Agama Caucasian habitat. Steppe Agama (Agama sanguinolenta). What does the Caucasian agama eat

Rocky slopes, rocks, gorges, huge boulders, ruins are the most likely places where you can find such a mountain lizard as the Caucasian Agama.

This reptile extends to the territory of Turkey, Iran, Dagestan. The reptile is also found in Afghanistan and the eastern part of the Caucasus.

Caucasian Agama: body shape and color

The reptile is quite large, the length of the body without a tail is about 15 cm, with a tail - 36 cm. The weight of an adult animal is up to 160 grams. The wide body, the base of the tail and the angular massive head of the Caucasian agama are flattened, the scales are characterized by different sizes and shapes: on the tail it is located in regular rings. The eardrum is located on the surface of the head. The Caucasian agama, whose claws develop from the base (as in mammals), has thin fingers. The claws of the reptile are erased and bent depending on the conditions of existence: the presence of natural shelters or their absence, soft or hard ground.

The belly of the animal is colored cream or light brown. characteristic feature of this species is a dark marble pattern on the throat. In young specimens, a pattern of transverse stripes is clearly visible: dark and light.

The Caucasian Agama is colored brown or gray, which depends on the background. environment. A reptile living on red sandstones is brown-red, on limestone rocks it is gray-ashy, an inhabitant of basalt rocks has a brown, almost black color.

Lifestyle

The animal is active until autumn - the beginning of winter. With the onset of a period of hibernation falls into a stupor. The body temperature at this time varies from +0.8 ° C to +9.8 ° C. When warm winter body temperature rises, and already in January, waking up from sleep, the animal comes to the surface.

In nutrition, the Caucasian agama is not selective: it eats plant foods (fruits, seeds, flower buds, leaves), spiders, beetles, butterflies. Can consume a small snake or a small lizard (even of its own kind).

Despite the seeming slowness, the Caucasian agama is very agile, deftly moves among the stones and is able to jump from one to another at a distance of up to half a meter. Moving on the surface of the soil, it lifts its tail high; climbing the rocks, presses it to the stones, leaning on the tail spikes. Thanks to powerful paws and tenacious claws, it is able to stay on sheer walls, steep slopes, smooth boulders.

In places of distribution, Caucasian agamas often catch the eye due to their abundance. In the morning (after sunrise), reptiles emerge from their shelters and take long sunbaths, looking for potential prey along the way. Steep slopes or boulders are used as observation points, on which they observe what is happening around. In the process of monitoring outside world periodically squat on the front legs.

Behavior in case of danger

The Caucasian agama, whose habitat is almost always associated with mountains and foothills, feels the approach of danger at a distance of 20-30 meters. Turning towards the enemy, the excitement betrays frequent head tilts. Allowing an approaching object to approach 2-3 meters, it rushes with lightning speed to its shelter and, clinging to the stones located at the entrance, disguises itself. In case of extreme danger, the lizard hides in a shelter; There are cases of reptiles jamming in a narrow gap and their subsequent death from exhaustion.

The caught Caucasian agama, whose habitat extends over many territories, does not resist and falls into a semi-conscious state. At this moment, you can do anything with the reptile: put it on its head, hang it by the tail, put it on its back - the agama will still remain motionless. You can bring the animal out of the state of stupor with a sharp sound (for example, clapping in the palm of your hand).

mating period

Males are engaged in the observational process and protection of the territory in which from 1 to 4 females constantly live. When a foreign male representative violates the border, the owner of the site immediately attacks him. Such actions are quite enough to turn the "invader" to flight.

Mating in Caucasian dragons begins after waking up (March-April) and continues until mid-summer. The male pays attention to all the "ladies" living in his area and communicates with them even after the breeding season is over. Nomadic males, which are most often young lizards, do not participate in reproduction.

Breeding

The female lays eggs in late spring-summer in a crack in a rock or a hole dug under a stone. During the season, 2 clutches are possible. The number of eggs (up to 2.5 cm in size) in the nest is from 4 to 14 pieces. After 1.5-2 months from the moment of laying, a new generation of such a unique animal as the Caucasian Agama is born. The development of claws and other organs is quite active. Reptiles reach sexual maturity in the 3rd year of life.

Migration of the Caucasian Agama

Basically, the Caucasian agama, whose habitat is also recorded on the territory of Armenia, Georgia, Turkmenistan and Azerbaijan, lives on permanent place. Sometimes, in search of deep, reliable shelters that help to survive the winter, the animal is forced to migrate. Since places suitable for wintering are often occupied by the same individuals, with the advent of spring, the Caucasian agama returns to its territory. The problem of finding a place also arises in females of this species of lizards, who are looking for a place to lay their eggs. And since it is quite difficult to find it among the rocks, mountain agamas sometimes travel distances of up to several kilometers to find shelter with suitable conditions. The cubs hatched in the places of masonry spend the winter there, and then spread throughout the territory.

In captivity, the animal should be kept in spacious horizontal terrariums with sufficient height, as the Caucasian agama willingly uses vertical surfaces. Gravel is the best choice for soil. The recommended content temperature is + 28-30 o C (with heating up to + 40-45 o C). The night indicator should be + 18-20 o C. In winter, lizards need to provide a cool climate.

The back wall of the terrarium can be made in the form of a rock with shallow cracks in which the animal should be able to hide. Various insects can be given as food. A couple of times a week, it is advisable to diversify the diet with apples, oranges, oat sprouts. The Caucasian agama will not refuse newborn mice either. For successful maintenance, it is recommended to feed the agama with various mineral and vitamin supplements, as well as irradiate with ultraviolet light.

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(Pallas, 1814)
(= Agama sanguinolenta (Pallas, 1814); Agama aralensis Lichtenstein, 1823)

Appearance. lizards medium sizes with a slightly flattened body. Dimensions bodies with a tail up to 12 cm; males are somewhat larger than females. Head large and relatively high, has a heart-shaped shape and is sharply delimited from the neck. Eardrum located on the surface, so that there is a clearly defined external auditory meatus. Above the ear there are 2-3 elongated spiny scales. The upper body is covered with uniform, rhomboid, ribbed, overlapping scales. Lateral, thoracic and ventral scales with blunt ribs, while throat scales are smooth or with underdeveloped ribs. Ribbed tail scales are arranged in oblique rows that do not form transverse rings:

Upper tail scales of agamas:
1 - Himalayan agama (Laudakia himalayana), 2 - Caucasian agama (Laudakia caucasia), 3 - Khorasan agama (Laudakia erythrogastra), 4 - Turkestan agama (Laudakia lehmanni) and 5 - steppe agama

Fingers almost round. The fourth toe on the hind limbs is longer than the third.

Coloring. The upper side of the body is gray or yellowish-gray, the underside is white. Juveniles have one row of light gray more or less oval spots along the spine, continuing to the base of the tail, and two rows of elongated spots of the same color on the sides of the body; between the spots of two adjacent rows there are larger dark brown or dark gray spots. Unsharp dark spots are visible on the upper side of the legs and on the tail. transverse stripes. With the onset of sexual maturity in males, dark spots almost disappear, and light gray ones darken; in females, the juvenile pattern is generally preserved. The color of the body can change under the influence of temperature or depending on the physiological state of the animal, while demonstrating sexual dimorphism. In males, when excited, the throat, body sides, belly and limbs become dark blue or black-blue, cobalt blue spots appear on the back, while the tail becomes bright yellow or orange-yellow. Under the same conditions, the general background of the body of the female becomes bluish or greenish-yellow, the spots on the back become orange or rusty-orange, and the tail takes on the same color as in males, but less bright.

Spreading. The species is distributed in the deserts and semi-deserts of the eastern Ciscaucasia, Central Asia and Kazakhstan, as well as in northern and northeastern Iran, in northern Afghanistan, and on the eastern border of its range it also penetrates into northwestern China. In Central Asia, the northern border of the range runs somewhat south of the line of the Emba River from the eastern coast of the Caspian Sea, goes around the Mugodzhar mountains from the south, and through the lower reaches of the Turgay and the valley of the middle reaches of the Sarysu river descends to the northern coast of Balkhash, further reaching the foothills of Tarbagatai. Along the river valleys it penetrates into the foothills of the Tien Shan and Pamir-Alay, meeting in the vicinity of the city of Osh in Kyrgyzstan and Chubek in southwestern Tajikistan.

Systematics of the species. In the eastern Ciscaucasia, isolated from the main range within Chechnya, Dagestan and the Stavropol Territory, the nominative subspecies is widespread. Trapelus sanguinolentus sanguinolentus, and the rest of the vast range of the species is inhabited by the East Caspian subspecies Trapelus sanguinolentus aralensis Lichtenstein, 1823.

Habitat. It lives in sandy, clayey and stony deserts and semi-deserts, preferring areas with shrub or semi-woody vegetation, as well as on gentle rocky slopes in the foothills at an altitude of up to 1200 m above sea level, along the outskirts of loosely fixed sands, along river banks and in riparian forests. The northern border of the range quite clearly correlates with the northern border of the desert zone, going beyond its limits only in the eastern Ciscaucasia.

Like other species with such a vast range, the steppe agama has a shift in biotopic preference, while in the isolated western part of its range, the agama is confined only to sandy soils, while in the Asian part it is one of the most eurytopic reptile species. Does not avoid the proximity of a person, settling on the outskirts settlements and along roadsides. It uses burrows of gerbils, ground squirrels, jerboas, hedgehogs, turtles, voids under stones and cracks in the soil as shelters.

Activity. In the hot time of the day, agamas often climb the branches of shrubs, thus protecting themselves from overheating on the soil heated by the sun. From here, sexually mature males survey their individual territory, protecting it from the intrusion of competitors. In the eastern Karakum, agamas spend the night on the bushes quite often. Under optimal conditions, a very high number is observed, up to 10 individuals per 1 ha. After wintering in different parts of the range and depending on the climatic conditions of the year, they appear in late February - March - early April.

Reproduction. Agamas begin to breed after the second wintering at the age of about two years. Pairing in southern Kazakhstan it lasts from the beginning of April to May. First laying eggs in southern Turkmenistan occurs already in late April - early May. Depending on age, the female lays 4-18 eggs size 9-13 x 18-21 mm per season, 2-3 clutches are possible. The eggs are laid in a burrow or in a cone-shaped hole dug by the female. Young size 80-100 mm (with a tail) appear from the second half of June until late autumn.

Nutrition. The basis of nutrition is insects, they also feed on spiders, centipedes and, to a small extent, plant foods.

Similar types. It is well distinguished from other agamas by its bright color; from mountain agamas - the absence of a ringed tail; from the ruin agama - uniform scales of the upper surface of the body and larger sizes. It differs from round heads by the presence of an external ear hole.

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Steppe Agama / Agama sanguinolenta

Young agamas are light gray above with a row of light gray more or less oval spots running along the ridge, extending to the base of the tail, and two rows of the same elongated spots along the sides of the body. With age, the color changes, and adult lizards become gray or yellowish-gray in color, and in males the dark spots often disappear almost completely. With an increase in temperature, and also under the influence of some kind of nervous excitement, the modest coloring of sexually mature agamas gives way to extremely bright colors, and significant color differences between the sexes are found. In males, the throat and the entire lower surface of the body and limbs become dark or even black-blue, cobalt-blue spots appear on the back, and the tail acquires a bright orange-yellow color. Under the same conditions, in females, the main background of the body becomes bluish or greenish-yellow, dark spots on the back become bright rusty-orange, and the legs and tail acquire the same, but less bright, color as in males. The steppe agama inhabits sandy, clay and rocky deserts and semi-deserts, adhering to places with shrub or semi-woody vegetation. It is also found in tugai forests along river banks, often in close proximity to water. As shelters, steppe agamas use rodent burrows, spaces under stones and cracks in the ground. Less often, they dig their own holes, located between the roots or at the base of the stones. They feed on all kinds of insects, spiders and wood lice, as well as the succulent parts of plants, in particular flowers. Of insects, these lizards prefer ants, which they deftly capture with a sticky tongue. Agamas run very fast, keeping the body elevated on outstretched legs and not touching the ground with their tail. Extremely deftly they climb the trunks and branches of trees and shrubs, sometimes jumping from branch to branch up to a distance of half a meter. In villages, they can be seen running along the vertical surfaces of adobe and stone fences and the walls of buildings. Each adult lizard has a relatively small habitat area, beyond which it very rarely goes. During the breeding season, sexually mature males rise to the upper branches of the bushes, from where the site is clearly visible. When an opponent appears, the owner quickly rolls towards him and puts the alien to flight. On the territory of the male lives one, rarely two females. In late April - early May, the female digs a cone-shaped hole 3-5 cm deep in loose soil and lays 5-10 eggs in it. Repeated clutches occur at the end of May and at the end of July. After 50-60 days, young lizards 32-40 mm long hatch from the eggs. The steppe agama is widespread in the desert and steppe zones Kazakhstan, Central Asia, Afghanistan and Northern Iran to the Eastern Ciscaucasia in the west and Northwestern China in the east.

Despite the name, the steppe agama does not live in real saline steppes. This large and highly visible lizard prefers the arid climate of deserts and semi-deserts.

Agamas are a rather extensive family, including more than 400 species that live throughout the Eastern Hemisphere. These lizards occupy various ecological niches and therefore are quite diverse in their own way. appearance and building. main feature of this family, which distinguishes its representatives from most other reptiles - teeth different shapes: incisors, canines and molars, as in mammals.

BREAKED AREAL

The steppe agama has a vast range, consisting of two unequal parts. The smaller, European one is located in Ciscaucasia, in the semi-desert regions of Dagestan, Chechnya and the Stavropol Territory. Large, Asian, covers South, Central Asia, the northern parts and Afghanistan, as well as the northwest. Scientists believe that the break in the range of more than 600 km in this and some other species of reptiles occurred during the Khvalyn transgression of the Caspian Sea, which ended about 7 thousand years ago. Then the sea (formerly called Khvalynsky) overflowed and flooded vast territories north of its modern borders. However, it remains unclear why some species subsequently managed to successfully populate Caspian lowland and restore a single area, while others do not.

I SIT HIGH, I LOOK FAR

The steppe agama is the only species of lowland agamas that lives in Kazakhstan. Like all representatives of this genus, this is a medium-sized bisexual oviparous lizard, active during daylight hours. It has a body rounded in section, covered with uniform ribbed scales, a high head and a rather short muzzle. It does not have occipital and dorsal-caudal crests, like all lowland agamas. There is usually a throat pouch on the neck, especially well developed in males. This lizard lives in sandy, clay and rocky deserts and semi-deserts, preferring areas with shrub vegetation. It can also be found on gentle rocky slopes in the foothills, along the outskirts of loosely fixed sands, along river banks, on the outskirts of settlements and irrigated fields. In the mountains, the lizard rises to a height of 1200 m above sea level (Kopetdag, Turkmenistan).

Agamas use burrows of rodents, hedgehogs and turtles, voids under stones and cracks in the soil as shelters. These reptiles lead a terrestrial and semi-arboreal lifestyle. In the very heat, lizards either sit in shelters or climb onto the branches of bushes, protecting themselves from overheating on the soil heated by the sun. They are able to jump from branch to branch up to 50 cm. Agamas are territorial. Males, sitting on a dais, survey their individual area and protect it from the intrusion of competitors. In the possessions of the male lives one, less often two or three females.

FLOWER FOR DESSERT

The basis of the diet of agamas is beetles, butterflies, ants and many other insects, as well as arachnids.

Their lizards prey both on the surface of the soil and on the branches of shrubs. However, in addition to this, they also willingly eat plant foods: leaves, stems and flowers of some plants. Their share can be from 20 to 40% of the total diet.

In turn, in nature, agamas often become the prey of snakes, monitor lizards, birds of prey and animals like eared hedgehog, corsac or fox. Ornithologists have repeatedly observed how long-legged buzzards grab lizards sitting on the tops of bushes. As a widespread and numerous reptile species, the steppe agama occupies an important place in the food chain.

CONTINUATION

2-3 weeks after leaving the wintering period, which lasts from October to March, the males acquire a bright breeding color and show it by inflating their throats, rising on their front legs and nodding their heads. Females confirm their readiness for mating by clinging to the ground. After 35-45 days they lay from 4 to 18 eggs, tearing out a cone-shaped hole in the sand. Having completed the laying, the female crawls out of the hole and falls asleep outside. After another 50-60 days, the cubs hatch from the eggs, which begin to actively feed immediately after the assimilation of the yolk reserve. During the season, the female usually makes 2-3 clutches. Young agamas reach puberty in the second year of life.

Like some tropical lizards and chameleons, the steppe agama is able to dramatically change the intensity of color depending on its physiological state and "mood". So, in excited or well-warmed males in the sun, the throat, limbs and sides of the body become dark blue, and the tail is orange-yellow. In females, bright rusty-red spots cover the back.

A BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF

Class: reptiles.
Order: lizards.
Family: Agama lizards.
Genus: Plains Agamas.
Species: steppe agama.
Latin name: Trapelus sanguinolentus
Size: body length with tail - up to 30 cm.
Coloration: in adults in a calm state, it is yellowish-gray, in young ones, the top is brownish-gray with light spots, the belly is light with numerous dark stripes and spots.
Agama life span: up to 10 years.

Steppe Agamas (Agama sanguinolenta) are Central Asian lizards from the large Agamidae family. It is difficult not to notice them or confuse them with anyone: in their habitats they often catch the eye of a person and even let him close to them, allowing them to see themselves in all their glory.

It's a lizard medium size: the total length of her body does not exceed 30 cm, more than half of which falls on the tail.

The body is valky, covered with rhombic ribbed scales overlapping one another like tiles. The head is relatively large, high, with a rounded muzzle and is also covered with small scales. The cervical interception is strongly pronounced, further emphasizing the size of the head. On the sides of the back of the head and neck there are scratches in the form of spines, the shields of its front part form a pronounced edging on the sides above the nostrils and eyes. Behind the eyes there is an ear opening, in the depth of which is located eardrum.

Her limbs are powerful, with developed claws. Clawed paws help her climb trees and shrubs, boulders and outbuildings. With the help of them, she can also effectively defend herself if she is captured. But its main defense is a mouth with solid teeth, among which developed fangs stand out.

An adult can bite a person quite noticeably. If she manages to cling to living flesh, she clenches her teeth and does not open them for a long time.

Young lizards are painted light gray on top, and transverse uneven dark and light stripes and spots are evenly spaced across the main background. different sizes. The underside of the body is light grey. In males, the throat and chest are darker.

Such a modest gray color has a young agama

Adult dragons, like most desert reptiles, are gray or sandy gray in color. But this is only at rest and at low temperatures. If the animal gets very hot in the sun, and also because of fright or nervous excitement, the inconspicuous color changes dramatically: the throat, sides, chest, belly and limbs of the males become black-blue, and bright blue spots also appear on the gray background of the back, the tail turns bright yellow. In this color, males are an impressive sight!

Females under the influence of the above factors also change color, but it is a little more modest. Their general background becomes bluish or greenish-gray, the spots on the back are orange, and the tail is light yellow.

Outwardly, the agama gives the impression of something rough: and indeed, if you pick it up, you can feel how hard and prickly it is.

habitats

The steppe agama can be found in Central Asia and Kazakhstan, Afghanistan, Iran, northwestern China. In Russia, it is known in the Eastern Ciscaucasia.

These lizards live in sandy, clay and rocky deserts and semi-deserts. Especially a lot of them where shrubs grow. They are also found in rocky gorges, on salt marshes, in dry riverbeds. They settle on the outskirts of settlements and along roadsides, they also enter cultivated lands - fields, vegetable gardens, melons.

Lifestyle and behavior of the steppe agama

The lizard is diurnal. She is very thermophilic and prefers air temperatures up to + 30 - + 35 ° C. However, more hot weather makes her either hide in holes or use other methods of protection against overheating, for example, climbing bushes and other elevations (the air temperature at a height of about 1 meter is several degrees lower than at the surface of the earth). In addition, here the lizard is blown by the wind. In order to increase heat transfer at the same time, the agama opens its mouth and sticks out its tongue. Bushes are also used as an observation post: rising above the ground, the reptile carefully surveys the surroundings.

Caucasian agamas lead sedentary life. Each adult lizard occupies a rather vast territory - several hundred square meters beyond which it very rarely goes. Males protect their territory from other males, but young individuals and females are allowed to freely move around their possessions.

These lizards climb bushes well, run quickly on any substrate, while keeping the body elevated on outstretched legs and keeping the tail in the air, and also deftly climb the walls of buildings. When a reptile runs away, it does so with a bang, hitting everything in its path.

Observing his territory, the male periodically sharply crouches and nods his head. According to scientists, these nods - ancient form signal, demonstration behavior of lizards. Agama can nod at the sight of danger, at a meeting with a marriage partner, and even at the sight of large prey.

When two males meet, they exchange display nods and usually disperse. But sometimes there are skirmishes. Enraged opponents become like small dragons: they straighten their throat bag, open their mouths, rise above the ground, arch their backs, and inflate their bodies. They do this in order to demonstrate the size of their body and demoralize the enemy. Each of the males tries to stand sideways in front of the muzzle of the other, and since both fail to do this at the same time, they move in circles for some time, intimidating each other. One of the rivals, having realistically assessed his capabilities, can simply run away, but if both decide to go to the end, a fight occurs: the lizards cling to each other, exchanging bites in various parts of the body.

During the day, steppe agamas, as a rule, are located on the branches of shrubs, but at night they hide in shelters, which they usually serve as rodent burrows. Sometimes they dig holes on their own, choosing a place at the base of stones or between the roots of a bush.

Agamas winter in the burrows of other animals, mainly gerbils, as well as in deep cracks and depressions in the ground. Depending on the distribution area, they leave for wintering in late September - October and leave it in mid-February - early April.

diet

The basis of the diet of the steppe agamas are insects. These are mainly large beetles and orthopterans - they grab them with their jaws and crack them with powerful teeth. From small insects, for example, desert ants, they also will not refuse - they grab them with a sticky tongue.

Agama belongs to the lurking predators. She never sneaks up, and spotting potential prey from her observation post, she rushes at her with lightning speed. Sometimes a reptile tries to grab a flying insect, but it is too massive and clumsy for this. If the prey roll was successful, then it immediately eats it and returns to its original place.

Sometimes agamas also eat plant foods - they bite flowers and fresh shoots of some herbs.

procreation

The mating season for agamas falls in the spring. When caring for his chosen one, the male shows her the size of his body, inflates the larynx, torso and raises the body above the ground.

At the beginning of summer, the female makes one or two clutches, each of which contains from 6 to 18 eggs. Eggs of the correct elliptical shape, up to two centimeters long and about one centimeter wide, are covered with a leathery shell. The female lays them in loose soil, in which she digs a special mink. In order to disguise the location of the offspring, she carefully and for a long time levels the substrate thrown out during the construction of the nest.

Young growth appears by the end of summer, after 50-60 days of incubation. Newborns have a body length of 3-4 cm, a tail - 6-7 cm. Having come to the surface, the cubs dry out and then scatter.

From the first days of life, they boldly defend themselves from any danger. If you reach out to them, they aggressively rush at her, jumping up, swelling their throats and opening their mouths wide.

They are very mobile and feed intensively, increasing daily by 0.5-1 mm. They reach sexual maturity in the third year of life.

Enemies of the steppe agamas

These lizards have many serious enemies. They are hunted by day and night birds, snakes, corsac and fox. Therefore, many crippled agamas are found in nature - with scars, damaged limbs, broken tails. Fortunately, they are very tenacious: even serious wounds on them heal very well, and disabled lizards continue to hunt and breed successfully as well as healthy ones.

Agamas suffer not only from predators: these reptiles, not afraid of the proximity of a person, often die under the wheels of cars.

The content of the steppe agamas in the terrarium

Often, the steppe agama is kept as a pet. It requires a horizontal type terrarium, the minimum dimensions of which are 50x40x30 cm. days - 12-14 hours.

The terrarium must be decorated with dry branches on which the reptile will sit. As a soil, sand is used with a layer of at least 10 cm with moistening from below. She also needs shelters - in a cold corner they equip a shelter in the form of a cave made of flat stones or snags.

In addition to insects, steppe agamas are fed with the juicy pulp of fruits and vegetables.

In principle, these lizards can be kept in groups: 1 male for 1-2 females. Since dragons are territorial, adult males cannot be kept in the same terrarium.

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