One of the striking features of this region is that it is incredibly contrasting. It is difficult for many residents of Russia, which occupies a vast territory, to understand how so many states managed to fit on one peninsula at once. And it is even more difficult to understand how they, so different, manage to get along with each other. After all, what countries just do not lie on the Balkan Peninsula: Christian and Muslim, with beach and ski resorts very different and at the same time very similar.

Albania

The republic is located in the western part. Among the countries that are on the Balkan Peninsula, this is one of the smallest in terms of population. Less than about 2.8 million people live here. The capital is Tirana. One of the less popular places among tourists, however, in last years The service here has grown rapidly.

Bulgaria

The state, located in the eastern part of the peninsula, occupies 22% of its area, has a population of more than 7 million people. The capital is Sofia. Long years visa-free entry was opened for Russians in this country. Now, as for most other states, you can enter here from Russia with a Schengen visa. The country is popular as a beach resort.

Bosnia and Herzegovina

A tiny country in the western part of the peninsula with a population of approximately 3.5 million people. The capital is Sarajevo. Great option for sightseeing holiday in a temperate climate.

Greece

One of the most popular tourist destinations in the region. This country is also one of the most densely populated among the Balkans - more than 10 million people. The capital is Athens.

Italy

One of the fashion capitals of the world is also included in the list of countries located on the Balkan Peninsula. The population is more than 60 million people. The capital is Rome. Not only shopping lovers, but also fans of beach or ski holidays come here from all over the world.

Macedonia

The republic has a population of just over 2 million people. The capital is Skolie. This state has no access to the sea. But it boasts mighty mountains, beautiful lakes and ancient cities with amazing architecture.

Romania

According to the work of Bram Stoker and oral folk art, this country is the birthplace of Count Dracula. It is also a great option for a budget European holiday. This state is quite crowded in comparison with its neighbors on the peninsula. The population is just under 20 million people. The capital is Bucharest.

Serbia

A small state with a population of just over 7 million people and the capital in the city of Belgrade. It is located in the central part of the peninsula. There is a truly rich program for a tourist with any requests - mountains, lakes, ancient architecture. Except there is no sea.

Slovenia

Another tiny country with a population of just over 2 million people and a capital with a touching name is Ljubljana. It is located in the pre-alpine part of the peninsula. Ski holidays here it is well developed and much cheaper than in other countries with access to the Alps.

Türkiye

This is probably the most popular holiday destination for Russian tourists. The population of the country is about 80 million people. The main part of the territory of the state falls on the Anatolian Peninsula and the Armenian Highlands, and the Balkan Peninsula got a smaller one. However, this country can also be considered Balkan.

Croatia

The capital is Zagreb. The population is just over 4 million people. There are many places in this country that you can fall in love with: nature reserves, lakes, lighthouses and much more.

Montenegro

Another tiny Balkan country for a cozy and leisurely vacation in both winter and summer. The capital is Podgorica. The population is a little over 600 thousand people.

Kosovo

The capital is Pristina. The population is just under 2 million people. This republic is a partially recognized state. In fact, it is a breakaway part of Serbia. Due to the turbulent recent past, the country is not very popular with tourists. However, there is something to see here: forts, cathedrals, monasteries and other architectural monuments.

On the Balkan Peninsula there are (as a whole, and only a fragment) 12 full-fledged countries and 1 partially recognized state.

505,000 km²

Nature

coast

Minerals

Balkan Peninsula. origin of name

The modern name of the Balkan Peninsula comes from the name of the mountains of the same name, which in turn date back to the tour. Balkan "large, high mountain range overgrown with forests", Chag. Balkan"mountain range". In antiquity, the Balkan Mountains were called other Greek. Αἶμος , lat. Haemus.

Historical reference

In the 19th century the struggle of the Balkan peoples for the establishment of independence flared up; c - as a result of the Balkan wars, the borders of Turkey on the territory of the peninsula moved to modern borders. On the territory of the Balkans, the First World War began, the direct casus belli of which was the assassination of the Austrian heir Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo.

In the 1990s, the region was agitated by conflicts in the republics of the former Yugoslavia, which ended with the breakup of the country into Serbia, Croatia, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Slovenia, Macedonia, and, partially recognized, Kosovo.

see also

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Notes

Literature

  • // Military encyclopedia: [in 18 volumes] / ed. V. F. Novitsky [i dr.]. - St. Petersburg. ; [M .] : Typ. t-va I. V. Sytin, 1911-1915.
  • Murzaev E. M. Dictionary of popular geographical terms. 1st ed. - M., Thought, 1984.
  • Murzaev E. M. Turkic geographical names. - M., Vost. lit., 1996.

Links

An excerpt characterizing the Balkan Peninsula

- What should I ask? General Armfeld offered an excellent position with an open rear. Or attack von diesem italienischen Herrn, sehr schon! [this Italian gentleman, very good! (German)] Or retreat. Auch gut. [Also good (German)] Why ask me? - he said. “After all, you yourself know everything better than me. - But when Volkonsky, frowning, said that he was asking his opinion on behalf of the sovereign, then Pfuel stood up and, suddenly animated, began to say:
- They spoiled everything, confused everyone, everyone wanted to know better than me, and now they came to me: how to fix it? Nothing to fix. Everything must be done exactly according to the reasons I have set forth,” he said, tapping his bony fingers on the table. – What is the difficulty? Nonsense, Kinder spiel. [children's toys (German)] - He went up to the map and began to speak quickly, poking a dry finger on the map and proving that no chance could change the expediency of the Dris camp, that everything was foreseen and that if the enemy really goes around, then the enemy must inevitably be destroyed.
Pauluchi, who did not know German, began to ask him in French. Wolzogen came to the aid of his principal, who did not speak French well, and began to translate his words, barely keeping up with Pfuel, who quickly proved that everything, everything, not only what happened, but everything that could happen, everything was foreseen. in his plan, and that if now there were difficulties, then all the fault was only in the fact that everything was not executed exactly. He constantly laughed ironically, proved, and, finally, contemptuously gave up proving, as a mathematician quits to verify different ways once proven correctness of the task. Wolzogen replaced him, continuing to expound his thoughts in French and occasionally saying to Pfuel: "Nicht wahr, Exellenz?" [Isn't that right, Your Excellency? (German)] Pfuel, as in a battle a heated man beats his own, angrily shouted at Wolzogen:
– Nun ja, was soll denn da noch expliziert werden? [Well, yes, what else is there to interpret? (German)] - Pauluchi and Michaud attacked Wolzogen in French in two voices. Armfeld addressed Pfuel in German. Tol explained in Russian to Prince Volkonsky. Prince Andrew silently listened and watched.
Of all these persons, the embittered, resolute and stupidly self-confident Pful was the most arousing interest in Prince Andrei. He, one of all the people present here, obviously did not want anything for himself, did not harbor enmity towards anyone, but wanted only one thing - to put into action the plan drawn up according to the theory that he had deduced over the years of work. He was ridiculous, was unpleasant with his irony, but at the same time he inspired involuntary respect with his boundless devotion to the idea. In addition, in all the speeches of all the speakers, with the exception of Pfuel, there was one common feature, which was not at the military council in 1805 - it was now, although hidden, but panic fear before the genius of Napoleon, the fear that was expressed in every objection. Everything was supposed to be possible for Napoleon, they were waiting for him from all sides, and with his terrible name they destroyed one another's assumptions. One Pful, it seemed, considered him, Napoleon, the same barbarian as all the opponents of his theory. But, in addition to a sense of respect, Pful inspired Prince Andrei with a sense of pity. From the tone with which the courtiers treated him, from what Pauluchi allowed himself to say to the emperor, but most importantly from the somewhat desperate expression of Pfuel himself, it was clear that others knew and he himself felt that his fall was near. And, despite his self-confidence and German grumpy irony, he was pitiful with his smoothed hair on the temples and tassels sticking out at the back of his head. Apparently, although he hid it under the guise of irritation and contempt, he was in despair because the only opportunity now to check on vast experience and prove to the whole world the correctness of his theory eluded him.
The debate went on for a long time, and the longer it went on, the more disputes flared up, reaching shouts and personalities, and the less it was possible to draw any general conclusion from everything that was said. Prince Andrei, listening to this multilingual dialect and these assumptions, plans and denials and cries, was only surprised at what they all said. Those who had long and often come to him during his military activities, thoughts that there is not and cannot be any military science and therefore there can be no so-called military genius, now received for him a perfect evidence of the truth. “What kind of theory and science could there be in a matter in which the conditions and circumstances are unknown and cannot be determined, in which the strength of the leaders of the war can be even less determined? No one could and cannot know what the position of our and the enemy army will be in a day, and no one can know what the strength of this or that detachment is. Sometimes, when there is no coward in front who will shout: “We are cut off! - and he will run, and there is a cheerful, courageous person in front who will shout: “Hurrah! - a detachment of five thousand is worth thirty thousand, as at Shepgraben, and sometimes fifty thousand run before eight, as at Austerlitz. What kind of science can there be in such a matter, in which, as in any practical matter, nothing can be determined and everything depends on innumerable conditions, the significance of which is determined in one minute, about which no one knows when it will come. Armfeld says that our army is cut off, and Pauluchi says that we have placed French army between two fires; Michaud says that the worthlessness of the Drissa camp lies in the fact that the river is behind, and Pfuel says that this is his strength. Tol proposes one plan, Armfeld proposes another; and everyone is good, and everyone is bad, and the benefits of any situation can be obvious only at the moment when the event takes place. And why does everyone say: a military genius? Is a genius the person who manages to order the delivery of crackers in time and go to the right, to the left? Just because military people are clothed with brilliance and power, and masses of scoundrels flatter power, giving it the unusual qualities of a genius, they are called geniuses. On the contrary, the best generals I have known are stupid or distracted people. The best Bagration, - Napoleon himself admitted this. And Bonaparte himself! I remember his self-satisfied and limited face on the field of Austerlitz. Not only does a good commander not need a genius and any special qualities, but, on the contrary, he needs the absence of the best, highest, human qualities - love, poetry, tenderness, philosophical inquisitive doubt. He must be limited, firmly convinced that what he does is very important (otherwise he will lack patience), and then only he will be a brave commander. God forbid, if he is a man, he will love someone, take pity, think about what is fair and what is not. It is clear that from time immemorial the theory of geniuses has been forged for them, because they are the authorities. The merit in the success of military affairs does not depend on them, but on the person who shouts in the ranks: they are gone, or shouts: hurrah! And only in these ranks can you serve with confidence that you are useful!“
So thought Prince Andrei, listening to the talk, and woke up only when Pauluchi called him and everyone was already dispersing.
The next day, at the review, the sovereign asked Prince Andrei where he wanted to serve, and Prince Andrei lost himself forever in the court world, not asking to stay with the person of the sovereign, but asking for permission to serve in the army.

Before the opening of the campaign, Rostov received a letter from his parents, in which, briefly informing him of Natasha's illness and the break with Prince Andrei (this break was explained to him by Natasha's refusal), they again asked him to retire and come home. Nikolai, having received this letter, did not try to ask for a vacation or resignation, but wrote to his parents that he was very sorry about Natasha's illness and break with her fiancé and that he would do everything possible to fulfill their desire. He wrote to Sonya separately.
“Adored friend of my soul,” he wrote. “Nothing but honor could keep me from returning to the village. But now, before the opening of the campaign, I would consider myself dishonorable not only before all my comrades, but also before myself, if I preferred my happiness to my duty and love for the fatherland. But this is the last parting. Believe that immediately after the war, if I am alive and loved by you, I will drop everything and fly to you to press you forever to my fiery chest.
Indeed, only the opening of the campaign delayed Rostov and prevented him from coming - as he promised - and marrying Sonya. Otradnensky autumn with hunting and winter with Christmas time and with Sonya's love opened up to him the prospect of quiet aristocratic joys and tranquility, which he had not known before and which now beckoned him to them. “A glorious wife, children, a good flock of hounds, dashing ten - twelve packs of greyhounds, household, neighbors, election service! he thought. But now there was a campaign, and it was necessary to remain in the regiment. And since this was necessary, Nikolai Rostov, by his nature, was also pleased with the life he led in the regiment, and managed to make this life pleasant for himself.
Arriving from vacation, joyfully greeted by his comrades, Nikolai sent for repairs and brought excellent horses from Little Russia, which pleased him and earned him praise from his superiors. In his absence, he was promoted to captain, and when the regiment was put on martial law with an increased kit, he again received his former squadron.
A campaign began, the regiment was moved to Poland, a double salary was issued, new officers arrived, new people, horses; and, most importantly, that excitedly cheerful mood that accompanies the outbreak of war has spread; and Rostov, aware of his advantageous position in the regiment, gave himself up entirely to the pleasures and interests military service, although he knew that sooner or later he would have to leave them.
The troops retreated from Vilna for various complex state, political and tactical reasons. Each step of the retreat was accompanied by a complex play of interests, conclusions and passions in the main headquarters. For the hussars of the Pavlograd regiment, this whole retreat, at the best time of summer, with sufficient food, was the simplest and most fun thing to do. They could lose heart, worry and intrigue in the main apartment, but in the deep army they did not ask themselves where, why they were going. If they regretted that they were retreating, it was only because they had to leave the habitable apartment, from the pretty lady. If it occurred to anyone that things were bad, then, as a good military man should, the one to whom it occurred to him tried to be cheerful and not think about general course affairs, and think about your next business. At first they cheerfully stood near Vilna, making acquaintances with the Polish landowners and waiting and serving reviews of the sovereign and other high commanders. Then the order came to retreat to the Sventsians and destroy the provisions that could not be taken away. The Sventsians were remembered by the hussars only because it was a drunken camp, as the whole army called the camp near Sventsians, and because in Sventsians there were many complaints against the troops because they, taking advantage of the order to take away provisions, took away horses among the provisions, and carriages, and carpets from the Polish pans. Rostov remembered Sventsyany because on the first day of entering this place he changed the sergeant-major and could not cope with all the people of the squadron who got drunk, who, without his knowledge, took away five barrels of old beer. From Sventsyan they retreated further and further to Drissa, and again retreated from Drissa, already approaching the Russian borders.

The Balkan Peninsula, or Balkans, is located in the southeastern part of Europe. It is washed by seven seas, the coastline is strongly dissected. The northern border of the peninsula is considered to be the line from the Danube, Kupa, Sava rivers to the Kvarner Bay. There are countries that are partially located on the peninsula. And there are those who are completely on its territory. But they are all somewhat similar, although each has its own zest.

Countries of the Balkan Peninsula

  • Albania - located in the west, completely located on the peninsula.
  • Bulgaria - located in the east, completely located on the peninsula.
  • Bosnia and Herzegovina - located in the center, completely located on the peninsula.
  • Greece - located on a peninsula and nearby islands;
  • Macedonia - located in the center, completely located on the peninsula.
  • Montenegro - located in the west, completely located on the peninsula.
  • Serbia - located in the center, partly located on the peninsula, partly in the Pannonian lowland.
  • Croatia - located in the west, partly located on the peninsula.
  • Slovenia - located in the north, completely located on the peninsula.
  • Romania - located in the east, completely located on the peninsula.
  • Türkiye - partly located on a peninsula.
  • Italy - occupies only a small - northern - part of the peninsula.

Geography of the area

As mentioned above, the coastline is very indented, there are bays. There are many small islands near the peninsula, Greece occupies a large part of them. The shores of the Aegean and Adriatic Seas are the most dissected. For the most part, mountainous terrain prevails here.

A bit of history

The Balkan Peninsula was the first region in Europe where agriculture appeared. In ancient times, Macedonians, Greeks, Thracians, and others lived on its territory. The Roman Empire managed to conquer most of the lands and bring their customs and traditions to them, but some of the nationalities did not abandon Greek culture. In the sixth century, the first Slavic peoples came here.

During the Middle Ages, the Balkan Peninsula was often attacked by different states, since it was an important region and a transport artery. By the end of the Middle Ages, most of the territories were under the rule of the Ottoman Empire.

The conquest of the Balkan Peninsula by the Ottoman Turks

Starting from 1320, the Turks began to regularly try to conquer certain territories, in 1357 they managed to completely subjugate the Gallipoli Island - it was under the control of the Ottoman Empire. The Turkish conquest of the Balkan Peninsula lasted for many decades. In 1365 Thrace was captured, in 1396 the Ottoman Empire managed to conquer the entire Vidin kingdom and lands up to the Balkan Mountains. In 1371, the Turks switched to Serbian lands, in 1389, after a long confrontation, the Serbs had to surrender.

Gradually, the border of the Ottoman Empire moved towards Hungary. The Hungarian king Sigismund decided that he would not surrender and invited other European monarchs to gather to fight against the invaders. The Pope, the French troops and many more agreed with this proposal. the mighty of the world this. It was decided to announce crusade against the Turkish invaders, but this did not bring much success, the Turks absolutely defeated all the crusaders.

The power of the Turks weakened. It seemed that the Balkan Peninsula was returning to normal life. The power of Tamerlane frightened the Ottoman Empire. The Serbian prince decided to regain control over the occupied territories, and he succeeded. Belgrade became the capital of Serbia, but in the middle of the fifteenth century Ottoman Empire decided to return positions. Already at the beginning of the twentieth century. the countries of the Balkan Peninsula decided to completely get rid of the influence of the Turks. In 1912, the war for independence began, which ended successfully for the Balkans, but soon the First World War began. In the 90s of the last century, Yugoslavia broke up into a number of states that exist until today(one of them - Kosovo - is partially recognized).


Coloring beckons

All states of the Balkan Peninsula are diverse. They have come a long way of development. They were conquered, many battles took place here, they suffered from invasions. For many centuries these countries were not free, but now, being here, it is impossible not to notice the spirit of freedom. Beautiful landscapes, miraculously preserved sights and excellent climate - all this attracts many tourists to these places, where everyone manages to find something special: someone goes to the beach, and someone to the mountains, but everyone remains fascinated by these countries.

The Balkan Peninsula is located in the southern part of Europe. It is washed by the waters of the Aegean, Adriatic, Ionian, Black and On the western shores there are many bays and bays, rocky and steep for the most part. In the east, they are usually straight and low. The Balkan Peninsula includes medium and low mountains. Among them are Pindus, the Dinaric Highlands, the Rhodopes, Staraya Planina, the Serbian Highlands and others. The name of the peninsula in Europe is one.

On the outskirts is the Lower Danube and Middle Danube Plain. The most important rivers are Morava, Maritsa, Sava, Danube. Among the reservoirs, the main lakes are: Prespa, Ohrid, Skadar. The Balkan Peninsula in the north and east is different. The territories in the south and west are characterized by the Mediterranean

The peninsulas differ significantly in socio-political, climatic and other conditions. The southern territories are mostly occupied by Greece. It borders Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, Türkiye and Albania. B is characterized as a subtropical Mediterranean, with hot and dry summers, humid, mild winter. In mountainous and northern regions weather more severe, in winter the temperature here is below zero.

The Balkan Peninsula in the south is occupied by Macedonia. It borders with Albania, Greece, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia. Macedonia has a predominantly Mediterranean climate, with rainy winters and dry and hot summers.

The northeastern territories of the peninsula are occupied by Bulgaria. Its northern part borders on Romania, the western part - on Macedonia and Serbia, the southern part - on Turkey and Greece. The territory of Bulgaria includes the longest mountain range on the peninsula - Staraya Planina. North of it and south of the Danube is the Danube Plain. This rather extensive plateau rises one hundred and fifty meters above sea level, it is dissected by many rivers that originate in Staraya Planina and flow into the Danube. The Rhodopes limit the southeastern plain from the southwest. Most of the plain is located in the basin of the Maritsa River. These territories have always been famous for their fertility.

Climatically Bulgaria is divided into three Mediterranean and continental. This conditions this territory. For example, in Bulgaria there are more than three thousand species of plants, different kinds which disappeared from other European territories.

The western part of the Balkan Peninsula is occupied by Albania. The northern and northwestern territories border on Montenegro and Serbia, the eastern territories border Macedonia, and the southern and southeastern territories border Greece. The main part of Albania is distinguished by an elevated and mountainous relief with deep and very fertile valleys. There are also several large lakes, which stretch along the border areas with Greece, Macedonia, Yugoslavia.

The climate in Albania is Mediterranean subtropical. Summers are dry and hot, while winters are wet and cool.

Peninsula in Southern Europe. The area is about 505 thousand km2. The greatest length from west to east is about 1260 km, from north to south 950 km. It is washed with the Z. Adriatic and Ionian seas, with the V. Black, Marmara, the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles, the Aegean ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Balkan Peninsula- Balkan Peninsula. Rhodes island. View of the ancient acropolis. BALKAN PENINSULA, in the south of Europe (Albania, Bulgaria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia, Yugoslavia, most of Greece, part of Romania, Slovenia, Turkey, Croatia). Area 505 thousand ... ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary

In Yuzh. Europe. The name is from the oronym used in the past Balkan mountains or the Balkans (from the Turks, balkan a chain of steep mountains); Now the mountains are called Stara Planina, but the name of the peninsula has been preserved. place names of the world: Toponymic Dictionary. ... ... Geographic Encyclopedia

In the south of Europe. 505 thousand km². It juts out into the sea for 950 km. It is washed by the Mediterranean, Adriatic, Ionian, Marmara, Aegean and Black Seas. The northern border runs from the Trieste Hall. to the river Sava and further along the Danube to the mouth. The coast is strong ... ... Big encyclopedic Dictionary

In the south of Europe. 505 thousand km2. Protrudes into the sea for 950 km. It is washed by the Mediterranean, Adriatic, Ionian, Marmara, Aegean and Black Seas. The northern border runs from the Gulf of Trieste to the river. Sava and further along the Danube to the mouth. The coast is strong ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

The southeastern tip of Europe, on which the European possessions of Turkey, the principality of Bulgaria, the kingdoms of Serbia and Greece, and the regions of Bosnia and Herzegovina occupied by Austria under the Berlin Treaty are located. See these articles. MAP OF THE BALKANS ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron

Balkan Peninsula- Balkan semi-island ... Russian spelling dictionary

Balkan Peninsula- in Yuzh. Europe. The name is from the oronym used in the past Balkan mountains or the Balkans (from the Turks, balkan a chain of steep mountains); Now the mountains are called Stara Planina, but the name of the peninsula has been preserved ... Toponymic Dictionary

Balkan theater of operations First World War... Wikipedia

Books

  • Slavic sword
  • Slavic sword, F. Finzhgar. The novel by the Slovenian writer Franz Saleshka Finzhgar refers to that critical moment in the history of the Slavic tribes, when they crossed the Danube and poured into the Balkan Peninsula to ...
  • Balkan ghosts. A poignant journey through history by Robert Kaplan. In the 1980s Robert Kaplan spent several years in Greece as a correspondent. During this time, he traveled all over the Balkan Peninsula, studied its history and made friends among local residents. So…