions of social policy is the sphere of social services. Social service institutions are part of the social protection structure. That is, organizationally and financially, social service institutions are subordinate to social protection institutions.

The object of study is the MBU Complex Center for Social Services for the Population of the Bagansky District of the Novosibirsk Region. The subject of study is the organization of social services for the population in the Bagansky District of the Novosibirsk Region.

In accordance with this goal, it is planned to solve the following tasks:

to study the theoretical and methodological foundations of social protection of the population in the Russian Federation;

to analyze the activities of the MBU institutions Comprehensive Center for Social Services to the Population;

to propose directions for improving the social protection of the population.

The legal framework for social protection of certain categories of the population is being developed by the following laws of the Russian Federation - “On Forced Migrants”, “On Employment of the Population in the Russian Federation”, “On Social Protection of Disabled People”, “On Social Services for Elderly and Disabled Citizens”, “On the Basics of Labor Protection in the Russian Federation "," On the basic guarantees of the rights of the child in the Russian Federation ", etc.

Interest in the formation and functioning of the system of social protection of the population in the present stage are shown by many researchers of modern Russian society. So the basics of organizing social protection of the population are considered in the works of such authors as M.I. Lepikhov, N. Podshibyakina, V. Sharin and others.

The economic foundations of social protection of the population are considered by V.D. Roick, T.S. Panteleeva, G.A. Chervyakov and others.

The main directions and principles of social work are presented in the works of A.I. Voitenko, E.I. Komarova, A.N. Savinov, P.D. Pavlenok, etc.

The set goals and objectives are achieved with the help of such research methods as the analysis of documents and regulations, comparative analysis, analysis of statistical data, included observation, generalization.

The scientific novelty of the work lies in the fact that it identifies the advantages and disadvantages in the formation and functioning of the system of social protection of the population in the municipality, and also makes proposals for its optimization.

The practical significance of the work is determined by the fact that the research results can be used in the development of social programs, as well as in educational process, in the professional training of specialists.

The work consists of an introduction, three chapters, a conclusion and a list of sources used.

Chapter 1. Theoretical and regulatory framework for the organization of social services for the population in the Russian Federation

1.1 The main directions of state and municipal social policy in the Russian Federation

Social policy in the Russian Federation proceeds from the constitutional definition of Russia as a social state, the policy of which is aimed at creating conditions that ensure a dignified life and free human development.

In the Russian Federation, labor and health of people are protected, a guaranteed minimum wage is established, state support for family, motherhood, fatherhood and childhood, disabled people and elderly citizens is provided, a social system is developing; services, state pensions, benefits and other guarantees of social protection are established (Article 7 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation).

The Constitution guarantees everyone social security by age, in case of illness, disability, loss of a breadwinner, for raising children and in other cases established by law (Articles 38-39).

To this end, the Russian Federation is developing a system of state and municipal services, providing state support for family, motherhood, fatherhood and childhood, disabled people and elderly citizens, establishing state pensions, benefits and other guarantees of social protection.

The Constitution proclaims the right of everyone:

to work in conditions that meet the requirements of safety and hygiene (Art. 37);

on the dwelling (Art. 40);

for medical care in state and municipal health care institutions at the expense of budgetary funds, insurance contributions, and other: sources (Art. 41);

for free preschool, basic general and secondary vocational education in state and municipal educational institutions and at enterprises (Article 43);

for the use of cultural and leisure institutions and cultural values ​​(Article 44).

The Russian system of social policy is based on the principles of “who you are” (the presence of social pensions and a developed system of categorical benefits) and “what have you done” (the system of labor pensions). The “what have you” principle is used in part, for example, in determining housing subsidies and paying child benefits.

Thus, social policy in the Russian Federation is aimed at creating conditions that ensure a dignified life and free human development. The Constitution of the Russian Federation guarantees social security to every citizen by age, in case of illness, disability, loss of a breadwinner, for raising children and in other cases established by law.

One of the main tasks of local self-government bodies is the formation and implementation of municipal social policy.

Municipal social policy is a system of goals, tasks and mechanisms for their implementation, aimed at providing the population with social services, at the maintenance and development of the social sphere of the municipality.

Municipal social policy is built in line with the social policy of the state and in cooperation with state authorities, primarily with the authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Through the municipal social policy, both the local authorities' own powers and the state powers transferred to the municipal level in the social sphere are implemented.

The social sphere and social policy (state and municipal) can be considered in a broader and narrower sense of the word. In a broad sense, the social sphere includes everything that ensures the life of a person. In this understanding, all municipal policy is social. In a narrower sense, the social sphere of a municipality, as it was said, is understood as the sphere of reproduction of the person himself, his physical and spiritual parameters, while the reproduction of the material and material environment of a person belongs to the urban service sphere.

The social policy of the state is a system of principles, goals, objectives and means that ensure such a socially acceptable and permissible material, political, cultural position of social groups and strata of the population, in which they can realize their personal interests and contribute to their own development and the development of society in various types of activities. the whole.

Social policy is implemented through the interests of people and acts as a management of interests. It is designed to eliminate the contradiction between the conflicting interests of various subjects, between the current and future interests of society.

The state of the social sphere in this sense serves as an integral indicator of the effectiveness of the country's economy, the humanity of jurisprudence and political structure society, its spirituality. The most important tasks of state social policy are to ensure the integrity of the community, its stability, the possibility of dynamic development, and the prevention of social conflicts. Management of the social sphere is carried out at all levels of public authority: federal, regional and municipal. The functions of each level are determined in accordance with legally delimited powers.

Thus, the municipal social policy is aimed at providing the population with social services, at the maintenance and development of the social sphere of the municipality. Municipal social policy is built in line with the social policy of the state and in cooperation with public authorities. Social policy is implemented through the interests of people and acts as a management of interests.

When developing a social policy, priorities should be determined that at a given moment are the most urgent and urgent for society, requiring a first-priority decision. State and municipal social policy is implemented through social planning and management through a system of social events and programs carried out by federal, regional and local authorities.

The most important mechanism for the implementation of the state's social policy is the system of state minimum social standards. The social standard is the minimum required level of satisfaction of the social needs of the population. Some examples of minimum social standards:

minimum wages;

the minimum level of social pensions and other social benefits;

mandatory standards and programs within which education is free;

list of treatment and prophylactic services provided at the expense of budgetary funds.

Minimum social standards are designed to establish those threshold values ​​of social benefits for a person, below which one cannot go down (from the position contemporary representatives about the level and quality of life). This “standard” level of social benefits guaranteed to every person should be affordable or even free of charge for the consumer; partially or fully paid from budgetary and extrabudgetary funds.

Social standards are expressed through social norms. Social norms are uniform or group measures of social needs for homogeneous territories. Examples of social norms:

the rate of provision of the population with institutions of the social and cultural sphere;

occupancy rates for school classes and groups in preschool institutions;

norms for providing the population with individual social services;

norms of personnel and material support in the provision of social services.

Compliance with minimum social standards and norms requires large budgetary expenditures. In recent years, a large number of federal laws have been adopted in Russia establishing certain social benefits that are not secured by funding. In this regard, the urgent problem of reasonable limitation total social benefits and differentiation of social standards for federal, regional and municipal. At the same time, the most important minimum social standards should remain at the federal level. Each level of the budgetary system must provide funding for the social standards and norms introduced by it and bring them in line with the available financial resources.

In tasks federal level the authorities include the establishment of the foundations of state social policy, legal regulation of relations in the social sphere, the development of federal programs for the country's social development, the development and approval of state minimum social standards at the federal level, and the provision of state guarantees for their implementation.

The constituent entities of the Russian Federation are developing the foundations of regional social policy, taking into account the historical and cultural traditions of the territory; establish regional social standards and norms that take into account state minimum social standards; take care of the preservation and strengthening of the social infrastructure owned by the constituent entities of the Russian Federation; organize training, retraining and advanced training of workers in the field of education, culture, health care, social protection of the population; ensure compliance with the legislation of the Russian Federation in all areas of social policy.

The municipal level is called upon to concretize the methods, methods and mechanisms for achieving the goals defined in the framework of federal and regional social policy, in relation to the characteristics of specific territories. The task of local self-government bodies, as the closest to the population, is the direct provision of a complex of social services that ensure the conditions of human life and its reproduction.

On the basis of regional norms and norms, local government bodies can develop local social norms and norms that take into account the specifics of a particular municipality.

The actual volume of social services provided to the population by local governments is as follows:

comprehensive centers of social services for veterans and other social groups;

social rehabilitation centers and social shelters for minors;

homes for the disabled and the elderly;

orphanages;

centers of psychological and pedagogical assistance to the population, etc.

Local self-government bodies also carry out activities and maintain organizational structures to combat drug addiction, child homelessness, promote the organization of employment, participate in the preparation and registration of labor agreements between labor collectives and employers in the territory municipalities, in the resolution of labor disputes.

The modern period in the development of human society has brought the understanding that a democratic, rule-of-law state can solve basic problems only if there is a developed system of self-government. Being one of the foundations of the constitutional system of the rule of law, local self-government allows democratizing the administrative apparatus, effectively solving local issues and ensuring that the interests of local communities are taken into account when conducting state policy, and optimally combining the interests and rights of human beings and the interests of the state.

Local self-government has an important role in the implementation of one of the main tasks of our time - the unification of the interests of the state, society and the individual into a single whole, since the main meaning, the essence of local self-government is to harmonize the rights and freedoms of man and citizen at the level of each individual person. with the interests of the state and society. It is this orientation of local self-government that meets the ideas of a modern democratic legal social state, the highest value of which is a person, his rights and freedoms.

The Russian Federation, after a long break, is trying to return to a civilized system of social management, including state administration and local self-government.

Local self-government must be viewed as a multifaceted, multidimensional and multifaceted social phenomenon. Modern local self-government should be considered as a mechanism of interaction between territorial communities and the state, the main task of which is to coordinate the respective interests.

The formation of local self-government is a task not only of local self-government itself, but also of state power at all its levels.

The development of local self-government is impossible without the support of the state, its political decisions, based on the civil initiatives of the population. At present, the formation of local self-government is hampered by a number of unresolved problems associated with the imperfection of the current legal framework, including: the absence of federal regulatory legal regulation that ensures the clear implementation of a number of norms of the Constitution of the Russian Federation on local self-government; the lack of a clear normative legal division of powers between state authorities and local self-government bodies; internal inconsistency and haphazard legislation of the Russian Federation on local self-government; ineffectiveness of legislative support for the financial and economic independence of municipalities; imperfection of the system of judicial protection of the interests of local self-government.

Speaking about the relationship of local self-government with state institutions, it is also necessary to emphasize that local self-government is one of the forms of democracy - both direct and representative. Social principles in local self-government are intended to increase the activity of the population in solving issues of managing state and public affairs. The combination of state and public in local government is very important in practical terms. With the help of the unity of these two principles, the most important social and state tasks are being solved.

Thus, if we take a broad look at the designated problem of interaction between the state and local self-government, then we can interpret the bodies government controlled and local government bodies as elements of a unified system of social administration, public authority, ensuring the vital activity of society as a whole. The larger the state, the more difficult it is to confine oneself to centralized bureaucratic administration, the more necessary the elements of self-government are included in general administration.

According to the Constitution, issues of joint jurisdiction include coordination of health issues; protection of family, motherhood, fatherhood and childhood; social protection, including social security;

This relationship of state and self-government principles is due to deeper and more objective factors, including the degree of socio-economic maturity of society, the ratio and arrangement of social groups - class, estate, ethnic, etc., the nature of their struggle or cooperation, spiritual, national, cultural traditions, peculiarities of geopolitical position, historical development, the demographic state of society, etc.

The state is a complex system that includes socio-economic and territorial-state formations (subjects of the Federation), within which there are smaller organizational formations (districts, cities, etc.). The state embodies the integration of the interests, norms and needs of citizens and social groups conditioned by living in a certain territory.

At present, the organization of self-government has become one of the most important political tasks.

The formation of local self-government requires the development of an institution for the exercise of state powers, primarily in the social sphere, which is the closest and most painful for the population.

The social sphere is where there should be a clear and intensive interaction between state authorities and local self-government in the name of the interests of the population, each person.

The task of local self-government is to provide social comfort to every member of society, to implement the main slogan of the welfare state - to create a decent standard of living for a person.

This is the social meaning, the purpose of local self-government in today's conditions.

1.2 Features of the organization of social protection and social services in the Russian Federation and abroad

The system of social protection of the population is one of the institutions for the implementation of socio-economic policy, the purpose of which is to ensure social stability and sustainable economic development of society. To achieve this goal, an effective mechanism is needed to protect the working-age population from social risks. Social risks are: illness, disability, loss of a breadwinner, injuries, unemployment, migration, loss of housing, old age, poverty, and any person can be exposed to them during his life.

Social protection of the population is currently understood as a set of legislatively established economic, social, legal guarantees and rights, social institutions and institutions that ensure their implementation and create conditions for maintaining the life of various social strata and groups of the population, especially the socially vulnerable.

The social protection system must guarantee:

Dignified social existence of a person, respect for his honor and dignity;

The most complete coverage of the social space, because it is impossible to protect those who are not included in the system;

Equal and balanced distribution of services, payments and benefits within the entire social system;

The effectiveness of the functioning of social protection institutions.

The object of social protection is all groups of the population. However, its vulnerable strata have special priorities: families with low incomes, disabled people, elderly people, orphans, single and large parents, victims of environmental disasters, etc.

In world practice, there are two types of social protection of the population - active and passive social protection. Active social protection is focused on able-bodied members of society and presupposes the creation of conditions for the self-protection of people, primarily through active actions in the labor market and through their participation in social insurance. Passive social protection is aimed at the disabled and socially vulnerable groups of the population and consists, first of all, in direct material support.

In this regard, there are two main approaches to understanding the essence of social protection:

Social protection is the social security of citizens and their family members, transformed to new socio-economic conditions:

Social protection of the population is social assistance provided to certain categories of people in the form of social benefits, in-kind assistance and social services and is targeted.

The International Labor Organization (ILO) refers to social protection as social insurance and social assistance. The ILO conventions formulate the basic principles of social protection of the population, regulate the minimum level of various types of social protection and the categories of the population to which they should apply. National social protection systems are formed on the basis of ILO conventions, taking into account the specifics of the economic, social and cultural development of a particular country.

The system of social protection of the population and professional social work are closely related and interdependent. As a professional type of activity, social work presupposes the presence of the necessary legislative and regulatory framework, a developed infrastructure, trained personnel, in a word, everything that can represent social protection as a social institution. The social protection system, primarily at the micro level, is a kind of "organizational and legal field" for social work. In turn, with the help of means of social work, the functions of social protection are implemented. The arrival of trained specialists in social work increases the effectiveness of social protection measures.

Currently, countries with market economies use a variety of organizational and legal forms of social protection of the population. The leading ones, as mentioned above, are currently social insurance and social assistance, which include various payments and services. IN different countries these indicated forms took shape depending on historical conditions and therefore, despite the similarity of tasks, they have differences in approaches and methods.

Features of the emergence of social protection systems in the United States and Western Europe

The development of the social protection system for the population on the European continent has a longer history.

For example, in Great Britain, the first decrees concerning social problems appeared in the 16th century during the reign of Henry Y111 (1531). They ordered the registration of beggars and obliged local authorities, including church leaders, to make contributions to funds for the poor. This was the first attempt to move from churchly uncontrolled philanthropy to a centralized system. Even then, the authorities came to the conclusion that by some redistribution of society's resources in favor of certain persons, social problems can be eliminated or at least alleviated (Schweinitz "England s road Social Security").

In 1607, Queen Elizabeth consolidated all laws and decrees into one “Law on the Poor”, which existed for a very long time, was often revised, and over time numerous changes were made to it, making social assistance more and more humane. For example, in the middle of the 19th century, targeted programs of assistance to specific social groups were already introduced in England, and this circle of persons eligible for social assistance was constantly expanding.

However, the Industrial Revolution posed new challenges that required a radical reform of English social legislation. Sydney and Beatrice Webbs played an important role in this direction, setting out in their report to the Parliamentary Commission on the Poor the new principles of social assistance, such as universality, commitment and orientation to the elimination of social problems.

Since 1909, many new laws have been passed in Great Britain, reflecting the changes in mass consciousness and changes in social policy. In 1911, the National Insurance Act was passed, introducing compulsory insurance against sickness and unemployment. In 1925 - laws on old-age pensions and on benefits for widows and orphans. Under the Local Administration Act of 1929, Social Assistance Committees were established under local administration (county councils) to carry out local social work. In 1934, the Unemployed Act came into force, which approved a nationwide unemployed council, which provided assistance to uninsured people and paid additional benefits to retirees and widows. Thus, in the 30s. in Great Britain, the unemployed, widows, orphans and war invalids received centralized assistance. Other categories of the population received social assistance from local administrations (county councils).

In other European countries, social protection systems do not have such deep roots. But, like in Great Britain in countries such as Germany, Sweden, Denmark, Finland, social protection as a system of legislative, economic and social guarantees for all population groups began to take shape at about the same time, by the end of the 19th century.

For example, in Germany, Bismarck, in order to avoid the creation of an independent system by the workers themselves, adopts a series of social laws: the sickness insurance law (1884), the accident insurance law (1885), the old age and disability insurance law (1891 ). The created social protection system was associated at that time in Germany, mainly with labor in industrial enterprises.

In Sweden, the development of the social insurance system began at the same time as in Germany, in the 1880s, and the main focus was initially on social assistance in the workplace. Since 1913, the first national social security program (the system of national pensions) began to be implemented. The next, third stage in the development of social insurance in Sweden is associated with the release of the Law on Social Services in 1982, which includes all areas of social activity of the state.

In the United States, according to American scientists, the federal government "for a long time did not feel any responsibility for charity." Of course, it created hospitals, agencies, but, in general, it did not determine policy. Researchers believe that this was due to the peculiarities of the emergence of the US state. Stefan Becki writes that in the United States there has long been a belief that every person is the blacksmith of his own happiness and the state should not interfere in his life, since success is predetermined by the Almighty. As mentioned above, charitable organizations took care of the poor. An important feature of the American self-help society was the willingness of people to help each other. The assistance was provided by neighbors within ethnic groups and was aimed at overcoming the difficulties associated with resettlement. She contributed to the formation of a phenomenal sense of responsibility of everyone for the common good. Need and poverty were seen most often as the result of personal mistakes. Therefore, a person was expected to find strength in himself and be able to refuse help for the benefit of others. It was only when industrialization began to rapidly transform the United States that it became clear that poverty is not a consequence of human error.

The first steps in this direction were taken by the state authorities in the 1920s. They began to allocate funds and form official aid organizations. That is, the development of state support went from the bottom up. Let us recall that at that time there were already professional social workers who criticized the activities of officials and developed their own methods of work. The term "social security" became widespread at the same time as the term "social work" - at the beginning of the 20th century. Gradually, the concept of "social security system" came to mean programs and agencies, and the term "social work" - their activities. Looking ahead, we will say that the term "social service", in the opinion of Americans, means the type of agency and the functions it performs.

In 1935, President Roosevelt passes the Social Security Act, which includes old-age insurance and unemployment benefits. Researchers believe that the release of this law is the beginning of the modern social security system in the United States. Since 1935, social work has developed in North America in the context of active government intervention in the social sphere. Until the 1930s, the principle of "firm individualism" prevailed in US social policy, and government intervention was declared a non-American approach. Therefore, some Russian authors call the American model of social security American individualism. Russian authors call the European model "European traditionalism", opposing the American one. But this division is in reality purely arbitrary. It should not be about the proper American or European model of social work, but about the models of the implementation of social policy, about various forms of implementation of the concept of social welfare.

Principles and functions of social protection systems in Western Europe

Almost all Western European countries use social insurance against social risk and provide social assistance to people below the poverty line.

However, the systems of social insurance and social assistance in these countries are implemented in different ways, and in this regard, they can be divided into four groups:

Countries dominated by insurance principles, where payments and benefits are linked to individual premiums;

Countries where the insurance principles of social protection of the population are less pronounced, where the amounts of benefits and payments are more consistent with individual needs, and where financing is carried out mainly from tax funds;

Countries that occupy an intermediate position between the first two;

Countries where the system of social protection of the population, as such, does not yet exist, it is just being formed.

The first group includes Germany, France, Belgium and Luxembourg. In these countries, the population protection systems are based on contractual and insurance principles. Hired workers pay a certain portion of their income to the insurance fund, which gives them the right to use the services of the fund when they need help in the amount corresponding to the savings in the insurance fund. At the same time, employers, on behalf of their employees, also contribute certain amounts to this insurance background.

In most cases, the amount paid from the insurance fund depends on the salary and is related to the amount that has been accumulated through the contributions of the employee and the employer. Exceptions are medical expenses and family benefits. The main goal of this system is to maintain a person's standard of living in the event of illness, disability and job loss. Such a system makes it possible to redistribute a person's income over the course of his physical life. In all European countries, insurance contributions are the main source of funding for social protection. In some cases, the fund can be expanded by more or less deductions from the general expenditure item of the national budget, through tax payments.

However, in all countries of this group, the state undertakes an obligation to citizens so that the income of any citizen does not fall below the guaranteed minimum, regardless of what income he received earlier and how much he contributed to the insurance fund. This type of payment is made from the national budget.

Health care is mainly funded also by insurance premiums, however, the minimum health care guaranteed by the budget. Medical care is mainly borne by the private sector with subsequent reimbursement of citizens' expenses at the expense of the state.

The second group of countries, which include Great Britain, Denmark, Ireland, differs from the first in that social protection is less connected with insurance savings. In these countries, the state budget plays an important role in financing the social sphere. Social benefits and benefits are more evenly distributed. This distribution is based on the idea that people in need are equal, therefore, social assistance should be provided based on the needs of a person, and not on his previous income. The difference between payments and benefits lies mainly in the fact that social benefits are compulsory, every citizen has the right to claim them according to the law, and benefits are not given to everyone, depending on the need and the nature of social risk. In these countries, health care is concentrated mainly in the public sector.

The third group of countries includes the Netherlands and Italy, which represent a mixed social security system. However, their systems are closer to the systems of the first group of countries. But there are also certain differences. In Italy, for example, the state does not undertake the obligation to pay a guaranteed social minimum income. Such guarantees are given only by some local authorities in certain areas. In the Netherlands, on the contrary, social security is at a very high stage of development, and the system covers everyone in the country.

The fourth group of countries includes Spain, Portugal, Greece. Social protection systems for the population of these countries are still in their infancy. In these countries, there is no guaranteed minimum income, and social services are not available to all citizens.

In all European countries, social protection is multifunctional. As a rule, it performs 11 functions corresponding to the main social risks to which a person is exposed during his life.

Risk of illness: payments correspond to full or partial compensation for income lost due to the inability to work; cover all or part of medical care, both in the public and private sector.

Disability risk: payment of pensions and benefits to persons who have completely lost the ability to work and lead a normal life in society; disability-related health care; rehabilitation costs.

Risk of industrial injuries and occupational diseases: payment of pensions and benefits, compensations and other forms of direct payments; specific medical care;

expenses related to industrial rehabilitation and other forms of social services.

The risk of loss of breadwinner: pensions and benefits in case of loss of breadwinner, death benefit, funeral services.

Unemployment risk: benefits associated with full or partial unemployment; remuneration for temporary or occasional work organized by the authorities that does not replace the benefit.

Migration risk: costs associated with the movement of labor resources, training, retraining; benefits related to moving to a new place of residence of former unemployed.

Risk of housing loss: subsidies for housing and utility bills for certain categories of the population.

Maternity risk: costs of maternity benefits; expenses for medical care for mothers and children and other forms of support for pregnant women and women in labor.

Family benefits: benefits for dependent children, in-kind assistance in the form of food products, voucher payments, home help, etc.

Other types of social assistance: additional services for the poor, spending on the prevention of juvenile delinquency, benefits for victims of military operations and natural disasters, etc.

Obviously, the costs of certain payments and benefits in different countries are very different. Consider the example of helping a family.

The differences among European countries for this cost item are quite significant. One group of countries, including Greece, Italy, Portugal and Spain, spend less than 1% of their GNP on these purposes. Another group of countries - Germany and the Netherlands - from 12.5 to 2%, while the remaining countries - more than 2%.

Most countries are concerned about declining fertility. In this regard, many countries have made significant changes in family support policies. So, in France in the early 80s. laws were passed in favor of large families. For example, a family with three or more children began to receive benefits in the amount of one third of the average wage.

In all countries, the size of child benefits increases with each new child. The exceptions are Ireland, the Netherlands, Portugal and the United Kingdom, where the amount of the benefit does not change with the second and third child. In Belgium, Germany, Italy and especially in France, the amount of payments increases significantly, starting with the second child.

In many countries, maternity benefits have been increased. This policy was aimed at creating the best conditions for combining work, career and caring for home and family. Consequently, maternity leave has been extended in many countries over the past five years. The largest maternity leave is currently in Denmark (28 weeks) and France (26 weeks). In other countries, it varies from 13 to 20 weeks.

In many countries for parents who would like to be with their child for a longer time, there are social benefits but they are small. There are such manuals in Germany, Belgium, Italy. For example, in Germany it is 22% of the salary when the child reaches the age of 2 years. In Belgium and Italy, a little more, but the term of their payments is shorter.

The problem of single-parent families in Europe is as acute as in Russia. Almost all countries have special allowances for such families, however, the conditions of payment are different. For example, in Greece, only a mother can receive benefits, not a single father. In Spain and Portugal, only in a few provinces do local authorities pay such benefits. In France, the amount of the benefit is 50% of the average wage up to 3 years of age. In other countries, this amount is much less.

1.3 Experience of organizing social services in urban districts: problems and prospects

Social protection is a system of legislative, economic, social and other guarantees that provides all able-bodied citizens with equal rights and conditions for work, and the disabled (socially vulnerable) strata - advantages in using public consumption funds, direct material and socio-psychological support in all forms ...

Social support is temporary or permanent measures of targeted support for certain categories of citizens in a crisis situation.

Social protection and social support of citizens are the prerogative of the state. Federal legislation assigns only guardianship and trusteeship to the competence of municipal districts and urban districts in this area, and to the competence of settlements - assistance in establishing guardianship and trusteeship over the residents of the settlement in need of this in accordance with federal laws. However, the main part of the social support of citizens is traditionally carried out by local governments as state powers. As the closest to the population, local self-government bodies know better the specific living conditions of individual citizens and can perform the functions of social support more effectively. Due to the lack of state funding, local budgets bear a significant share of the costs of social support for the population.

The main forms of social support for certain groups of the population are:

cash benefits;

assistance in kind (food, clothing);

subsidies (earmarked funds to pay for services);

compensation (reimbursement of some expenses).

Municipal policy in the field of social protection and social support of the population is the implementation of its own and transferred (federal and regional) state powers to organize a set of measures aimed at protecting certain vulnerable groups of the population and citizens from falling into a zone of extreme social disadvantage. The formation and implementation of local policy in the field of social support of the population is carried out within the framework of targeted assistance to specific groups and strata of the population, individual citizens.

The main criteria for providing social support to certain categories of citizens at the municipal level include the following:

low level of material security. If the size per capita income person (family) below a certain legislatively established normative value, this person (family) needs social support. The normative value of per capita income is determined by the valuable consumer set, which characterizes the subsistence minimum per family member for a given period of development of society;

incapacity for work, the consequence of which is the impossibility of self-service;

loss of home and property.

a) disabled:

) retirees;

) disabled people;

) citizens under the care of the state (in homes for the elderly, disabled, etc.);

b) the poor;

c) caught in extreme situations:

) unemployed;

) victims of emergency situations (fires, floods, earthquakes, etc.);

) refugees and displaced persons.

For each of these categories, the state develops specific social protection programs, and at the local level, social support programs.

Social protection and social support of the population is effective based on the application of a programmatic approach. Two types of programs can be distinguished: objective (designed for a specific social group of the population) and problematic (designed to solve some social problem).

To implement the municipal policy in the field of social support of the population, various social service institutions are created in municipalities, and in the structure of local administrations - bodies (departments, committees, departments) of social protection. The structure of these bodies depends on the financial capabilities of the municipality, the existing management system, and the availability of the necessary specialists.

Social services are provided by municipal institutions free of charge and for a fee. Free social services are provided in amounts determined by state standards of social services. Paid social services are rendered in accordance with the procedure established by the Government of the Russian Federation.

Financing of the municipal sector of the social service system is carried out at the expense of local budgets and subventions from the federal budget and the budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, directed to the municipal budget for the maintenance and development of a network of social service institutions, as well as for payment of state-guaranteed social services included in federal and regional lists. The amount of subventions is determined annually upon approval of the respective budgets.

So, as noted, the state of the country's economy at the present time allows for total social security of the population, which is typical for a welfare state. The gap between the state's ability to fulfill its funding tasks and the problems in the relationship between the state and local self-government bodies, which provide various types of social assistance in a specific territory, is growing.

Chapter 2. Analysis of the organization of social services for the population in the MBU Comprehensive Center for Social Services for the Population of the Bagansky District of the Novosibirsk Region

2.1 Organizational and regulatory framework of MBU activities Complex center of social services for the population of the Bagansky district of the Novosibirsk region

The municipal institution is legal entity, carrying out its activities on the basis of the Charter, has a legal address, separate property on the basis of the right of operational management, an independent balance sheet, personal and other accounts in the treasury bodies, a seal depicting the Coat of arms of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation with its name and the name of the Founder, a stamp for approving documents, forms , branding and other details approved in the prescribed manner.

Name of the Institution: - Municipal budgetary institution Comprehensive Center for Social Services to the Population of the Bagansky District of the Novosibirsk Region.

The founder of the institution is the department of social protection of the population of the Bagan region. The institution operates under the leadership of the Founder, who provides the Center with organizational, methodological and financial assistance. Control over the activities of the Institution is carried out by the founder or his legal representative on the territory of the municipality, the financial department of the district, as well as state bodies of the State Sanitary and Epidemiological Supervision, tax, control and audit and other state services within their competence. The institution is responsible for its obligations to the extent at its disposal Money... In the event of a lack of funds, the Founder bears subsidiary responsibility for his obligations.

The institution is a non-profit organization and is financed from the regional budget on the basis of estimates of income and expenses in accordance with Article 31 of the Federal Law of 02.08.1995, No. 122-FZ "On social services for elderly citizens and the disabled."

The charter activities of the Center can be financed from federal, regional, municipal target programs. The Center uses additional non-budgetary sources of funding for measures to provide social services to elderly and disabled citizens in accordance with Article 32 of the Federal Law of 02.08.95, No. 122 - FZ.

The following departments are included in the Comprehensive Center for Social Services for the Population of the Bagansky District of the Novosibirsk Region:

urgent social services and counseling;

social rehabilitation;

prevention of neglect, delinquency of children and adolescents;

social services at home for elderly and disabled citizens;

branch - "Special home for lonely elderly people No. 1";

branch "Special home for lonely elderly No. 2";

branch "Department of intensive care (mercy)".

The institution carries out the activities of social services for social support, the provision of social, social and medical, psychological, pedagogical, social and legal services and material assistance, social adaptation and rehabilitation of citizens in difficult life situations in accordance with Federal laws, Presidential decrees RF, government documents, regional laws, decrees and orders of state authorities, orders and orders of the Department of social protection of the population of the Bagan region.

The Center's activities are aimed at carrying out social, health-improving, pedagogical activities, for which it is carried out:

monitoring the social and demographic situation, the level of social and economic well-being of citizens on the territory of the municipality;

identification and differentiated accounting of citizens in need of social support, determination of the forms of assistance they need and the frequency (permanently, temporarily, on a one-time basis) of its provision;

providing citizens with socio-pedagogical, legal, socio-psychological, socio-medical, social, household, trade, consulting and other services, subject to the principles of targeting and continuity of their provision, participation in the prevention of neglect and juvenile delinquency together with authorized competent authorities ;

involvement of state, municipal and non-state bodies, organizations and institutions (health care, education, migration service, employment services and others), as well as public and religious organizations and associations (veterans, disabled people, Red Cross Society committees, associations of large, single-parent families, etc. further) to the solution of issues of providing social support to the population and the coordination of their activities in this direction;

provision of additional paid services to the population.

The institution solves the problems:

) Restoration of the social status of elderly citizens and disabled people who have fallen into difficult life situations, their material and household support, social-labor and socio-psychological adaptation through medical, social and socio-cultural rehabilitation measures.

) Pre-medical care and social and household support for elderly citizens and disabled people who, for health reasons, have partially lost the ability to self-service or for medical reasons need outside help, social support, at home and in specialized departments of the Center.

) Organization of social assistance and support to families and lonely citizens with incomes below the subsistence level, as well as those in extreme situations, primarily large families, single-parent families, families with disabled children, single pensioners receiving a social pension.

) Assistance to citizens in solving social and legal issues within the competence of the bodies of social protection of the population.

The institution has the right to carry out entrepreneurial or other income-generating activities in accordance with federal and regional legislation in agreement with the Founder and use the income and property acquired from these incomes in accordance with article 120 and article 298 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation for the development of the institution in order to provide social support to citizens ...

Income received from entrepreneurial activity are directed by the Institution for purposes that do not contradict the charter.

The institution is guided by The Civil Code Of the Russian Federation, the Budget Code of the Russian Federation, the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, instructions on accounting in budgetary institutions, instructions of the Ministry of Finance on accounting for business activities in budgetary institutions and other regulations.

The institution has the right, in the prescribed manner and in accordance with the charter and the current legislation of the Russian Federation:

purchase or rent when exercising economic activity fixed and circulating assets at the expense of the financial resources available to him, and loans and credits received for these purposes;

plan its activities and determine development prospects in agreement with the founder, as well as based on consumer demand for products, works and services;

establish with the consent of the founder separate subdivisions(branches, representative offices) with the right to open current and other accounts without the right of a legal entity.

The complex center of social services for the population of the Bagansky district of the Novosibirsk region is obliged to:

provide the founder with estimate and financial documentation in full of the approved forms and for all types of activities;

coordinate with the Founder the structure of the Institution;

be liable in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation for violation of contractual, credit, settlement obligations;

provide their employees with safe working conditions and bear responsibility in the prescribed manner for harm caused to the employee by injury, occupational disease or other damage to health associated with the performance of his job duties;

be responsible for the safety of documents (management, financial and economic, personnel, etc.);

ensure the transfer for state storage of documents of scientific and historical significance to archival funds in accordance with the agreed list of documents;

to spend funds of the regional budget strictly in accordance with the approved schedule and budget limits;

carry out operational accounting of results, maintain statistical and accounting reports, report on the results of activities in the manner and terms established by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

The institution forms a fund for wages, material incentives, production development, social development, social assistance, reserve and other funds. The procedure for the formation and use of funds is determined by the Complex Center for Social Services for the Population of the Bagan District of the Novosibirsk Region in agreement with the founder. Funds received from payment for services provided are spent in accordance with the Regulations on the Procedure for Using Funds Received to the Accounts of Social Service Institutions from Payment for Social Services, approved by the order of the founder.

The institution determines its accounting policy, maintains accounting statistical reporting in the manner prescribed by law and is responsible for its accuracy. Separate accounting is maintained for different types of (budgetary and extrabudgetary) activities.

.2 The main categories of citizens served by the MBU Comprehensive Center for Social Services for the Population of the Bagansky District of the Novosibirsk Region

On November 3, 1965, the Bagansky district was formed, which included the Andreevsky, Kitay-Gorodsky, Paletsky village councils separated from the Karasuksky district, and the Bagansky, Voznesensky, Grushevsky, Kazan village councils separated from the Kupinsky district.

The territory of the district with a total area of ​​3367.8 sq. Km. is located in the southwestern part of the Novosibirsk region at a distance of 450 km from the regional center of Novosibirsk. The length of the region from north to south is 103 km and from west to east - 60 km.

On its territory there are 9 municipalities, 44 settlements. The population of the Bagan region as of 01.01.2011 was 17983 people. Over the past years, the population has been steadily declining. The entire population of the district is rural. Large villages are - with. Bagan, p. Paletskoe, s. Savkino, s. Andreevka. The ethnic composition of the population is as follows: Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians, Kazakhs, Germans, etc.

Administrative center - with. Bagan, with a population of 5955 people, is located at the intersection of highways running in two directions: Karasuk-Novosibirsk, Kupino-Omsk and is a compact massif, in which most of the enterprises of almost all industrial sectors located in the region are concentrated.

In general, the dynamics of the demographic situation in the region coincides with the trends in the demographic development of the region. During the period 2007-2010, the population of the district decreased by 0.5 thousand people. By the beginning of 2011, the population of the Bagan region was 17,983 people against 18,483 people in 2006. In 2011, population growth was noted.

Table 1

Main indicators characterizing demographic processes

The problem of low fertility has become especially acute in recent years. The total fertility rate during this period decreased from 136.3 in 2007 to 108.4 in 2010 per 10,000 population, that is, by 27.4%.

Also, one of the most acute problems of the modern demographic development of the region, which remains in dynamics, is the high mortality rate of the population. The natural population decline rate is 144.6 per 10,000 population. The number of deaths in 2010 is 1.3 times higher than the number of births. In the general structure of causes of death of the population of the region, diseases of the circulatory system, oncological diseases, accidents, and injuries are leading.

Thus, the main reason depopulation is a natural decline in population, which has a stable and long-term nature. Another reason for the decline in the district's population is the negative balance of migration.

Age structure population in recent years has not undergone significant changes.

table 2

Structural indicators of population size

There is a specialized house for lonely elderly citizens and disabled people in the region, 14 people live in it, a Mercy department for 20 beds, and a 42-apartment house of Veterans, in which 62 people live.

In 1998, the State Institution “Comprehensive Center for Social Services for the Population with a Hospital for Social Services for Elderly Citizens and Disabled Persons” was opened in the district, in which there are emergency departments and home-based services.

2.3 Analysis of the activities and quality of services provided by MBU Comprehensive Center for Social Services for the Population of the Bagansky District of the Novosibirsk Region

As of 01.01.2011, 812 (2009-858) low-income families are registered in the department of urgent social services and organizational and methodological support, there are 3097 (2009-3170) people in them, of which 1575 (2009-1533) are children, which is 17.3% (2009 - 17.6%) of the population.

Rice. 1. The number of citizens who received services from the department of social protection

In 2010, the department of urgent social services and organizational and methodological support provided 1315 social services. Services were rendered to 635 people.

Economic assistance was provided to 799 (2009–838) families, in which 2179 (2009–2276) people were served. They provided 4509 (2009-3614) services in the amount of 4222 322 (2009-2 561 071) rubles, which on average for 1 person is 1938 (2009-1 125) rubles.

Including:

Table 3

Types of assistance in MBU "KTSSON Bagan region"

For these purposes, funds were spent from the budgets of all levels: 1. Regional budget: 3938.6 thousand rubles (2009-2076.1)

Local budget: 283.7 thousand rubles (2009 - 192.7)

Federal budget: - (2009-292.3)

11.3 thousand rubles were spent to finance cultural events. (2009 - 22.8 thousand rubles)

Prepared by:

17 meetings (2009 - 11) of the district commission "On the provision of material social assistance to low-income residents of the Bagan District."

16 (2009 - 16) packages of documents ordered by the Department of Benefits and Social Benefits,

3 (2009 - 3) packages of documents for the Department of Social Development and Ensuring the Rights of Citizens to Social Protection.

35 (2009 - 53) applications for targeted in-kind assistance. The Ministry made a decision to provide assistance to 28 (2009 - 35) applicants, refused 7 (2009 - 18).

Registered:

1201 (2009 - 1041) family exits, registered and on applications for material assistance ;

oral applications of citizens: 6 611 (2009 - 7791);

Issued 297 (2009 - 313) certificates for social scholarships.

The fair of used things received 715 (2009-535) units, issued 676 (2009 - 493) units.

The specialists of the department assisted the department of benefits and social payments in collecting packages of documents for measures of social support for citizens of various categories:

474 (2008 - 589) package of documents for registration of subsidies for payment of housing and communal services,

850 (2008 - 785) packages of documents for the registration of declarations for the monthly allowance for children.

465 participants of the Great Patriotic War and home front workers were examined; a social passport was drawn up for each.

The Department of Benefits and Social Benefits was provided with lists of large families in greatest need of compensation for the purchase of school uniforms (110 families with 255 children).

The department's specialists prepared 43 packages of documents for the provision of one-time financial assistance when a child from a large family enters the first grade of general educational institutions.

During this period, social workers made 27637 (25890) home visits and provided 63,549 (73,693) services. The Center received 108897 (56269) rubles from the provision of social services, 3600 (6800) rubles from the services of a hairdresser and seamstress, a total of 11897 (66425) rubles. In 2010, the branch of the Intensive Nursing Home (Mercy) provided 96,971 paid services in the amount of 480,480 rubles. Assistance was provided in the registration and delivery of 15 (4) pensioners to the branch "Intensive care boarding house (mercy)" in the village. Kazanka, which was decided at 12 (8) meetings of the commission for the distribution of social housing, 37 (36) applications were considered. According to the implementation of 122 of the Law "On Veterans" in 2010, 1429 (1756) tickets for the privileged category of citizens were sold. At the end of the reporting period, 989 adults with disabilities (2009 - 945 people) live on the territory of the Bagan region, children with disabilities - 59 people (2009 - 61 people).

Table 4

Types of social services provided by the Department of Benefits and Social Benefits of MBU "KTSSON Bagan District":

Per reporting period the department registered 536 oral applications of citizens (2009 -385). The main category of applicants are people with disabilities, parents of children with disabilities on the implementation of the IPR and undergoing rehabilitation, as well as people of retirement age and parents of n / a children on the issues of health improvement in the DOL and SOL region, in the department and organization of leisure.

During this period, according to the recommendations of the IPR, disabled people were sent for rehabilitation to the Regional Center for Social and Cultural Rehabilitation of Disabled People, 5 people, to the Regional Rehabilitation Center for Children with Disabilities, 5 children.

During the reporting period, the department for the prevention of neglect, delinquency and vagrancy of children and adolescents provided a total of 1,779 pedagogical services: 55 children, 205 adults (2009 - 1148 services to 82 children, 107 adults).

In the Bagan region, there are 98 disadvantaged families with 256 children (2009: 105 families, 280 children) registered with the OPBPBDP KTSSON. During the reporting period, 18 families were identified and registered with 38 minors (2009: 14 families of 32 children), 25 families of 59 children were deregistered, of which 14 were for correction (2009: 11 families - 26 children, 1 as revision). The predominant risk factor is criminal, because the majority of parents in these families abuse alcohol, have previously been convicted, children in these families are neglected, pedagogically neglected, 26 of them are registered with the Department of Internal Affairs for offenses (2009 - 24).

Social patronage plays an important role when working with families of the “risk group”. During the reporting period, 1050 family visits were carried out (2009 - 1084). The main goal of patronage is to restore normal conditions for living and raising children in a family.

Efficiency of work with dysfunctional families and juveniles prone to delinquency is achieved through the joint work of all departments of prevention. Together with the PDN OVD, social teachers of schools, OKDN and ZP, UII, 41 raids were carried out (2009 - 45), 126 families were examined (2009 - 130). They took part in 12 CDs and RFPs, 76 materials on minors were considered (2009 - 75). Sent to the Department of Guardianship, Department of Internal Affairs, Central District Hospital, Penitentiary Institute, KDN, 176 materials on the facts of non-fulfillment of parental duties (2009 - 98).

Assistance was provided in the treatment of 25 parents from the SGR from alcohol dependence (2009 - 14).

Organized the placement of 16 minors from 11 families in difficult life situations in social rehabilitation centers for minors in the Tatar region and Krasnozersky region. Assistance was provided in the placement of 1 minor (r \ inv) from the SGR, who ended up in the TZhS in the Chumakovsky boarding school of the Kuibyshev district.

Chapter 3. Improving the quality of social services in MBU Comprehensive center of social services for the population of the Bagansky district of the Novosibirsk region

3.1 Problems and difficulties in the activities of MBU Complex center of social services for the population of the Bagansky district of the Novosibirsk region. Factors and reasons impeding the improvement of the quality of service

As an organic component of the redistributive system in the society of state socialism, the system of social benefits must undergo cardinal changes, since at present it has lost its socio-economic efficiency.

According to Russian legislation, social benefits and benefits are provided to 2/3 of the country's population. In Russia, there are about 150 types of social payments, benefits, allowances, subsidies from budget funds, covering more than 200 different categories of the population (veterans, children, disabled people, student youth, etc.). The small size of benefits and benefits does not really improve the situation of their recipients. There is an underestimation of the real standard of living of beneficiaries of benefits, the real need for them. There is no priority in the provision of benefits (highlighting priority groups and taking into account the importance, urgency of needs, satisfied with the help of individual benefits in these groups). The measures taken are not always targeted (evidence of this is the weak differentiation of the share of state transfers in the monetary income of the rich and the poor).

There is no clearly defined division of powers of budgets of different levels in their provision. The total cost of all types of social support is estimated at 350 billion rubles. The share of the population eligible for social guarantees, benefits and payments is about 68%, that is, almost 100 million people can apply and actually apply for them, and the overwhelming number of benefits is provided on a categorical basis. It is obvious that real budgetary financing of social expenditures on such a scale is rather difficult to carry out, which leads to non-fulfillment of federal legislation, non-fulfillment by the state of its obligations to citizens and, ultimately, to discredit of state power. Reforming social benefits should be considered in the context of creating an integral mechanism for implementing social policy in the context of the transition to a market, including state social guarantees, a system of support for those in need and an optimal set of benefits that perform a specific function that cannot be reduced to other types of social policy. The reform of the system of benefits should combine the radical abolition of benefits for some categories of citizens, leave them only to people "for special services" to society and the state, and streamline these benefits. Benefits for some socially weak groups of the population (children of certain ages, children from large families, people with disabilities who suffered from disasters, etc.) should be transferred to the system of state support for those in need on the basis of a broad approach to the concept of “neediness”.

The most important question is about the distribution of responsibility in ensuring social benefits between the state (and in it - between the budgets of different levels), entrepreneurs, public (charitable organizations). Reforming the mechanism involves the division of powers of budgets of different levels, state and non-state organizations, depending on the socio-economic content of benefits, their addressees and the purposes of their provision.

The source of funding for benefits for beneficiaries "for special merit", as well as for the rehabilitated, family members of the victims, victims of environmental disasters, children 1 year of age, disabled people and disabled children is the federal budget, from which benefits transferred to the system of state social guarantees should be provided ... In the preserved benefits for housing and communal services (only for war veterans and persons equated to them "for special merits"), the source of funding is the share of the federal budget and the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, which in turn will reduce the amount of assistance to them from the federal budget. With the abolition of tax benefits for certain categories of beneficiaries in accordance with the distribution of income from taxes on individuals, more than half of the savings will be received by the budgets of the constituent entities of the Federation and local budgets, which will be a significant source of their replenishment.

You can also switch from compensation for losses from benefits by transport enterprises at the expense of the budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local budgets to payment of compensation directly to citizens who have been left with benefits for travel on transport, money or travel documents with payment of 100, 50 (or less)% (professional beneficiaries at the expense of the employer, including obligations to provide certain benefits in labor agreements; students - at the expense of educational organizations, pensioners at the expense of the Pension Fund). But it should be borne in mind that for military personnel, prosecutors and those equated to them, this practice can lead to an increase in the burden on the federal budget, since these categories are financed from the federal budget.

You can also consider several more options for an action strategy in the field of improving the financial organization of social benefits:

It is possible to expand the range of paid social services and, on this basis, remove part of the burden from the state budget, as well as the non-insurance burden from the pension system of social insurance by transferring part of the obligations fulfilled by the latter to the social protection system. This requires the development of forms, methods, conditions of social services, strengthening its material and technical base, the development of non-state, alternative forms of social services. Introduction of differentiated conditions and norms of social services for the population - taking into account the level of average per capita income of the population and the subsistence minimum.

It is necessary to work out new, reasonable rates of insurance contributions to state off-budget social funds, using modern topical methods that ensure the financial balance of insurance organizations, their fulfillment of obligations to policyholders. It is also advisable to change the existing rates of insurance premiums, for example:

due to the redistribution of non-core functions between extra-budgetary social funds (for example, transferring to the health insurance fund "care" for temporary disability of the population and the function of paying appropriate benefits), taking into account the specialization of each of them, orienting each fund more towards protecting the population from adequate risks;

by introducing differentiated tariff contributions to social insurance funds: increased - for enterprises with a high level of occupational diseases, injuries and reduced - for enterprises with a relatively lower level of morbidity, injuries, etc.

shrinking, squeezing replacement rates for unemployment benefits; and reducing the regressive nature of these benefits for long-term workers.

In addition, it is possible to raise the question of differentiating the amount of deductions from the centralized part State fund employment of the population of the Russian Federation to the constituent entities of the Federation, taking into account the level of unemployment in these regions.

Development of institutions of non-state social insurance (not only pension, but also unemployment insurance, medical). The guarantees of the stability of non-state social insurance systems should be a new investment policy - directing investments in the social sphere, its facilities, including enterprises. For the population, this will be accompanied by an improvement in the quality of social services and an increase in its availability.

It is possible to attract funds from the population in the form of cash payments to the real sector of the economy and the social sphere in particular. Interest: the presence of a constant, stable demand for social services (for example, medicines, prostheses, special vehicles, social services, etc.). This can be achieved in the process of privatization of part of the stationary institutions of the social sphere and prosthetic and orthopedic enterprises, the creation on their basis of open joint-stock companies with the participation of the population entitled to social benefits, the creation of a system of social investment funds.

It is necessary to intensify the participation of the population in financing social protection programs, to strengthen their personal responsibility for their own social protection - not only for maintaining health and working capacity, but also for old age, unemployment, etc. - through systems supplementary insurance old age, unemployment, illness, etc.

Part of the funds spent on licensing the activities of social institutions and enterprises can be used for the development of the industry itself.

With regard to the working conditions of the MBU, the Complex Center for Social Services for the Population of the Bagan District, for the implementation of all the above measures, first of all, it is necessary to computerize all departments. And the creation of a unified information network within the organization will significantly increase labor productivity. This is due to the fact that the work of all departments is closely related and information from one is often needed by another. Having a common data bank in electronic form, each branch will be able to obtain the necessary information without delay. There will be no need to ask applicants to wait a few hours or come in another day in order to have time to look through all the documents in another department.

Computerization will necessitate the training of the Center's employees to work with computers, since the heads of 3 out of 5 departments are of pre-retirement age. When using the information network, one of the most pressing and pressing issues that both users and technical staff of the computer science committee have to face is information security. Over the years of the committee's existence and the operation of the information network, we had to face information security problems more than once.

The staff of the Center have never worked with information networks.

One of the main factors affecting the efficiency of using the information network is the level of computer literacy of users. For employees of social protection organizations of all levels, as well as for employees of the district administration, these requirements are even more relevant, since the effectiveness of the entire complex of structures is set depending on their qualifications. local government and, ultimately, the quality of life of the population of the respective territory.

The creation of an information network will allow the departments to communicate with each other and provide each other with information in the shortest possible time. And the creation of an electronic mailbox will allow you to receive decisions, orders and orders of higher authorities on the day of its publication without delay. This, in turn, will make it possible to timely make all changes to the work of the Center.

social protection service population

3.2 Recommendations for improving the activities of MBU Comprehensive Center for Social Services for the Population of the Bagansky District of the Novosibirsk Region, improving the quality of service

In recent years, the situation in the field of social services for the population has undergone significant changes. A fundamentally new system of social protection of the population has been created to replace the previously existing social security system, which includes institutions for social protection of families and children, territorial centers of social services for the population, departments of social assistance at home and urgent social assistance services. New inpatient facilities for the elderly and disabled are being put into operation. Social service institutions provide assistance not only to the elderly, disabled people, families and children, but also actively work to solve the problems of child neglect, social assistance to persons without a fixed abode.

The modernization of the system of social protection of citizens should be based on the following principles.

The principle of state responsibility is constant activity to create conditions for reliable social protection of the population in accordance with the changes taking place in society; to improve their social status through sufficient material, technical, personnel and organizational support of the relevant institutional structures; fulfillment of obligations to prevent poverty and deprivation associated with forced migration, natural and man-made emergencies.

The principle of equality of all citizens - an equal right to protection and assistance in difficult life situations, regardless of social status, nationality, place of residence, political and religious beliefs, economic contribution, to making decisions regarding their life activities, providing equal opportunities for self-realization in the labor sphere and social activities ...

The principle of combining legal and ethical regulation is the observance of human rights, legal norms, the effective use of legal mechanisms for the implementation of political decisions in relation to all citizens, combined with the provision of conditions for fair treatment of those in need.

The principle of social participation is to stimulate the activities of the needy categories of citizens for self-sufficiency, obtaining additional benefits at the expense of their own efforts, as well as helping them to improve the quality of life on their own, achieve economic independence, voluntary manifestation of initiative and activity, intellectual development and creativity throughout life ...

The principle of social partnership is the interaction of the state and citizens in the implementation of activities aimed at achieving the well-being and social well-being of the needy categories of people, constant cooperation with public associations, religious, charitable organizations and other social partners involved in the provision of assistance and services.

The principle of continuity of measures of state social policy in relation to the needy categories of citizens is the preservation of the achieved social guarantees of support for the population and the progressive development of activities in their interests.

The principle of social efficiency is the positive results of measures aimed at increasing the welfare and social well-being of the population, at maintaining their high social status, strengthening social ties and meeting cultural needs.

The principle of the unity of policy in relation to citizens in need of state support at the federal, regional and local levels is to ensure that the elderly are provided with minimum social guarantees and benefits established at the federal level, supplemented and developed at the level of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local governments.

ensuring the maximum implementation of the adopted federal and regional programs of social protection of the population, as well as increasing the minimum wage, its maximum approximation to the minimum subsistence level of an able-bodied person.

There is an acute problem of training specialists in social work in Russian universities, which has no established traditions and a long history. The training of specialists in such a multifaceted, complex in content and forms of implementation type of activity as social protection cannot immediately take shape and begin to function as integral system especially in the conditions of socio-economic transformations in which Russia is now. Social work requires a new, complete and detailed structure of the preparation process, ranging from the study of social order to individual continuing education programs in the process of continuing education.

An important direction of reforming the provision of social support to the population is to change the principles of social protection for various categories of people in need:

In the development of social protection and rehabilitation of disabled people.

Currently, the problem of disability of the population is acute and this problem needs to be given sufficient attention. Emphasis should be placed on the comprehensive rehabilitation of disabled people, allowing them to overcome the limitations of their life and ensure participation in the life of society, paying special attention to the rehabilitation of disabled children who are able to become its full members. In addition, it is necessary to shift the emphasis from the policy of inpatient services for the disabled towards their independent living and providing assistance at home.

Rehabilitation of people with disabilities is an effective measure of their social protection, it is economically viable, since the payment for these measures is more beneficial to the state than the costs of paying disability pensions, therefore, it is advisable to create centers for vocational rehabilitation of disabled people, functioning (while maintaining a significant share of state funding) on ​​a self-sustaining basis. and self-financing; first-priority gratuitous transfer of property of closed unprofitable state-owned enterprises to disabled associations.

In the development of social protection for families, women and children.

In general, according to many indicators, the living conditions of the family, women and children remain unfavorable, which poses a threat to the physical and spiritual health of the population in the region and predetermines the need for purposeful efforts to overcome this situation. Therefore, the main directions for the development of social services for families with children, women and children should be:

ensuring the necessary conditions for improving the quality of life of families (increasing subsidies for children, controlling prices for essential goods, strengthening control over medical institutions);

creation of favorable conditions for full and equal participation of women in political, economic, social and cultural life;

ensuring the rights of children to their full-fledged physical, intellectual, moral and social development (development of children's clubs, sports clubs, circles, organizing excursions to other cities).

The solution of the set tasks requires the adoption of a number of significant measures to improve the mechanisms for the implementation of social policy in the interests of the family, women and children, including in the field of family support:

government incentives for small businesses, including family businesses;

development of a network of specialized institutions for social services for families, children and adolescents, expanding the list of services they provide, including counseling, psychotherapeutic, for overcoming crisis situations, socio-psychological adaptation to new conditions.

In order to improve the situation of children, I would like to make proposals of the following order:

provision of additional guarantees in the social rehabilitation and adaptation of children in difficult life situations, including orphans, children with disabilities;

expansion of state support and development of new forms of family education for children who have lost parental care (foster families, foster (foster) families);

creation of an effective system for the prevention of neglect, drug addiction and juvenile delinquency, social protection of children in difficult life situations, including socially maladjusted children and children with disabilities.

the period of rehabilitation of a child in an institution must be justified by his individual problems.

the work on organizing health-improving recreation for children in need of special care of the state should be brought to a new level. It is necessary to continue the practice of setting up day camps at social service centers, providing conditions for good rest and rehabilitation of children. Particular attention should be paid to their labor education, introduction to socially useful work.

In the field of social protection of elderly citizens.

A change in the social status of a person in old age, caused, first of all, by the termination or restriction of labor activity, changes in value orientations, the lifestyle itself, the emergence of difficulties in social, household, psychological adaptation to new conditions, requires the development of special approaches, forms and methods of social work with senior citizens.

As a rule, suitability to work with senior citizens and disabled people at home is primarily determined by the stamina and physical strength of the social worker. This is due to the fact that the activity of a department employee is very hard work associated with great physical exertion. Currently, the maximum permissible loads for women have been established when delivering food to their homes, per ward per visit - up to 7 kg.

If a social worker does not exceed the norm, then for one visit he brings when working for one (8 people) - 56 kg, when working for 1, rates (12 people) - 84 kg.

According to the latest regulatory documents the social worker should visit his wards at least 2-3 times a week. If desired or requested by the person served, home visits can be made 4 times a week.

So a social worker during a full working week brings (at full load) up to 112 kg - when working at one rate and up to 168 kg - when working at 1.5 rates.

The list of products ordered by the served citizens is as follows: bread, milk, cereals, vegetables, meat, etc. According to the assessment of the volume of products brought, it can be said that everything and the range depends on the material well-being of the person served, as a rule, this is the amount of the pension received, in more rare cases, additional assistance from relatives and friends. But even if senior citizens and disabled people receive the minimum pension, all social services and the delivery of essential items seem to fall on the shoulders of the social worker.

This problem could be solved or the work of employees could be facilitated with the following options:

The Center has vehicles for the delivery of food, industrial goods, etc.

Add the mover rate as an internal combination - to the driver. Since any grocery, real or humanitarian aid provided to the center is unloaded with the help of the driver, the latter will have a material interest in better performance of duties for the delivery of food, industrial goods, etc.

In the process of normal life, a person is engaged in a variety of daily activities: professional activities, education, household chores, communication with people, sleep, rest, leisure. Leisure involves activities that give a person a sense of pleasure, high spirits and joy. People spend their leisure time in order to relax, relieve stress, feel physical and psychological satisfaction, share their interests with friends and family, establish social contacts and get the opportunity to express themselves or creative activity... Therefore, when organizing social services, it is necessary to solve the problem of leisure by organizing various events by means of the Center or by senior citizens themselves.

For example, you can include the following activities:

Sports or varied physical activity (the role of a spectator, participant, coach or any other organizational activity);

Hobby (various activities according to interests);

table games

entertainment (watching TV, films, reading literature, listening to radio broadcasts);

communication with other people (telephone conversations, writing letters, invitations, organizing and attending evenings and other entertainment events).

It is also possible to organize training in computer games, as is practiced in Western countries.

The organization of leisure will help to solve such problems as: loneliness, communication, moral relationships, problems of alcoholism and adaptation of older citizens to a new social role. Correctly selected sports exercises, with the help of medical workers, will help to some extent solve the problem of the weakened health of older citizens. Leisure and recreation play a particularly important role in the lives of older people, especially when their participation in the labor force is difficult. Thus, incorporating leisure activities into comprehensive social service plans will help solve most of the problems faced by older citizens.

Employment problems can be solved by organizing summer labor teams. Many elderly people live in wooden houses and have their own vegetable gardens, which are not able to cultivate the entire area without assistance. Elderly people who live in communal apartments and do not have any special deviations in health could help such citizens. The harvested crop can be distributed to all elderly citizens in need, by creating a fund for helping the poor and frail elderly people with vegetable products, and the rest of the harvest can be sold through a chain of stores. Thus, older people who took part in the labor "front" will have additional earnings, including the owners of vegetable gardens and the provision of vegetables for the winter, this will contribute to solving financial problems.

You can organize workshops for the production of various crafts, many senior citizens do needlework all their lives (embroider, knit, weave various products, make various souvenirs, etc.) - these products can also be sold through a chain of stores and profitable from the sale of products will help to solve to some extent the material problem of the elderly and the problem of leisure.

In order to maintain the health of senior citizens, it is possible to organize pre-medical sanitary services for senior citizens. Most of the elderly are unable to maintain their health through spa treatment. Therefore, a “sanatorium at home” is the best option for such people. This form of social service is based on enhanced medication, physiotherapy treatment and dietary nutrition for the elderly at home. For 18-20 days, elderly people are under the supervision of doctors, social workers, cultural workers. Thus, the problem of sanitary-resort treatment is solved.

Social and domestic issues in the field of social services can be resolved by organizing mobile repair teams that will repair houses, outbuildings, stoves, and procure fuel.

Conclusion

The transition to the market, the deterioration of the living conditions of a significant part of the country's population, especially the unemployed, pensioners, families with children, revealed the inability of the previous social security system to guarantee every person a decent standard of living. This required its reform and almost complete renovation in the field of social security.

Social services to the population in the region are rendered by the MBU "KTSSON of the Bagan region". In 2010, the departments of the center for social services provided a total of 183339 services - 4970 people (in 2009 - 92,231 services, 4242 people).

As of 01.01.2011, 812 (2009-858) low-income families are registered in the department of urgent social services and organizational and methodological support, there are 3,097 (2009-3,170) people in them, of which 1,575 (2009-1533) are children, which is 17.3% (2009 - 17.6%) of the population.

In 2010, the department of urgent social services and organizational and methodological support provided 1315 social services. Services were rendered to 635 people.

Economic assistance was provided to 799 (2009–838) families, in which 2179 (2009–2276) people were served. They provided 4,509 (2009-3614) services in the amount of 4222,322 (2009-2561,071) rubles, which on average for 1 person is 1938 (2009-1,125) rubles.

As of 10/01/2011, 117 (122) people are on social services at home, of which 79 (86) are women and 38 (36) men, including 50 (56) elderly citizens, 51 (46) people with disabilities, UVOV 4 (5), IVOV 6 (9), widows 6 (7) people. They are served by 13 social workers and 32 (26) contract workers.

During the reporting period, 298 (350) planned visits were carried out, as a result of which the living conditions of single citizens who were served were examined and the work of 68 (148) social workers was checked.

During this period, social workers made 27637 (25890) home visits and provided 63,549 (73,693) services. The Center received 108897 (56269) rubles from the provision of social services, 3600 (6800) rubles from the services of a hairdresser and seamstress, a total of 11897 (66425) rubles. In 2010, the branch of the Intensive Nursing Home (Mercy) provided 96,971 paid services in the amount of 480,480 rubles.

Assistance was provided in the registration and delivery of 15 (4) pensioners to the branch "Intensive care boarding house (mercy)" in the village. Kazanka, which was decided at 12 (8) meetings of the commission for the distribution of social housing, 37 (36) applications were considered.

According to the implementation of 122 of the Law "On Veterans" in 2010, 1429 (1756) tickets for the privileged category of citizens were sold.

At the end of the reporting period, 989 adults with disabilities (2009 - 945 people) live on the territory of the Bagan region, children with disabilities - 59 people (2009 - 61 people).

According to Russian legislation, social benefits and benefits are provided to 2/3 of the country's population. In Russia, there are about 150 types of social payments, benefits, allowances, subsidies from budget funds, covering more than 200 different categories of the population (veterans, children, disabled people, student youth, etc.). The small size of benefits and benefits does not really improve the situation of their recipients. There is an underestimation of the real standard of living of beneficiaries of benefits, the real need for them. There is no priority in the provision of benefits (highlighting priority groups and taking into account the importance, urgency of needs, satisfied with the help of individual benefits in these groups). The measures taken are not always targeted (evidence of this is the weak differentiation of the share of state transfers in the monetary income of the rich and the poor).

The development of social protection for the population in the MBU Comprehensive Center for Social Services for the Population of the Bagansky District of the Novosibirsk Region should be carried out by concentrating efforts on the consistent implementation of measures to strengthen and expand the system of social services for the population, providing a state-guaranteed level of social protection. To solve the set tasks for the development of social protection of the population, it is necessary:

improving the order of interaction in the field of social policy between federal executive bodies, executive bodies of the Novosibirsk region, local government bodies, enterprises and organizations of various forms of ownership;

increasing the responsibility of all authorities for its implementation;

development of the non-state sector in the social protection of the population;

improving the personnel policy in the system of social protection of the population, including increasing the social protection of social workers;

using international experience to adapt the social protection system to the realities market economy(Sweden, Germany, etc.);

organization of licensing of the activities of non-state structures, individuals and state services involved in the provision of social services to the population;

ensuring the maximum implementation of the adopted federal and regional programs of social protection of the population, as well as increasing the minimum wage, its maximum approximation to the minimum subsistence level of an able-bodied person.

Bibliography

1. The Constitution of the Russian Federation (as amended on March 25, 2004). Adopted at a national referendum on December 12, 1993 - M .: IS "Code". 2005.

2. Civil Code of the Russian Federation // SP GARANT

Federal Law No. 1244 of 05/15/1991 "On social protection of citizens exposed to radiation as a result of the disaster at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant

Federal Law No. 122 dated 02.08.1995 "On social services for elderly citizens and disabled people"

Federal Law No. 181 of November 24, 1995 "On social protection of disabled people in the Russian Federation"

Federal Law No. 195 of 10.12.1995 "On the Basics of Social Services for the Population in the Russian Federation"

Federal Law No. 195 of 10.12.1995 "On the Basics of Social Services for the Population in the Russian Federation"

Federal Law No. 120 of June 24, 1999 "On the Basics of the System for the Prevention of Neglect and Juvenile Delinquency"

Federal Law No. 17 of 02/08/1998 "On Amendments and Additions to Article 8 of the Federal Law" On Additional Guarantees for Social Protection of Orphans and Children Left Without Parental Care "

Federal Law No. 178 of July 17, 1999 "On State Social Assistance"

Federal Law No. 123 of 08.08.2001 "On Amendments and Additions to Articles 15 and 16 of the Federal Law" On Social Protection of Persons with Disabilities in the Russian Federation "

Borisenko N. On the concept of financial stability of the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation. // Economic Issues 2006 No. 7. p.106-122.

Vlasov V. Unemployed without benefits. // Social protection 2005 №1. page 19.

Galaganov P. State social assistance in the system of social security law. // Law and Politics 2008 No. 6. p. 81-87.

Delyagin N. Moment of Truth. // Social protection 2007 №10. p. 4-7.

Zakharov M.L., Tuchkova E.G. Social Security Law of Russia: Textbook. - M .: Walters Kluver, 2008.-608s.

Kazban A.V. Short review world and domestic experience of reforming social security of the population. // Accounting in budgetary and non-profit organizations 2006 №13. pp. 27-34.

Kalmykov V.V. The results of social policy of the 1990s and its reform in the early 2000s. // History of State and Law 2008 No. 6. p. 6-9.

Lisitsa V.N. On the main directions of codification of legislation in the field of social security. // Labor Law 2007 No. 10. pp. 16-23.

Novikova M., Sidorenko S. What standards do we need. // Socionomy 2007 №10. pp. 10-14.

Osadchaya G.I. Welfare state and social policy. // Social policy and sociology 2007 №4. pp. 24-29.

Social Security Law of Russia: Textbook / ed. M.O.Buyanova, K.N. Gusova. - M .: TK Welby, Publishing house Prospect, 2008. - 488s.

Roik V. Pension reform: results and prospects. // Insurance 2008 №7. pp. 26-31.

Svetkina G.D., Gritsenko E.A. Social assistance: on the way to targeting. // Social work 2007 №2. pp. 5-7.

Social policy, level and quality of life. Vocabulary. - M .: VTsUZh Publishing House, 2006 .-- 288 p.

Stafilova O.V. The accumulative component of the income of the compulsory pension insurance system. // Finance 2009 №2. p.51-53.

Taranukha Y. Monetization of social benefits: efficiency and justice. // Man and Labor 2007 №2. pp. 18-22.

Tkachenko A. Russia and developed countries on the path of pension reforms. // Power 2008 №6. p. 62-68.

Ulanov S. Analysis of the provisions of Federal Law No. 122 in terms of "Monetization of benefits." // Social security 2007 No. 5. p. 12-15.

Sharin V. Social services: problems, ways of development. // Social security 2008 №1. p. 12-15.

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Similar works on - The main directions of development of the sphere of social services for the population on the example of the municipal budgetary institution "Comprehensive Center for Social Services for the Population" of the Bagansky District of the Novosibirsk Region

Social service concept

Considering the issue of the features and problems of social services, let's figure out what it is.

In modern theoretical science, it is customary to believe that social services are a direction of social work, part of the social policy of the state, within the framework of which the state provides social assistance and support to the population in need with the aim of its adaptation and harmonious development.

Features of social services

The peculiarities of social services are rooted in its understanding. Since social services are considered part of the social policy of the state, the state has a leading role in this area of ​​activity. The institute of non-governmental social service organizations has just begun its formation.

Despite the relative youth of the institution of non-state social services, it is intended to complement the state system of social services, diversifying the content of social services, increasing the volume of services and improving their quality and quality of service provision.

Remark 1

In connection with the importance of the role of the non-state sector, it is worth noting that the state should assist in the formation of a system of both state and non-state aid, since it is the state that has many opportunities to form a complementary system for the provision of social services.

At present, the system of social services is undergoing changes, being in the process of forming a network of social institutions, taking into account, when providing social services, the specifics of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, their economic situation, the characteristics of culture and climate, etc.

The system of social services in our country began its formation during crises, both economic and socio-cultural, which required a change in the conceptual framework of social work and the formation of a personnel base, as well as changes in the regulatory framework in the field of social services.

IN currently the economic situation in Russia determines the scale, content and specifics of social services provided to the population. The current economic situation is characterized by:

• increasing the scale of social services,
• an increase in the number of social services;
• an increase in the number of the population in need of social support.

Remark 2

A new round in the development of the social service system was the adoption of a new federal law "On the fundamentals of social services for the population" legal acts in this area and created an opportunity for the formation of a non-state sector of social services.

Problems of social services in Russia and ways to solve them

Financing social services.

The economic situation in our country is developing in such a way that the number of people in need of social services is growing. Meanwhile, the amount of resources is still limited. With simple calculations, in conditions of limited resources and an increase in the number of those who need them, a situation of resource shortage inevitably develops. One of the large-scale problems of social services for the population is insufficient funding. An attempt to improve the situation was made with the adoption of a new federal law on the fundamentals of social services, which provides opportunities for the development of the non-state sector of social services, as well as defining the list of paid services, respectively, allocating revenues from the provision of social services as a separate source of financing for this area of ​​social work.

Insufficient regulatory framework.

The adoption of the new law on social services solved many legal problems in the field of delimitation and transfer of powers in the field of social services to the municipal level, where assistance to the population is more targeted. The new law lacks the concept of a difficult life situation, it was replaced by circumstances that are the basis for the provision of social services. Also, the innovation of the federal law on social services was the introduction of an individual program for the recipient of social services, taking into account the conditions and needs of the consumer of social services.

Remark 3

At the moment, the law of social security and social services as its institution, require the adoption of a codified normative act.

Lack of qualified personnel.

Despite the fact that the institution of social work has been forming in Russia for more than a decade, the question of the staffing of social services remains open. This area of ​​work is characterized by small wages and high psychological wear and tear, which is the reason for the unpopularity of the profession of a specialist in social work in educational institutions.

Underdeveloped non-state sector of social services for the population.

The adoption of the law on the fundamentals of social services opened up some additional opportunities for the development of the non-state sector. It is necessary to strengthen the role and participation of public and religious organizations in social service activities.

Inequality of the resource base of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in social services.

The problem of inequality can be solved by the distribution of resources between the subjects, taking into account the peculiarities of regional social services, living conditions, the economy of the region, etc. It is also possible to provide regions with greater powers in the field of social services, the possible use and development of regional forms of social services.

Thus, summing up the above, we note that social services are a mechanism for solving social problems of society, social groups and individuals in particular, therefore, social services should be built with a focus on the priority of human rights and freedoms.

• STATE SOCIAL SERVICE STANDARD
• SOCIAL SERVICE OF THE POPULATION
• BASIC STANDARDIZATION LAWS

• State regulation of the rational use of water resources
• On the issue of the legal framework for state environmental supervision
• Legal regulation of the rational use of water resources
• The role of the police in protecting human and civil rights and freedoms
• Normative legal documents of the municipal administration of social services for the population

The social protection of the population at the present time, taking into account the difficult socio-economic situation, has become one of the most important tasks of state authorities and local self-government. The main direction of the activities of these bodies to ensure and create conditions for a dignified life for an individual is aimed primarily at poorly protected groups of the population, which include, first of all, pensioners, disabled people, families with children.

The current system of social services for the population is currently facing a variety of problems. In particular, certain types of assistance exist in fragments, various subsystems of social protection of representatives of different social groups are isolated, there are no clear rules for interaction and distribution of functions between ministries and extra-budgetary funds; social protection authorities have to serve an increasing number of needy people in conditions of diminishing resources for their support, etc.

Reforms taking place in the late XX - early XXI centuries. in Russia, entailed a significant increase in the role of regions and municipalities in the implementation of the state's social policy, in particular, in the field of social services for the population. As a result of the ongoing reforms, there was a differentiation of such areas of social protection as social support and social services for the population, implemented both at the federal, and at the regional and municipal levels.

Social services, having become an integral part of the state system of social protection of the population, essentially turned into a social institution, that is, a stable complex of social services, regulations, rules, technologies, methods, attitudes, reflecting the social needs of various categories of the population and affecting various areas activities in the Russian Federation.

The transformations in social services have led to changes in the patterns of behavior, psychology and thinking of workers in social services, to the development of a system of higher and professional educational institutions that train specialists for social service institutions.

Despite the fact that the concept of "social service" is widely used in the practical life of our society, and has recently become the object of research conducted in the framework of social work, sociology, social work, its theoretical justification is practically absent.

In Russia, special emphasis was placed on the development of legal aspect social service. But without a theoretical substantiation of the essence and structure of the social service process, difficulties arise, first of all, in assessing the effectiveness of social services, in choosing an adequate model that ensures the implementation of the basic principles and directions of social policy of the state, determining standards and norms professional activity social work specialists, etc.

In the 1990s. there is a need to standardize the service sector, which was caused by various kinds of reasons: first, the increasing role of services in human life, the expansion of the range of services; in particular, new services appear, such as: insurance, financial, tax, lending, social, etc. Secondly, the need to control the quality of services in order to identify factors that can harm the physical, mental, spiritual and social forces of a person, and same environment... On the state level standardization has been recognized since the middle of the 20th century. The main laws in the field of standardization of services in the Russian Federation were adopted in the early 90s. XX century, among them: federal laws "On the protection of consumer rights" (1992); "On Standardization" (1993); "On ensuring the uniformity of measurements" (1993); "On certification of products and services" (1993).

The requirements that were contained in state standards before July 1, 2003 were aimed at ensuring the safety of services for the environment, life, health and property of citizens, technical and information compatibility, interchangeability of services, the unity of methods for their control, as well as other requirements established the legislation of the Russian Federation, were mandatory for compliance with state governing bodies, business entities. The compliance of services with the specified requirements of state standards was determined in the manner prescribed by the legislation of the Russian Federation on mandatory certification of services. Other requirements of state standards for services were mandatory for business entities to comply with by virtue of the contract, or if this was indicated in the technical documentation of the service provider. At the same time, the compliance of services with these requirements of state standards was determined in the manner prescribed by the legislation of the Russian Federation on voluntary certification of services. Compliance by business entities with the mandatory requirements of state standards was exercised by state control and supervision by the executive bodies of state power.

In the federal law "On the fundamentals of social services for the population in the Russian Federation" in article 6, it was determined that social services must comply with state standards, which establish the basic requirements for the volume and quality of social services, the procedure and conditions for their provision.

In accordance with the national standard "Quality of social services", put into effect by the Resolution of the State Standard of Russia, the main provisions have been established that determine the quality of social services. This standard establishes the basic provisions for determining the quality of a particular service, which is provided in social service institutions; but, unfortunately, the standard does not describe the provisions that establish the quality and efficiency of the process of providing a service, and there are no criteria for assessing the quality of the result that must be achieved after the implementation of the service.

The complexity of the standardization of services and their quality is associated, first of all, with the peculiarities of the services themselves, among which it can be noted: the difficulty of quantifying many types of services, the lack of indicators of the quality of social services, etc. The results of the study showed that it is important to develop specific mechanisms for organizing social services population at the regional level.

The lack of adequate conditions for the effective functioning of social services deprives specialists of confidence in the future of their activities, has a serious impact on the service process and the quality of social services provided.

The prospects for the existence and development of various forms of social services depend on various kinds of conditions, including:

• legislative - the development of a regulatory framework at the federal and regional levels;
• organizational and structural - the level of development of the whole system of social services and its individual structural elements;
• financial - the level of funds allocated for the development and functioning of the social service system;
• personnel - the level of qualifications of specialists, conditions for retraining and advanced training of performers;
• informational - the level of openness and accessibility of information about the provided social services.

Thus, at present, research into the problems of ensuring the quality of social services, the development of standards as the basis for confirming compliance and assessing the effectiveness of the activities of social service institutions, identifying the features of organizing social services for the population at various levels, including the municipal, is relevant.

Increasing the level of safety of life, health of citizens in the process of social services, provision of high-quality social services is becoming a requirement of the time.

Ensuring the compliance of services and the service process with these requirements is one of the tasks of standardizing social services for the population. In this regard, the study of the issues of standardization of social services provided to the population is of particular relevance; analysis of existing legal and regulatory documents governing the process of providing and consuming social services by different groups population; determination of mechanisms for the standardization of social services at the regional and municipal levels.

Bibliography

1. Federal Law of 10.12.1995 No. 195-FZ "On the Fundamentals of Social Services to the Population in the Russian Federation" [Electronic resource] \\ "Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation", 11.12.1995, No. 50, Art. 4872.
2. Federal Law of 24.10.1997 No. 134-FZ "On the cost of living in the Russian Federation" [Electronic resource] \\ "Collection of legislation of the Russian Federation", 27.10.1997, No. 43, art. 4904.
3. Clustering of the economy and state cluster policy: theoretical foundations and socio-economic prerequisites Hannanov R.A., Hannanova T.R. Eurasian Law Journal. 2012. No. 12 (55). S. 129-135.
4. Objective bases for the formation and implementation of the state agrarian policy Hannanova tr. historical, philosophical, political and legal sciences, cultural studies and art history. questions of theory and practice. 2013. No. 6-2 (32). with. 184-190.
5. Actual problems of objectification of the agrarian policy of the state Hannanova T.R. Legal research. 2013. No. 8. S. 164-193.
6. Development of the doctrine of legal facts in civil law Hannanov R.A. Ufa, 2006.
7. Legal actions in the system of socio-economic development of Russia R.A. Hannanov Academy of Sciences of the Russian Federation; Ufa Scientific Center; Bashkir State Agrarian University. Ufa, 2007.
8. Legal nature of inaction and causality R.A. Hannanov. State and law. 1978. No. 4. P. 128.
9. Problems of increasing the efficiency of the judiciary Hannanov R.A., Shaposhnikova R.R. Fundamental and applied research in the modern world. 2013. T. 3. No. 4 (04). S. 86-88.
10. Information policy of state and municipal authorities (on the example of the republic of bashkortostan) Garifullina A.F. dissertation for the degree of candidate of political sciences / Bashkir State University... Ufa, 2011
11. Information policy of state and municipal authorities Garifullina A.F. dissertation abstract for the degree of candidate of political sciences / Bashkir State University. Ufa, 2011

The right to social services is an objective necessity for those citizens who need social services who find themselves in a difficult life situation. A fairly large number of people live in Russia who, for various reasons, cannot serve themselves and are limited in their life.

Statistics indicate that the health of citizens is deteriorating, there are many aging and disabled people, there is unemployment and poverty of the population.

Population aging is a problem not only for the Russian Federation, but also for a significant number of countries around the world. One of the trends observed in recent decades in the developed countries of the world is an increase in the absolute number and relative share of older people in the population.

Therefore, the state is obliged to assume obligations to help preserve and extend the full life of every person, to recognize its duty to him and to support his social, labor, educational and creative activity. To carry out the full-scale functions of social assistance, support and social security, the Russian Federation has a social protection system.

Unfortunately on this moment in Russia, the quality and level of social services are not in best condition... The issues of the implementation of state policy in the social sphere have now acquired special relevance. The transition to a socially oriented policy requires the creation of an effective and developed system for providing social protection to the population. Therefore, social policy focuses primarily on the problems of social security and services for the elderly, support for people with disabilities and families with children. As noted, in our country there is “a tendency towards an increase in the number of elderly and disabled people in the population. This is accompanied by a deterioration in their health and limitations in self-care. The need for various types of rehabilitation services is experienced by 80% of disabled elderly and disabled people. More than 30% need constant outside help and social and medical services ”. Aging human body a person has a risk of acquiring chronic diseases; at any time, medical, rehabilitation assistance, the care of another person may be needed. The elderly often have problems not only in the medical field, but also psychological and social problems. Social problems are associated, as a rule, with a low and even extremely low material standard of living, the inability to buy all the necessary (often expensive) medicines and medical equipment, to seek paid medical care, etc. And the benefits and benefits provided by the state cannot solve all the material problems of such old needy people. Psychological problems mainly appear due to the fact that elderly people who have retired and quit their labor activity begin to experience a lack of communication and a feeling of loneliness, uselessness. The need for outsiders, including medical care, among the elderly is several times higher than among people of working age. Being alone at home, elderly people cannot always cope with health problems on their own. Elderly patients need long-term supportive therapy and outside care, medical and social assistance. If we talk about medical and social assistance, then it is a complex of measures of a medical, social, psychological, pedagogical, rehabilitation and legal nature, carried out at the state and regional levels and is aimed at meeting the basic needs of a socially vulnerable category of citizens (elderly citizens, as well as people with disabilities - disabled people). This help is provided by stationary institutions, both in the health sector and in the sphere of social services for citizens. It aims to provide therapeutic interventions and care to restore and maintain health and self-care abilities. In addition to government agencies and organizations, there are also commercial, paid institutions (private boarding houses) for the elderly and disabled people who are in need of medical and social services. Both in public and private organizations that provide medical and social services to citizens in need, all services provided should be aimed at meeting a wide range of needs of their patients: comfortable accommodation, good nutrition, professional medical care, health and rehabilitation procedures, psychological support. But not all institutions have sufficient capabilities to meet the needs for medical and social assistance of all citizens who have applied.

After all, the continuous growth of the elderly population increases the burden on the health care and social services, but the lack of financial resources leads to problems in the provision of medical and social assistance to the elderly and the disabled.

There is an inextricable link between the quality of health care delivery and the level of social services. Both organizations providing social services and their employees should do their utmost to improve medical care, medical and social assistance, and for this, carry out various activities aimed at the proper functioning of these social organizations.

Negative phenomena occurring in the field of social services are observed: a decrease in the dynamics of the development of social service institutions; low quality state of the art this sector; unsatisfactory social and economic situation of social workers; insufficient financial, material and technical, personnel and information support for the activities of social service institutions. As already mentioned, among the serious reasons why the goal of rehabilitation of disabled people and other people in need of this is not always achieved, there are problems of lack of professionalism in the work of medical staff, lack of development rehabilitation technicians etc. Therefore, for successful rehabilitation, it is necessary to take into account the complex of medical, socio-psychological, professional aspects, as well as the personal characteristics of patients. Also, one of the solutions to the problems of organizing and operating stationary social services for the rehabilitation of disabled people is the optimization of the structure of institutions, the reconstruction of existing and construction of new buildings.

It is necessary to expand new promising types of social service institutions: small-capacity boarding houses for elderly citizens and disabled people.

Reforming the system of social services for the population should be aimed at taking measures to overcome the shortage of places in stationary social institutions by moving these institutions from environmentally disadvantaged areas and creating acceptable living conditions in them.

Thus, the provision of affordable medical care for the elderly and disabled is impossible without the creation of an extensive system of specialized rehabilitation institutions. And social programs at all levels remain an effective tool for responding to the problems of the elderly population.

So, the state of the social service system is influenced by a combination of various factors. One of the most important reasons is economic. The economic factor is expressed in the lack of funding, sponsoring the social services sector. This, in turn, affects the efficiency of the provision of social services to the population, leads to the inaccessibility of social services for some categories of citizens. Due to the shortage of funds allocated to this area, there is an outflow of labor, often highly professional, personnel - social workers who provide relevant services.

The equipment and technical equipment of many social service organizations and institutions is also in decline.

One of the important impulses to change the existing social tension and social reality will be the development and functioning of the system of non-state social services, support and strengthening of the role of trade unions, public funds, charitable organizations, etc.

The concept of "disability" (meaning "permanent or long-term, significant limitation of the ability to work, due to various diseases or injuries."

Disability is a biological, social, medical and legal concept.

Elderly disabled people in our society are one of the most vulnerable categories of the population, despite the fact that the state is taking serious measures to organize a system of their social protection. Many of them are lonely, many are in financial distress, and many are in need of care.

In every country, disabled citizens constitute an object (object) of concern for the state, which puts social policy at the forefront of its activities. The main concern of the state in relation to the elderly and the disabled is material support (allowances, benefits, etc.). However, disabled citizens need not only material support. An important role is played by providing them with effective physical, psychological, organizational and other assistance.

The problems of social adaptation and support for people with disabilities and the elderly continue to remain relevant and require new approaches to their solution.

A change in the social status of a person in old age and a disabled person, associated with the termination or restriction of work and social activities, the transformation of values, lifestyle and communication, the emergence of difficulties in social, household and psychological adaptation to new conditions, gives rise to serious social problems.

The most acute problem is the limitation of the vital activity of the elderly and disabled. In solving this problem, the improvement of social rehabilitation and social assistance to the elderly and disabled is of paramount importance. Therefore, a significant role in the system of social protection of elderly disabled people today is played by social services, since it is aimed at meeting their basic needs.

The organization of social services for senior citizens is given more and more importance in our country every year.

The social service system covers a wide range of services: medical care, maintenance and services in boarding houses, home help for those in need of care, housing and communal services, organization of leisure, etc. An integral element of social services is the provision of social assistance at home the elderly and disabled.

Problems of social services for senior citizens are currently in the focus of many social institutions, social and research programs aimed at ensuring an acceptable standard of living for senior citizens and disabled people.

The problem of social assistance to the elderly and disabled is of national importance. This is evidenced by the attention of the legislator to this problem.

The system of social services for the elderly and disabled in the Russian Federation is based on the Federal Law of the Russian Federation of December 10, 1995 No. 195-FZ "On the Basics of Social Services for the Population in the Russian Federation" (as amended on 22.08.2004 No. 122-FZ) and the Federal Law Law of August 2, 1995 N 122-FZ "On social services for elderly citizens and disabled people" (as amended on January 10, 2003 N 15-FZ).

The problem of meeting the basic needs of the elderly and disabled people, improving their quality of life is a problem of society as a whole, and its solution contributes to the successful spiritual and moral development of society and the state.

The Russian state, developing and adopting the relevant legislative acts, harmonizes them with the starting positions of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) "The Universal Declaration of Human Rights" (adopted by the UN General Assembly on December 10, 1948), the Final Act of the Helsinki Meeting (1975), the European Social charter adopted in 1961. and amended in 1996 by the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, adopted by resolution 61/106 of the General Assembly of 13 December 2006.

The fundamental documents in the system of the legal framework for social work with the disabled and the elderly are the Constitution of the Russian Federation and federal laws.

In Art. 7 of the Constitution, the Russian Federation was proclaimed welfare state, whose policy is aimed at creating conditions that ensure a dignified life and free human development.

On the basis of the Federal Law of the Russian Federation of December 10, 1995 No. 195-FZ "On the Basics of Social Services for the Population in the Russian Federation" (as amended on August 22, 2004 No. 122-FZ) and the Federal Law of August 2, 1995 No. 122- Federal Law "On social services for elderly citizens and disabled people" (as amended on January 10, 2003 N 15-FZ), a system of social services is developing in our country.

These laws establish legal regulation in the field of social services for the population, including the elderly and disabled.

The Law "On the Basics of Social Services for the Population in the Russian Federation" provides the basic concepts used in the field of social services, defines the systems of social services (state, municipal and other forms of ownership), indicates the principles on which the provision of social services is based (targeting, accessibility, voluntariness, humanity, confidentiality, preventive focus, priority of providing social services to minors in difficult life situations). Article 6 of the Law is devoted to the compliance of social services with state standards, which establish the basic requirements for the volume and quality of social services, the procedure and conditions for their provision.

The Law specifies the rights of family members to social services and to receive various social services, both at home and in social service institutions; the issues of the organization of social services, the list of social service institutions and the procedure for their creation, activity, reorganization and liquidation, the procedure for their financial support, the powers of federal government bodies, government bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in the field of social services have been determined.

Social services for the elderly and disabled are regulated by the Federal Law "On social services for elderly and disabled citizens". The preamble of the law states that social services is one of the areas of activity for social protection of the population, establishes economic, social and legal guarantees for elderly citizens and disabled people, based on the need to approve the principles of philanthropy and mercy.

Of great importance for solving the problems of the elderly and disabled are the decrees of the President of the Russian Federation: "On measures to create an accessible living environment for people with disabilities" Decree of the President of the Russian Federation On measures to create an accessible living environment for disabled people (As amended by the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of 03.11.99 . N 1474); "On additional measures of state support for disabled people" (October 1992); "On Scientific and Informational Support of Disability and Disabled Persons" (July 1992) and a number of decrees of the Government of the Russian Federation: "On the federal list of state-guaranteed social services provided to elderly citizens and disabled people by state and municipal institutions of social services"; "On the procedure and terms of payment for social services provided to elderly citizens and disabled people by state and municipal institutions of social services" (April 15, 1996); "On the development of the federal target program" Older Generation "(July 18, 1996).

The Department for Elderly Citizens and Disabled Persons of the Ministry of Labor of the Russian Federation has prepared a number of regulations on the creation and organization of work of institutions of stationary and non-stationary social services, including resolutions of the Ministry of Labor of Russia:

• - dated October 29, 1998. No. 44 "On recommendations for the creation and organization of the activities of trustees (public) councils in the establishment of social protection of the population";
• - dated June 27, 1999 No. 28 "On Approval of the Model Charter of the State (Municipal) Institution" Social and Health Center for Elderly Citizens and Disabled People ";
• - dated July 27, 1999 No. 29 (31), "On Approval of the Model Charter of a State (Municipal) Institution", "Comprehensive Center for Social Services to the Population".

Much work is being done within the framework of the federal target program "Older Generation Resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation of January 29, 2002 N 70

"On the federal target program"Older Generation". "The" Older Generation "program should promote social support for the elderly, help create favorable conditions for the realization of their rights and full participation in the economic, social, cultural and spiritual life of the country. age characteristics, health status of all categories and groups of pensioners.

Thus, the state gives great importance issues of social protection of the elderly and disabled: a mechanism has been developed to provide social services to the elderly and the elderly, and specific technologies have been developed for social work with the elderly and disabled.

Disability as a medical and social problem.

Disability indicators, being an important medical and social criterion of public health, characterize the level of socio-economic development of society, the ecological state of the territory, and the quality of preventive measures taken.

The word "invalid" comes from the Latin invalidus - weak, infirm. A disabled person is considered to be a person who has a health disorder with a persistent disorder of the body's functions, caused by diseases, the consequences of injuries or defects, leading to a limitation of life and necessitating his social protection.

Disability is understood as social insufficiency due to health disorders with persistent disorders of the body's functions, leading to limitation of life and necessitating social protection. Thus, disability is a social failure. Social inadequacy is the social consequences of a health disorder leading to limitation of life activity, inability (in whole or in part) to fulfill the usual role for a person in social life and necessitating social protection.

The cause of disability is a disorder of health with a persistent disorder of bodily functions, that is, a violation of physical, mental and social well-being due to a loss, disorder, anomaly of the physical, mental or anatomical structure or function of the human body. The degree of impairment of body functions is characterized by various indicators and depends on the type of functional impairment, methods of their determination, the ability to measure and evaluate the results. The following disorders of body functions are distinguished:

• 1.disorders of higher mental functions (mental disorders, other psychological disorders, speech, language disorders);
• 2. disorders of the sense organs (visual disorders, auditory and vestibular disorders, disorders of smell, touch);
• 3. movement disorders;
• 4. visceral and metabolic disorders, eating disorders;
• 5. disfiguring violations;
• 6.Disorders related to causes general... On the basis of a comprehensive assessment of various parameters, taking into account their qualitative and quantitative values, three degrees of impairment of body functions are distinguished:
• 1st degree - slightly pronounced dysfunctions;
• 2nd degree - moderately severe dysfunctions;
• 3rd degree - pronounced and significantly expressed dysfunctions.

As follows from the definition, disability leads to limitation of life activity, that is, to a complete or partial loss of a person's ability or ability to carry out self-service, independently move, navigate, communicate, control their behavior, learn and engage in work. Thus, the main criteria for life activity that are limited by disability are:

• 1.the ability to self-service, i.e. the ability to cope with basic physiological needs, to use common household items;
• 2. the ability to move, i.e. the ability to walk, run, move, overcome obstacles, control body position;
• 3. the ability to learn, i.e. the ability to perceive and reproduce knowledge (general education, professional, etc.), mastering skills (social, cultural and everyday);
• 4. ability to work, i.e. the ability to carry out labor activities in a manner or within the framework considered normal for a person, as well as meeting the requirements for the content, scope and conditions of the profession;
• 5. the ability to orientate, i.e. the ability to independently navigate in the environment through sight, hearing, smell, touch, thinking and adequately assess the situation with the help of intellect;
• 6. the ability to communicate, i.e. the ability to establish and develop contacts between people thanks to the perception, understanding of another person, the ability to exchange information;
• 7. the ability to control one's own behavior, i.e. the ability to feel and behave correctly in everyday life.

Depending on the degree of deviation from the norm of human activity due to health disorders, the degree of limitation of life activity is determined. In turn, depending on the degree of limitation of vital functions and the degree of impairment of body functions to a person recognized as a disabled person, the degree of disability is established.

In the Russian Federation, there are three groups of disabilities. Citizens who have completely lost the ability for regular professional work under normal conditions and who need constant outside care (help, supervision) are diagnosed with a disability of group I. Group II is established in the event of a permanent or long-term disability without the need for outside care. The reason for determining the III group of disability is the loss of the ability to work professionally. Usually it is established with a significant decrease in working capacity, which occurred as a result of dysfunctions of the body caused by chronic diseases or anatomical defects. This group of disability is established, in particular, when it is necessary to transfer an employee for health reasons to another, easier job, requiring less stress and, as a rule, not as high as before, qualifications. For certain anatomical defects, the corresponding disability group is established regardless of the nature of the work performed. Taking into account the severity (degree) of disability, the amount of the pension, the amount of other types of support and services are determined.

Recognition of a person as disabled Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 20.02.2006 N 95 (as amended on 06/08/2015) "On the procedure and conditions for recognizing a person as a disabled person" (with amendments and additions, entered into force on 01.01.2016) is possible only when medical and social expertise, which is carried out by special institutions of the Bureau of Medical and Social Expertise. The Bureau of Medical and Social Expertise is part of the State Service of Medical and Social Expertise, which operates in the system of social protection bodies of the Russian Federation.

Medical and social examination is the determination of the needs of the examined person in measures of social protection, including rehabilitation, based on an assessment of the disabilities caused by a persistent disorder of the body's function.

Medical and social examination is carried out on the basis of a comprehensive assessment of the state of the body based on the analysis of clinical and functional, social, household, occupational and psychological data of the examined persons. On the civil service medical and social expertise is entrusted to:

• 1.determination of the group of disability, its causes, timing, time of the onset of disability, the need for a disabled person in various types of social protection;
• 2.development individual programs rehabilitation of disabled people;
• 3. study of the level and causes of disability in the population;
• 4. participation in the development of comprehensive programs for the prevention of disability, medical and social rehabilitation and social protection of disabled people;
• 5. determination of the degree of loss of professional ability to work for persons who have received a work injury or an occupational disease;
• 6. determination of the cause of death of a disabled person in cases where the legislation of the Russian Federation provides for the provision of benefits to the family of the deceased.

In the Russian Federation, over 10 million people with disabilities are registered with the social protection authorities. More than 1 million people are recognized as disabled annually for the first time.

An analysis of the epidemiology of disability shows that in 2010, for the first time, 1,199,761 people were recognized as disabled in the country, or 82.8 per 10 thousand of the population. Compared to 1985, this figure increased 1.7 times (1985 - 50.0). This is due to both objective reasons - a deterioration in the health status of the population, and subjective reasons - a change in the approach to assessing disability. At the same time, in recent years, both the absolute and the relative number of persons recognized as disabled for the first time has been decreasing.

The main reason leading to disability in adults is a general illness - 86% of cases, followed by injuries or illnesses of military personnel - 7.6%, congenital anomalies or diseases that arose in childhood - 4.4%, work injuries or occupational diseases - 2, 0%. IN countryside the share of general diseases as a cause of disability is slightly lower (79.8%) and the share of disabled military personnel (10.3%) and disabled since childhood (7.2%) is higher.

Most often, the II group of disability is determined (70.6% of cases), then III (15.1% of cases), and the I group of disability is established in 14.3% of cases. At working age in urban settlements, the structure of primary disability is somewhat different: Group I - 9.5% of cases, II - 62.6%, III - 27.9% of cases. The structure of disability by groups among rural residents, especially of working age, is close to this.

In the structure of primary disability, diseases of the circulatory system (43.3%) occupy the first place by a large margin, followed by malignant neoplasms (12.7%), the consequences of injuries, poisoning and other external influences (6.5%), mental disorders and disorders behavior (6.2%).

Among the disabled, the elderly and old people predominate, since the aging process is closely associated with a constant increase in the number of patients suffering from various diseases, including those inherent only in the elderly and senile age.

There is a constant increase in the number of old seriously ill people who need long-term drug treatment, care and care. The Polish gerontologist E. Piotrowski believes that among the population over the age of 65, about 33% are persons with low functional capabilities; disabled; at the age of 80 and older - 64%. V.V. Egorov writes that the incidence rate increases with age. At 60 years of age and older, it exceeds the incidence rates of persons under 40 years old by 1, 7 - 2 times. According to epidemiological studies, practically healthy among the elderly population account for about 1/5, the rest suffer from various diseases, and multimorbidity is characteristic, i.e. a combination of several diseases that are chronic in nature, poorly fed drug treatment... Thus, at the age of 50-59, 36% of people have 2-3 diseases, at 60-69 years, 40.2% have 4-5 diseases, and at the age of 75 and older, 65.9% have more than 5 diseases.

Disability is a social phenomenon that no society can avoid, and each state, in accordance with its level of development, priorities and opportunities, forms social and economic policy in relation to disabled people. However, the possibilities of society in the fight against disability as a social evil are ultimately determined not only by the degree of understanding of the problem itself, but also by the existing economic resources... Of course, the scale of disability depends on many factors, such as: the state of health of the nation, the development of the health care system, socio-economic development, the state of the ecological environment, historical and political reasons, in particular, participation in wars and military conflicts, etc. In Russia all of these factors have a pronounced negative orientation, which predetermines the significant spread of disability in society. The situation is aggravated by the fact that disabled people in our country are one of the most vulnerable categories of the population, despite the fact that the state is taking serious measures to organize a system of their social protection.

This is especially true for elderly people with disabilities. Many of them are lonely, many are in financial distress, and many are in need of care.

Thus, disability in Russia today is an important medical and social problem. Disability indicates a critical level of public health.