This is probably a rare case in world history when a person acting in exile is far from native land, caused radical changes in interethnic relations: from hostility to cooperation. It's about about the personality and activities of Jerzy Giedroyc, the publisher and editor of the Polish magazine Kultura, published in Paris. A descendant of an old Lithuanian princely family Polonized over the centuries, he was born before the First World War in Minsk, where his father was a doctor. According to democratic convictions, Gedroits Sr. renounced the title of prince. Young Gedroits went the same way. He became a real democrat, but retained all the features of an aristocrat: an extraordinary culture of behavior in relations with employees, courtesy, tact, but at the same time the necessary distance, which did not allow simple manners. In our fifty years of cooperation, despite all the differences in views on various strategic and tactical problems of the struggle against communism and nationalism, there has never come to sharp disputes and conflict situations.

We met at the Berlin "Cultural Freedom Congress" in 1950, when a group of Western and Eastern European intellectuals decided to take up the fight against the communist offensive led by Ilya Ehrenburg and his Western compatriots - on the platform of an anti-fascist struggle for peace. Let's remember: in international politics the Cold War was underway, ending the former alliance of the United States and Great Britain with the Soviet Union on the basis of conferences in Tehran, Yalta and Potsdam. Stalin personally destroyed those agreements with the blockade of Berlin in 1948 and the actual division of Germany and the violent methods of the communist parties in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe and the Balkans.

Our - democratic anti-communists - situation was difficult, since the majority of Western intellectuals sympathized with Moscow. But the Berlin Cultural Congress mobilized American and Western European intellectuals and their Eastern European friends to resist. Those completely new structures were joined by the Poles from the magazine "Culture" under the leadership of Jerzy Giedroyc. He already had a lot of experience as a publisher and editor. Once in Warsaw in 1918, he became a supporter, an admirer of Pilsudski and his concept of a future federation of Poland with Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania. In 1920 he went to the front against the Bolshevik invasion, marching under the leadership of Tukhachevsky and Budyonny with the slogans “Give Warsaw! Give me Berlin! Poland won the war, but Pilsudski lost his concept.

Under pressure from France, the first ever “cordon sanitaire” appeared on Zbruch, that is, a complete separation from Soviet Ukraine began. Jerzy Giedroyc tried to salvage the situation. After university (and he listened, among others, to the lectures of the Ukrainian historian Myron Korduba), he created an independent two-week periodical called "Riot of the Young", around which a group of figures and journalists dissatisfied with the policy of the authorities concentrated, denying autonomy to Ukrainians in Galicia, Volyn and Kholmshchyna and implementing assimilation course. The second task of Gedroits and his staff was to disseminate information about events in Soviet Ukraine. Subsequently, the fortnightly "Revolt of the Young" became the weekly "Politics", and Gedroits also attracted Ukrainian authors to cooperate: the editor of the Lviv "Dila" Ivan Kedrin-Rudnitsky (uncle of the historian Ivan Lysyak-Rudnitsky), the poet Yevgeny Malanyuk, a young journalist from Kholmshchyna Gennady Kotorovich ( uncle of the modern Kiev musician Bogodar Kotorovich) - as a parliamentary correspondent, one of the best journalists of that time. In 1940 Politika was to become a daily newspaper in order to expand its influence on Polish society.

The offensive of Hitler and Stalin in September 1939 broke these plans and forced Giedroyts to emigrate first to Romania, then to the Middle East and Italy, and after the war to settle in France. There, in the area of ​​Maisons Lafitte near Paris, in 1947 the now legendary magazine Kultura began to appear, the task of which was to wage an ideological war against communist enslavement and to find ways of understanding with Poland's eastern neighbors. And that last one wasn't easy.

World War II, the most brutal and inhumane in history, deepened the Polish-Ukrainian enmity, despite the fact that Ukrainian soldiers in the Polish army and the so-called "contract" officers - former Petliurists - honestly fought in September 1939. But the attempts of Ukrainians under German occupation to gain at least modest autonomy in social, cultural and church life within the framework of the system of Ukrainian Auxiliary Committees met with sharp condemnation from the Poles, since they treated such attempts as a betrayal of the former common state. A manifestation of this attitude was the murder at the beginning of 1941 in the Kholm region in the village of Bolshiye Vereshchi of teacher Mikhail Ostapyak, and then a bloody stream of fratricidal struggle swept across Western Ukraine and by the end of the war reached its climax in the anti-Polish "ethnic cleansing" in Volhynia. After that, it seemed that there would never be peace between Poles and Ukrainians.

The editor of Kultura, Jerzy Giedroyc, took the initiative against such pessimism, although for many of his contemporaries the attempt at reconciliation seemed hopeless. Under the conditions of communist totalitarianism, dialogue was impossible in their native lands, and the spirit of confrontation reigned in the two diasporas. The reason was not so much the burden of history as the consequences of regional origin among the majority of refugees. The Polish emigration consisted mainly of people who before the war lived in Galicia and Volhynia, and during the years of Soviet power between 1939 and 1941. were deported to Kolyma and Central Asia. They were released after Hitler's attack on Soviet Union on the basis of an agreement between the Kremlin and the Polish government in exile, General Vladislav Sikorsky, and drafted into the army under the command of General Vladislav Anders, until recently a prisoner of the Lubyanka (who later married a deported Ukrainian woman from Lvov). The Polish army, organized on the territory of the USSR, received permission from Stalin (taking into account the opinion of England and the United States) to enter Iran, and then to the Middle East, where it fought against the Germans in North Africa and then in Italy. Demobilized in the UK, she remained on the island and became the foundation for the Polish government in exile. The beginning of the Cold War aroused among these Poles hopes for a real "hot", that is, a third world war and for the restoration of Poland within the old borders. Popular among them was then the slogan: "One atomic bomb - and we will return to Lvov."

But the majority of Ukrainian emigration consisted of people from Western Ukrainian lands. The first wave went to the West already in 1939, after the "liberation", the second in 1944, due to the offensive of the Red Army. For the inhabitants of the central, and especially the eastern regions of Ukraine, there were no such opportunities for escape, given the distance, and possibly mentality. Refugees from those regions were in the minority, and they were rather ironically called "skhidnyaks." It was that minority, free from anti-Polish complexes, that later turned out to be the most valuable and reasonable element of the Ukrainian diaspora. But the Western Ukrainian majority, like its Polish antipode, also dreamed of a third world war, hoping for the unification of the “liberated” Ukraine with the lost regions of Kholmshchyna, Posyanye and Lemkoshchyna.

We, that is, Gedroits with his supporters (and there were few of them) and the Ukrainian "realityists" - as the author of these lines, my friend Ivan Lysyak-Rudnitsky, Boris Levitsky, Ivan Koshelivets, Mikhail Voskoboinikov and Ivan Bagryany - adhered to the position that the third a world war would be a threat to the very existence of Poland and Ukraine. Our motto was a psychological or ideological war with the empire in the name of evolutionary process from totalitarianism to democracy without war and bloodshed. We were convinced that we would win this fight. It was not voluntarism or virtual romanticism. We started from good knowledge totalitarian system, its internal weaknesses, inability to modernize and reform. And although our Western friends of communism were convinced of the strength and ability to transform the system, and we were condescendingly called "knights of the Cold War", we did our job unwaveringly. And it became easier when the Americans moved away from the "liberation" doctrine and moved on to political and economic competition.

In both diasporas, hopes for a third world war were dashed. Frustration ensued, and some extreme nationalist circles began looking for sponsors from Chiang Kai-shek in Taiwan or from Generalissimo Franco in Spain. But the Polish-Ukrainian confrontation in the diaspora has survived. And news came from the east about the deep crisis of “mature socialism” and the moral and material corruption of the Brezhnev era. In Poland, general discontent grew and strikes and riots arose. It was necessary to look for bold concepts so that, in our opinion, the close, in our opinion, decline of the empire did not take us by surprise and did not lead to new outbreaks of mutual hostility. In this situation, Jerzy Giedroyc decided to throw a radical slogan of uniting the Poles with Belarusians, Lithuanians and Ukrainians, declaring the renunciation of claims to Vilnius, Grodno and Lvov, and Lvov was of key importance in the psychology of the Poles. When rumors spread in the political circles of the Polish emigration about the preparation of an act of renunciation, various people began to come to Giedroyets. political blocs democratic - because he did not maintain relations with others - and beg him not to do this, because the Polish chauvinists would kill him, kill him, and the readers of Kultura would turn their backs on the magazine, and he would disappear. And the solid Litvin-Pole listened silently to those spells, smiled, smoked cigarettes, and at the end said in a calm tone: “Dear gentlemen, I think that you are mistaken. I am deeply grateful to you for the warnings, but you will see that they are erroneous.

Soon "Culture" proclaimed a program of abandoning the former eastern lands of Poland at the cost of uniting and cooperating with Belarusians, Lithuanians and Ukrainians. The Polish diaspora was shocked, but apart from loud protests, nothing happened. A small number of Culture subscribers left, but not too many. They were replenished by Ukrainians who became interested in the magazine. The Ukrainian emigration took the statement with cautious distrust. But the number of our friends began to grow and attracted moderate nationalist circles from the Prologue and Ukrainian Samostiynik groups.

But those changes were the focus of our attention. We waited for a response in the 'east', at home, although getting through the borders and police barriers was not easy. The moral decay of the Polish communists helped us. It was worse with access to Ukraine, since there were no Western diplomatic missions in Kyiv through which materials could be transferred. The radio saved us: the American radio stations in Munich, the Polish Radio Free Europe under the leadership of the former underground worker Jan Nowak-Jezeransky, who from occupied Warsaw undertook raids into London, and the Ukrainian radio station Svoboda of the old Galician democrat Mikhail Demkovich-Dobryansky. They systematically aired articles and discussions from Kultura. The effect in Poland was phenomenal, in Ukraine it was much weaker.

Success in Poland was decisive for the future. Against the background of the systemic ideological crisis of Marxism and all the falseness of the Polish-Soviet friendship, the ideas of "Culture" began to attract more and more supporters, especially among young people. And when the mass opposition Solidarity arose in 1980, understanding with Ukraine became one of the main tasks for the future. After the fall of the communist regime, the new democratic government adopted the Culture program. The dream of Jerzy Giedroyc came true, after whom the European Collegium of Polish and Ukrainian Universities in Lublin, initiated by me, will be named. It is a pity that the Ukrainian authorities have not yet realized the merits of Gedroits and have not named a square or street in Kyiv after him.

Representative of the ancient family of Lithuanian princes Gedroitsev. Graduated from the Lyceum in Warsaw. At Warsaw University he studied law (1924-1929) and history (1930-1931). Worked as a referent in the ministry Agriculture(1929-1935), later headed one of the departments in the Ministry of Industry and Trade (1935-1939).

In 1930 he became editor of the weekly Dzie? Akademicki" (appendices to "Dzie? Polski") and soon transformed it into "Bunt M?odych" ("Riot of the Young"), published twice a month. In 1936, the fortnightly changed its name to Polityka and became an influential weekly.

With the outbreak of World War II, he ended up in Romania. He was the secretary of the Polish Ambassador to Romania R. Raczynski (1939-1940), then the head of the Polish department at the Chilean embassy in Romania (1940), then an employee of the British embassy in Bucharest (1941). As a soldier of the Separate Carpathian Brigade, he participated in the Libyan campaign, then headed the press department at the headquarters of the corps of General Anders (1941-1944). In 1945 he became head of the European Department of the Ministry of Information of the Polish government in London.

In exile

Founded the publishing house "Instytut Literacki" in Rome (1946). Since 1947 the publishing house has been located in Maisons-Lafite. In 1947-2000, the publishing house published the émigré monthly literary magazine Kultura, whose editor-in-chief was Gedroits. The magazine became the center of Polish political and public thought not only in exile, but also in Poland, where it was distributed illegally. Simone Weil, Albert Camus, T.S. Eliot, Cioran, Jeanne Ersh and other European intellectuals have published on its pages. More than 600 books, including translations of works by A. D. Sakharov, A. I. Solzhenitsyn and other Russian authors, have been published in the Biblioteka Kultury series. He attracted prominent Polish émigré writers and publicists Józef Czapski, Czesław Milosz, Witold Gombrowicz, Gustav Herling-Grudzinski, Jerzy Stempowski, Zygmunt Haupt, Andrzej Chziuk and others to the activities of the publishing house and participation in the magazine.

In addition to "Culture", under the direction of Giedroyts, since 1962, the quarterly "Zeszyty Historyczne" ("Historical Notebooks") was published in Paris, publishing materials on the recent history of Poland and neighboring countries(Latvia, Lithuania, Russia, Ukraine) - analytical articles, publications of documents and memoirs.

He was also a member of the editorial board of the Russian émigré magazine Continent and the Ukrainian magazine Vidnova.

Awards and titles

Officer's Cross of the Romanian Crown (1930), Estonian Order of the White Star (1932), Officer's Cross of the Order of the Legion of Honor (1996), Lithuanian Order of Grand Duke Gediminas (1998).

He was the only one who refused to accept Poland's highest award, the Order of the White Eagle, as a sign of rejection of the relations that developed in the country after 1989.

Doctor honoris causa of the Jagiellonian University (1991), Wroclaw University (1998), Warsaw University (1998), Maria Curie-Skłodowska University in Lublin (2000). Honorary citizen of Lithuania (1997).

The Sejm of the Republic of Poland proclaimed 2006 the Year of Jerzy Giedroyc. The 100th anniversary of the birth of Jerzy Giedroyc is included in the memorable dates celebrated under the auspices of UNESCO.

With the collapse of the USSR, the name of Jerzy Giedroyc (1906-2000) became firmly established in the Polish-Ukrainian political lexicon. Memoirist, politician, publicist, editor of the well-known Parisian magazine Kultura, Giedroyts paid much attention to the topic of Polish-Ukrainian relations. It was from the pages of Kultura that for the first time in the 1960s his call was made to the Poles (in collaboration with Juliusz Meroshevsky) to permanently abandon their claims to “sprout crosses” (i.e., the territory of Western Ukraine and Western Belarus) and thereby put an end to "Russian imperialism".

"Russian imperialism" for Gedroits was the desire of Moscow, Kyiv and Minsk, the three Eastern Slavic capitals, to live together. Gedroits urged them to scatter to national quarters, and argued that this was the only possible way of reconciliation for the Poles and Russians. “We, the Poles, are giving up our imperial ambitions, not laying claim to Kyiv and Minsk. So you, Russians, find the courage to abandon Kiev and Minsk, give them freedom and independence, and then you will enter the family of civilized peoples on an equal footing with Poland ”- this was approximately the message of Gedroits and his entourage, who settled in Paris, away from socialist Poland . In Poland itself, "Kultura" was spreading underground, and only with the departure of Warsaw to the capitalist camp was Giedroyts proclaimed in Poland almost a political visionary, a deep intellectual and admirer of Ukrainian culture, ready to admit the mistakes of the Poles to the people of Ukraine, and in return demanding an honest recognition of the same Russian mistakes.

Gedroits really was an intellectual. Many outstanding Western writers (Albert Camus, Emil Cioran, Simone Weil) were published on the pages of his "Culture". But it is by no means possible to call him a disinterested friend of Ukrainians, and even more so of Russians, despite the fact that the post-Soviet national public likes to refer to Gedroits to confirm their theses about the need for Kiev to focus on Warsaw instead of Moscow.

Giedroyts' ideas are nothing more than beautifully packaged geopolitical theses that are beneficial to anyone (primarily, of course, Poland), but not to Moscow, Kyiv or Minsk. What does his call to Poles and Russians mean to give up Kyiv and Minsk? The Poles give up foreign, acquired, non-Polish, i.e. from kresy, which do not carry a symbolic meaning for the Polish people's memory. Ukrainian and Belarusian territories have a cultural and historical meaning for the Poles, connected with the history of the centuries-old presence of Poland on these lands. For Russians, as well as for Ukrainians and Belarusians, separated from the Russian people artificially, by political methods, Kyiv and Minsk are the origins of a common statehood, "where the land of Russian life came from."

What do Giedroyts' calls to Russians mean to say goodbye to their "imperialism" and not encroach on the freedom of Ukrainians and Belarusians? The Poles refuse to accept the point of view that Ukrainians (Little Russians), Belarusians and Great Russians are all Russians together. In addition, Russia does not encroach on the statehood of Belarus and Ukraine. But he does not refuse allied relations either.

If Gedroits wants the Russians to “abandon” the Ukrainians and Belarusians, then the Poles should abandon the “Gurals” and Kashubians, who are even less close to the Poles than the modern inhabitants of Belarus and Ukraine are to the Russians. Why not? "Gurals" (i.e. highlanders) are a sub-ethnic group of Poles living in the Carpathians with their own original language and culture, different from the rest of the Poles (Hitler singled them out as a separate people in order to finally break the Polish nation). There are more than a million "Gurals", they adhere to Catholicism and Protestantism and live between Poland, Slovakia and the Czech Republic. There are more than enough reasons to separate them from Poland.

The Kashubians are a people closely related to the Poles, numbering more than 300,000. Ferdinand Zejnova, the educator of the Kashubian people, said that "not every Pole is a Kashubian, but every Kashubian is a Pole." This did not stop many Kashubians from supporting Hitler during his invasion of Poland. There are also enough reasons to separate the Kashubians from the Poles. But Warsaw, on the contrary, is trying to tie the Kashubians more firmly to Polish and Polish culture. Those. Poland, as an ethno-geopolitical core, tenaciously keeps kindred peoples around itself, and the Orthodox-Russian civilization is invited to voluntarily break into fragments, and even recognize this state of affairs as beautiful.

But the thoughts of Gedroits continue to be bowed down like Chinese dummies by Ukrainian neo-Banderists, Belarusian nationalists, and Russian liberals. “Donkeys sing glory to him by notes, goats sweep the road with their beards ...” In Poland, the New Poland magazine is published (there is also a Russian-language version), which calls itself the successor of Gedroitsev’s “Culture”. Along with really interesting and positive materials about Russian classics, Polish-Russian, Polish-Lithuanian and Polish-Ukrainian cultural ties, from the pages of New Poland, no, no, and another quote from Giedroyets will fly to us about the same thing that set the teeth on edge " give up imperial ambitions”, “do not encroach on freedom” ...

It is symptomatic that in 1977 the “Declaration on the Ukrainian Question” was published in “Culture”, signed by Polish, Czech, Hungarian emigrants and their Russian liberal friends. But few people know that Hungary, Poland and the Czech Republic (along with the Austrians) at one time made a lot of efforts to ensure that the Russian identity of the population of Western Ukraine finally died. The Hungarians strangled Transcarpathia, the Poles crushed the Carpatho-Russian people of Galicia. Under Masaryk, the Czechs also pursued a policy of harsh Ukrainization of the Transcarpathian Rusyns (you can read about this in the memoirs of Carpatho-Russian Alexei Gerovsky, who personally experienced the oppression of the Czechoslovak authorities). And after all this, these European "human rights activists" called on us to respect democratic freedoms and the rights of nations to self-determination! What hypocrisy! But these hypocritical thoughts are still presented as a model of "new thinking".

On July 6-7 of this year, a Polish-Ukrainian seminar was held in Lvov, the participants of which “tried to think together about the current state of relations between Poland and Ukraine” 1 . The event was dedicated to the memory of the Polish opposition leader Jacek Kuron, who is considered one of the firm followers of Giedroyc. The celebrations were opened by Consul General of Poland in Lvov Yaroslav Drozd and Lvov Mayor Andriy Sadovoy. Yaroslav Drozd called this event a "triumph of friendship." Let's take a closer look at this "triumph" and its participants.

Andrei Sadovoy is known to everyone for his sympathy for Bandera, Shukhevych and other evil spirits. Sadovoy's colleagues who were present also treat the pro-Nazi past of Western Ukraine with reverence. This did not prevent the Polish delegates, together with Sadov and his companions, from offering a common prayer and laying wreaths at the Lychakiv cemetery at the monuments to the Sich Riflemen and the Lvov Eaglets.

Referring to the memory of Giedroyets and Kuron, the seminar delegates noted their amazing similarity: both loved Ukrainians, both were patriots of both Poland and Ukraine, and both were alien to manifestations of chauvinism and radicalism. Allow me, but heart-to-heart talks with neo-Banderists, joint prayers at the graves of Ukrainian nationalists who are guilty of the death of so many of their compatriots, incessant attempts to elect the most unbridled nationalist parties of Western Ukraine as allies and the lack of desire for real, and not declarative cooperation with the Russian world, which this, if not chauvinism and radicalism?

And is it not chauvinism and radicalism that is not chauvinism and radicalism to ignore the fact that once in Western Ukraine the population kept to Russian life and the Russian spirit, bequeathed to them by their ancestors, but was destroyed and crushed by Austria-Hungary not without the help of the Poles? Gedroits, like Kuron, is completely off historical memory. They were ready to fraternize with the Ukrainian public, the same one that was on errands with the Austrian gendarmes, helping to escort their remaining Russian compatriots to Talerhof and Terezin, but they would never agree to the recognition of the Russian history of Chervonnaya Rus (Western Ukraine). Is this not chauvinism and radicalism? The fact that Gedroits did not shout openly nationalist slogans does not mean that they did not impress him.

For the sake of geopolitical benefits, Gedroits was ready to repent of the violence of the Poles against the Ukrainians, but no one remembers that he also persistently repented of the violence of the Poles against the Great Russian population. It wasn't included in his calculations.

By the way, the ancestors of Gedroits were Lithuanians, but they finally became Polonized. And again, by the way, not all representatives of the Gedroits family suffered from Russophobia. One of the Gedroits was a Russian general, the other was an agricultural chemist. But perhaps the most famous representative of this kind, familiar to every domestic kid, was Raisa Adamovna Gedroits, the author of the New Year's song "A Christmas tree was born in the forest." With Jerzy Giedroyc, they had the same origin, but in terms of worldview they were separated by an abyss.

And although Gedroits' Russophobia was not openly pathological, this did not stop it from being Russophobia.

_____________________________

1. Magdalena Habera "Jacek Kuroń and Polish-Ukrainian reconciliation" ("New Poland", 9/2012).

PUETL SCHMSEFUS ZMBCHPK YUUVPTOILB "etsy zedtpkg. tedblfpt, RPMYFYL, YUEMPCHEL" (RPD TEBLGYEK Y U RTEDYUMPZHYEN LYYYFPZHB rPNSOB), LPFPTSCHK VHDEF YODBO CH PLFSVTE 2001 Z. f PCHBTYEEUFCHPN RPREYUEOYS PV btiyche myyfetbfhtopzp YOUFYFHFB CH rbtytse Y YJDBFEMSHUFCHPN MAVMYOULPZP HOYCHETUYFEFB YN. nBTYY LATY-ULMPPDCHULPK.

h FPMSHLP UFP NYOKHCHYEN UFPMEFYY MYYSH OENOPZYE RPMSLY HDPUFPIMYUSH RPMHЪBVSHCHFPZP ЪCHBOIS "ZPUHDBTUFCHEOOPZP NHTsB". UTEDY OYI ETSY ZEDTPKG BOINBEF PFDEMSHOPE Y PUVPPE NEUFP. eZP RPYGYY VSCHMY DYBNEFTBMSHOP RTPFYCHPRMPTSOSCH YDESN, LPFPTSHCHE CH RPMSHULPK RPMYFYUEULPK NSHCHUMY OEYYNEOOP RPMShЪPCHBMYUSH UBNPK YITPLPK RPDDETSLPK.

VEHUMPCHOPE RTBCHP ABOUT LFP NEUFP DBEF ENH, CH YUBUFOPUFY, EZP PFOPIEOYE L "THUULPNKh CHPRTPUKH". CHUS UPCPLHROPUFSH EZP CHZMSDPC ABOUT UPCHTENEOOP UPUFPSOYE Y VHDHEOPUFSH RPMSHULP-TPUUYKULYI PFOPIEOYK LBTDYOBMSHOP PFMYUBEFUS PF CHPЪTEOYK FEI RPMYFYLPC, IDEPMPZCH Y RHVM YGYUFCH, LPFPTSHCHE H rpmshye PLBSCCHBMY CHMYSOIE ABOUT PVEEUFCHEOOPE NOOYE, ZPUHDBTUFCHEOOHA UFTFEZYA Y RBTFYKOSHCHE RTPZTBNNSC.

LFY RTPZTBNNSHCH, OEUNPFTS ABOUT CHUE UCHPY TBMYUYS, PVMBDBAF PDOPC PFUEFMYCHPK PVEEK YuETFPK:

POI PVTBEEOSCH CH RTPYMPE, YNEOOP CH OEN RSCHFBAFUS OBKFY RTYUYOSCH Y LPTOY RPMSHULYI RPTBTSEOIK Y TPUUYKULYI BCCHPECHBOIK Y Y RTPYMPZP TSE VETHF RPUSHMLY DMS PGEOPL UEZPDOSIO EK UYFKHBGYY OBYEK UFTBOSHCH - UYFKHBGYY UCHETIEOOP OPCHPK, OE YNEAEK BOBMPZYK CH YUFPTYYUEULPN RTPYMPN. LPOGERGYA TSE ZEDTPKGB PFMYUBEF HER OBGEMEOOPUFSH ABOUT VHDHEIE UPVSCHFIS, ABOUT FE, LPFPTSCHN FPMSHLP RTEDUFPYF OBUFHRIFSH.

UHDS RP OELTPMPZBN Y RPUNETFOSHCHN BRPMPZYSN, PUOPCHOPK ЪBUMHZPK ZEDTPKGB VSCHMP FP, UFP PO OY NYOHFSHCHOE UPNOECHBMUS, UFP rPMSHYB CHETOEF UEVE OEEBCHYUYNPUFSH, CHPURYFSCHCHBM CH Yuyf BFEMSI "lHMShFHTSCH" CHETH H OEYYVETSOPUFSH LFPZP UPVSCHFIS Y UHNEM PTEDEMYFSH UPRKHFUFCHHAEYE ENH PVUFPSFEMSHUFCHB. CHUE LFP RTBCHDB, Y TPMSh "LKHMSHFKhTSCH" DEUSH RETEPGEOYFSH OECHPЪNPTSOP. OP POEBCHYUYNPUFY CH RPMSHYE ZPCHPTYMY CHUE Y CHUEZDB: LBL FE, LFP UZMBUIMUS VSH DBTSE ABOUT HER RPDPVYE, FBL Y FE, LFP Y UMSCHYBFSH OE IPFEM P OEEBCHYUYNPUFY VE ChP CHTBFB L DPCHPEOOSHCHN RPMSHULYN ZTBOYGBN. rp ffpk rtyujoe h rpmshye pveeufchp fetrynp pfopuympush l zheopneoh ZTBZHPNBOY DECUFCHYS Y DBCE CHPUICHBMSMP EZP, B HTS CH PUPVEOOPUFY - EUMY U PTHTSYEN CH THLBI. yNEOOP FFPF ZHEOPNEO YNEM CH CHYDH OPTCHYD, LPZDB RYUBM:

pF LOYZ X OBU NBMP RTPLKh - UMYYLPN RPDOP POY YIDBAFUS.
b DECUFCHYS - ULPTPUREMSCH. pFFPZP Y OE HDBAFUS.

ABOUT LFPN Y'CHEYUOPN ZHPOE ZEDTPKG UHNE UCHTEYFSH VEURTEGEDEOFOSCK RPDCHYZ: 637 OPNETCH EZP ETSENEUSYUOPZP TsHTOBMB UHNEMY PRPTCHETZOHFSH FFH ZPTSHLHA NSCHUMSH RPFPB. nPTsOP HFCHETSDBFSH, YuFP ZMBCHOPK ЪBUMKhZPK ZEDTPKGB VShchMP SBVMBZPCHTENEOOPE PRTEDEMEOYE HUMPCHYK, OEVPVIPDYNSCHI DMS HDETTSBOYS Y UPITBOEOYS OEBCHYUYNPUFY. rPDYuETLOEN: TEYUSH YDEF OE P BCHPECHBOY OYEBCHYUYNPUFY ABOUT VPMEE YMY NEOEE DMYFEMSHOSHCHK UTPL, B P EEE HDETZBOY Y UPITBOOYY.

h PFMYYUYE PF CHUEI RTBLFYLPCH CHPPTKHTSOOOPK VPTSHVSH Y FEPTEFYLCH UZMBBYBFEMSHUFCHB, ZEDTPKG, UPOBFEMSHOP PUFBCHYCH CH UFPTPOE RTETSOYE URPTSCH, LFOYYUEULYE ZHPVYY, OBGYPOBM SHOSHCHE RTEDTBUUKHDLY, DPNYOTHAEYE OBUFTPEOYS Y YUBUFOSHCHE YOFETEUSCH, PRTEDEMYM LFY HUMPCHYS U TEDLPUFOK UNEMPUFSHHA Y CHUE CHPITBUFBCHYEK U ZPDBNY TEYFEMSHOPUFSHHA. h EZP LPOGERGYY LMAYUECHPE NEUFP ЪBOYNBEF CHPRTPU PFOPIEOYK rpmshy U tpuuyek Y - UFP PUPVEOOP CHBTsOP - RPMSLPCH U THUULYNY. vPMEE FPZP, ZEDTPKG VSCHM RETCHSHCHN, LFP CHVYM CH HRTSNSHCHE ZPMPCHSCH, LBL CHSHCHTBYIMUS BODTSEK dTBCHYU, RETCHSHCHE BYSHCH RPOINBOYS, UFP "UPCHEFULYK" LTBIOULYK" YMY "VEMPTHUULIK". and EUMY VSC OE LFY LMENEOFBTOSHCH Y VEHHUFBOOP RPCHFPTSENSCHE HCHEEECHBOIS, FP TBCHE HDBMPUSH VSC IPFSh LPZP-OYVHDSH HVEDYFSH CH RTBCHYMSHOPUFY UFTTBFEZYY "lHMShFKhTSCH"?

rPRSHCHFBENUS CHLTTBFGE OBRPNOYFSH, CH YUEN YNEOOP BLMAYUBMBUSH LFB UFTFEZYS Y, YuFP OE NEOEE CHBTSOP, LBLIE YЪ OEE CHSHCHFELBAF CHSHCHCHPDSHCH. OP CH RETCHHA PYUETEDSH UMEDHEF PVYASUOYFSH, RPYUENKh NSCH ZPCHPTYN P "LPOGERGYY ZEDTPKGB", FPZDB LBL UBN TEDBLFPT "LKHMSHFHTSHCH" CHUSUEULY YJVEZBM RHVMYLBGYY UPVUFCHEOOSHCHI RT PZTBNNIGHT UVBFEK.

tBHNEEFUS, TEBLGIPOOKHA MYOYA "LKHMSHFHTSC" CHUEZDB VSCHMP OEFTHDOP TBURPOBFSH, OBVMADBS IBTBLFETOSHCHK CHSHVPT FEN Y BCHFPTPCH. "LKHMSHFHTTB" PFOADSHOE VSCHMB LLMELFIYUEULYN YODBOYEN. NYZh P FETRYNPUFY ZEDTPKGB CHPKOIL OE FPMSHLP RPFPNH, UFP PO PVSCHYuOP RHVMYLPCHBM VE LPNNEOFBTYECH DBTSE PULPTVYFEMSHOSHCHE RYUSHNB CH TEDBLGYA, OP RTETSDE CHUEZP RPFPNKh, Yu FP ON REYUBFBM FELUFSHCH, DYBNEFTBMSHOP RTPFYCHPRMPTSOSCHE EZP CHZMSDBN - EUMY FPMSHLP SOY VSCHMY FBMBOFMYCHP OBRYUBOSCH Y NPZMY RPUMKhTSYFSH PFRTBCHOPK FPYULPK DMS UETSHEPK DYULKHU uyy . pDOBLP PO TEYYFEMSHOP PFCHETZBM CHUE, UFP OE RTPDCHYZBMP RPMSHULYK CHPRTPU CHRETED, B FSOHMP OBBD, CH VPMPFP, CH BIPMHUFSHHE. pUPVEOOP PO OE RETEOPUYM "YODEGYY" PE CHUEI EE RTPSCHMEOYSI - Y RTYUYOPK FPNKh VSCHMB YNEOOP RPYGYS LFPZP RPMYFYUEULPZP FEYUEOYS RP PFOPYOYA, U PDOK UFPTPOSCH, L tPUUYY, B U DTHZPK - L hLTBYOE, VEMPTHUYY Y MYFCHE.

MYYSH CH 1993 Z. ABOUT UFTBOIGBI "LKHMSHFKhTSCH" RPSCHYMBUSH THVTYLB "BNEFLY TEDBLFPTB", RPCHSEEOOBS, LBL RTBCHYMP, FEN UPVSCHFISN CH rPMSHYE, LPFPTSCHE BUMKHTSYCHBMY UBTLBUFYUE ULPZP LPNNEOFBTYS. oEUPNOEOOP, CHBTSOSCHN YUFPYUOILPN RPOYNBOIS "CHPUFPYuOPK UFTTBFEZYY" ZEDTPKGB NPZKhF UMHTSYFSH FBLTSE EZP NOPZPYUYUMEOOSCHE YOFETCHSHHA, LPFPTSCHE PO DBCHBM CH RPUMEDOYE ZPDSH RTEUUE, TB DYP Y FEMECHIDEOYA. pDOBLP ZEDTPKG RPMSHЪPCHBMUS YNY YUBEE CHUEZP DMS FPZP, YuFPVSHCH CHSHCHULBFSH LPOLTEFOSHCHE LTYFYYUEULIE EBNEYUBOYS. according to OEHUFBOOP UFTENYMUS PLBSCCHBFSH OERPUTEDUFCHEOOPE CHMYSOYE ABOUT TBCHYFYE UPVSCHFIK CHOHFTY UFTBOSCHY YURPMSH'CHBM LBTsDHA CHPNPTSOPUFSH RP NOTE UYM CHNEYBFSHUS H FFP TBCH YFYE. PO OE FTBFYM READ ABOUT YYMPTSEOYE UCHPYI FEPTEFYUEULYI RPYGYK Y RTEDRPYUYFBM VPTPFSSHUS bb TEBMYIBGYA RTBLFYUEULYI CHCHCHPDCH YOYI.

pDOBLP UBNSCHK PVYTOSHCHK YUFPYUOIL - FFP RYUSHNB ZEDTPKGB. LYYYFPZH rPNSO HFCHETSDBEF, UFP YI UPITBOYMPUSH OBNOPZP VPMSHIE DEUSFI FSHCHUSYU. y HCE PRHVMYLPCHBOOPK OEPPMSHYPK YUBUFY LFPZP RYUFPMSTOPZP OBUMEDYS NPTSOP VSMP VSH UPUFBCHYFSH UVTOIL GYFBF, DPUFBFPYUOSCHK DMS RPDLTERMEOYS YЪMBZBENSCHI DEUSH RPMPTSEOIK . oP h ffn OEF OKHTSDSCH - DPUFBFPYuOP FPZP, UFP YNEEFUS CH OBYEN TBURPTSEOYY, YUFPVSCH HVEDIFSHUS, YUFP UFTBUFSHHA ZEDTPKGB VSCHMP CHDPIOPCHMSFSH UCHPYI YUYFBFEMEK Y UPVEUEDOYLPCH Y CH FFPN YULKHUUFCHE ON V SM OERTECHPKDEOOCHN NBUFETPN. PO HNEM BTBYFSH UCHPEZP BDTEUBFB KhTSE RTEDCHBTYFEMSHOSCHN OBVTPULPN CHOEBROP CHPOYLYEK IDEY, HVEDYFSH EZP H CHETOPUFY EEE OE PRETYCHYEKUS NSHCHUMY, BUFBCHYFSH TBCHYF SH E, UBVTPUYCH CHUE RTPUYE ЪBOSFYS, Y UPUTEDPFPYUYFSHUS FPMSHLP OB FPK TBVPFE, OBUKHA OEPVIPDYNPUFSH LPFPTPK TEDBLFPT FPMSHLP UFP CH OEULPMSHLYI UFTPLBI UHNEM DPLB IBFSh. RYYKHEIK LFY UMPCHB CHUE LFP YURSHCHFBM ABOUT UEVE, LPZDB CH ZHECHTBME 1969 Z. ChP ZhMPTEOFYKULPK ZPUFYOYGE RPSCHYMUS zHUFBCH iETMYOZ-zTHDYOULYK, YUFPVSC ChTHYuYFSH OPCHPYUREYUE OOPNKh NYZTBOPKH RETCHSHCHE UFTBOIGSC FBKOP RETEDBOOPK OB BRBD NBYOPRYUY TPNBOB UPMTSEOIGSCHOB "ch LTHZE RETCHPN", B FBLTS RYUSHNP ZEDTPKGB U RTEMPTSEOEN FHF TSE BOSFSHUS HER RETECHPDPN.

OE FPMSHLP PYEMMPNMSAEEE UPDETTSBOYE RPDPVOSHCHI RTEMPTSEOIK, OP Y UBN FPO Y UFYMSH FYI RYUEN BUFBCHMSM OENEDMEOOP VTBFSHUS BL CHSHCHRPMOOEOYE RPUFBCHMEOOPC ЪBDBYuY. ZEDTPKG UTBYH TSE CHIPDYM in mediam res, CH UHFSH DEMB, VE CHUSLYI CHUFHRMEOYK, TYFPTYYUEULYI LTBUPF, TECHETBOUPCH Y MAVPZP TPDB PVYOSLPCH. eZP UTSBFSHCHCHCHPDSHOE YNEMI OYUEZP PVEEP U FSTSEMPCHEUOSCHNY PVPTPFBNY, IBTBLFETOSHCHNY DMS CHUSLPZP HCHBTsBAEEZP UEVS MELFPTB YMY BDCHPLBFB. OE RPIPDYMY POY Y ABOUT UHLPOOSCHK SJSHCHL YUYOPCHOYUSHYYI YOUFTHLGIK, OBRPNYOBS ULPTEE UHIPC Y SUOSCHK SJCHL TBURPTSEOIK, PFDBCHBENSCHI OBYUBMSHOILPN YFBVB RETED NBOECHTTBNY YMYR TEDUFPSEEK VYFCHPK. SUOBS RPUFBOPCHLB CHPRTPUB, PFUHFUFCHIE FHNBOOSCHI ZHPTNKHMYTPCHPL Y DYRMPNBFYUEULPZP RPMYFEUB TBDYLBMSHOP PFMYYUBMY LFY RPUMBOIS ZEDTPKGB PF FPZP, LBL CH RPMSHULPK F TBDYGYY VSCHMP RTYOSFP RJUBFSH ABOUT PVEEUFCHEOOP-RPMYFYYUEULIE FENSCH. FPO LFYI RYUEN - RP LTBKOEK NETE Y'CHEUFOSHCHI NOY Y LBUBCHYIUS CH PUOPCHOPN tPUUYY - CHUEZDB UPDBCHBM CHEYUBFMEOYE, YuFP UHTsDEOYS YI BCHFPTB (LPFPTSCHKOE CHYDEM tPUUYA U 1919 Z.) PUOPCHBOSH ABOUT OERPUTEDUFCHEOOPN PRSHCHFE Y FTEVHAF MYYSH UYUFENBFYUEULPZP CHSHCHRPMOEOIS RPUFBCHMEOOOPK ЪBDBYuY. y, LTPNE FPZP, MPSMSHOPUFY: DEUSH ZEDTPKG OE FETREM OY NBMEKYEK UMBVYOSCH. chRTPYuEN, UCHEDEOYS X OEZP VSCHMY CHCHUYEZP LBYUUFCHB, Y PO CHEUSHNB PUOPCHBFEMSHOP YI RTPHETSM.

h TEEKHMSHFBFE RYUFPMSTOSHCHK TsBOT RPD RETPN YuEMPCHELB, CHYDSEEZP PFDBMEOOHA GEMSH RPCHUEDOECHOSCHI BDBYu, UFBM PUPVPK ZHPTNPK RHVMYGYUFYLY. UFBOYUMBCH GBF-nBGLECHYU ZPCHPTYM, UFP RP UHFY UCHPEK RHVMYGYUF - LFP RPMYFYL, ABOUT CHTENS MYEYEOOSCHK YURPMOYFEMSHOPK CHMBUFY. ZEDTPKG OE TsDBM, YuFP LFP CHTENS RTPKDEF UBNP UPVPK. y OILFP DTHZPK Y OBYI RHVMYGYUFCH OE YURPMSH'PCHBM U FBLPK YZHZHELFYCHOPUFSHHA FH CHMBUFSH VEEPTHTSOSCHI, LPFPTHA EZP ENMSL, TPDYCHYKUS CH VEMPTKHUUY bDBN NYG LECHYU, OBCHBM "CHMBUFSHHA OBD DHYBNY".

ABOUT NOPZYI YOFEMMYZEOFCH NPEZP RPLPMEOYS OEBVSHCHCHBENPE CHEYUBFMEOYE RTPYCHEMB LOIZB BOZMYKULPZP VYPMPZB dTsKHMYBOB iBLUMY "UFP S PUNEMYCHBAUSH DKHNBFSH?". VEUEDSCH U ZEDTPKGEN Y EZP RYUSHNB LBL TB Y BUFBCHMSMY BDBDCHBFSH UEVE FFPF OBNEOYFSHCHK CHPRTPU Y YULBFSH ABOUT OEZP PFCHEFB RB RTEDEMBNY PVSCHDEOOSHCHI TBNPL. FTEVPCHBOYS, CHSHCHDCHYZBENSCHE CH FIYI RYUSHNBI, CHSCHOKHTSDBMY BDTEUBFB TBVPFBFSH VPMEE YOFEOUYCHOP Y ZHZHELFYCHOP, YUEN LFP RPCHPMSMP EZP DHYECHOPE UPUFPSOYE Y KhNUFCHEOOSHCH URPUP VOPUFY. ZEDTPKG BUFBCHMSM MADEK PUNEMYCHBFSHUSS RPDOSFSHUS CHCHPYI CHPNPTSOPUFEK, BREMMYTPCHBM L YI UBNSCHN MHYUYN URPUPVOPUFSN, DPUEM OECHPUFTEVPCHBOOSCHN, Y RPVHTsDBM YI TBCHYCHBFSH.

with DHNBA, UFP YNEOOP FBL PVUFPSMP DEMP U AMYHYEN NETPYECHULYN.

yNEOOP NETPYECHULYK UFBM UBNSCHN YUYFBENSCHN, UBNSCHN OBBYUNSCHN RHVMYGYUFPN "LKHMSHFKhTSCH", YNEOOP PO PUNEMYCHBMUS NSCHUMIFSH UBNSCHN OEEVBOBMSHOSHCHN PVTBPN, DBMELYN PF YЪ VYFSCHI NOOYK Y PF PVEERTYOBOOSHCHI RETURELFYCH. yNEOOP NETPYECHULYK UZHPTNKHMYTPCHBM Y PRHVMYLPCHBM RTPZTBNNH ChPUFPYuOPK RPMYFYLY TSKHTOBMB Y CHUFHRIM H DEUSFLY RPMENYUEULYI UTBTSEOIK U EZP RTPFYCHOYLBNY. LBL LTBUOBS FTSRLB ABOUT VSCHLB, DEKUFCHCHBMP ABOUT OII - B VPMSHYYOUFCHP YI VSCHMP TPDPN Y ChPUFPYUOSHI PVMBUFEK rpmshhy - IPFS VSC FBLPE HFCHETSDEOYE:

"NSCH DPMTSOSCH YULBFSH LPOFBLFPCH Y FPYUEL UPRTYLPUOPCHEOYS U THUULYNY, ZPFPCHSHCHNY RTYOBFSH RTBCHP HLTBYOGECH, MYFPCHGECH Y VEMPTHUPCH ABOUT UBNPPRTEDEMEOYE, OP RTY FFPN NSC, UFP UFPMSh Tse CHBTsOP, DPMTSOSCH UBNY TB Y OBCHUEZDB PFLBBFSHUS PF CHYMSHOAUB, MSHCHPCHB Y PF MAVPZP TPDB RPMYFYLY YMY RMBOCH, OBRTBCHMEOOOSCHI ABOUT HUFBOPCHMEOYE (CH HUMPCHYSI VMBZPRTYSFOPZP UFEYUEOYS PVUFPSFEMSHUFCH) OBYEZP RTECHPUIPDUFCHB ABOUT CHPUFPL BYUUEF CHCHIEOBCHBOOSCHI OTPHR".

lPZDB NETPYECHULYK RYUBM LFY UFTPLY, UYUYFBMPUSH, UFP PO CHSHCHTBYFEMSH NSCHUMEK ZEDTPKGB. ABOUT UBNPN DEME ON VSCHM Yuen-FP VPMSHYN - RTEDNEFPN ZPTDPUFY TEDBLFPTB bb FCPTYUEULHA NPESH HVETSDEOYS, LPFPTPE DBEF UIMH FBMBOFBN. yI UPFTKHDOYUEUFCHP VSCHMP YULMAYUYFEMSHOP TEDLYN RTYNETPN RPDMYOOPZP UYNVYPB, OE CHSHCHOCHDBENPZP OILBLPK CHBYNPBCHYUYNPUFSHHA. UEZPDOS SUOP, UFP OBYVPMSHYKHA RPMSh YH LFPZP UPFTKHDOYUUEUFCHB YJCHMEL NETPYECHULYK.

TBZHBM iBVEMSHULYK URTBCHEDMYCHP PFNEYUBEF CH RTEYUMPCHYY L "zhYOBMH LMBUUYYUEULPK ECHTPRSHCH" NETPYECHULPZP: "IPFS OEMSHЪS ULBBFSH, UFP DP CHPKOSHCH EZP YNS OE VSMP YJCHEU FOP, PO, VEKHUMPCHOP, OE UYUYFBMUS CHSHCHDBAEYNUS RHVMYGYUFPN". h TsKHTOBME ZEDTPKGB PO, RP NOOYA BODTES NIGECHULPZP, UFBM RETCHSHCHN RKHVMYGYUFPN OPCHPK, UCHPPVPDOK rpmshhy.

hMHYuYMUS DBCE UBN RP UEVE UFYMSH EZP UVBFEK, IPFS RP-RTETSOENH CH OYI VPMSHIE RTYCHMELBMY CHOYNBOYE PFDEMSHOSHCHE BZHPTYUFYUOSCHE ZHTBSHCH, BOE UPVTBOOSCHK, OBRTTSEOOSCHK IP TBUUKHTSDEOYK . yI UYMB BLMAYUBMBUSH H TBNBIE RPMYFYUEULPZP CHPPVTBTSEOIS, YEDYYEZP DP UBNSHCHI PFDBMEOOOSCHI RPUMEDUFCHYK PVUHTsDBCHYEKUS UIFHBGYY. NETPYECHULPNH RTYOBDMETCYF RBTDPLUBMSHOBS NSCHUMSH, LPFPTHA CH rPMSHYE MAVSF RPCHFPTSFSH, OE PUPVEOOP BDKHNSCHCHBSUSH P CHSHFELBAEYI YJ OEE CHCHCHPDBI: "RTYUYOPK VPMSHYYOUFCHB LBFBUFTPZH H YUFPTYY VSCHMP PFUHFUFCHIE CHPCHUE OE TEBMYЪNB, B OBPVPTPF - RPMEFB CHPPVTBTSEOIS. MADEK UP UNEMSHCHN CHPPVTBTSEOYEN".

OCHETOSLB BY YNEM CH CHYDH ZEDTPKGB, CHPPVTBTSEOYE LPFPTPZP TYUPCHBMP PFLTSCHCHBAEYEUS RETED rPMSHYEK ZTSDHEIE RETURELFYCHSHCH, - Y LFB RTCHIDYUEULBS LBTFYOB CHDPIOPCHMSMB NETPYECHUL PZP, LPZDB ON STLP Y HVEDYFEMSHOP PFUFBYCHBM YI PVEYE IDEY. rPFPNKh NSC VKHDEN ZPCHPTYFSH P LPOGERGYY ZEDTPKGB, OE GBVSCCHBS RTY LFPN P NETPYECHULPN, - Y OBPVPTPF.

OHTSOP PUPVP RPDYUETLOHFSH, UFP HRPFTEVMEOOOSCHK DEUSH FETNYO "CHPPVTBTSEOYE" NOPZYI HUREM UVYFSH U FPMLH. ZEDTPKG OE YNEM OYYUEZP PVEEZP U RPMYFYUEULYNY CHYYPOETBNY, OE UUSCHMBMUS ABOUT SCHMEOOOSCHE ENH PFLTPCHEOYS OE TBUUYUYFSHCHCHBM ABOUT YUHDEUB. fTHDOP OBKFY RTYNET RPMYFYLB VPMEE FTEEKCHPZP, NSHCHUMSH LPFPTPZP VSCHMB VSH FBL UCHPPVPDOB PF YMMAYK Y YNPGYK. eZP RTPZTBNNB VSCHMB RMPDPN FPYuOPZP TBUYUEFB, OERTETELBENP DPLBJSCHCHBAEEZP, UFP Kh rpmshhy EUFSH PDYO-EDYOUFCHEOOSHK TEBMSHOSHCHK YBOU PVTEUFY Y HDETTSBFSH RPDMYOOHA UKHCHETE OOPUFSH. WHY UEVS LBL PRSHCHFOSHK RTCHPDOIL, LPFPTSCHK OBEF: Y REEETSCH EUFSH CHSHHIPD, OP FPMSHLP PDYO.

ZEDTPKG VSCHM PDETSYN IDEK OEEBCHYUYNPUFY. Y'CHEUFOP, LBL ON PVETEZBM OYEBCHYUYNPUFSH UCHPEZP TSKHTOBMB. oEBCHYUYNPUFSH ZPUHDBTUFCHB ON UYUYFBM BVUPMAFOP OEPVVIPDYNSCHN HUMPCHYEN EUFEUFCHEOOPZP TBCHYFYS CHUEI Y CHUSYUEULYI PVEEUFCHEOOOSCHI RTPGEUPCH. ENH WHCHMY YJCHEUFOSHCH PFLMPOEOYS Y FHRYLY, CH LPFPTSHCHE BIPDYMY LFY RTPGEUUSCH CH RPMSHIE ABOUT RTPFSCEOYY HER YUFPTYY, Y YI ZYVEMSHOSHCHE RPUMEDUFCHYS, OP UBNSCHN ZTPKOSHCHN TPLPN, FSZPFEAEIN OBD ZPUHDBTUFCHPN Y PVEEUFCHPN, PO UUYFBM LBFBUFTPZHYUEULPE ZEPRPMYFYYUEULPE RPMPTSEOIE UFTBOSHCH.

FP VSCHMP RPMPTSEOIE FPZP UBNPZP ETOSCHYLB, UFP HZPDYMP NETS DCHHI TSETOPCHCHCH.

RPMSHYB VSHMB EDYOUFCHEOOOSCHN LTHROSCHN ZPUHDBTUFCHPN ABOUT ECHTPREKULPN LPOFIOEOFE, TBURPMPTSOOOSCHN NETSDH DCHNS TBUFHEYNY DETTSBCHBNY, ZPTBDP VPMEE UIMSHOSCHNY Y VPMEE OBUEMEOO SHNY. POB PUFBCHBMBUSH CH FFPN RPMPTSEOY ABOUT RTPFSTSEOY CHUEI FEI UFPMEFYK, LPZDB EUFEUFCHEOOSHCHN, RTPUFEKYYN Y CHUENY YITPLP YURPMSHKHENSCHN URPUPVPN HNOPTSEOYS NPZHEUFCHB Y TEUKHTU FC UFTBOSH VSCHMB FETTYFPTYBMSHOBS LURBOWYS. dB YuFP FHF ULTSCHCHBFSH - Y TEYUSH rPURPMYFBS LFYN OE ZOHYBMBUSH, OP VE PUPVPK TShSOPUFY, YVP UPVUFCHEOOOPK YURPMOYFEMSHOPK CHMBUFY POB UBNB HLPTPFIMB THLY. h TEEKHMSHFBFE POB UFBMB DPVSCHYUK VPMEE UIMSHOSCHI UPUEDEK - CHEUSHNB OBDPPMZP, Y DBTSE U RPCHFPTEOYSNNY.

x FEI, LPNH CH FP CHTENS OE DBCHBM RPLPS LPYNBTOSHCHK PVTB DCHHI TSETOCHCHCH, VSCHMP OE UMYYLPN NOPZP URPUVPCH URTBCHYFSHUS UP AMPN: CHUE POY PLBMYUSH VEKHUREYOSCHNY. nPTsOP VSHCHMP RSHCHFBFSHUS DPZPCHPTYFSHUS U BICHBFUYILBNY, OP FFPF URPUV RTOYEU RMPDSH MYYSH FBN, ZDE NEMSHOYL (BCHUFTYKULIK) OSCHI PVUFPFSFEMSHUFCH. CHUEI PUFBMSHOSHCHI UMHYUBSI PO BLBOYUYCHBMUS DPUFYTSEOOYEN LPNRTPNYUUB - LBL ZPCHPTSF H OBTPDE, NETsDH ЪBDOYGEK Y DHVYOLPK. chFPTSCHN URPUPVPN VSCHMB CHPPTKhTSEOOBS VPTShVB - MYVP PRITBSUSH ABOUT UPVUFCHEOOSHCH UYMSCH, MYVP TSE CH OBDETSDE ABOUT CHNEYBFEMSHUFCHP RTEDRPMBZBENSCHI UPAOYLPCH. GEMSHA LFPK VPTShVSH VSCHMP Y'ZOBOYE BICHBFUYLCH U RPMSHULYI ENEMSH.

OP DBCE CH UMHYUBE KHUREIB (LPFPTSCHK CH LPOGE LPOGCH RTYYEM LBL VSC UBN UPVPK) FFP POBYUBMP MYYSH CHPCHTBEEOYE L RTESOENH ZEPRPMYFYUEULPNH UFBFHU-LCHP. CHUE NETSCHPEOOPE DCHBDGBFYMEFYE RTETSOSS HZTPBMB RTPDPMTSBMB CHYUEFSH OBD rPMSHYEK, Y RPLB PVB CETOPCHB UMBTSEOOP UFTENYMYUSH UFETEFSH rPMSHYKH H RPTPYPL, B YI LPOZHYZHTBGYS Y IBTBLFET OE NEOSMYUSH - YUFPTYS VSCHMB PVTEYUEOB ABOUT RPCHFPTEOYE.

yBZBS CHBD-CHRETED RP VEMSHCHEDETH,
RYMUHDULYK OE HCHETHEF CH UFBVIMSHOPUFSH.
"SING ABOUT OBU, - FCHETDYF ON, - OBRDHF".
LFP? th RPLBCEF ABOUT CHPUFPL, ABOUT BRBD.
"with VEZ YUFPTYY CHUEZP MYYSH ЪBDETSBM".

RET. o.zPTVBYUECHULPK

nPCOP OE UPNOECHBFSHUS, UFP LFH UFTPZhH NYMPYB Yb "rPFYUEULPZP FTBLFBFB" ZEDTPKG RPCHFPTSM YUBEE CHUEZP. dTHZYE, RPOINBS RPMPTSEOYE RPMSHY, RPUME II NYTPCHPK CHPKOSH HCE RPMOPUFSHHA RPRBCHYEK CH PDOH UZHETH CHMYSOIS, CHRBDBMY CH PFUBSOYE.

ZEDTPKG TSE PUPOBM, YuFP DMS FPZP, YuFPVSH OBKFY CHSHHIPD YЪ VECHSHCHIPDOPZP RPMPTSEOIS, NPTsOP RPRTPVPCHBFSH UDEMBFSH FP, P Yuen OH UZMBYBFEMY, OH RPCHUFBOGSCH U RPDRPMSHEILBNY OE UYUYFBMY OHTSOSCHN DBCE BDKHNSCHCHBFSHUS - OBUFPMSHLP LFP LBMBPUSH OECHPЪNPTSOSCHN, OEDPUFYTSYNSCHN, OEMERSHCHN, - B YNEOOP: YЪNEOYFSH ZEPRPMYFYUEULPE RPMPTSEOYE UFTBOSHCH. ZEDTPKG DKhNBM OE P FPN, YuFPVSCH CHUEZP MYYSH CHSHCHFEUOYFSH BICHBFUYULPCH Y UFTBOSHCH, OP P FPN, YuFPVSCH HULPTYFSH RTPGEUU yi NEFBNPTZHPSHCH Y YURPMSH'PCHBFSH RETEMPNOSHCHK NPNEOF DMS BLTERMEOYS OEBCHYUYNPUFY RPMSHY TBY Y OBCHUEZDB.

rTPELF LBBMUS BVUHTDOSCHN, YVP PUHEEUFCHMEOYE EZP VSMP CHPNPTSOP MYYSH RTY FBLPN UFEYUEOYY PVUFPSFEMSHUFCH, LPFPTPE DBCHOP HCE UYUYFBMPUSH OECHETPFSCHN. rTETSDE CHUEZP YNEMUS CH CHYDH VEULTPCHOSCHK TBURBD UPCHEFULPZP UPAYB Y PVTEFEOYE OYEBCHYUYNPUFY OBTPDBNY, OBUEMSAEINY RTPUFTBOUFCHP NETsDH tPUUYEK Y rpmshhyek. yneoop bfp ufyuyoe Pvufpsfsfsfsfsfsfskg Brtpkt, Uyu ejuufchehnikhnikhnoye ibbupn about chopufbopchmeye RPDMYOOOPK Uhchetoopufy RPMSHYA, SHFFBCHIM ON FCH LBTFH. lPZDB PLBBMPUSH, UFP EZP RTPZOPSHCH CH FPYUOPUFY UVSCHMYUSH, PO DPVYCHBMUS HCE FPMSHLP PDOPZP: UFPVSH RPMSLY Y'CHMELMMY CHCHCHPDSH YU UFPMSh TBDYLBMSHOPK RETENEOSCH UCHPEZ P RPMPCEOYS. ON RTEDCHYDEM LBL LFH RETENEOCH, FBL Y RTEOEVTETSEOYE CHSHCHFELBAEINYY Y OEE CHCHCHPDBNY.

FERETSH PO RPMOPUFSHHA RPPUCHSFYFSH UEVS RBTFYY, LPFPTBS TBSHCHZTSCHCHBMBUSH OB RPMSHULPN "VMYTSBKYEN CHPUFPLE", YVP H OEZP OB THLBI VSCM EEE PDYO FKH - RTBLFYUEULY RPMOPE YUYUEOPCHEOYE HZTPBSHCH ZETNBOULPZP TECHBOYB Y UVBCHYBS YUYUFP ZYRPFEFYUEULPK CHPNPTSOPUFSH OPCHPZP "Drang nach Osten".

rTPY'PYMP LFP OE FPMSHLP CH TEEKHMSHFBFE RPTBTSEOIS FTEFSHEZP TEKIB Y PLLKHRBGYY 'BRBDOPK ZETNBOY UPAOYLBNY. y ChPCHUE OE RPFPNKh, UFP rPMSHYB CHIPDYMB CH UPUFBCH "UPGYBMYUFYUEULPZP MBZETS" YEE ZTBOYGSHCH BEEYEBMY EZP ChPKULB. fteychshchk TBUYUEF RPDULBJSCHCHBM RPMYFYLBN U ChPPVTBTSEOYEN, YuFP RPMSHULIE аBRBDOSHCHE ЪENMY - UBNSHCHK RPDIPDSEIK LBRYFBM, CH PVNEO ABOUT LPFPTSCHK uFBMYO NPTSEF DPVYFSHUS UP ZMBYEOIS U ZETNBOYEK, Y DBTSE RPUME HER PVYAEDDOEOYS - VKHDSH FP RP EZP UPYCHPMEOYA YMYY VE POPZP. PO FPMSHLP Y NEYUFBM P CHP-CHTBFE L VYUNBTLPCHULPK YDEE TPUUYKULP-ZETNBOULPZP UPAB, LPFPTSHCHK RPCHPMYM VSHCHCHTCBFSH UBNHA LTHROHA UFTBOH ABOUT ECHTPREKULPN LPOFIOEOFE YЪ-RPD RTYUFBMSHOPK PRELY uyb. rPMSHULYE UVBTPTSYMSCH eEGYOB (TBOEE yFEFFYOB) EEE RPNOSF "UPUFPSOYE OECHEUPNPUFY", CH LPFPTPN DPMZP TSYM ZPTPD. ufy tbuyuefshch ufbmyob plbbmyush RPDPTChboshch chufkhrmeoyen zhtz h obfp, B bbfen chtprekulpe llpopnyuyeulpe UPVEUFCHP, OP PLPOYUBFEMSHOP YI MYYMB UNSHUMB LPOPNY YuEULBS TECHPMAGYS, RTPYYEDYBS RPUME II NYTPCHPK CHPKOSHCH ABOUT BRBD. vMBZPDBTS EK FETTYFPTYBMSHOBS LLURBOWYS UFBMB LLPOPNYYUEULY OECHSHZPDOPK, B OBBYYF, Y OEOHTSOPK. rTYNETPN Y DPLBBFEMSHUFCHPN FPNKh UFBM RTPGEUU DELPMPOYYBGYY. UFPYF OBRPNOYFSH, UFP FPMSHLP UPCHEFULBS YNRETYS OE UHNEMB RTPYCHEUFY DELPMPOYBGYA.

CHBTSOPUFSH YUYUEOPCHEOYS "ZETNBOULPK HZTPYSHCH" ZEDTPKG PGEOYM UTBYH TSE: YMMAUFTBGYEK EZP RPMYFYUEULPK DBMSHOPCHYDOPUFY Y YOFKHYGYY NPTSEF UMHTSYFSH FPF ZHBLF, UFP T HLPCHPDYNPE YN YODBFEMSHUFCHP "YOUFYFHF MYFETBGLIK" HCE CH 1946 FP VSCHMB RETCHBS RPUME CHPKOSH RPRSHCHFLB HCHYDEFSH CH OENGBI MADEK. pDOBLP HVEDYFSH UPPFEYUFCHEOOILPCH RP-OPCHPNH CHZMSOHFSH ABOUT PFLTSCHCHYEUS RETURELFYCHSHCH NPTSOP VSHMP MYYSH PDOIN URPUPVPN: BUFBCHYFSH YI PVTBFIFSH CHZMSDSCH ABOUT CHPUFPL, ABOUT FBNPYOE E "VMYTSOEEE ЪBTKhVETSSHE". OHTSOP VSHCHMP FTEVPCHBFSH PF OII CETFCH: YuFPVSH POY PFLBBMYUSHOE FPMSHLP PF RTYFSBOIK OB MSHCHCHCH Y CHYMSHOAU, OP RTETSDE CHUEZP PF RTEDKHVETSDEOYK RP PFOPIEOYA L MYFPCHGBN Y VEMP THUBN, B PUPVEOOP L HLTBYOGBN. tBDYLBMSHOPE HMHYUYOYE PFOPYOYE U FYN OBTPDBNY, PFLB PF MAVSHHI RPRSHFPL ZPURPDUFCHB OBD ONYY, RTYOBOYE YI UCHPYNY UPAOYLBNY ZEDTPKG UFBCHYM CH GEOFT UCHPEZP RTPEL FB. VPMEE FPZP - ON UYUYFBM LFP OERTENEOOOSCHN LFBRPN Y HUMPCHYEN ZMHVPLPZP Y RTPUOPZP PJDPTPCHMEOYS PFOPIEOYK U tPUUYEK. rP UHFY YNEOOP LFP Y VSHMP LPOEYUOPK GEMSHA ZEDTPKGB.

h UCHPEK UFTBFEZYY ZEDTPKKG YUIPDYM YЪ RTEDRPUSHMLY, YuFP RETEIPD L LFPNKh RTPGEUUKH PDPTPCHMEOYS TBOSHIE YMY RPTSE UMEDUFCHYEN OE UYANYOKHFOSHCHI TBUYUEFPCH, B OEYVETSOSHI RETENEO. LBFBMYBFPTPN TSE LFYI RETENEO VHDHF NETSOBGYPOBMSHOSHCHE LPOZHMYLFSHCH, LPFPTSHCH LPOGE LPOGPCH CHPPTCHHF YNRETYA YOKHFTY Y LPTEOOSCHN PVTBPN YЪNEOSF ZEPRPMYFY YUEULPE RPMPTSEOYE LBL tPUUYY, FBL Y RPMSHYY. fPMSHLP LPFP RPCHPMMYF DPUFYUSH BLMAYUEOYS RPDMIOOPZP UPZMBYEOIS, UFPTPOBNY LPFPTPZP VHDHF TBCHOPRTBCHOSHCHE UHVYAELFSH NETSDHOBTPDOPZP RTBCHB. ъBNEFYN CH ULPVLBI, UFP NETPYECHULYK OBDESMUS ABOUT CHOKHFTEOOOAA LCPMAGYA LPNNKHOYUFYUEULPK UYUFENSCH, FPZDB LBL ZEDTPKG RPMBZBM, UFP POBOE RPDDBEFUUS TEZHPTNYTPCHBOYA .

CHEUSHNB OBNEOBFEMSHOP, UFP PO OE RTYDBCHBM VPMSHYPZP OBBYUEOYS Y LPNNHOYUFYUEULPK IDEPMPZYY, UYUYFBS HER RHUFPK ULPTMKhRPK PF CHSHDEOOPZP (YMY RTPFKHIIEZP) SKGB. CHPCHUE OE YDEPMPZYS, RP EZP NOOYA, URMBYUYCHBMB YNRETYA CHPEDYOP. VPMEE FPZP, BY CHRPMOE PFDBCHBM UEVE PFUEF H FPN, YuFP FPZP CE NOOEOYS RTYDETTSYCHBMYUSH JBLFYUEULY CHUE RBTFYKOSHCHE UPGMBZETS: RPUMEDOSS RPUFHRYCHYBS YЪ LTENMS DYTELF YCHB YNEMB VPMSHIEE BOBYEOOYE DMS FPMLPCHBOYS DPLFTYOSCH, YUEN CHUE UFTBOIGSHCH "LBRYFBMB". according to DBCE NPZ YURPMSHЪPCHBFSH OEHLMATSYK FETNYO "UPCHEFYIN", FPMSHLP YUFPVSH PVYASUOYFSH YUYFBFEMSN, UFP, UPVUFCHEOOP, YNEEFUS CH CHYDH. CHUE PUFBMSHOPE RPMOPUFSHHA PVYASUOYMB RHVMYLBGYS "LHMSHFHTPC" LBRYFBMSHOPZP FTHDB MEYELB lPMBLCHULPZP "PUOPCHOSCHE FEYUEOYS NBTLUYNB".

LBL Y'CHEUFOP LBTsDPNKH RTYMETSOPNH HYUEOILH, YNRETYY FEN Y PFMYUBAFUS PF DTHZYI FYRPCH ZPUHDBTUFCH, YuFP UNSCHUM YI UHEUFCHPCHBOYS - TBUFBMLYCHBFSH MPLFSNY ABOUT LBTFE UCH PYI UPRETOILPCH Y, OBBYUYF, RPZMPEBFSH CHUE OPCHSH Y OPCHSHCHE OBTPDSCH. UFP OE TBUFEF, FP ZOYEF PC YNRETYY. RETCHSHCHN "RTYTBEEOYEN" PLBBMBUSH RPMSHYB, YJCHEUOSCHK UPRETOIL, CH FP CHTHENS HCE VECHPMSHOSCHK.

rTYUYOPK UPRETOYYUUFCHB U PVEYI UFPTPO VSMP UFTENMEOYE L ZPURPDUFCHH OBD ENMSNY Y TEUKHTUBNY UPUEDEK - CHUE FEI TSE VEMPTHUPCH, MYFPCHGECH, HLTBYOGECH. rPFPNKh NPTsOP VSHMP DKhNBFSH, YuFP PVTEFEOYE LFYNY OBTPDBNY OEBCHYUYNPUFY HUFTBOYF UBN RTEDNEF LPOZHMYLFB NETsDH rPMSHYEK Y tPUUYEK. h RTERPMPTSEOY, TBHNEEFUS, UFP PVE UFPTPOSCH PFLBTSHFUS PF YULHIEOYS CHETOHFSHUS L RTETSOEK TPMY.

YDEUSH OERTENEOOOP UMEDHEF OBRPNOYFSH PDOP TBUUKHTSDEOYE, PRHVMYLPCHBOOPE CH "LKHMSHFKHTE" CH 1975 LFY OEULPMSHLP ZHTB PVYASUOSAF, RPYUENKH ZEDTPKG U NETPYECHULYN OE TBUUNBFTYCHBMY "RTPVMENH hmv" (hLTBYOSCH, MYFCHSHCH Y VEMPTHUYY) CH PFTSHCHE PF "THUULPZP CHPRTPUB". h FP TSE CHTENS TEYUSH YDEF PV PDOPN Y FEI RPMPTSEOIK, LPFPTSHCHE DEMBAF LPOGERGYA "LKHMSHFKhTSCH" RP-RTETSOENH OEVPVIPDYNSCHN YOUFTHNEOFPN UPCTENEOOOPK Y VHDHEEK RPMSHULPK RPMYFYL Y ABOUT FETTYFPTYSI L CHPUFPLH PF vKhZB. NETPYECHULYK RYUBM UMEDHAEEEE:

"EUMY DMS HRTPEEOIS PVP-OBYUYFSH FETTYFPTYA, PICCHBFSCHCHBAEKHA HLTBYOH, MYFCHH Y VEMPTKHUUYA, LBL hmv, FP UMEDHEF PFNEFYFSH, UFP CH RTPYMPN - B CH Y'CHEUFOPK UFEREOY Y UEPPD OS - FETTYFPTYS hmv VSCHMB Yuen-FP VPMSHYN, OETSEMY RTPUFP SVMPLPN TBBDPTB NETsDH rPMSHYEK Y tPUUYEK. hmv PRTEDEMSMB UBNKh ZHPTNKh RPMSHULP-TPUUYKULYI PFOPIEOYK, PVTELBS OBU MYVP OB YNRETYBMYUFYUEULHA RPMYFYLH, MYVP OB TPMSh UFTBOSH-UBFEMMYFB.

VSHMP VSH VEEKHNYEN OBDESFSHUS, UFP RPMSHYB NPCEF YURTBCHYFSH UCHPY PFOPIEOYS U tPUUYEK, RTYOBCH RTPVMENSCH hmv CHOKHFTYZPUHDBTUFCHEOOOSCHNY RTPVMEMBNY tPUUYY. UPRETOYUUFCHP NETSDH rPMSHYEK Y tPUUYEK ABOUT FYI FETTYFPTYSI CHUEZDB YNEMP GEMSHA HUFBOCHYFSH RTECHPUIPDUFCHP, BOE DPVTPPUPUEDULIE RPMSHULP-TPUYKULYE PFOPIEOYS".

rPFPPNH FPF, LFP CEMBEF HUFBOPCMEOYS LFYI DPVTPUPUEDULYI PFOPIEOYK, DPMTSEO UZMBUIFSHUS, UFP OEBCHYUYNPUFSH OBTPDPH hmv SCHMSEFUS OE FPMSHLP OBYVPMEE PYUECHIDOPK ZBTBOFY EK, OP Y HUMPCHYEN FPZP, UFP tPUUYS RPLIOEF RTETSOYK, YNRETULYK RHFSH Y CHUFKHRYF ABOUT OPCHSCHK - FPF CE RHFSH YOFEOUYCHOPK (B OE LLUFEOUYCHOPK) LLPOPNYLY, OE FTEVHAEK OY FETTYFPTYBMSHOSHCHI b BICHBFPCH, OH LLURBOUYY, OH CHPPTHTSEOOSCHI LPOZHMYLFCH, ABOUT LPFPTSHK HCE CHUFHRIMY CHUE DETTSBCHSHCH, CHUETB EEE LPMPOIBMSHOSHCHE, PF bozmyy Y OYDETMBODCH DP sRPOY Y ZETNBOY. y UP CHRPMOE PEHFYNPK RPMShЪPK DMS UEVS Y UPUEDEK.

b FPF, LFP YUFPULPCHBMUS RP RTETSOIN, CHBUUBMSHOSHCHN PFOPIEOISN CHTENEO mouth Y uuut - FPF VKhDEF RYUBFSH P UFPTPOOILBI ZEDTPKGB LBL PV "PHOPCHULPN MPVVY", LBL LFP Y DEMBEF THRPT U EZPDOSIOEK IODEGIY ZBEFB "NSCHUMSH rPMSHULB". ZEDTPKG TSE, UFTBUFOP TSEMBCHYK TBURBDB YNRETYY Y HVETSDEOOSHCHK, UFP OYEBCHYUYNPUFSH HLTBYOSCH UFBOEF VBTSHETPN OB UFBTPN, ZKHVYFEMSHOPN RHFY ChPCHTBFB L EE RTESOIN ZTBOYGBN, CHYDEM CH HLTERMEOYY LFPK OEBCHYUYNPUFY RTETSDE CHUEZP HUMPCHYE ZPTBDP VPMEE NBUYFBVOPZP RTPGEUUB. DMS OEZP TEYUSH YMB P OPCHPN NEUFE tPUUYY CH CHTPRE, P FBLPN EE RTPGCHEFBOY, LPFPTPE UDEMBEF OEOKHTSOSCHN UFTENMEOYE L BZTEUUYY Y TPUFKh b YuHTsPK UYUEF. "have LEN ZTBOYYUIF uuut?" - URTBYCHBMP NYZHYYUEULPE "BTNSOULPE TBDYP". and PFCHEYUBMP: "at LEN IPYUEF, at FEN Y ZTBOYUYF".

h RPMYFYYUEULPK RTPZTBNNE "LKHMShFKhTSCH" OE VSHMP Y UMEDB UCHEUFY tPUUYA L TBBNETBN Y OBYUEOYA CHEMYLPZP LOTSEUFCHB nPULPCHULPZP, OILFP ABOUT HER UFTBOIGBI OE RTY SCHCHBM L TBURBDH tPUUYKULPK zhEDETBGYY, OILFP OE RSHCHFBMUS CHOHYYFSH THUULYN, UFP "small is beautiful" . CHRTPYUEN, P YUEYUEOGBI, LBL Y P CHUEI FEI OBGYSI, CHLMAYEOOYE LPFPTSCHI CH UPUFBCH tzh OE PRYTBMPUSH OH OB YI TSEMBOYE, OY OB ZEPZTBZHYA, "LKHMShFKhTB" ZPCHPTYMB CH RPMOSHK ZPMPU. at DTHZPK UFPTPOSCH, ZEDTPKG CHSHCHULBSHCHCHBMUS FBLTS RTPFICH HEENMEOYS RTBCH THUULYI, LPFPTSHCHE UFBMY NEOSHYOUFCHPN CH OPCSHCHI TEURHVMYLBI. h FPN YUYUME Y CH rpmshye. pV PFOPIOYY LFPZP FTEEKCHEKYYZP YuEMPCHELB L tPUUYY Y THUULYN UCHYDEFEMSHUFCHHAF OE FPMSHLP NOPZPYUYUMEOOSCHE HRPNYOBOYS P RTPUYFBOOSCHI YN THUULYI BCHFTBI CH EZP "bCHFPVYPZ TBZHYY CH YEFSCHTE THLY", OP Y FPF ZHBLF, YUFP ЪBNEYUBFEMSHOSHCHK RETECHPDYuYL THUULPK MYFETBFKhTSCH ENPCHYF JEDEGLYK RP RTPUSHVE ZEDTPKGB OB UPVUFCHEOOOSCHI RMEYUBI RTYOEU Y HUFBOPCHYM LTEUF ABOUT ЪBVSCHFPK (Y ЪBVTPYEOOPK ABOUT PDOPN Ъ CHBTYBCHULYI LMBDVYE) NPZYME THUULPZP NSCHUMYFEMS dNYFTYS zhYMPUPZHPCHB. ZEDTPKG RPIOBLPNYMUS U OIN CH 20-E ZPDSCH CH CHBTYBCHULPN LMHVE VEMPNYZTBOFPCH "dPNYL CH lPMPNOE". rPUME LPOYOYOSCH yTYOSCH yMPCHBKULPK, ​​ZMBCHOPZP TEDBLFPTB ZBEFSHCH "THUULBS NSCHUMSH", BCHFPT LFYI UFTPL RPMHYUYM ZhBLU U RPTHYUEOYEN PF ZEDTPKGB - OBRYUBFSH P OEK "CHPCHSHCHYOOP" Y ZPTSYUP". b CH RPUMEDOEN, 637-N OPNETE "LHMShFHTSCH" EDYOUFCHEOOOSCHN RPFYUEULYN PFLMYLPN ABOUT UNETFSH EE TEDBLFPTB VSCHMY DCHB UFYIPFCHPTEOIS obfBMSHY zPTVBOECHULPK, ​​RTELTBUOPK THUULPK RPFEUUSCH Y UMEOB TEDLPMMMEZYY "OPCHPK RPMSHYY".

y EEE OBRPNOYN DEUSH, UFP H DECHSFSHK DEOSH LPOYUOYOSCH ZEDTPKGB, HCE RPUME EZP RPIPTPO ABOUT LBFPMYYUEULPN LMBDVYEE H MENEOYMSH-ME-THB RPD rBTYTSEN, CH UPPFCHEFUFCHYY U EZP RPUMEDO EC CHPMEK CH RBTYTSULPN RTBCHPUMBCHOPN LBZHEDTTBMSHOPN UPVPTE UCH. bMELUBODTB oECHULPZP VSCHMB PFUMHTSEOB RBOIIDB.

rTYNEYBOYS:

ETSY ZEDTPKG (1906-2000) - RHVMYGYUF, RPMYFYL, PUOPCHBFEMSH (1947) Y VEUUNEOOSCHK TEDBLFPT YODBCHBCHYEZPUS CHP "YOUFFHF MYFETBGLIK". TPDYMUS CH NYOULE, RPFPNPL TPDB MYFPCHULYI LOSEK. VSCHM YUMEOPN TEDLPMMEZYY "lPOFYOEOFB" Y HLTBIOULPZP TSHTOBMB "CHIDOPCHB". uN. P OEN FBLTSE #10 "OPCHPK RPMSHYY" YB RTPYMSCHK ZPD, CHSHCHRHEEOOSCHK RPUME EZP LPOYUOSCH. - DEUSH Y DBME RTYNEYUBOYE RETCHPDYULB.

FBL UPLTBEEOOP OBSHCHCHBAF RTBCHP-OBGYPOBMYUFYUEULPE DCHYTSEOYE "OBGYPOBMSHOBS DENPLTBFIYS", CHPOYLYE H LPOGE XIX H., B CHRPUMEDUFCHY TBURBDBCHYEUS ABOUT TBMYUOSCHE RBTFYY, CHOPCH Sh PVYAEDYOSCHIEEUUS Y F.R. UBNSCHN LTKHROSCHN DESFEMEN OD VSHCHM TPNBO DNPCHULYK (1864-1939). according to UYUYFBM, UFP rPMSHYB NPTSEF PVTEUFY YUBUFYUOHA OEEBCHYUYNPUFSH, UPITBOYCH CHETOPUFSH tPUUYY Y CHSHUFHRBS RTPFICH ZETNBOYY. eZP MPHOZBNY VSHCHMY: "U LEN HZPDOP - DBTSE U tPUUYEK - RTPFICH ZETNBOYY" Y "RPMSHYB DMS RPMSLPC" (RPUMEDOYK RTYCHEM EZP L BOFYUENYFYINH). bNSCHUEM "PFGB RPMSHULPK OEBCHYUYNPUFY" SHYB PVYAEDOYMBUSH CH ZHEDETBGYA U YUEIYEK, UMPCHBLYEK, MYFCHPK, B FBLCE U OEBCHYUYNSCHNY VEMPTHUUIEK Y HLTBYOPK, ZDE CHUE YUMEOSCH ZHEDETBGYY VSCHMY VSH TBCHOPRTBCHOSHCH . FFPF WE SHOW ENH PUHEEUFCHYFSH OE HDBMPUSH. h UIMSHOPN HRTPEEOY NPTsOP ULBBFSH, YuFP DMS rymuhdulpzp ZMBCHOSCHNY VSHCHMY CHTBZY CHOEYOYE, B DMS dNPCHULPZP - CHOHFTEOOOYE. RYMUHDYUYLY PVTBEBMYUSH L RPMSHULPK FTBDYGYY TEMYZYP'OPK Y NETSOBGYPOBMSHOPK FETRYNPUFY, B HODELY (OBGYPOBM-DENPLTBFSCH) HER PFCHETZBMY. rPFPPNKH, CH YUBUFOPUFY, VODELY VSHMY STPUFOSHCHNY BOFYUENYFBNY, B UFPTPOOILY RYMUHDULPZP UYUYFBMY ECHTEECH PTZBOYUEULPK YUBUFSHHA RPMSHULPZP PVEEUFCHB.

PTZBOYBGYS HLTBYOULYI OBGYPOBMYUFCH (pho) - OEMEZBMSHOBS RBTFYS, UPDBOOBS CH 1929 Ch 1942 Z. ABOUT VBE PHO VSHCHMB UPDBOB HLTBIOULBS RPCHUFBOYUEULBS BTNYS (khrb) ChP ZMBCHE UP uFEBOPN vBODETPK, LPFPTBS UTTBTSBMBUSH RTPFYCH OENGECH, UPCHEFULYI RBTFYBO, L TBUOPK BTNYY, B FBLTSE (RPUME 1944 Z.) RTPFICH CHPKUL LPNNHOYUFYUEULPZP TETSYNB CH RPMSHIE. FBL UFP "PHOPCHULPE MPVVY" CHRPMO NPTsOP VSHMP VSH RETECHEUFY Y'CHEUFOSHCHN THUULPNKH YUYFBFEMA CHSHCHTBTSEOYEN "VBODETPCHULYE RTYICHPUFOY".

NBMPE RTELTBUOP (BOZM.)

Awards and titles

He was the only one who refused to accept Poland's highest award, the Order of the White Eagle, as a sign of rejection of the relations that developed in the country after.

The Sejm of the Republic of Poland proclaimed 2006 the Year of Jerzy Giedroyc. The 100th anniversary of the birth of Jerzy Giedroyc is included in the memorable dates celebrated under the auspices of UNESCO.

In Minsk, one of the streets of the new Brilevichi microdistrict is named after Jerzy Giedroyts.

Write a review on the article "Gedroyts, Jerzy"

Links

An excerpt characterizing Giedroyts, Jerzy

It was already a hot spring. The forest was already all dressed up, there was dust and it was so hot that when driving past the water, I wanted to swim.
Prince Andrei, gloomy and preoccupied with thoughts about what and what he needs to ask the leader about business, drove up along the alley of the garden to the Rostovs' Otradnensky house. To the right, from behind the trees, he heard a female, cheerful cry, and saw a crowd of girls running towards the intersection of his carriage. Closer in front of the others, a dark-haired, very thin, strangely thin, black-eyed girl in a yellow cotton dress, tied with a white handkerchief, from under which strands of combed hair were knocked out, ran up to the carriage. The girl was shouting something, but recognizing the stranger, without looking at him, she ran back with a laugh.
Prince Andrei suddenly felt pain from something. The day was so good, the sun was so bright, everything around was so cheerful; but this thin and pretty girl did not know and did not want to know about his existence and was contented and happy with some kind of her own, stupid, but cheerful and happy life. “Why is she so happy? what is she thinking! Not about the military charter, not about the arrangement of the Ryazan dues. What is she thinking? And why is she happy? Prince Andrei involuntarily asked himself with curiosity.
Count Ilya Andreevich in 1809 lived in Otradnoye just as before, that is, taking over almost the entire province, with hunts, theaters, dinners and musicians. He, like any new guest, was glad to Prince Andrei, and almost forcibly left him to spend the night.
During the boring day, during which Prince Andrei was occupied by the senior hosts and the most honorable of the guests, with whom the house of the old count was full on the occasion of the approaching name day, Bolkonsky looked several times at Natasha, who was laughing and having fun between the other young half of society, kept asking himself: “What is she thinking? Why is she so happy!
In the evening, left alone in a new place, he could not sleep for a long time. He read, then put out the candle and lit it again. It was hot in the room with the shutters closed from the inside. He was annoyed with this stupid old man (as he called Rostov), ​​who had detained him, assuring him that the necessary papers in the city had not yet been delivered, he was annoyed with himself for having stayed.
Prince Andrei got up and went to the window to open it. As soon as he opened the shutters, the moonlight, as if he had been waiting for it at the window for a long time, burst into the room. He opened the window. The night was crisp and unmovingly bright. Right in front of the window was a row of trimmed trees, black on one side and silvery lit on the other. Under the trees there was some kind of juicy, wet, curly vegetation with silvery leaves and stems in some places. Further behind the black trees there was a kind of roof shining with dew, to the right a large curly tree, with a bright white trunk and branches, and above it an almost full moon in a bright, almost starless, spring sky. Prince Andrei leaned against the window and his eyes rested on this sky.
Prince Andrei's room was on the middle floor; they also lived in the rooms above it and did not sleep. He heard a woman speak from above.
“Just one more time,” said a female voice from above, which Prince Andrei now recognized.
- When are you going to sleep? answered another voice.
“I won’t, I can’t sleep, what should I do!” Well, the last time...
Two female voices sang some kind of musical phrase, which was the end of something.
- Oh, what a delight! Well, now sleep, and the end.
“Sleep, but I can’t,” answered the first voice, approaching the window. She apparently leaned completely out of the window, because the rustling of her dress and even breathing could be heard. Everything was quiet and petrified, like the moon and its light and shadows. Prince Andrei was also afraid to move, so as not to betray his involuntary presence.
– Sonya! Sonya! – the first voice was heard again. - Well, how can you sleep! Yes, look what a charm! Ah, what a delight! Wake up, Sonya, - she said almost with tears in her voice. “There has never been such a lovely night, never.
Sonya reluctantly answered something.
- No, look at that moon! ... Oh, what a charm! You come here. Darling, dove, come here. Well, see? So I would squat down, like this, I would grab myself under my knees - tighter, as tight as possible - you have to strain. Like this!
- All right, you're going to fall.
There was a struggle and Sonya's dissatisfied voice: "After all, the second hour."
Oh, you're just ruining everything for me. Well, go, go.
Everything fell silent again, but Prince Andrei knew that she was still sitting there, he sometimes heard a quiet stir, sometimes sighs.
- Oh my god! My God! what is it! she suddenly cried out. - Sleep like sleep! and slammed the window.
“And it doesn’t matter to my existence!” thought Prince Andrei while he listened to her conversation, for some reason waiting and fearing that she would say something about him. “And she again! And how on purpose! he thought. Such an unexpected confusion of young thoughts and hopes, which contradicted his whole life, suddenly arose in his soul, that he, feeling unable to understand his state of mind, immediately fell asleep.