Who was executed in 1415. A few years later, mass uprisings broke out in Bohemia (the territory of modern Czech Republic), which reflected public sentiment and were a protest against religious, political and economic situation in the kingdom. The wars began in 1419 and lasted until 1434. It was part of the Reform movement, which in the 15th century. took over all of Europe.

Scholars note one important feature this local conflict- the rebels massively began to use firearms, because of which he died a large number of of people.

Participants in the wars

  • The peasants, who were called Hussites. The moderate rebels were called Chashniki, and the radical ones were called Taborites;
  • Urban plebs;
  • petty tradesmen;
  • Nobles;
  • German, Austrian, Hungarian, Polish, Italian feudal lords.

Indirectly supported by the Polish and Lithuanian kings.

At the very beginning of the Hussite wars, the participants in the movement split into two camps - revolutionary and moderate. The representatives of the first wing were called Taborites, who in 1420 in southern regions The Czech Republic founded the city of the same name. It was the center of the struggle of the revolutionary direction of the Hussites. The urban plebs, burghers, peasants, part of the impoverished nobles joined the radical rebels.

The Taborites demanded to reform the church, rebuild the political and social order, the system of the Czech Republic, destroy Catholic monasteries and churches, secularize their property and estates. They also wanted the Bible to be free for everyone to interpret. The cult of saints, the veneration of the relics of the Taborites did not recognize and therefore demanded their abolition. Priests had to stop wearing pompous and luxurious outfits. Anyone who knew Holy Scripture. It could also be a woman if she was taking a Bible test.

The second wing, the moderate, called themselves chalice-bearers, because they advocated that communion should come from chalices for everyone, and not just for priests. Among the bowlers were the top of the patricians who lived in the cities, the gentry and pans of the Czech Republic. Chashniki drew up their document with the requirements, which was called "Four Prague Articles". It contained the ideas of the Reformation, the demands to hold services in the native language of the Czechs, to abolish privileges for priests, and to introduce church requirements.

The Taborites constantly quarreled among themselves, unable to withstand the intensity of the struggle and tension. After a while they split into moderate Taborites and radical chiliasts.

The contradictions between the Hussites undermined the foundations of the revolutionary movement in the Czech Republic, and prevented them from achieving their goals. Wars took place not only with the German invaders of the Czech Republic, but also between the rebels. Chashniki, for example, made an attempt to organize an assassination attempt on Jan Zizka, but it was unsuccessful. Moderate and radical Hussites fought against each other in the ideological sphere as well.

Background and reasons

The Catholic Church and the German feudal lords created in the 15th century. in the Czech Republic conditions for the development of the opposition movement. It was headed by the rector of the University of Prague, Jan Hus, who demanded a radical reform within the church and criticized the rich. As a result, Gus very quickly became popular among the poor. Among the main requirements and merits of Jan Hus were:

  • A call to abolish indulgences;
  • He denounced the simony of the clergy;
  • He opposed the German colonization of the Czech Republic;
  • Translated the Bible into Czech, which made Holy Bible accessible to the poor.

Hus' disciples were more radical, calling for reprisals against the clergy of the Catholic Church. The usual reform was no longer satisfactory. The Pope believed that Jan Hus was to blame for the spread of heresy, so he called him to the cathedral in Constance. Before the trip, the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire issued a special safe-conduct to the rector of the university. But it was not taken into account by any of the priests and clergy. Hus was arrested and burned at the stake.

The response to such cruelty was social movements, which by 1419 became popular. The immediate causes of the Hussite wars were the following factors:

  • The nobles of the Czech Republic sent a protest to the cathedral in Konstanz;
  • Popular preachers began to appear who interpreted the ideas of Jan Hus in their own way, as a result of which they began to take a radical direction;
  • Open disobedience of the peasants to their feudal lords;
  • The desire to get rid of German rule and dominance.

The reason for the war was a meeting near Prati (Mount Tabor) in the summer of 1419, which turned into clashes between the Hussites and Catholics.

The nature of wars

  • Religious;
  • National;
  • anti-feudal;
  • Folk.

The course of hostilities and the crusades

After the first armed clashes between the Hussites and Catholics, uprisings began to break out throughout the country. In particular, in Prague, representatives of the urban plebs joined the ranks of supporters of the ideas of Jan Hus. More and more every month settlements The Czechs rose up against the church and the Germans. Skirmishes and battles, which were of a local nature, ended in different ways:

  • Hussite victory;
  • Defeated by the Catholics;
  • The victory of the rich sections of society who supported the Germans.

The internal situation in the country was complicated by the death of the King of the Czech Republic Wenceslas the Fourth and the election to the throne of his brother Sigismund the First, who was concurrently the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. The population of the Czech Republic did not accept the new king, so the confrontation broke out with renewed vigor.

In response to events in the Czech Republic, Sigismund declared a crusade against the Hussites. It was a series of military events in which several stages can be distinguished:

  • First crusade - 1420;
  • The second - 1421;
  • The third - 1422;
  • Fourth - 1427
  • Fifth - 1431

In 1420, the crusaders entered Bohemia, who were met by the Hussites near Prague. They were led by an experienced military leader and commander Jan Zizka. The rebels under his control entered the fight against the crusaders, and won the battle. Thus, the problem of the heir to the throne in the Czech Republic remained unresolved.

The Second Crusade began a year after the first, and again Jan Zizka with the Hussites forced the knights to flee. In one of the battles, the commander was wounded, then blinded, but continued to successfully fulfill his duties, leading the Hussites.

The third crusade again ended in failure, but took place against the backdrop of an internal split in the Hussite movement. In 1424, the radical Hussites - the Taborites, who were led by Zizka, defeated the Chashniki. A few months later, Jan Zhidka died of the plague. His place was taken by Prokop the Great, who became an active and important figure in the Reformation in the Czech Republic. He led the Taborites very experiencedly, winning more than one battle against the Germans and other foreign invaders. The Pope announced the Fourth Crusade immediately after the Taborites once again defeated the army of the Holy Roman Emperor. The Hussites won again, which allowed them to launch a counteroffensive against the enemies, and go into the possession of the empire in Austria and Hungary. The Czech rebels managed to reach the Baltic coast, spreading the ideas of Jan Hus and the Reformation. The Catholic world and the Catholics called this faith poison from Bohemia.

The Pope and Sigismund the First understood that it was necessary to stop the Hussite movement at any cost. They began to use internal splits, relying on bowlers. It was opposition to the radical Taborites. While the question of how to negotiate with the teapots was being decided, the Pope again announced the Fifth Crusade, which took place in 1431. The knights were defeated again, this time near Domazhlitsy.

In 1431, a council was held in Basel, which was attended by moderate Hussites. The Pope agreed with them, working out a compromise solution. Based on this, a document was drawn up called the Prague Compactates (based on the "Prague Articles)", which contained the following conditions:

  • Divine services in the Czech Republic are allowed to be held on Czech;
  • It was possible to receive communion in the church under both types;
  • Ecclesiastical jurisdiction was abolished;
  • The fact of secularization was recognized as accomplished;
  • Czechs and Moravians were obliged to obey catholic church and recognize the authority of the Pope;
  • Sermon in national churches was proclaimed free;
  • Priests had the right to appoint bishops;
  • All crimes and Greeks were punished not only by the clergy, but also by civil authorities and other bodies;
  • Priests were allowed to own property.

The Taborites did not recognize the compacts, and again began to fight with the Chashniks. The latter turned to the Vatican.

Nearby Moderate and radical Hussites met in the battle on May 30, 1434 near the village of Lipany, which is with Chesky Brod. The Taborites lost the battle, despite the defeat and death of the leaders of the uprising, but continued to lead guerrilla war against the Germans. The region of Zion offered the strongest resistance for a long time. Only in 1437 did the region fall, and the Taborite leader Jan Rogach was executed.

Results and consequences of the Hussite wars

Two years later, Sigismund the First was proclaimed king of the Czech Republic for the second time. This resulted in the arrival of huge amount Catholic priests, Germans. Foreigners brutally cracked down on the Hussites, who were hiding from official power. All the promises that Sigismund made during the coronation were canceled and violated, the demands of the rebels were not fulfilled, a reaction began in the Czech Republic, which strengthened the position of the feudal lords. Ordinary people suffered from persecution and tax oppression.

In 1437, Sigismund the First died, the Czechs and the National Czech Party did not recognize the heir to the emperor, who was Albrecht of Austria. Instead of him, Casimir Jagiellon was chosen to the throne in 1438, sibling Polish king Vladislav. This candidate was not accepted by the Catholics and the moderate former members Hussite movement. Another civil strife flared up, into which the Czechs, Poles, Austrians, and Germans were drawn. In the end, the Catholics in the Czech Republic chose their representative to the throne, Meinhard Neuhaussky became him, and the cups - Henryk Ptachek, they fought with each other. But the struggle ended in nothing for them, since Ptachek died, and the cups chose Jiri (Yury) Podebrad as their leader, foreman. He arrested the opponent of Ptachek, thanks to which the Chashnikov party became the ruling party in the country. In 1458 he was elected king. It is to him that the glory of the one who defeated the remnants of the Taborite movement belongs. The surviving members became members of the Bohemian Brethren, founded in 1457. Members of this organization began to preach moral perfection.

Among the merits of Jiri Podebrad were attempts to limit the arbitrariness of the feudal lords, the gentry, to reduce their pressure on the peasants. In addition, the king contributed to the active development of trade and crafts, raised taxes. Podebrad resisted the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire and the Pope in every possible way, so freedom of religion existed in the Czech Republic for a long time. This principle of social and religious life was confirmed under the successor of Poděbrad, under King Vladislav (Poland). In 1516, Bohemia became an integral part of Austria, and Ferdinand of Austria sat on his throne. Because of this, religious freedom began to be gradually restricted, which led to increased persecution in the country. The teachings of the Hussites were reflected in the teachings of the Bohemian Brethren society.

The Hussite wars not only brought to power a new king who tried to support the peasants and the plebs. The confrontation had a huge impact on the Czechs and Moravians, who, in the face of an external threat, united and for a long time offered serious resistance to the Germans. Most of society fought for an independent nation state, demanded a reform of the church, which contributed to the formation of the Czech character, self-consciousness and mentality. The wars of the supporters of Jan Hus became a prerequisite for the development of the Reformation in the Czech Republic, had a huge impact on the fate of the Western, Eastern and Southern Slavs.

Description of the presentation on individual slides:

1 slide

Description of the slide:

JOURNEY TO MEMORIAL PLACES OF THE GUSIST MOVEMENT Completed by a student of grade 6 "K" Berezhnoy Artemy

2 slide

Description of the slide:

Jan Hus Jan Hus was born in the town of Husinec in South Bohemia in 1369 or 1371 (data differ) in poor family. From childhood, his mother instilled in Jan faith in God. At the age of 18, he entered the Charles University at the Faculty of Liberal Arts. After receiving a master's degree, Jan was offered a position as a university teacher, in 1401 he was elected dean of the faculty, and then twice elected rector. At Charles University, Hus gets acquainted with the works of the English reformer John Wycliffe, which radically change his views on faith and life, and he begins to oppose the papacy. monument to Jan Hus on the Old Town Square

3 slide

Description of the slide:

Bethlehem chapel Bethlehem chapel became the platform for his sermon. This simple-looking church is not at all like the magnificent Gothic temples, and it was founded ordinary people who wish to listen to sermons in Czech. Inside there are no icons, no statues, no frescoes and stained glass windows. Only the pulpit, a place for the choir, and a spacious auditorium. Now there is a museum in the Bethlehem chapel, concerts, university events are held. Divine services are currently held here only once a year - July 6, the day of the execution of Jan Hus.

4 slide

Description of the slide:

New Town Hall In July 1419, a group of Hus's followers, led by Jan Zhelivsky, during a speech at St. Stephen's Church, demanded that the city magistrate release Hus' supporters, who were arrested for openly expressing their views. At that moment, someone from the New Town Hall threw a stone at the gathered crowd, to which the audience reacted with a spontaneous attack on the town hall. A group led by Jan Zhelivsky, which included Jan Zizka, who later became a hero of the Hussite movement, broke into the New Town magistrate and threw three councilors and seven townspeople who sympathized with Hus's opponents out of the windows.

5 slide

Description of the slide:

City of Tabor The Hussite movement was concentrated not only in Prague. Back in 1420, the center of this movement appeared in the South Bohemian city of Tabor, where the most radical forces were grouped. After the death of the master, the number of his supporters only increased. The Taborites were at war with the Catholics, so the city was originally built not as an ordinary settlement for life, but as a fortified camp. Therefore, the streets in the old city are very narrow, crooked and confusing.

6 slide

Description of the slide:

The Taborites and Jan Zizka The Taborites lived as a community and rejected any hierarchy. Some of them were engaged in crafts, providing for the army, and some fought. In the city center, of course, main square. There is a cathedral, a Hussian museum and a monument to Jan Zizka. It was he who came up with the idea of ​​using the wagenburg - carts fastened together as a defensive fortification and a springboard for attacks. Although initially simple peasants and artisans went to the Taborites, over time they learned to handle cannons, spears, crossbows and other weapons and became a formidable army. monument to Jan Zizka in Tabora

The strongest irritation. 452 feudal lords and knights applied their seals to protest against the recognition of the teachings of Hus as heresy; many drove Catholic priests from their estates and replaced them with Hussites. However, in the very understanding of the teachings of Hus, disagreements were soon revealed, which led to the division of the Hussites into parties. Everyone agreed only on the requirement of the “chalice for the laity”, formally forbidden by the Council of Constance, that is, communion under both types (sub utraque specie) - a symbol that both clergy and lay persons are equally attached to the sacraments of faith. But Prague theologians formulated all the main teachings of the Czech Reformation in four points (preaching the gospel in the Czech language, a chalice for the laity, the restoration of church discipline and the abolition of spiritual land tenure), while other parties, which collectively received the name "Taborites", found these demands too moderate and replaced them with their twelve points (a complete reform of worship, the abolition of the sacraments, except for baptism and communion, the destruction of the priesthood, the veneration of saints, holidays, etc., in a word, "return to original Christianity"). Some groups have gone even further; for example, the Adamites, who were widespread in Bohemia and Moravia, wanted to establish the ideal Kingdom of God on earth. But two main directions acquired the main importance: the “Pragueans”, later called “Calyxtines” (they are also “Utraquists”, the party of the highest nobility), and the “Taborites”, who found in politically first, the republican, and then the communist direction (for more on this, see the article Taborites and their teachings).

Still under the king Venzele, shortly before his death, clashes began between the Hussites and the Prague city council, then filled with conservatives and half of the Germans. July 30, 1419 a crowd led by a knight Zizki from Trotsnov took the thought by storm and threw 13 advisers out of the windows onto spears. In December 1419 the Czech estates swore allegiance Sigismund, brother of the deceased Wenzel; the new king was preparing to fight the rebellious Taborites, whom Pope Martin V called for extermination in the bull of March 1, 1420. An internecine war began: about 500 churches and monasteries were destroyed, and terrible atrocities were committed. Sigismund, who wanted to bring the “Pragueans”, as heretics, to obedience, relying on the help of the German princes and the pope, led an army of crusaders against the Czechs. But he was defeated and forced to surrender Vysehrad (1420). The victory of the Taborites, with their leaders Zizka and Niklas of Gusinets, was the signal for a series of cruelties in German cities, many of which were now Czechized, with the expulsion of the German inhabitants, since the movement, together with the religious, had a national character.

The first Prague defenestration in 1419 (narrated by historian Georgy Melnikov)

Sigismund, who was not only the Czech king, but also the German emperor, tried to draw the empire into his struggle with the Czechs, but Reichstags did not show much zeal, since the princes wanted to receive certain political concessions as a reward for their help, and Sigismund did not want to make them. Moreover, in Germany, an unpleasant impression was made by the intervention in the struggle of Poland and Lithuania, on the one hand, and Rome, on the other. Therefore, despite the repeated decisions of the diets, despite the finally recruited imperial troops, the course of the German military operations was the most miserable and fully revealed the decline of the imperial military organization. In a whole series of battles the Germans were defeated; In 1425 the Hussites penetrated Austria and the neighboring German lands: Silesia, Saxony and Franconia suffered especially from their raids. More than 100 cities and burgs, up to 1500 towns and towns were, according to legend, devastated by the Hussites. After the death of Zizka (October 11, 1424), they were commanded by new leaders: Big And Small Prokop.

Although the Reichstag of 1431 decided to continue the war, after a new defeat at Taus (August 13), Sigismund preferred to enter into negotiations with a moderate party. Representatives of the "Calyxtine" and Taborites (Yan from Rokichan, Prokop Bolshoy and Nikolai Pilgramsky) were invited to the Basel Cathedral that had just gathered at that time and debated with his fathers. The agreement did not happen, but the parties became somewhat closer, and the council decided to send an embassy to Prague, where on November 30, 1433, the Czech-Moravian Landtag, on the basis of the “four points” corrected by the council, accepted the so-called “Czech or Prague compacts”. But the Taborites did not submit, and then the Calixtines, led by Meingard of Neuhaus, began a war with them. In the battle of Lipan and Grib, both Prokop were killed.

However, the moderate Hussites, having reconciled with the church, did not even think about recognizing the hereditary power of Sigismund over themselves. They first demanded formal recognition by the emperor of the "Compact", which he did (July 20, 1436), immediately after the proclamation of the "Compact" and the reunification of the Czech Church with the Catholic at the Landtag in Iglau (July 5). Sigismund undertook to appoint only Czechs to positions in the Czech Republic, to allow the organization of a special council of them in his person, to give a general amnesty, not to demand the restoration of destroyed castles and monasteries, not to force the cities (which were mostly in the hands of the Taborites) to accept the Germans who had evicted from them and to the return of their property to the latter - in general to respect the rights and liberties of the Czech Republic. Only after this did the solemn entry of Sigismund into Prague take place (August 23, 1436). The Taborites also promised to behave calmly; only one knight, Jan Rogacz, with a few adherents, refused to obey, doubting the sincerity of Sigismund. But all the nobility took up arms against them: they surrendered and were hanged.

Hussite wars. Video lecture

However, Rogach's fears soon turned out to be solid. Sigismund openly patronized the Catholics and restored Catholic ceremonies in Prague. Discontent was about to flare up when he died (December 1437). The national Czech party did not want to recognize his heir, Albrecht of Austria, and on May 29, 1438, Casimir Jagiellon, brother of King Vladislav of Poland, was chosen as the Czech king. But Albrecht, on whose side the Catholics and moderate Utraquists stood, also hurried to come to Prague and was crowned here (June 29). Elector Frederick of Brandenburg sent his son, Albrecht Achilles, to help him. Albrecht II succeeded in defeating his opponents and, through the mediation of the Basel Cathedral, concluded a truce with the Poles and the Utraquists (January 1439).

After it sudden death the Czechs at first were not at all inclined to recognize the authority of his son Vladislav Postum. After the refusal of his intended candidate for regent, Albrecht of Bavaria, the estates offered the regency, and then the crown, to the emperor FriedrichIII. But Friedrich also refused and left the Czechs to manage the state themselves until Vladislav came of age. The Catholic party chose Meingard of Neuhaus as its leader, and the Utraquist party chose Heinrich Ptachek from Pirkstein, under whose influence the candidates of the national party were also planned earlier. Both received the title of district chiefs (1440 - 1441) and soon entered into open war with each other.

After the death of Ptachek, the Utraquists elected as their foreman Yuri Podebrad, who immediately (September 2-3, 1448) took Prague by surprise and arrested Meingard. The Utrakvist party thus achieved predominance, and in 1452 Podebrad was formally recognized as the ruler of the Czech Republic. After early death Vladislav Postum, the Czechs proclaimed Yuri Podebrad their king (March 2, 1458). He managed, despite the secret, and then open resistance of the emperor and the pope, to maintain the freedom of religion given to the Utraquists, which continued to exist under his successor, King Vladislav of Poland; under him, it was even confirmed again religious world in Kuttenberg (1485).

Only after taking the Czech throne Habsburgs, in the face Ferdinand of Austria(1516), the possibility of a reaction opened up, which intensified over a hundred years and won complete victory after the battle of Belogorsk, unfortunate for the Czechs, of the Thirty Years' War (1620). The very name "Hussites" disappeared during Podebrad. The continuation of the Hussites in modern times was the teaching bohemian brothers .

Hussite revolutionary movement. This name was given to the events in the Czech Republic, which turned the whole country upside down, in the first third of the 14th century. The very name of the movement was named after one of its leaders - a scientist, professor at the University of Prague, Master Jan Hus (1371-1415). He spoke out against the luxury and bad morals of priests, bishops, monks, against injustice. The Pope saw in this a departure from the behavior of a good Christian and faith and decided to call Jan Hus to the cathedral. So at that time special congresses of scientists, bishops, clergy, those who were in power in the church were called. Together they asked a person suspected of misunderstanding Catholic teachings or criticizing the church too boldly questions and, as a rule, severely condemned him, up to burning at the stake. The cathedral took place in the German city of Konstanz. Hus was promised safety and immunity. However, this promise was broken, Jan Hus was taken into custody and on July 6, 1415 was burned at the stake as a heretic.

His death caused unrest in the Czech Republic. The entire population of the Czech Kingdom was divided into two large camps: the Hussite, which included people of all classes, who to one degree or another shared the views of Hus, and the Catholic, which united all the opponents of Husism. The Hussite camp was not united. The most prosperous strata of society, representatives of the Czech nobility (gentry), especially its tops (pans), wealthy city dwellers, wanted to take away part of the wealth from the Catholic Church and redistribute it in their favor, to abolish the special rules of communion for clergy. Peasants, small urban people were not satisfied with such a program. Also advocating the deprivation of the church of wealth and privileges, they demanded a serious reorganization of society so that everyone could live well and fairly. This wing of the Hussites was called Taborites after the name of the city of Tabora, which was their center.

Wars soon broke out between the Hussites and the Catholics, and they went on for a very long time, almost 20 years. The Catholic Church declared all Hussites to be heretics, and called on its supporters to crusade against them. The crusader detachments included Czech Catholic pans, feudal lords from neighboring states, primarily Germany and Hungary. Five were made to the Czech Republic crusades, and all five were completely defeated.

Hussite tactics. The main secret of the victories of the Hussites was their own tactics of warfare. Recall that peasants and townspeople who did not know military affairs came to the army of the Taborites. However, already in the early 1420s, the Hussite army became one of the most combat-ready in Europe. The nobles who stood at the head of this army understood that they had to learn how to successfully resist the heavy knightly cavalry. It is clear that in an open field, infantry that does not have good training cannot withstand the blows of the knightly cavalry, unless in some way interfere with their actions. And the Taborites began to use war carts, i.e. special wagons with high sides. Before the battle, the wagons were closed in a ring and fastened with pre-prepared chains. The side of the wagons facing the enemy was reinforced with wooden shields, and with inside a special gangway was led to each cart. Each wagon was assigned a special service team.

If time allowed, the defense was strengthened by earthen fortifications. Thus, a kind of fortress grew up in the middle of the field, adapted for conducting defensive battle. On the advancing enemy, fire was opened from powerful bows and crossbows. In addition, the Taborites were armed with very strong artillery and handguns. Being under the cover of wagons, they exhausted the lords and their detachments, who were forced to unsuccessfully attack the fortification.

At that moment, when the onslaught of the enemy began to weaken, the Hussites went on the attack. The chain of wagons broke, and fresh cavalry detachments, which were in reserve, rushed to the enemy, exhausted by the battle. The attack of the cavalry was supported by the attack of the infantry. So the Hussites won many glorious victories. In 1420, at Sudomerzh, the Taborites under the command of Jan Zizka from Trocnov defeated five times the superior forces of the Catholics. In 1424, under Maleshov, the Taborites again defeated the vastly superior enemy forces. In the bloody battle of Ust (1426), the Taborites under the command of Prokop the Great inflicted crushing defeat crusaders. According to the chronicle, the Crusaders lost 10 thousand people in this battle.

For 10 years, the Hussites have become experienced warriors, hardened in numerous battles with the crusaders. They were well armed and disciplined. The morale and fighting spirit of the Taborites was very high. During all the years, the Taborites did not know major defeats. Their fame was so great that on August 14, 1431, with the mere news of the approach of the Hussite army, the crusader army near Domazhlitsy turned into a stampede, without even joining the battle.

Table "People's Movements in the Middle Ages."

The rise of Wat Tyler.

Causes: economic ruin, tax oppression, plague epidemic, arbitrariness of royal dignitaries.

Date of uprising: May - November 1381

Members and Leaders: peasants, townspeople. Wat Tyler.

Goals of the movement: tax cuts, the abolition of serfdom and corvée, the replacement of royal officials and judges.

Actions of the rebels: the rebels burned the estates of feudal lords, documents with records of their duties, destroyed prisons, released prisoners.

Results and meaning: defeat of the rebels. The condition of the peasants improved. Refusal to introduce new poll taxes, weakening serfdom. Became more lenient laws on the poor. Payment for land for personally free peasants became definite and constant.

Rise of Jacquerie.

Causes: economic devastation, tax oppression, robberies by soldiers of the population, plague epidemic, the introduction of new payments.

Date of uprising: May - September 1358

Members and Leaders: peasants, urban poor. Guillaume Kal.

Goals of the movement: tax cuts and the elimination of the serf system. "Exterminate the nobles to a single" - the slogan of the uprising.

Actions of the rebels: peasants attacked seigneurs, destroyed castles, robbed property, burned records of feudal duties.

Results and meaning: the defeat of the rebels. The refusal of the seniors to increase duties and the creation of prerequisites for the personal liberation of the peasants.

Hussite movement.

Causes: strengthening of the feudal exploitation of the Czech peasantry by secular and spiritual feudal lords (increase in extortions and corvee duties), corruption of the Catholic Church, which caused universal hatred with its wealth and corruption of the clergy, ever-increasing German dominance, the struggle between artisans and the patriciate (mainly German) in cities, heavy position of the urban poor (plebs).

Date of uprising: 1419 - 1437

Members and Leaders: 1. moderate - wealthy townspeople and nobles; 2. Taborites - peasants, the bulk of the townspeople, the poor nobility. Jan Zizka.

Goals of the movement: 1. Moderate - reforming the church service, the abolition of church privileges and the abolition of land ownership of the church; 2. Taborites - Reformation of the church; destruction of private property; the abolition of duties and the serf system.

Actions of the rebels: in Prague, representatives of the city authorities were thrown out of the window of the town hall, and the city was besieged. The Hussites defeated the Crusaders. After Jan's death, the moderates negotiated with the Pope, attacked and defeated the Taborites.

Results and meaning: the movement was suppressed, but the moderate Hussites retained the captured possessions and introduced new orders in the Czech church. Communion "under both kinds" was recognized. Further development of the situation led to the establishment in the Czech Republic of peaceful coexistence of two confessions - Catholics and Chashniki. The problem of the coexistence of Catholics and Hussites in the Czech Republic became aggravated in the 17th century in connection with the spread of the ideas of the Reformation in the Czech Republic. At this time, many chashniki became close to the Lutherans, and the "Bohemian brothers" to the Calvinists. Emperors from the Habsburg dynasty in the second half of the 17th century sought to abolish the rights of the Hussites, which led to Thirty Years' War(1618-1648). After the defeat of the Czech Republic in the war, the church organizations of the Hussites on for a long time ceased to exist.