Presentation of the geography lesson "Altitude zonation" Grade 8.

Goals: form an idea of ​​the patterns of change natural conditions and PTK in the mountains.

  1. Educational:

To organize the activities of students in the study of altitudinal zonality;

To create conditions for students to get acquainted with the PTK of alpine and subalpine meadows, to form the image of mountains;

It is planned that by the end of the lesson, students will be able to build spectrograms of altitudinal zones and determine from them geographical position and the name of the mountains.

  1. Developing:

To promote the development of interest in the material being studied, memory, thinking, cognitive activity;

Provide conditions for improving the ability to work with the map, applying the acquired knowledge in practice.

  1. Educational:

Contribute to the education of love and respect for the environment.

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"presentation "Altitude zonality""

Altitudinal zonality

Geography. 8th grade.

FGKOU secondary school No. 162

Teacher Zrazhva V.I.


Repetition of the material covered

Plant community dominated by conifers

Taiga

A plant community consisting of forbs is formed on chernozems with insufficient moisture.

Steppe

Science studying PTC

landscape science

Salt licks

Salt soils in which readily soluble salts in large quantities contained in the soil are at a depth of 20-50 cm.


Soil types in which salts in in large numbers are on the surface

Serozems

A flat clayey place, devoid of vegetation in dry season, is broken into polygons by cracks.

Takyrs

Sand acacia, grows on the sands, can let out branches from the roots, and adventitious roots from the branches, and grow vice versa

Juzgun

Plants with short term vegetation

Ephemera

Bustard

The largest flightless bird of the steppes


Frontal survey

  • Where is the steppe zone located?

(in the south of the East European Plain, in the south of the Urals and in the south of Siberia)

  • Why don't trees grow in the steppe?

(insufficient moisture)

  • Why are steppe soils so fertile?

(they contain a significant amount of plant residues from which humus is formed)

  • Where in the steppe can you see trees?

(in river valleys)

  • What are the soils in the semi-desert?

(brown)

  • Why is it impossible to determine the age of a saxaul from the rings?

(saxaul has several rings during the year - from 7 to 18, according to the number of precipitation)

(droughts, dry winds, dust storms)

  • Why is the taiga changing to mixed and broad-leaved forests?

(air temperature rises, humidity decreases )





Lesson Objectives

1. Educational:

  • organize the activities of students to study the patterns of change in natural zones in the mountains;
  • create conditions for students to get acquainted with the PTC of alpine and subalpine meadows;
  • it is assumed that at the end of the lesson, students will be able to read the spectrograms of the altitudinal zones.
  • Developing:
  • promote the development of interest in the material being studied, memory,

thinking, cognitive activity;

  • provide conditions for improving the ability to work with the map, applying the acquired knowledge in practice;
  • Educational:

- to promote the education of love and respect for nature.



The concept of altitudinal zonation

  • Altitudinal zonality - regular change of soils, flora and fauna with the concept of mountains

Change of components of nature with the ascent to the mountains

Altitude change

Changing of the climate

Changes in soils, flora and fauna

























Group 1. Practical work

  • Using contour map and templates place the altitudinal zonality spectra according to the mountain systems.


Patterns of the location of natural zones in the mountains

Write them down in a notebook.

  • 1. The higher the mountains, the greater the set of natural zones (multi-story).
  • 2. The closer to the equator, the more diverse natural complexes in the mountains.
  • 3. The change of natural zones in the mountains is similar to the change of natural zones on the plain, from south to north.
  • 4. The change of natural zones on the northern and southern slopes is different. Snow on the northern slopes begins at a lower altitude.
  • 5. The first natural zone at the foot is the one in which the mountains are located.

Characteristics of the natural zones of EurasiaNatural
zones
Klm. belts
Flora (4 species)
Fauna (4 species)
soil
arctic
empty
Arctic
mosses,
lichens,
polar poppy.
Polar bear,
lemming, scribe,
reindeer.
Perennial
permafrost
Tundra
forest tundra
Taiga
Mixed wide-gauge
natural forests
Steppes
desert

Arctic deserts

The polar night lasts up to 150 days. Summer is short and
cold. Frost-free period with temperatures
above 0 ° C lasts only 10-20 days, very rarely up to 50
days. Placers of coarse clastic
material. The soils are thin, underdeveloped,
rocky.

Arctic deserts

It is devoid of trees and
shrubs. It's wide here
scale
lichens on the mountains
rocks, mosses, various
algae on rocky
soils, only a few
flower.
Animal world of the zone
the Arctic is represented
polar bears,
arctic foxes, polar
owls, deer. On
rocky shores in summer
nesting seabirds,
forming "bird markets".

Tundra

The surface of the tundra in the western regions is
yourself endless plain with many rivers
lakes and swamps.

Tundra

Tundra animals
adapted to
harsh conditions
existence. Many of
they leave the tundra for
winter some
(like lemmings)
awake under the snow
others go into hibernation
snowy owl
Reindeer
muskox
arctic fox
leming
cowberry

forest tundra

The average July temperature here is +10-14°С. annual
the amount of precipitation is 300-400 mm. Precipitation falls
much more than can evaporate, so the forest tundra
- one of the most swampy natural areas.

forest tundra

reindeer
white partridge
blueberry
lynx
cloudberry
In the fauna of the forest-tundra
dominate
lemmings also
different types in different
longitude zones,
reindeer, polar fox,
partridge white
snowy owl and
big variety
migratory,
waterfowl and
small, settling in
shrubs, birds
The tundra is rich
berry
shrubs -
lingonberries, cranberries,
cloudberries, blueberries.

Taiga (coniferous forests)

The climate of the taiga is characterized by relatively warm and rather humid
in summer and cool, and in some places cold winter. Average annual
the amount of precipitation is from 300 to 600 mm (in Eastern Siberia, even
up to 150-200 mm). The air temperature in summer often exceeds +30 °С;
in winter, frosts reach 30 ... 50 ° С.

Taiga (coniferous forests)

By species
composition
distinguish
light coniferous
(pine
common,
some
american
pine species,
larches
Siberian and
daurian) and more
characteristic and
widespread
yu dark coniferous
taiga (spruce, fir,
cedar pine).
spruce
larch
fir
pine
cedar

Taiga (coniferous forests)

Animal world of the taiga
richer and
more varied than
animal world
tundra.
Numerous and
wide
common: lynx,
wolverine,
chipmunk, sable,
squirrel, etc. From
ungulates
meet northern
and noble deer,
elk, roe deer;
numerous
rodents: hares,
shrews, mice. From
birds are common: capercaillie,
hazel grouse, nutcracker,
crossbills, etc.

broadleaf forests

BROAD-LEAVED FORESTS - deciduous tree-shrub communities with wide leaves of trees in different
combination - oak, beech, maple, linden, elm (elm), chestnut, ash and others.;

broadleaf forests

maple
Linden
oak
birch
chestnut
ash

broadleaf forests

forest-steppe

The forest-steppe is a natural zone of the Northern
hemispheres characterized by a combination
forest and steppe areas.

forest-steppe

Steppe

Steppe - plain, overgrown with grassy vegetation, in
moderate and subtropical zones northern and southern hemispheres.
A characteristic feature of the steppes is the almost complete
lack of trees

Steppe

feather grass steppe
gazelle
meerkat
camel
bustard

Semi-deserts and deserts

semi-deserts temperate zone in Eurasia stretch
a wide strip (up to 500 km) from the western part
Caspian lowland, through Kazakhstan, Mongolia
before East China.

Semi-deserts and deserts

scorpion
turtle
fennec fox
monitor lizard
viper
camel
eared hedgehog

hardwood forests,
subtropical evergreen forests predominantly of xerophilous,
hardwood species. The tree canopy is single-tiered, with dense
undergrowth of evergreen shrubs.

Hard-leaved, evergreen forests and shrubs

needle
Olive Tree
laurel
lemon
mandarin
ficus

Southern natural areas

Savannahs and woodlands
Altitude zones
Variably wet and monsoon forests

1 slide

2 slide

3 slide

On the islands of the Arctic and along the coast of the North. Arctic ca. arctic deserts and tundras extend, framed from the south by a narrow strip of forest-tundra. To the south - taiga (mainly dark coniferous in the west and light coniferous in the east), changing to the south with mixed and broad-leaved forests, forest-steppes and steppes. (Dashte-Lut, Deshte-Kevir, etc.), in Wed. and Center. Asia (Karakum, Kyzylkum, Gobi, Takla-Makan), in the South. Asia (Tar). Semi-deserts and deserts are especially well expressed in the Arabian Peninsula (Nefud, Rub al-Khali). In the subtropics of the West. Asia - Mediterranean vegetation in East. Asia - monsoon mixed and broad-leaved forests. IN tropical latitudes Vost. and Yuzh. Asia - monsoon deciduous forests and savannas, on the windward slopes of the mountains - evergreen forests. In equatorial latitudes (mainly in Indonesia), multi-tiered swampy forests are hylaea. Why is everything expressed in Eurasia natural areas peace? Since Eurasia is the most big mainland. Since Eurasia has a variety of climatic conditions. Since, Eurasia is washed by all 4 oceans of the Earth.

4 slide

Features of the distribution of natural zones in Eurasia: Eurasia is located in all climatic zones northern hemisphere. In Eurasia there are all types of natural zones of the Earth As a rule, the zones are elongated from west to east But the complex structure of the surface of the mainland and atmospheric circulation Uneven moisture different parts mainland Complex zonal structure - natural zones do not have a continuous distribution or deviate from the sublatitudinal distribution A large percentage of altitudinal zonality.

5 slide

In addition to sparse moss-lichen vegetation, perennial cold-resistant grasses (sedge, cotton grass, dryad, buttercups, dandelions, poppies, etc.) are widespread in the tundra. The view of the tundra blooming in spring makes an indelible impression on the variety of colors and shades that caress the eye to the very horizon. Tundra and forest tundra Types of tundra shrub tundra, moss-lichen tundra

6 slide

Forests formed by trees with small leaves - aspen, birch, gray alder. Temperate forests. Taiga Light coniferous taiga Dark coniferous taiga Tree species can form pure (spruce, larch) and mixed (spruce-fir) forest stands. The taiga is characterized by the absence or weak development of undergrowth (since there is little light in the forest), as well as the monotony of the grass-shrub layer and moss cover. Trees with large broad-leaved leaves and hardwood - oak, linden, maple, ash, beech. They dominate in the southern part of the forest zone. forest animals

7 slide

Subtropics of the Mediterranean. MEDITERRANEAN, a natural country that includes the islands and peninsulas of the Mediterranean m. and the adjacent territories of Eurasia and the North. Africa. Special climate: Warm rainy winter, Hot dry summer,

Description of the presentation on individual slides:

1 slide

Description of the slide:

Natural zones of Eurasia Eurasia is not only a museum of climates, but also a museum of natural zones

2 slide

Description of the slide:

3 slide

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Arctic deserts characteristic of many islands of the Arctic Ocean (Franz Josef Land, north island Novaya Zemlya, Severnaya Zemlya, northern ones from the New Siberian Islands and partially Wrangel Island). On the mainland, they are found only in the north of the Taimyr Peninsula. The climate in this area is very severe, eternal snows and glaciers are widespread. Most of the animals Marine life(seals, walruses, polar bears, arctic foxes). arctic desert

4 slide

Description of the slide:

The tundra stretches in a continuous strip from west to east of the mainland in the northern part. It is similar to the tundra in many ways. North America, but there is no musk ox here, because he died. On the Taimyr Peninsula they are re-bred (from Canada). The most numerous inhabitants are reindeer, lemming, arctic fox, wolf, and many birds. Tundra

5 slide

Description of the slide:

Zone coniferous forests(taiga) stretched from the Atlantic to Pacific Ocean. Climatic conditions in the zone change from west to east, therefore different species composition trees. In the west, pine and spruce prevail on podzolic soils; in Western Siberia, in conditions of severe waterlogging, fir and Siberian cedar, in Eastern Siberia, larch is common on permafrost-taiga soils, and on the Pacific coast - dark coniferous taiga from Daurian larch, fir, Korean cedar. In the taiga there are many valuable fur-bearing animals (sable, ermine, marten), among large animals - elks, brown bears, lynxes, many birds. Taiga

6 slide

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Mixed and deciduous forests located only in the west and east of the temperate zone, it does not form a continuous band. For European broad-leaved forests, oak and beech, maple and linden, hornbeam and elm are most characteristic. Animals The world of forests is in many ways similar to the taiga. The main decoration is a mighty bison forest bull. In the east in conditions monsoon climate there is a process of mixing of northern and southern species. Birch and bamboo coexist here, vines and wild grapes climb through the pines, Brown bear can meet a tiger, and in Japan there are monkeys. Manchurian walnut, Amur velvet, oak, linden grow. Mixed and deciduous forests

7 slide

Description of the slide:

They are located in the central parts of the mainland, where the amount of precipitation decreases and evaporation increases. Steppes are treeless spaces with grassy vegetation, under which fertile chernozem soils are formed. They are almost completely plowed up, and only in the reserves are their natural landscapes presented. Of the animals, rodents predominate (ground squirrels, voles, mice). In the past, there were also wild horses - tarpans, and wild bulls- tours. Forest-steppes and steppes

8 slide

Description of the slide:

Semi-deserts and deserts of the temperate zone Semi-deserts and deserts of the temperate zone lie in the central parts of the continent, where there is very little rainfall, hot summers and cold winters. Vegetation (wormwood, saltwort, sandy sedge) is sparse, there are areas of deserts with loose sands. The only thing woody plant- saxaul. It has no leaves, instead of them there are scales, so the saxaul looks like a dry, dead tree. Among the animals, reptiles and rodents predominate, falling into hibernation for the winter. Previously, there were wild donkeys-kulans, Przhevalsky horses, wild camels.

9 slide

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They are located in the western part of the subtropical zone. Thanks to mild and wet winters, plants vegetate here. all year round However, the lack of moisture during the period of the most intense solar radiation led to the appearance of adaptations in plants that reduce evaporation. The vegetation is represented by forests of evergreen holm oak, wild olives, noble laurel, pine, cypress, myrtle, strawberry tree. The zone is characterized by brown and red-colored soils, which are fertile and suitable for the cultivation of subtropical crops. Hard-leaved evergreen forests and shrubs

10 slide

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Deserts and semi-deserts of the subtropical belt Subtropical deserts and semi-deserts are located to the east of the Caspian Sea, in the highlands of Western Asia. The nature of the zone tropical deserts reminiscent of the nature of the deserts of North Africa. Of the vegetation, there are especially a lot of ephemera, which, during the period of short spring rains, have time to go through the entire development cycle. Antelopes, hyenas, fennec fox and others live here.

11 slide

Description of the slide:

Evergreen monsoon forests In the east of the subtropical zone there is a zone of evergreen variable-humid forests. Forests consist of species of bay leaves, camphor trees, magnolias, tung trees, bamboo thickets (giant grass up to 10 m high) growing on yellow earth and red earth soils. There are almost no wild animals left. There are deer, wild buffaloes, tigers, leopards, the Himalayan bear, many monkeys, incl. gibbons. The most famous animal big panda- emblem of the World Fund wildlife(WWF).