SPELLING DICTIONARIES (see. orthoepy) are dictionaries in which the vocabulary of the modern Russian literary language is presented from the point of view of features of pronunciation, stress or the formation of grammatical forms. Such dictionaries reflect the pronunciation codification, i.e., they fix existing spelling norms and make them mandatory for all speakers of a given language.

Russian orthoepic norms have evolved since the 17th century, in the process of formation and development of Russian national language. Elements of language normalization are known in earlier eras, but they did not concern oral speech. The importance of unity of pronunciation increases only with the formation of a national language. The first orthoepic mark reflected in explanatory dictionaries already in the 17th century, there was an emphasis, and the first such dictionary was “Slovenian Russian Lexicon and Interpretation of Names” by Pamva Berynda (1627). In the next most recent explanatory dictionary, the Dictionary of the Russian Academy (1789-1794), in addition to stress, information about the pronunciation of many words is also provided, despite the fact that phonetic norms had not yet been established by that time. At the same time, the authors recognized the main and leading pronunciation of Moscow and St. Petersburg: “The different pronunciation and stress of words in different regions The Academy tried to figure out the pronunciation used in the capitals, observing the stress adopted in Slovenian books, until the exact rules for this were discovered” (Dictionary 1789, p.XIII). This dictionary pays special attention to words that have pronunciation options. Orthoepic information is given in a similar way in all subsequent explanatory dictionaries.

Translation dictionaries XVIII century also had an emphasis on each word - for example, “A trilingual lexicon, that is, Slavic, Hellenic and Latin sayings, a treasure from various ancient and new books collected and arranged in order according to the Slavic alphabet” by F. Polikarpov (1704). In this dictionary, accents are placed on all words, including the text of the author’s introduction - this was the style of writing in the early 18th century. In another translated dictionary - “The German-Latin and Russian Lexicon Together with the First Beginnings of the Russian Language” by E. Weismann (1731) - there are no accents or other pronunciation marks, however, at the end of the dictionary the pronunciation of all letters of the Russian alphabet is indicated and for explanation this pronunciation is given some semblance phonetic transcription:Oh fatherotet. Thus, even in translation dictionaries of the 18th century. There is information about Russian pronunciation.

The 19th century gave a new direction in lexicography, they began to occupy a special place dictionaries of difficulties and irregularities. They met the urgent needs of the literate population in maintaining the purity and correctness of Russian speech and almost all provided information on pronunciation. The first such dictionary should be considered the book by A. N. Grech “Reference place of the Russian word. Four Hundred Amendments” (1839), in which, according to the author, “erroneous expressions that have crept into our spoken and written language, words pronounced incorrectly or used in an inaccurate meaning” are collected and corrected; At the same time, “no attention is paid to the mistakes of the common people. Most of the omissions are selected from the spoken language of good society” (Dictionary 1839, p.VII). The dictionary contains 400 words, almost half of which have an indication of the correct pronunciation. The next most recent dictionaries of irregularities were the following publications:

    K. P. Zelenetsky. About the Russian language in the Novorossiysk region (Odessa, 1855),

    V. Dolopchev. Experience with a dictionary of irregularities in Russian colloquial speech(1886),

    From what? For what? and why? Impoverishment and distortion of Russian speech. Observations by A.B. (1889),

    A. N. Grech. Irregularities in perfect spoken, written and book Russian (1890),

    I. I. Ogienko. Dictionary of incorrect, difficult and dubious words, synonyms and expressions in Russian speech (1912),

    A brief dictionary of difficulties of the Russian language for press workers (1968),

    Difficulties of word usage and variants of Russian norms literary language/ Ed. K. S. Gorbachevich (1973),

    Difficulties of the Russian language. Dictionary-reference book for journalists / Ed. L. I. Rakhmanova (1974),

    D. E. Rosenthal, M. A. Telenkova.

    Dictionary of difficulties of the Russian language (1976),

L. I. Skvortsov. Do we speak Russian correctly? (1983). The greatest pronunciation difficulties of the Russian language are associated with stress, therefore, from the beginning of the 20th century. special ones are coming out:

    accent dictionaries

    V. I. Chernyshev. Russian accent.

    A manual for its study and use (1912),

    I. I. Ogienko. Russian literary accent (Kyiv, 1915),

F. L. Ageenko, M. V. Zarva.

The “Big Orthoepic Dictionary of the Russian Language” is currently being prepared for publication (authors: M. L. Kalenchuk, L. L. Kasatkin and R. F. Kasatkina), which presents the widest possible range of pronunciation options for each word.

Small spelling dictionaries exist as supplements to some other normative publications:

    L. P. Krysin, L. I. Skvortsov.

    Correctness of Russian speech. Dictionary-reference book / Ed. S. I. Ozhegova. M., 1965;

L. A. Verbitskaya. Let's speak correctly. M., 1993.

The method of presenting orthoepic recommendations in all these dictionaries is varied: from placing stress, including in one or another grammatical form, to the transcriptional representation of a section of a word that is complex in orthoepic terms and a complete transcription of the entire word, cf.: leisure wrong!

leisure leisure newsletter ;

newsletter

newsletter; newsletters; pl. number

newsletters, newsletters

newsletters chariot, -s[ With b With ]

n

sad . It is important to note that the basis of any codification is the principle of adequacy of modern language norm . However, in practice, this principle is constantly violated; codification often lags behind the development of the norm, reflecting rather the yesterday than the present day of our language. This applies to the greatest extent to the pronunciation norm, the codification of which is difficult for a number of reasons: firstly, because of its maximum instability (compared to other language norms) and, secondly, because of the laboriousness of the procedure for establishing a pronunciation norm. That is why in orthoepic dictionaries, even in recent years of publication, you can find recommendations for setting stress that do not correspond to the real spelling norm -fo,lie,toastyoga rt and under. To overcome this discrepancy between the real norm and its codification in normative dictionaries, special marks are used to mark pronunciation options: extra . (acceptable) incomplete . (unacceptable) outdated . (obsolete), specialist . (special), decomposition . (colloquial), no rivers . (not recommended), etc. In the “Big Orthoepic Dictionary”, which is being prepared for publication, the marks have also been introduced senior . And. – to indicate the pronunciation features of older and younger age groups of native speakers. Observations on the changing norm, as well as improving existing and creating new spelling dictionaries is another important task modern orthoepy, the solution of which requires more and more research into Russian pronunciation.

In any case, spelling dictionaries serve as reference tools for everyone who wants to know correct pronunciation certain words of the language.

As one movie heroine said: “Two circumstances give a person away: if he puts the emphasis on words incorrectly... And asks stupid questions.” Unlike the false daughters of Professor Tikhomirov, ordinary people there is no point in pretending to be someone else, but the advice is not stupid. If it is not difficult to ask all sorts of nonsense, then it is correct to pronounce words even in native language it is often very difficult. This is where an orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language can come to the rescue.

and why is it so important to install it correctly

Before learning more about the spelling dictionary, it is worth brushing up your knowledge about such a simple thing as stress. So, stress is the emphasis of a certain syllable in a word using the voice.

Despite the seemingly insignificant role of stress, it is often the meaning of a word that depends on it.

Features of stress in Russian

In Russian, stress can fall on absolutely any part of a word.

Moreover, when declension of the same word according to cases, the stress may fall on different syllables, which increases the chance of making mistakes in pronunciation not only for foreigners, but also for native speakers. In this regard, the main assistant of any person who wants to speak correctly is a spelling dictionary. He will tell you how to put the accent correctly. For example, even Russians themselves very often mispronounce the well-known names of some food products, items of clothing, or abstract concepts. But in fact, the emphasis in them is placed as shown in the figure.

The science of orthoepy and orthoepic dictionary - what is it?

The science of orthoepy is the study of stress in words (the name is translated from Greek as “ correct speech"). In addition to emphasis, this science is engaged in the study, regulation and establishment of orthoepic norms literary speech.

All data on the correct pronunciation of words and word forms are entered into special dictionaries called orthoepic dictionaries by linguists specializing in orthoepics.

Each language has its own spelling dictionary. This helps foreigners learning a language to develop and native speakers to improve their own speech.

History of spelling dictionaries

Despite the fact that the science of orthoepy came from Ancient Greece, Humanity should be grateful to the Roman Empire for the first spelling dictionary. The fact is that, having conquered another country and turning it into their province, the Romans declared it official, and the conquered people, willy-nilly, had to teach it. Over time, in the provinces, Latin began to differ from the official one, as words from the local language of the conquered territory were added to it, and the pronunciation Latin phrases was very distorted. In order to somehow streamline speech and reduce it to one standard, special reference books began to be published, in which the correct pronunciation of the most complex Latin words and phrases was recorded. These reference books are considered the first spelling dictionaries in history.

With the collapse of the Roman Empire, difficult times came for orthoepy. Only in the 16th-17th centuries in France did they begin to gradually fight for However, at that time, information about the correct pronunciation of words was provided in the form of additions to the grammar.

Later, by analogy with Roman reference books, orthoepic phrasebooks began to be published, which gradually turned into dictionaries.

IN Russian Empire formed by the beginning of the 20th century. By that time, many linguists began to publish their own spelling dictionaries in order to streamline the Russian language.

With the development of radio and television, special dictionaries began to be published for announcers and presenters, so that their speech would be an example for listeners.

With development computer programs spelling dictionaries are gradually becoming relics of the past. Because today, to find out where to put the emphasis in a particular word, you just need to enter it into an online translator - and you can not only see where the emphasis is placed in it, but also listen to the correct pronunciation recorded by a native speaker.

Types of spelling dictionaries

As you know, all dictionaries are divided into two types:

  • Encyclopedic - contain information about various countries, phenomena, historical events both personalities and friends.
  • Linguistic - specialized dictionaries containing information about a word (its meaning, spelling, origin, translation, pronunciation, etc.). An orthoepic dictionary is a linguistic type.

Today, all spelling dictionaries are divided into two categories: paper and electronic.

Two more can be identified individual species- according to what norm this spelling dictionary describes. The pronunciation of dialect words of different regions is carried out by orthoepic dialect dictionaries. But how to correctly place emphasis according to the norms of literary speech will be suggested by dictionaries of the second type, which everyone uses when they strive to speak correctly.

Sometimes dictionaries of accents are divided into parts of speech. For example, a spelling dictionary of verbs, a spelling dictionary of nouns, etc.

Paper spelling dictionaries

Everyone imagines what a paper spelling dictionary is. This is an ordinary book in which alphabetical order words are placed and it is indicated where the emphasis is placed in them.

Before the advent of computers, this was the only type of dictionary. However, now it has a serious competitor - electronic.

Electronic spelling dictionaries

Often paper editions of spelling dictionaries are scanned and digitized. So anyone can download electronic version the necessary spelling dictionary and use it, since paper publications are quite expensive, especially rare ones. But such scans are not electronic dictionaries.

The electronic spelling dictionary is a specialized program with an automated word search. To find out information about the required word, you need to launch the program and enter in the search engine window the right word, and then the system itself will find it.

Such spelling dictionaries can be offline (all data is on the installation disk and the Internet is not required to work) and online (they do not work without the Internet).

Orthoepic Dictionary of the Russian Language: History

One of the most famous first spelling dictionaries of the Russian language was the work of the famous Ukrainian linguist Ivan (Ilarion) Ogienko. In 1911, he published “A Dictionary of Stress in the Russian Language and the Rules of Russian Stress.”
According to the traditional version, the history of orthoepic dictionaries of the Russian language begins in 1955, when the work of Ruben Avanesov and Sergei Ozhegov “Russian literary pronunciation and stress: a dictionary-reference book” was published. A little less than 30 years later, Avanesov’s well-known “Orthoepic Dictionary” was published, which became a reference manual for many.

In 1960, F. Ageenko and M. Zarva released a specialized spelling dictionary for announcers and presenters on radio and television. The same authors published a spelling dictionary with 76 thousand words in 1993.

In the mid-80s, the “Dictionary of Stresses of the Russian Language” by R. Khryslova was published in Minsk. During the same period, S. Borunova published her own spelling dictionary. This edition contained approximately 63.5 thousand words.

Since the beginning of the 2000s, spelling publications began to be actively published again. Thus, in 2000, the dictionary of Avanesov and Ozhegov was republished. In the same year, M. Studiner published an orthoepic dictionary with 82.5 thousand words. In addition, the authors T. Ivanova and T. Cherkasova published a specialized spelling reference book for speakers.

Today, specialized brochures or publications containing complex cases of stress in new words are published more often than spelling dictionaries. In addition, many people prefer to create online spelling services because they cost less than publishing a book and are easier to maintain and edit.

If the wise Romans had not invented an orthoepic dictionary in their time, it is unknown whether they would exist today different languages at all. After all, without having a standard of correct pronunciation of words specific language, after a few decades the inhabitants different parts one country would cease to understand each other. Just as 2000 years ago, the orthoepic dictionary plays an important role today, being the standard of pure and beautiful speech.

Pronouncing dictionary

Explanatory translation dictionary. - 3rd edition, revised. - M.: Flinta: Science.

L.L. Nelyubin.

    2003. See what a “spelling dictionary” is in other dictionaries: pronouncing dictionary

    2003.- A language dictionary that gives the standard pronunciation of words. [GOST 7.60 2003] Publication topics, main types and elements EN pronouncing dictionary DE orphoepisches Wörterbuch ... Technical Translator's Guide

    - spelling dictionary: A language dictionary that gives the standard pronunciation of words. Source: GOST 7.60 2003: System of standards for information, library and publishing... Dictionary-reference book of terms of normative and technical documentation Pronouncing dictionary- Orthoepic dictionary is a dictionary that reflects the orthoepic norm, that is, contemporary literary pronunciation and stress. Differs from

    2003. explanatory dictionary by the way of describing the word, since it reveals the word only in orthoepic ... Wikipedia

    2003.- Rus: orthoepic dictionary Deu: orphoepisches Wörterbuch Eng: pronouncing dictionary A language dictionary that gives the standard pronunciation of words. GOST 7.60 ...

    2003.- Lexicographic publication reflecting the norms of pronunciation and stress of words. It may contain grammatical information, as well as information about semantic and word-formation features... Dictionary linguistic terms T.V. Foal

    linguistic dictionary- A dictionary that explains the meaning and use of words (as opposed to encyclopedic dictionary, providing information about relevant realities objects, phenomena, events). Dialect (regional) dictionary. Dictionary containing... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms

    Dictionary- Dictionary 1) vocabulary, vocabulary of a language, dialect, any social group, an individual writer, etc. 2) A reference book that contains words (or morphemes, phrases, idioms, etc.) arranged in a certain order... ... Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary

    Dictionary of accents for radio and television workers- ... Wikipedia

    Dictionary of exemplary Russian accent- Check neutrality. There should be details on the talk page... Wikipedia

Books

  • , Borunova S.N., Vorontsova V.L., Eskova N.A.. The dictionary contains about 65 thousand words of the modern Russian language. It gives information about the pronunciation, stress and formation of grammatical forms of the words included in it. It has a widely developed... Buy for 1400 RUR
  • Orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language. Pronunciation, stress, grammatical forms, Borunova S.N., Vorontsova V.L., Eskova N.A.. The dictionary contains about 63,500 words of the modern Russian language. It gives information about the pronunciation, stress and formation of grammatical forms of the words included in it. It has extensively developed…

Why do we need spelling dictionaries?

Every person at one time or another encounters difficulties in pronouncing one word or another. For example, he cannot place the emphasis correctly, as a result of which he gets into trouble or simply frantically strives to replace this word with a synonym, which is not always well chosen.

It is logical to assume that the orthoepic dictionary is directly related to such a science of language as orthoepy. What is she like?

Orthoepy regulates pronunciation standards. In addition, it explains their establishment and justifies them.

Why is a spelling dictionary needed?

The dictionary is intended to be used as a book that contains information divided into articles, which, in turn, are sorted by topic or title.

The main purpose of the spelling dictionary is to provide the person who applies with information regarding the pronunciation, formation and stress of a word with which difficulties have arisen.

The history of spelling dictionaries dates back to the 17th century, when the long process of the formation of a native language began. Undoubtedly, linguistic normalization elements were known in previous eras, however, they did not affect oral speech in any way. Along with the formation of the national language, the importance of unity in the pronunciation of words began to grow. As the very first spelling mark that appeared in dictionaries XVII century, became the emphasis. It is reflected in the “Slovenian Russian Lexicon and Interpretation of Names.” Further, in the Dictionary of the Russian Academy, in addition to stress, information was also given about pronunciation different words. It is important to note that phonetics standards had not yet been formed at that time. Thus, every year more and more new dictionaries appeared with new notes and additions. This is how Russian orthoepy and its norms were formed. With each new dictionary, people gained more and more knowledge about their native language.

Why is it important to place stress correctly?

Stresses in words are necessary so that you can pronounce the word correctly without distorting its original meaning and meaning. We all know how rich our language is and how many norms and rules it contains. All these rules should be mastered and applied by a native speaker in their conversational speech.

With the help of stress, we highlight one of the syllables in a word using our own voice. In Russian linguistics, stress is very important important role. With its help, the emphasis is placed on the main and secondary, in addition, it can completely change the meaning of the spoken word. For example, castle - castle.

This shows that stress is very important, especially in a situation where words are spelled exactly the same, but have different meanings. Thus, by not complying with orthoepic norms, we make the use of oral speech impossible. The interlocutors will not be able to correctly understand the idea that they want to convey to them. Without observing the norms of orthoepy, speech becomes incomprehensible, slurred and inaccessible to other people.

Orthoepic knowledge. Are they needed?

When a person has extensive spelling knowledge, his sociability increases greatly. This is explained as follows:

Firstly, such a person does not run the risk of being misunderstood or not understood at all;

Secondly, he is not embarrassed to pronounce certain words, because he knows how to correctly place emphasis in them and does not frantically try to find a word that could replace what he wants to say;

And thirdly, a well-read and literate person’s speech will be the same. And it, in turn, is extremely pleasant to the ear and does not cause irritation as a response from others.

Thus, it turns out that literacy is the best evidence that a person is well-read, literate and educated. And even if there were no good teachers at school or any difficulties arose in your studies, you should always remember that self-education has no boundaries. Moreover, we live in a time when world wide web The Internet allows you to use various educational materials for free. Many dictionaries, books, and workbooks are now available to users completely free of charge. Therefore, you should not refuse this opportunity to improve your own speech. In any case, this will only bring a beneficial effect.

Extremely popular in Lately began the use of online dictionaries. The spelling dictionary was no exception. Welcome!

Nouns
agent
alphabet, from Alpha and ViIta
AIRPORTS, stationary stress on 4th syllable
bows, motionless stress on 1st syllable
beard, vin.p., only in this form singular. stress on 1st syllable
accountants, gen.p.pl.h., immovable stress on 2nd syllable
religion, confession of faith
citizenship
Hyphen, from German, where the stress is on the 2nd syllable
dispensary, the word comes from English. language through the French language, where the blow. always on the last syllable
agreement
document
leisure
heretic
blinds, from French language, where is the blow. always on the last syllable
significance, from adj. significant
Iksy, im.p. plural, motionless emphasis
catalogue, in the same row as the words dialogueOg, monologue, obituary, etc.
quarter, from it. language, where the stress is on the 2nd syllable
kilometer, on a par with the words centimeter, decimeter, millimeter...
conus, conus, motionless. stress on the 1st syllable in all cases in singular and plural.
self-interest
CRANES, stationary stress on 1st syllable
Flint, flint, blow. in all forms on the last syllable, as in the word fire
lecturers, lecturers, see the word bow(s)
skiing
localities, gender, plural, on a par with the word form of honors, jaws..., but news
garbage pipeline, in the same row as the words gas pipeline, oil pipeline, water pipeline
intention
buildup
enemy
ILLNESS
obituary, see catalog
hatred
NEWS, NEWS, BUT: SEE LOCALITIES
Nail, nail, motionless. stress in all singular forms
Adolescence, from Otrok-teenager
partEr, from French. language, where is the blow. always on the last syllable
briefcase
handrails
dowry, noun
call, on a par with the words call, review (ambassador), convocation, but: Review (for publication)
percent
beet
orphans, im.p.pl., emphasis in all forms of plural. only on the 2nd syllable
means, im.p.mn.h.
statue
stolYar, in the same poison with the words malYar, doYar, shkolYar...
convocation, see call
customs
Cakes, cakes
cement
centner
chain
scarves, see bows
driver, in the same row as the words kiosk, controller...
sorrel
expert, from French a language where the stress is always on the last syllable
Adjectives
true, short adj. w.r.
old
significant

most beautiful, excellent art.
bleeding
kitchen
dexterity, short adj. w.r.
mosaic mizErny
wholesale
insightful, short adj. zh.r., on a par with the words cute, fussy, talkative..., but: gluttonous
plum, derived from plum
Verbs
Pamper, on a par with the words pamper, spoil, spoil..., but: darling of fate
take-takeA
take-under
take-take
take up
turn on, turn on,
turn it on, turn it on
join-join
burst-burst
perceive-perceived
recreate-recreated
hand it over
drive-drive
chase-chased
get-got
get there
wait-wait
get through - get through,
They're getting through
dose
wait-waited
live-lived
seal
borrow-borrowed, borrowed,
busy, busy
locked-locked (with a key, with a lock, etc.)
call-call
Call, call, call,
calling them
exclude-exclude
exhaust
put-klaL
glue
sneak-sneak
bleed
lie-lie
pour-lila
flow-flow
Lie-lied
endow-endow
overstrained-strained
to be called-to be called
tilt-tilt
pour-poured
navAT-narwhal
Litter-LitterIt
start-started, started, started
Call-callIt
Make it easier - make it easier
wet yourself
hug-hug
overtake-overtaken
RIP-RIPED
encourage
take heart, take heart
aggravate
borrow-borrow
Angry
paste over
surround-surround
seal, in the same row with the words form, normalize, sort...
To be defiled - to be defiled
inquire - inquire
depart-departed
give-gave
Unlock-Unlock
recall-recalledA
respond-responded
Call back-call backIt
overflow-overflow
fruit
Repeat-repeat
call-called
call-call-call-call
water-water
put-put
I understand, I understand
send-sent
arrive-arrived-arrivedA-arrived
accept-accepted-accepted
force
tear-tear
drill-drill-drill-drill
remove-remove
create-created
rip off
Litter-Litter
remove-remove
speed up
deepen
strengthen-strengthen
scoop
It's a pinch-it's a pinch
click
Participles
spoiled
included-included, see demoted
delivered
folded
busy-busy
locked-locked
populated-populated
Spoiled, see spoiled
feeding
bleeding
pleading
profited
acquired-acquired
poured
poured
hired
started
started
brought down-brought down, see included...
encouraged-encouraged-encouraged
aggravated
definite-determined
disabled
repeated
divided
understood
accepted
tamed
lived
removed-removed
bent
Participles
fooling around
sealed
STARTED
starting
GIVING
raising
ponYav
arrived
Adverbs
during
dobelA
to the top
Don't
to the bottom
to dryness
enviably, in the meaning of the predicate
ahead of time, colloquial
after dark
after dark
Since ancient times
more beautiful, adj. and adv. in comparative art.
TOP
overLong
for a little while