Substitution of Peter I. Secret history. Tsar Peter the First was not Russian

Was Peter I a Russian? This question is not as absurd as it seems at first glance. And for the first time they began to ask it not now, but more than three hundred years ago, but mostly in a whisper.

The coincidence in time of the substitution of Tsar Peter I (August 1698) and the appearance of a prisoner in the Iron Mask in the Bastille in Paris (September 1698). In the lists of prisoners of the Bastille, he was listed under the name Magchiel, which may be a distorted record of Mikhailov, the name under which Tsar Peter traveled abroad. His appearance coincided with the appointment of a new commandant of the Bastille Saint-Mars. He was tall, carried himself with dignity, and always wore a velvet mask on his face. The prisoner was respectfully treated and kept well. He died in 1703. After his death, the room where he was kept was carefully searched, and all traces of his stay were destroyed.

The Orthodox Tsar, who preferred traditional Russian clothes, left for the Great Embassy. There are two portraits of the king made during the journey, in which he was depicted in a Russian caftan, and even during his stay and work at the shipyard. A Latin man returned from the embassy, ​​wearing only European clothes and never again wearing not only his old Russian clothes, but even royal attire. There is reason to believe that Tsar Peter I and the "imposter" differed in body structure: Tsar Peter was shorter and denser than the "imposter", the size of the boots was different, while the "imposter" with a high growth of more than 2 meters, the clothing size corresponded to the modern size 44.




In the portraits of Peter I (Godfried Kneller), made during the Great Embassy, ​​Peter's hair is curly, short, in a bracket, not on the shoulders, as "Peter the Great" later wore, a mustache that is slightly breaking through, a wart on the right side of the nose. There are no warts on the lifetime portraits of "Peter the Great". The age of "Peter the Great", which is confirmed by lifetime portraits dating from 1698-1700, is at least 10 years older than Tsar Peter.




The impostor did not know the location of the library of Tsar Ivan the Terrible, although this secret was passed on to all the kings, and even Tsar Peter's sister Tsarevna Sophia knew and visited this place. It is known that "Peter the Great" tried to find the library immediately after returning from the "Great Embassy" and even carried out excavations in the Kremlin for this.




After returning from the Great Embassy, ​​“Peter the Great” hid surrounded by conspirators, did not appear in front of the people and did not even visit his closest relatives until the bloody executions of the archers were carried out, and the bloody “initiation” of new impostor close associates had not passed (Surikov’s picture is not corresponds to historical reality). It was precisely Lefort, and perhaps Golovin, who began at the direction of the investigation into the “streltsy rebellion” and the subsequent executions, in fact, became a coup d'état, the purpose of which was primarily to destroy the old armed forces that could oppose the impostor. Secondly, it became a bloody "baptism" of the new nobility - the "new Russians", who for the first time in Russia played the role of executioners.




In memory of the suppression of the "streltsy rebellion", a medal for the destruction of archers was knocked out, on which Samson was depicted standing over a defeated serpent. All inscriptions are in Latin only. It is known that Samson was from Dan's family, from where, according to the prophecies, the Antichrist should come. It is also noteworthy that "Peter the Great", unlike Tsar Peter I, wore long hair, which is a sign of origin from Dan's family. Later, on the occasion of the victory in the Battle of Poltava, a medal with the image of Samson was also knocked out. Even earlier, a medal was struck on the occasion of the "Great Embassy", which depicts a horseman striking a serpent. The image is not typical for those times - George the Victorious was always depicted without a headdress and without armor, and on the medal a full-fledged knight of the Western European model.

The people, at that time, spoke directly about the substitution of the king abroad, but these rumors and attempts to clarify this were cruelly suppressed and called a conspiracy or rebellion. It was to prevent such rumors that the Secret Order was formed.




A change in attitude towards his wife, with whom he lived in harmony for eight years. For the environment of the "king" and historians, the true reason for Peter's cooling towards his wife after returning from abroad is unknown. There are only versions that the tsarina allegedly participated in a conspiracy against her husband, which, generally speaking, is incredible (encouraged the archers to speak out against her husband’s beloved tsar?) and another, that Peter was carried away by Anna Mons. Relations with Anna Mons, who in fact has always been Lefort's mistress, are invented by rumor. Although the king gave royal gifts to her family for some kind of service. The proof of this is that upon returning from abroad and sending his wife into exile, Anna Mons does not enjoy his attention, and after the sudden death of the young Lefort, Anna Mons is completely under house arrest. Since 1703, Catherine has been living with the "king". After his return, the “king” did not meet with his wife, Empress Evdokia, and she was immediately sent to a monastery. In exile, Queen Evdokia is in strict isolation, she is even forbidden to talk to anyone. And if this is violated, then the culprit was severely punished (Stepan Glebov, impaled, guarding the queen).




Debauchery. The strange behavior of the "king" after his return from abroad is noted. So he always took a soldier to bed with him at night. Later, after the appearance of Catherine, he simultaneously kept concubines. Similar depravity was in the royal palace only under the impostor False Dmitry.




The abolition of the Patriarchate in Rus' and the subordination of the management of the church to secular power through the Synod, the device of an amusing Council at the choice of the Patriarch. An attempt to "protestantize" the Orthodox Church and even put it under the subordination of the Vatican. The subordination of the management of the Orthodox Church to a native of the Vatican, to whom he entrusts the reformation of the Church. He tries to oblige the priests to convey what they say in confession if the penitent speaks of plots against the king or other crimes.




Destruction of the Russians folk traditions, fighting them. Establishing the superiority of Latin Western culture over traditional Russian. Organization of Masonic lodges (1700).




The introduction of tobacco smoking in Rus', which is considered the greatest sin in Orthodoxy. Encouragement and inculcation of drunkenness.




The murder of Tsarevich Alexei, although in Orthodox traditions for disobedience, from the point of view of his father, he could only be sent to a monastery, as Tsarevich Alexei asked for.




The transfer of the capital of Russia from Moscow to St. Petersburg to the very outskirts of the Russian Empire, while in the traditions of all states it was the placement of the capital in the center of the state. Perhaps St. Petersburg was conceived by him or his advisers as the capital of a future united Europe, in which Russia, within the borders of Muscovy, was supposed to be a colony?




The division of the Russian people into nobles and serfs by birth, the introduction of serfdom, in its meaning, corresponding to the creation of a slave-owning state with slaves from its people, in contrast to the ancient states that made slaves only prisoners of war.




The weakening and even freezing of the development of the Russian economy due to the tightening of ruinous taxes, the introduction of serfdom, the hard labor industry and serf factory workers, the cessation of the development of the regions of the Northern Urals, Arkhangelsk, Eastern Siberia, for almost 150 years until the abolition of serfdom in 1861.




• Tsar Peter visited Arkhangelsk and the Solovetsky Monastery, where he personally made a wooden cross in memory of salvation in a storm. He liked it there. "Peter the Great" consigned Arkhangelsk to oblivion. Only once did he visit Arkhangelsk, in connection with the outbreak of the Northern War, in order to look for defensive capabilities, but at the same time he tried to avoid meeting with old friends and acquaintances.

  
  
  

Peter I and the whole truth about substitution!

(photo difference 2 years)
Studying historical facts and events that were carefully hushed up and kept secret, one can definitely say that Peter I on the throne was replaced by an impostor. The substitution of the real Peter I and his capture took place during his trip to Amsterdam along with the Great Embassy. I tried, by copying, to put together in this post various sources confirming this tragic fact in the history of Russia.

The embassy is leaving a young man of twenty-six years of age, above average height, solid build, physically healthy, with a mole on his left cheek, with wavy hair, well-educated, loving everything Russian, Orthodox (it would be more correct - orthodox) Christian, who knows the Bible by heart and etc. and so on.

Two years later, a man returns who practically does not speak Russian, who hates everything Russian, who until the end of his life never learned to write in Russian, having forgotten everything he could before leaving for the Grand Embassy and miraculously acquired new skills and abilities, without a mole on on the left cheek, with straight hair, a sickly, forty-year-old looking man.

Isn't it true, some unexpected changes happened to the young man during his two years of absence.

Curiously, the papers of the Great Embassy do not mention that Mikhailov (under this surname young Peter went with the embassy) fell ill with a fever, but it was no secret for the embassy who, in fact, “Mikhailov” was.

A man returns from a trip with a chronic fever, with traces of long-term use of mercury preparations, which were then used to treat tropical fever.

For reference, it should be noted that the Grand Embassy went by the northern sea route, while tropical fever can be “earned” in southern waters, and even then, only after visiting the jungle.

In addition, after returning from the Great Embassy, ​​Peter I, during naval battles, demonstrated extensive experience in boarding combat, having specific features which can only be learned through experience. Which requires personal participation in many boarding battles.

All this together suggests that the person who returned with the Great Embassy was an experienced sailor who participated in many naval battles and sailed a lot in the southern seas.

Before the trip, Peter I did not take part in naval battles, if only because during his childhood and youth, Muscovy or Moscow Tartaria did not have access to the seas, with the exception of White Sea, which is simply impossible to call tropical. Yes, and on this Peter I was not often, and even then, as an honorary passenger.

During his visit to the Solovetsky Monastery, the boat on which he was miraculously saved during a storm, and he personally makes a memorial cross for the Archangel Cathedral, on the occasion of salvation in a storm.

And if we add to this the fact that he often corresponded with his beloved wife (Tsarina Evdokia), whom he missed, when he was away, upon his return from the Great Embassy, ​​without even seeing her, without explaining the reasons, he sends him to a convent .

In the work of D.S. Merezhkovsky "Antichrist", the author noted a complete change in the appearance, character and psyche of Tsar Peter I after his return from the "German lands", where he went for two weeks, and returned two years later.

The Russian embassy that accompanied the tsar consisted of 20 people, and was headed by A.D. Menshikov. After returning to Russia, this embassy consisted of only the Dutch (including the notorious Lefort), only Menshikov remained the only one from the old composition.

This "embassy" brought a completely different tsar, who spoke Russian poorly, did not recognize his friends and relatives, which immediately betrayed a substitution: This forced Tsarina Sophia, the sister of the real Tsar Peter I, to raise archers against the impostor. As you know, the Streltsy rebellion was brutally suppressed, Sophia was hanged on the Spassky Gates of the Kremlin, the impostor exiled the wife of Peter I to a monastery, where she never reached, and called his own from Holland.

“His” brother Ivan V and “his” little children Alexander, Natalya and Lavrenty False Peter immediately killed, although the official story tells us about this in a completely different way. And he executed the youngest son Alexei as soon as he tried to free his real father from the Bastille.

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Peter the impostor did such transformations with Russia that we are still echoing around. He began to act like an ordinary conqueror:

He defeated the Russian self-government - "zemstvo" and replaced it with the bureaucratic apparatus of foreigners who brought theft, debauchery and drunkenness to Russia and vigorously planted it here;

He transferred the peasants to the property of the nobles, which turned them into slaves (to whiten the image of the impostor, this “event” falls on Ivan IV);

He defeated the merchants and began to plant industrialists, which led to the destruction of the former universality of people;

He defeated the clergy - the carriers of Russian culture and destroyed Orthodoxy, bringing it closer to Catholicism, which inevitably gave rise to atheism;

Introduced smoking, drinking alcohol and coffee;

He destroyed the ancient Russian calendar, rejuvenating our civilization by 5503 years;

He ordered all Russian chronicles to be brought to Petersburg, and then, like Filaret, he ordered them to be burned. He called on the German "professors" to write a completely different Russian history;

Under the guise of a struggle with the old faith, he destroyed all the elders who lived for more than three hundred years;

He forbade the cultivation of amaranth and the use of amaranth bread, which was the main food of the Russian people, which destroyed the longevity on Earth, which then remained in Russia;

He abolished natural measures: a fathom, a finger, an elbow, an inch, which were present in clothes, utensils and architecture, making them fixed in the Western manner. This led to the destruction of ancient Russian architecture and art, to the disappearance of the beauty of everyday life. As a result, people ceased to be beautiful, since divine and vital proportions disappeared in their structure;

He replaced the Russian title system with the European one, which turned the peasants into an estate. Although the "peasant" is a title, higher than the king, about which there is more than one evidence;

Destroyed the Russian script, which consisted of 151 characters, and introduced 43 characters of the Cyril and Methodius script;

He disarmed the Russian army, exterminating the archers as a caste with their miraculous abilities and magical weapons, and in the European manner introduced primitive firearms and stabbing weapon, dressing the army first in French and then in German uniform, although Russian military uniform was the weapon itself. Among the people, the new regiments were called "amusing".

But his main crime was the destruction of Russian education (image + sculpture), the essence of which was to create three thin bodies, which he does not receive from birth, and if they are not formed, then the consciousness will not have a connection with the consciousnesses of past lives. If in Russian educational institutions a generalist was made from a person who could, starting from bast shoes and ending with a spaceship, do everything himself, then Peter introduced a specialization that made him dependent on others.

Before Peter the Pretender, people in Russia did not know what wine was, he ordered barrels of wine to be rolled out onto the square and the townspeople to drink for free. This was done to rip off the memory past life. During the period of Peter, the persecution of babies who were born, remembering their past lives and able to speak, continued. Their persecution began with John IV. The mass destruction of infants with past life memories cast a curse on all incarnations of such children. It is no coincidence that today, when a talking child is born, he lives no more than two hours.

After all these deeds, the invaders themselves did not dare to call Peter the Great for a long time. And only in the 19th century, when the horrors of Peter the Great had already been forgotten, did a version arose about Peter the innovator, who did so much useful for Russia, even brought potatoes and tomatoes from Europe, allegedly brought there from America. Solanaceae (potatoes, tomatoes) were widely represented in Europe even before Peter. Their endemic and very ancient presence on this continent is confirmed by a large species diversity, which took more than one thousand years. On the contrary, it is known that it was during the time of Peter that a campaign was launched against witchcraft, in other words, food culture (today the word "witchcraft" is used sharply negative value). Before Peter there were 108 types of nuts, 108 types of vegetables, 108 types of fruits, 108 types of berries, 108 types of root nodules, 108 types of cereals, 108 spices and 108 types of fruits *, corresponding to 108 - Russian gods.

After Peter, there were units of sacred species used for food, which a person can see for himself. In Europe, this was done even earlier. Cereals, fruits and nodules were especially destroyed, since they were associated with the reincarnation of a person. The only thing that Peter the impostor did was allowed to cultivate potatoes (Orthodox Old Believers do not use them for food), sweet potato and earthen pear, which today are poorly eaten. The destruction of sacred plants consumed at a certain time led to the loss of complex divine reactions of the body (remember the Russian proverb “every vegetable has its own time”). Moreover, the mixing of food caused putrefactive processes in the body, and now people exude stench instead of fragrance. Adoptogenic plants have almost disappeared, only weakly active ones remain: the “root of life”, lemongrass, zamaniha, golden root. They contributed to the adaptation of a person to difficult conditions and kept a person young and healthy. There are absolutely no metamorphizing plants left that contribute to various metamorphoses of the body and appearance, about 20 years ago, the “Sacred Coil” was found in the mountains of Tibet, and even that has disappeared today.

* Today, the word “fruit” is understood as a unifying concept, which includes fruits, nuts, berries, which used to be called simply gifts, while gifts of herbs and shrubs were called fruits. An example of fruits are peas, beans (pods), peppers, i.e. peculiar unsweetened fruits of herbs.

The campaign to impoverish our diet continues and at present, Kalega and sorghum have almost disappeared from consumption, it is forbidden to grow poppies. From many sacred gifts, only the names remain, which are given to us today as synonyms for famous fruits. For example: pruhva, kaliva, bukhma, landushka, which are passed off as rutabaga, or armud, kvit, pigwa, gutey, gun - disappeared gifts that are passed off as quince. Kukish and dulya in the 19th century denoted a pear, although these were completely different gifts, today these words are used to call the image of a fig (also, by the way, a gift). A fist with an inserted thumb, used to denote the mudra of the heart, today it is used as a negative sign. Dulya, figs and figs were no longer grown, because they were sacred plants among the Khazars and Varangians. Already recently, proska has been called “millet”, barley - barley, and millet and barley cereals have disappeared forever from the humankind of agriculture.

What happened to the real Peter I? He was captured by the Jesuits and placed in a Swedish fortress. He managed to convey the letter to Charles XII, King of Sweden, and he rescued him from captivity. Together they organized a campaign against the impostor, but the entire Jesuit-Masonic fraternity of Europe, called to fight, together with the Russian troops (whose relatives were taken hostage in case the troops decide to go over to the side of Charles), won at Poltava. The real Russian Tsar Peter I was again captured and placed away from Russia - in the Bastille, where he later died. An iron mask was put on his face, which caused a lot of talk in France and Europe. The Swedish king Charles XII fled to Turkey, from where he tried again to organize a campaign against the impostor.

It would seem, kill the real Peter, and there would be no trouble. But the fact of the matter is, the invaders of the Earth needed a conflict, and without a living king behind bars, neither the Russian-Swedish war nor the Russian-Turkish war would have succeeded, which in fact were civil wars that led to the formation of two new states : Turkey and Sweden, and then a few more. But the real intrigue was not only in the creation of new states. In the 18th century, all of Russia knew and talked about the fact that Peter I was not a real tsar, but an impostor. And against this background, the “great Russian historians” who arrived from the German lands: Miller, Bayer, Schlozer and Kuhn, who completely distorted the history of Russia, no longer presented any particular difficulty in declaring all the Dmitriev tsars False Dmitrys and impostors who did not have the right to the throne, and who did not managed to groan, they changed the royal surname to - Rurik.

The genius of Satanism is Roman law, which is the basis of constitutions modern states. It was created contrary to all ancient canons and ideas about a society based on self-government (autocracy).

For the first time, judicial power was transferred from the hands of the priests to the hands of people who did not have a spiritual dignity, i.e. the power of the best was replaced by the power of anyone.

Roman law is presented to us as the “crown” of human achievement, in reality it is the pinnacle of disorder and irresponsibility. State laws under Roman law are based on prohibitions and punishments, i.e. on negative emotions, which, as you know, can only destroy. This leads to a general lack of interest in the implementation of laws and to opposition of officials to the people. Even in the circus, work with animals is based not only on a whip, but also on a carrot, but a person on our planet is rated lower than animals by conquerors.

In contrast to Roman law, the Russian state was built not on prohibitive laws, but on the conscience of citizens, which strikes a balance between encouragement and prohibition. Let us recall how the Byzantine historian Procopius of Caesarea wrote about the Slavs: "They had all the laws in their heads." Relations in ancient society were regulated by the principles of horse, from where the words “canon” (ancient - konon), “from time immemorial”, “chambers” (i.e., by horse) have come down to us. Guided by the principles of the horse, a person avoided mistakes and could incarnate again in this life. The principle is always above the law, because it contains more possibilities than the law, just as a sentence contains more information than one word. The very word "law" means "beyond the horse." If a society lives according to the principles of the horse, and not according to the laws, it is more vital. Commandments contain more than a horse, and therefore surpass it, just as a story contains more than a sentence. The commandments can improve human organization and thinking, which in turn can improve the principles of the horse.

As the remarkable Russian thinker I.L. Solonevich, on own experience having known the charms of Western democracy, in addition to the long-lived Russian monarchy, based on popular representation (zemstvo), merchants and clergy (meaning pre-Petrine times), democracy and dictatorship were invented, replacing each other in 20-30 years. However, let us give him the floor himself: “Professor Whipper is not quite right when he writes that modern humanitarian sciences- this is only "theological scholasticism and nothing more"; it is something much worse: it is deceit. This is a whole collection of deceptive travel signals, beckoning us to the mass graves of famine and executions, typhus and wars, internal ruin and external destruction.

The “science” of Diderot, Rousseau, D’Alembert and others has already completed its cycle: there was famine, there was terror, there were wars, and there was the external defeat of France in 1814, in 1871, in 1940. The science of Hegel, Mommsen, Nietzsche and Rosenberg also ended its cycle: there was terror, there were wars, there was famine and there was defeat in 1918 and 1945. The science of the Chernyshevskys, Lavrovs, Mikhailovskys, Milyukovs and Lenins has not yet gone through the whole cycle: there is hunger, there is terror, there were wars, both internal and external, but the defeat will still come: inevitable and inevitable, one more payment for the verbiage of two hundred years, for swamp lights lit by our masters of thoughts over the most rotten places of a real historical swamp.

Not always the philosophers listed by Solonevich themselves came up with ideas that could destroy society: they were often prompted to them.

V.A. Shemshuk "Return of Paradise to Earth"
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“With other European peoples, you can achieve the goal in philanthropic ways, but not so with the Russians ... I am not dealing with people, but with animals that I want to turn into people” - such a documented phrase of Peter 1 very clearly conveys his attitude towards the Russian people.

It is hard to believe that these same "animals", in gratitude for this, called him the Great.
Russophobes will immediately try to explain everything by the fact that yes, he made people out of animals, and only because of this Russia became Great and the “animals” that became people thankfully called him the Great.
Or maybe this is the gratitude of the owners of the Romanovs for the perfectly fulfilled obligations to destroy precisely the traces of the greatness of the Russian People, which haunted those who wanted to create a Great History for themselves, the ruling circles of states that until recently were provincial outlying provinces?
And it was this very Greatness of the Russian People that did not allow them to create it?

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One can talk a lot and interestingly about Peter I. For example, today it is already known that his short but intense reign actually cost the Russian people more than 20 million lives (read the article by N.V. Levashov “Visible and invisible genocide” about this). Maybe that's why the man who is called today Peter I is now declared "great"?

Anyone interested in this topic can also watch the video:

The film "Peter and Peter" is just a few answers to hundreds of questions about real affairs the one who today is called Peter "the great". This is an attempt to raise the most necessary questions and search for truthful answers to them, and not the stupidity and obvious lies that our historians and politicians give. The film is based on the materials of Academician N.V. Levashova, E.T. Byda and some other authors...

Peter I - the youngest son of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich from his second marriage with Natalya Naryshkina - was born on May 30, 1672. As a child, Peter was educated at home, with young years knew German, then studied Dutch, English and French. With the help of palace masters (carpentry, turning, weapons, blacksmithing, etc.). The future emperor was physically strong, agile, inquisitive and capable, had a good memory.

In April 1682, Peter was enthroned after the death of a childless man, bypassing his older half-brother Ivan. However, the sister of Peter and Ivan - and the relatives of Alexei Mikhailovich's first wife - the Miloslavskys used the Streltsy uprising in Moscow for a palace coup. In May 1682, the supporters and relatives of the Naryshkins were killed or exiled, Ivan was declared the "senior" tsar, and Peter the "junior" tsar under the ruler Sophia.

Under Sophia, Peter lived in the village of Preobrazhensky near Moscow. Here, from his peers, Peter formed "amusing regiments" - the future imperial guard. In those same years, the prince met the son of the court groom Alexander Menshikov, who later became " right hand"emperor.

In the second half of the 1680s, clashes began between Peter and Sofya Alekseevna, who were striving for autocracy. In August 1689, having received news that Sophia was preparing a palace coup, Peter hastily left Preobrazhensky for the Trinity-Sergius Monastery, where troops loyal to him and his supporters arrived. Armed detachments of nobles, gathered by the messengers of Peter I, surrounded Moscow, Sophia was removed from power and imprisoned in the Novodevichy Convent, her close associates were exiled or executed.

After the death of Ivan Alekseevich (1696), Peter I became an autocratic tsar.

Possessing strong will, purposefulness and great capacity for work, Peter I throughout his life replenished his knowledge and skills in various areas with special attention to military and naval affairs. In 1689-1693, under the guidance of the Dutch master Timmerman and the Russian master Kartsev, Peter I learned to build ships on Lake Pereslavl. In 1697-1698, during his first trip abroad, he completed a full course in artillery sciences in Koenigsberg, worked as a carpenter at the shipyards of Amsterdam (Holland) for six months, studying ship architecture and drawing plans, and completed a theoretical course in shipbuilding in England.

By order of Peter I, books, instruments, weapons were purchased abroad, foreign craftsmen and scientists were invited. Peter I met with Leibniz, Newton and other scientists, in 1717 he was elected an honorary member of the Paris Academy of Sciences.

During the reign of Peter I carried out major reforms aimed at overcoming the backwardness of Russia from the advanced countries of the West. Transformations touched all areas public life. Peter I expanded the landlords' property rights over the property and personality of serfs, replaced the household taxation of peasants with poll tax, issued a decree on the possession of peasants, who were allowed to be acquired by the owners of manufactories, practiced the mass registration of state and yasak peasants to state and private factories, the mobilization of peasants and townspeople into the army and for the construction of cities, fortresses, canals, etc. The decree on uniform inheritance (1714) equalized estates and estates, giving their owners the right to transfer real estate to one of the sons, and thereby secured noble ownership of land. The Table of Ranks (1722) established the order of rank in the military and civil service not by nobility, but by personal abilities and merit.

Peter I contributed to the rise of the country's productive forces, encouraged the development of domestic manufactories, means of communication, domestic and foreign trade.

The reforms of the state apparatus under Peter I were important step on the way of transforming the Russian autocracy of the 17th century into the bureaucratic-noble monarchy of the 18th century with its bureaucracy and service classes. The place of the Boyar Duma was taken by the Senate (1711), boards were established instead of orders (1718), the control apparatus was represented first by "fiscals" (1711), and then by prosecutors headed by the prosecutor general. Instead of the patriarchate, the Spiritual College, or Synod, was established, which was under the control of the government. Administrative reform was of great importance. In 1708-1709, instead of counties, voivodships and governorships, 8 (then 10) provinces headed by governors were established. In 1719, the provinces were divided into 47 provinces.

As a military leader, Peter I is among the most educated and talented builders of the armed forces, commanders and naval commanders of Russian and world history of the eighteenth century. His life's work was to strengthen military power Russia and increasing its role in the international arena. He had to continue the war with Turkey, which began in 1686, to wage a long-term struggle for Russia's access to the sea in the North and South. As a result of the Azov campaigns (1695-1696), Azov was occupied by Russian troops, and Russia fortified on the banks of Sea of ​​Azov. In the long Northern War (1700-1721), Russia under the leadership of Peter I achieved a complete victory, gained access to the Baltic Sea, which gave it the opportunity to establish direct ties with Western countries. After the Persian campaign (1722-1723) West Coast Caspian Sea with the cities of Derbent and Baku.

Under Peter I, for the first time in the history of Russia, permanent diplomatic missions and consulates abroad were established, outdated forms of diplomatic relations and etiquette were abolished.

Major reforms were also carried out by Peter I in the field of culture and education. A secular school appeared, the monopoly of the clergy on education was eliminated. Peter I founded the Pushkar School (1699), the School of Mathematical and Navigational Sciences (1701), the Medical and Surgical School; the first Russian public theater was opened. In St. Petersburg, the Naval Academy (1715), engineering and artillery schools (1719), schools of translators at collegiums were established, the first Russian museum, the Kunstkamera (1719) with a public library, was opened. In 1700, a new calendar was introduced with the beginning of the year on January 1 (instead of September 1) and the reckoning from the "Christmas", and not from the "Creation of the World".

By order of Peter I, various expeditions were carried out, including to Central Asia, the Far East, Siberia, and a systematic study of the country's geography and mapping was laid.

Peter I was married twice: to Evdokia Feodorovna Lopukhina and to Marta Skavronskaya (later Empress Catherine I); had a son from his first marriage Alexei and from the second - daughters Anna and Elizabeth (besides them, 8 children of Peter I died in early childhood).

Peter I died in 1725 and was buried in the Peter and Paul Cathedral of the Peter and Paul Fortress in St. Petersburg.

The material was prepared on the basis of information from open sources

From the very beginning of his reign, Peter gave preference to foreigners, for example, in his first campaign against Azov, he put his drinking companions, drinkers Lefort and Gordon, at the head of the Russian army.

And when he returned from Europe with the embassy, ​​he took with him 800 foreigners, many of whom were not valuable specialists, but simply “natural” managers and adventurers, such as the Dutch Jew Acosta, who played the jester under Peter, the Portuguese Jew Divier or the Polish Jew Shafirov. Peter the Great publicly stated:

“It makes no difference to me whether a person is baptized or circumcised, so long as he only knows his business and is distinguished by decency.”

However, he made one exception: having visited Holland, where there were many Jews, Peter became wary of them, for the historian Solovyov claimed that Peter the Great loved all nations except the Jews. Which confirms the statement of Peter himself in 1702:

“I want ... to see in my country better peoples of the Mohammedan and pagan faith than the Jews. They are swindlers and deceivers. I eradicate evil, not breed; there will be no housing or trade for them in Russia, no matter how hard they try, and no matter how much they bribe their neighbors to me.

However, Peter appointed Divyer (Devier) the first police chief of St. Petersburg, the governor and bestowed the title of count, and Shafirov - vice-chancellor and the title of baron, although then in 1723 he was sentenced to death for embezzlement, replaced by exile; however, later, Divier also got into exile, but this was already after the death of Peter.

“Peter, who tried to push the old tribal Russian families away from the royal throne, brought Divier closer to him. Peter forced Menshikov to marry his sister to Divyer. Leaving St. Petersburg, Catherine entrusted her daughter Natalya and the children of the executed Tsarevich Alexei, Peter and Natalya, to no one else but ... Divyer, ”B. Bashilov noted in his study.

In total, under Peter, about 8 thousand foreigners arrived in Russia. It seems that this number is not large, but given that the foreigners did not go to plow the arable land, but went upstairs to manage, it turned out to be a lot. It's like today - like there are few citizens of Jewish nationality, only 300 thousand, but we see at the top: in the oligarchs, journalists and ministers, almost only Jews.

Peter, without any common sense, fanatically worshiped everything Western, European - he forced his close associates to smoke, drink, participate in collective revels; welcomed Freemasonry, already fashionable in Europe - as the highest degree European education - on February 10, 1699, Sheremetyev appeared at the ball at Lefort in german dress and with a bright Maltese cross and other Masonic paraphernalia, and received from Peter "exalted mercy." What are Masons, Peter already knew from his European voyage. In addition, the “Master of the Chair” was his favorite Lefort, and the “first warden” was the same favorite - Gordon. The famous Vernadsky, who dealt not only with the Noosphere, in his master's work of 1916 claimed that Peter himself was accepted in Holland into the Knights Templar, “in the Scottish degree of St. Andrew". Most likely, Peter was not a convinced Freemason, more “for brilliance and prestige”, although, judging by his attitude towards the people, he would have been no less talented Freemason than those who operated the guillotine in France.

Peter decided to carry out radical reforms in Russia. What was the need for this?

After the death of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich in 1676, his son Fyodor Alekseevich became the next tsar of Russia, who ruled until his death in 1682, and who, in a short period of his reign, managed to carry out important effective reforms in the army, administration and taxation, tried to cut power powers of the Boyar Duma and the Patriarch. Above, we observed Sophia's reforms. Before Peter the Great, as we saw earlier, Russia was developing quite successfully and steadily - numerous wars were successfully waged, lands were acquired not only in Siberia and Far East, but also in the European part, culture and printing successfully developed.

“It is not true that only Peter began to introduce the Russian people to culture. The assimilation of Western culture began long before Peter. Western learned architects worked in Russia long before Peter the Great, and Boris Godunov began sending Russian youths abroad. But the assimilation of Western European culture proceeded naturally - in a normal way, without extremes ... - our compatriot from Argentina, Boris Bashilov, argued in his study. Under Alexei Mikhailovich (father of Peter the Great), the first theater and the first newspaper already existed. "Cathedral Code" was published unprecedented and for Western Europe circulation - two thousand copies. The “Stepnaya Book” was published - a systematic history of the Moscow state, “The Royal Book” - an eleven-volume illustrated history of the world, “ABC Book” - a kind of encyclopedic Dictionary, “The Ruler” - by the elder Erasmus-Yermolai, “Domostroy” by Sylvester ... In the Moscow archive of the Ministry of Justice before the February Revolution, hundreds of various works written in the 17th century were stored.

A. Burovsky noted in his study:

“But it is worth digressing from school textbooks and analyzing authentic historical sources - and we will find that in pre-Petrine Russia of the 17th century there was already everything that is attributed to Peter: from potatoes and tobacco to an excellent fleet and a completely modern army for that time.”

For some reason, Peter is credited with creating a regular Russian army, but this is not true, a lie - the regular army in Russia was created before the reign of Peter the Great by 1681.

Before Peter the Great, there were three problems in Russia: the enslavement of the peasants, as a result of which Russia was periodically shaken by powerful popular uprisings; (2) Alexei Romanov was too exalted and made a big dangerous gap between the people and the tsar, for this reason popular uprisings could greatly weaken Russia; (3) for the development of Russia, access to the seas was needed: the Baltic and Black, and, accordingly, the military and merchant fleet.

Peter the Great began his reforms, passionately desiring to imitate the West, he conceived not only to the envy of Europeans to build a new capital “Northern Paradise” in the swamps, but to dress the whole people in European clothes, to dress all sections of society. Before Peter, they were fond of Western European culture in moderation - Godunov built Kokuy for foreign merchants and sent children to study in European countries, Alexei Romanov taught his children foreign languages, Golitsyn knew the Polish language and dressed in Polish clothes, Sophia introduced teaching foreign languages.

In 1698, Peter issued a decree on changing national clothes to European ones. The forcible imposition of Western culture took forms unprecedented in the history of mankind - special military services cut off beards and long skirts of clothes right on the streets. The people began to actively resist. And so that the people could not resist, Peter issued a decree banning the wearing of pointed knives. In 1700, Peter repeated the decree - all residents of Moscow were ordered to change all their clothes to European ones within two days, and merchants were promised hard labor, quilting with a whip and confiscation of property for trading in Russian clothes.

Special armed units - guardians of Western fashion grabbed passers-by, put them on their knees and cut off the floors of clothes at ground level. The requirement for men's clothing - to narrow the waist, was perceived by Russian peasants and boyars as something very shameful. Men's beards were shaved by force and in the most cruel way. It was possible to pay off shaving - merchants paid 100 rubles for the right to wear a beard, boyars - 60, other townspeople - 30. At that time, this was a lot of money. An exception was made for priests - they were allowed to wear beards.

In Astrakhan, Peter's subordinates ordered the soldiers to uproot their beards, which was the reason for the Astrakhan uprising in 1705. In the petition to the tsar they complained:

“We have become for the Christian faith… In Kazan and in other cities, the Germans are instructed two and three people in the yards and the residents there, and their wives, and children, are embossed and cursed,”

“And the colonels and the Germans, scolding Christianity, caused many hardships for them, innocently beat them in the services, forced them to eat meat on fast days and repaired all kinds of abuse to their wives and children,”

“they beat them on the cheeks and with sticks”, and Colonel Devin “beat the petitioners and maimed them to death” (S. Platonov, “Lectures”).

It seems that Peter deliberately widely used the appointment to high positions foreigners - the conductors of his "Western" domestic policy, because their own could feel sorry for their own. Peter, with his “perestroika” in the Western manner, brought the people to a frenzy and a nervous breakdown, the people fled not only to the Cossacks, but also to Turkey, realizing that nothing good awaits them there.

The well-known historian Kostomarov, trying to somehow find an excuse for Peter, suggested that Peter did not love the real Russian people, but that ideal of the Russian people (pattern) he invented, which he wanted to create according to the European model. We can add to this - and therefore the real Russian people cut to the European pattern like a butcher who imagines himself a tailor-cutter.

Despite such a frivolous attitude to the status of the church, Peter, with incomprehensible cruelty, pursued the Old Believers who had hidden in the forests for a long time. The Old Believers protested in their own way: 2,700 Old Believers burned themselves in the Paleostrovsky Skete, 1,920 people in the Pudozhsky churchyard.

It seems that, fighting with national clothes, national rituals, Old Believers, Peter fought with everything national, with the original Russian, authentic, with the Russian soul. There is no other way to explain why Peter organized the collection of ancient chronicles from all corners of Russia and monasteries and destroyed them, like the entire Kazan archive. When the year 7208 was going on in Russia not “from the creation of the world”, as they usually write, because it is clear that the “world” in any sense was created much earlier, but from the end of the “Great War” of our ancestors with Chinese civilization, then Peter decided to change the old Russian a calendar that even the baptist Vladimir and later the Christian Church did not dare to change. And on December 19, 7208, he introduced by his decree the European calendar - 1699. Peter also introduced New Year in European style - from the first of January, and before that it was from September 1, with the beginning of the withering of Nature. By the way, our ancestors were still reckoning from a more distant period - from the onset of the Ice Age, the “Great Cold”, according to which, for example, 2008 is 13016.

Thus, Peter the Great cut off more than five and a half thousand years of national history.

“The Russian educated classes, after and thanks to the reforms of Peter, culturally found themselves in a peculiar position, as it were, “not remembering kinship,” Prince Svyatopolk-Mirsky recorded reality in his book.

“Peter's reform, like a sea sponge, erased family memories. It seems that together with European clothes, a Russian nobleman was first born into the world. Centuries are forgotten…”, Klyuchevsky wrote.

Peter the Great not only changed the calendar, but also celebrated the New Year in an original way. He celebrated New Year 1700 with wild merriment in the company of the All-Joking and All-Drunken Cathedral for two weeks. The inhabitants of Moscow were in fear and horror, they had no time for New Year's fun, or rather, now the New Year's Eve performed by Peter and his company looked like this - a company of 100–200 people broke into the houses of residents, ate and drank everything and demanded more, then she cheerfully searched for hidden supplies, again ate and drank everything, often cheerfully and jokingly raped her wife and daughters. During this revelry, according to R.K. Massey - Peter behaved “like an unbridled youth”, this is a mild form of saying “unbridled stallion”.

“The inability to restrain himself, the desire to seize literally every woman who could please him, led to a logical result: more than 100 bastards of Peter are known. Tellingly, he never helped them, explaining it very simply - they say, if they are worthy, they will break through on their own, ”said A. Burovsky.

Then the whole festive campaign of Peter's moral freaks grabbed the things and jewelry they liked, calling them Christmas gifts, the money they found and moved on noisily, frightening the passers-by with dashing and choosing the next house-victim for a "joke" stay.

Peter's satanic attitude was not only to his native people, but, accordingly, to his native Nature, as, for example, above we observe the barbaric cutting down of oak groves in the Voronezh province. The historian Klyuchevsky also noted this fact: “a valuable oak for the Baltic Fleet - a different log was valued at that time a hundred rubles, with whole mountains lying along the shores and islands of Lake Ladoga ...”. The scale of construction at Peter's was enormous, and the scale of mismanagement was of the same magnitude. Then Peter rushed to the other extreme and made the "extreme people" - under pain of death, defiantly placing gallows on the edge of the forests, forbade the peasants to cut down the forests for their needs. Now the peasants, without special permission and bribes, could neither build a house, nor a barn, nor heat a stove.

Peter's admirer, the incorrigible Westerner A. Herzen, wrote about Peter the Great: - and this for at least six generations - the command of Peter the Great: stop being Russian and you will render a great service to mankind" (Herzen's article "The New Phase of Russian Culture").

This terrible direction of the blow of the cosmopolitan Peter the Great was explained by the famous Karamzin:

“By eradicating ancient skills, presenting them as ridiculous, stupid, praising and introducing foreign ones, the Sovereign of Russia humiliated the Russians in their own hearts”, “Peter did not want to delve into the truth that the spirit of the people constitutes the moral power of the state, like the physical one, necessary for their firmness” .

The bloody despot and the monster had an interesting relationship with their loved ones. We observed earlier - Peter for the sake of peace of mind his mistress Anna Mons and his tonsure as a nun and exiled to a distant monastery his legitimate wife and queen. And he showered the “Kokuisk Queen” with gifts and established a state salary. Peter was delighted with his mistress and in January 1703 he gave “Monsikha” the Dudinskaya volost in the Kozelsk district - 295 households, and began to tell others that he would soon make her the lawful queen, marry her. But a month later, Peter made the most unpleasant, terrible discovery for himself ...

Having recovered a little from the Narva defeat, Peter, having discovered that the Swedish king Charles the Twelfth was stuck with his army in battles in the depths of Poland, at the end of 1701 sent B.P. Sheremetyeva (1652–1719). Unexpectedly for Peter, Sheremetyev successfully walked through Livonia: he defeated the Swedish barrage detachments, took several cities without a fight, robbed them, then burned them and returned with rich captured booty: valuables, cattle, horses, many prisoners, mostly civilians. And inspired by Peter often with military campaigns in the Baltic lands. In 1702, Russian troops besieged the important strategic fortress of Noteburg, located at the source of the Neva from Lake Ladoga. In February 1703, Peter arrived to personally lead the assault. The assault was successful - Peter gave the captured Noteburg a different foreign name - Shlisselburg, which means “key-city”, it seems that Peter did not have the idea of ​​\u200b\u200bbuilding St. Petersburg, and he considered Shlisselburg as a stronghold - the key to the Baltic. During the magnificent celebrations in the fortress on the occasion of the victory, Peter got letters from the Saxon envoy Koenigsek, who participated in this campaign.

The letters turned out to be from Anna Mons, beloved “Monsikha”, who, as it turned out, in the absence of Peter did not waste time in vain, did not get bored - she had long been Koenigsek’s mistress, that is, she had long instructed Peter, the king, “horns”. The state of a normal, deceived man with wounded vanity is understandable, but one can only guess about Peter’s state at that moment ... Especially since in the letters the “Kokuy Queen” spoke of Peter, to put it mildly, impartially, complained about his barbaric habits. At the same time, “Monsikha” sent letters “with hearts” to Peter ...

Despite the Kokui education of Anna Lefort, the long-standing "love" prestigious relationship between her and the tsar, despite numerous expensive gifts from Peter, Anna Mons did not want to connect her life with a monster; she did not want to endure his drunkenness, unbridledness, depravity, orgies, abnormality, she wanted to marry a normal cultured person.

In addition, it was unpleasant for her when Peter casually fell into the bedroom of her best friend Elena Fademrekh. There are several versions: according to one, the letters of “Monsikha” got to Peter by accident, according to another, the “kind” courier slipped it “by mistake”, according to the third, during the victorious feast of Koenigsek in a strange way accidentally drowned and ominous letters were found in his things. Most likely, one of the first versions is true, and, knowing the character of Peter, we can say that having discovered treason, Peter in a rage ordered the competitor to be drowned, and he watched it with pleasure.

Judging by the subsequent actions, Peter, it seems, loved Ankhen very much, because he did not tonsure her as a nun, did not imprison her in a monastery and did not cut off her head, as he did with Mary Hamilton in a similar situation, although close relations with Mary were for several months, but only limited her freedom to house arrest, and then watched for a long time and took revenge, crap.

Embittered, Peter stopped communicating with Anna. But, when in 1706 Anna Mons wanted to marry the Prussian envoy to Russia, Baron Johann von Keyserling, the jealous and vindictive Peter, in order to prevent marriage, accused Anna of divination. The investigation into this case lasted a whole year, during which 30 people from Anna's entourage were arrested and subjected to severe torture. Only through the stubborn efforts of the diplomat-groom in 1707 the investigation was terminated, but almost everything donated by Peter was taken away and confiscated.

Probably, Keyserling loved Anna very much, for for several years he sought permission to marry Anna and, finally, having received it from Peter, he married her in June 1711. And it seems - a happy ending - for Anna, for both, but it wasn’t there - as soon as after the “honey period” Baron Keyserling drove away from home, he died under mysterious circumstances. Most likely, Peter still tried to cruelly take revenge on Anna; It has long been noticed that nobility is completely absent in people of the satanic warehouse of the psyche. Anna died of consumption in 1714. Peter all this time was not alone and was quite happy with another beloved woman; this story is more tragic for Peter.

During a campaign in Livonia, Sheremetyev's troops captured the city of Marienburg, where Marta Skavronskaya, born in 1684, worked as a cook and laundress in the family of Pastor Gluck. According to one version, her parents died of the plague, and her uncle, the Swedish quartermaster Johann Rabe, gave the orphan to Pastor Gluck's house. The pastor baptized her and raised her. But when Martha gave birth to a child, the pastor hurried to marry her to the Swedish soldier Johann Kruse.

And two months after their wedding, Russian troops entered Marienburg, or rather Russian ones, because after the Narva defeat, Sheremetyev had multinational troops.

“Sheremetyev crossed over the Narova, went to visit Estonia in the same way as he visited last year in Livonia. The guests were the same: Cossacks, Kalmyks, Tatars, Bashkirs, and they stayed as before ... Sheremetyev entered Veshenberg, the city of Rakov (Rakvere), famous in ancient Russian history, and heaps of ashes remained on the site of a beautiful city. The same fate befell Weissenstein, Fellin, Ober-Pallen, Ruin; the devastation of Livonia was completed,” wrote R. Massey about two campaigns in the Baltic states in 1701 and 1702.

Marta Skavronska, judging by her surname, was Polish, because the root of the surname is translated only into Polish - “skavronek” is a lark, and in the Polish way the popular surname sounds - Skavronska. But Marta is a popular name among the Germans and Swedes, and the Poles did not take Swedish and German names. It seems that Marta's nationality reveals the Old Testament name of her father - Samuel, and the wise Jew adjusted to the historical situation - when Poland was before Riga, the surname was Polish, and with the advent of the Swedes, Swedish names appeared in the children. And the surname of the uncle of the quartermaster Rabe - among the Germans and Swedes is the same as in Ukraine or in Russia - Rabinovich. I. N. Shornikova and V. P. Shornikov in their study claim that Rabe was Martha's husband, but there is more information that it was Kruse after all.

Marta Skavronskaya turned out to be the booty of the Cossacks and Bashkirs of Sheremetyev, then Colonel Bauer noticed the 18-year-old brunette and took her to the officers' tents, then Sheremetyev noticed Marta and took her to his headquarters quarters. The trophy beauty was so good and affectionate that Sheremetyev brought her with him to Moscow, where Menshikov noticed her, and Sheremetyev did not argue and be greedy, and at a booze in Menshikov's house on March 1, 1704, the owner boasted of his acquisition to Peter the Great. The Russian tsar became interested and checked whether his beloved friend had lied ... The young trophy washerwoman could not do anything, she had no education, pastor Gluck did not teach her to read and write, but during her adventures in captivity she learned to please men well, to be affectionate and cheerful, maybe God gave her just that talent. But this is what Peter the Great valued most of all, this is what he called love. “Two boots of steam” came together. Martha moved in with Peter.

Peter began to quickly heal spiritual wounds after Ankhen. People around noticed that Martha was not afraid of Peter in fits of anger, and only she was able to calm him boldly and kindly in this state, relieve nervous tension. Peter also liked Martha's cheerful moral position - she watched his many hobbies, did not get jealous, did not quarrel, but only joked and laughed at his frequent romantic adventures. And sometimes there was something to laugh at - once again "having" the wife of some officer Praskovya, who liked him, Peter caught syphilis or some other unpleasant venereal infection - a disease from her, and terribly angry ordered her husband to flog his wife - "unfit Froska” (A. B.).

In connection with this story and the story with Martha, we can recall the statement of the wife of the famous philosopher Pythagoras, very respected in Greece for the wisdom of Fiano. When she was asked: “On what day is a woman cleansed after a man?”, Fiano answered: “After her husband immediately, and after someone else’s never.”

Peter was comfortable with Marta, after another "victory" over someone's wife, he complimented her: "nothing can compare with you." So happily and began to live. Peter the Great conspired the laundress Marta Samuilovna in the Russian way - he called her Catherine. Under pain of death, others were forbidden to mention the origin of Catherine and her real name. Martha-Catherine showed very good health - she easily bore him children, there were 11 of them. Of these, she gave birth to two daughters before their wedding, that is, they were illegitimate.

In 1708, Marta was baptized for the third time, she converted to Orthodoxy, her godfather at the time of the rebaptism, Peter's son, Alexei, was born, after which Martha was called Ekaterina Alekseevna.

And it turned out an unpleasant incident - Peter married his spiritual granddaughter.

When, after the victory over the Swedes near Poltava in 1709, Peter went on the Prut campaign against Turkey in 1711, Catherine accompanied him on the campaign, and even commanded the soldiers, and when Peter was threatened with captivity on the banks of the Prut and the Swedish king already threatened to lead his prisoner on a rope, then Catherine participated in the most difficult negotiations with the Turks. The Turks did not bring the matter to capture. And Peter returned safe and sound to Russia and still managed to grab the daughter of the Valam (Moldavian) prince Cantemir, the famous poet, whom Peter raped and decided to take her to Russia, and imprisoned in reserve in the village of Chernaya Dirt, then renamed to Tsarskoye Selo, but after that he “forgot” about the Moldavian beauty according to the principle “neither to myself nor to anyone”, and she died in captivity. Again, one can emphasize the cynical “mismanagement” characteristic of Peter - 27285 people died in the Prut campaign, of which only 4800 died in battles with Turkish troops, the remaining 22 thousand died because of Peter the Great - as a result of the disgusting organization of the military campaign: from hunger, cold and diseases.

After the tragic Prut campaign, Peter married Catherine in 1712, and Catherine officially becomes a bihusband.

“Since 1702, any mention of Johann Cruz has disappeared. Disappears, however, only from Russian sources. The Swedes know very well where the lawful husband of the Russian Empress went. Johann Kruse served the Swedish king for many more years, and in his old age in the garrisons on the Aland Islands ... Johann also did not start a family and explained to the pastor that he already had a wife and he would not take sin on his soul ... He survived his lawful wife, Martha-Catherine, but not by much, having died in 1733. All of the above explains very well why in tsarist times it was believed that Johann Kruse was missing ...

Marta-Catherine was the legal wife of Johann Kruse. She remained her even when Peter officially married her in 1712. She only became a bigamous woman and, moreover, in the event of a trial, she had to become the wife of Johann, as the king who married her 10 years earlier, ”A. Burovsky noted in his study.

Now Marta-Catherine became the legal wife of the tsar, that is, the Russian queen, and her children could claim the Russian throne. Since then, Marta has become jealous of the eldest son of Peter from Evdokia Lopukhina - Alexei, and his family.

A year earlier, Peter forcibly married Alexei on October 11, 1711 to a relative of the wife of Emperor Charles the Sixth, Sophia Charlotte-Christine of Braunschweig-Wolfebuttel, for Peter the Great was building some intricate strategic plans. Charlotte came to Russia with her friends and stayed away from the Russians, constantly demanding money from Alexei, it was difficult to talk about love in this family.

The year 1715 turned out to be a turning point in Alexei's relationship with his father, Peter. Since 1710, Peter the Great became permanently ill - he developed all the accumulated diseases from a wild life, and first of all syphilis. Peter became even more irritable and ferocious. Already in 1711, his illnesses greatly disturbed him, and at the beginning of the Prut campaign he was forced to urgently leave for treatment in Karlsbad on the waters. After the wedding with Catherine, Peter rushed about in search of effective treatment and saving his life - in 1712 he went to Russian Pomerania for treatment, then again to Karlsbad, then to the Czech Teplice. But there were only temporary improvements, but in general the situation worsened.

In 1715, Peter's health deteriorated completely, Peter became so ill that he already confessed and took communion, that is, he thought that he might die. And the question of a successor to power arose “edge-on”. And in this situation, all the accumulated dissatisfaction of Peter with his son Alexei sharply escalated.

Alexei greatly irritated Peter with his dissimilarity, he was a balanced, educated person, he knew a lot foreign languages, was not fond of war games, was normal, did not drink in such quantities and in such companies, did not organize "all-drunk cathedrals" and orgies, he did not have greedy authority and cruelty, etc. - he was a stranger to Peter in spirit, he did not have that native Satanism in him. And Peter had no choice - there were no other sons, although Peter understood that, to put it mildly, Alexei was not happy that Peter had removed his mother from the throne for nothing and even imprisoned the innocent in a monastery. In 1709, Peter even sent Alexei to Dresden to study at a fortification school, hoping to captivate him with military affairs, seeing that Alexei was undoubtedly an intelligent person. But Alexei did not become different, he remained himself.

The second Queen Martha Catherine could not give birth to Peter's son - the heir, she bore him two daughters before marriage and afterward diligently gave birth to children to Peter every year, but they all turned out to be girls. Catherine zealously and anxiously looked in the direction of Alexei's family - another heir would not have been born there. In 1714, a daughter was born in the family of Alexei, but on next year- in 1715, the son Peter, the future emperor Peter Petrovich, was born. The dynasty continued: Peter the Great - Alexei Petrovich - Peter Alekseevich. But fate once again smiled insidiously - in 1715, Marta-Catherine finally gave birth to a son and named, of course, Peter. Now a washerwoman from Livonia with a Polish surname, a Swedish name and Jewish roots could compete for the establishment of her own dynasty in Russia. A fierce unequal struggle began.

The tone of Peter the Great's attitude towards his eldest son changes dramatically, Peter in 1715 sends a letter to Alexei, although both are in St. Petersburg, nearby:

“For the sake of staying like this, if you think to be neither fish nor meat, it’s impossible, but either change your temper or unhypocritically honor yourself as an heir, or become a monk.”

It was indecent blackmail, intimidation, but most importantly, the demand of the impossible, and Peter understood this very well, but he hated his own son, who was alien to him, and his beloved Marta actively pushed him to this, incited him. From that moment on, Peter began to spread rot, to persecute his son Alexei. Peter once again demonstrated the absence of any nobility and all his dark baseness.

Alexei simply could not physically change his personality, and he did not want to become a monk at all - he had a family: a young beautiful wife, imposed by the father, and two children. And Alexei in 1715 refused the throne. But Alexei's troubles didn't end there. In early 1716, Alexei's wife Charlotte-Christina died. By the beginning of 1716, Peter recovered a little and went to Permont for treatment, and in 1717 he went to the waters in Amsterdam. During all these trips around Europe, he tried to combine business with pleasure: he was treated and conducted active diplomatic negotiations with European leaders in order to put together a bloc against Sweden and Turkey, but no one except Poland wanted to get involved with him.

But throughout this voyage and treatment, Peter sent numerous threatening letters to Alexei - trying to force him to go to the monastery, to take the veil, despite the fact that Alexei renounced the throne in favor of the son of Martha-Catherine. In a letter dated January 19, 1716, Peter wrote: “If you don’t do it, then I will deal with you as with a villain.”

In September 1716, Peter repeated his demand even more harshly. Moreover, it is very strange - Peter did not make any specific claims to Alexei. Alexei understood that if he refused to take the veil as a monk, he would be in danger, and his children would be in big trouble.

But Alexei did not want to leave society, children; moreover, during this period, “Cupid joked” - Alexei managed to fall in love with a captive peasant woman, a serf, a slave of his mentor N. Vyazemsky, Efrosinya Fedorovna. Alexei understood that his father would never allow him to marry his beloved. Until Peter returned to Russia, Alexei decided to flee the country, away from Peter, and went with Efrosinya to Vienna.

Upon learning of his son's flight, Peter the Great was furious, it was perceived as a shame - the son ran away from his father-tsar, Peter's pride was badly injured, and dissatisfaction with his son reached extreme ferocity.

He immediately demanded that Austria extradite his son. But the authorities of this country treated Alexei humanely, did not want to shackle him and send him to Peter, but suggested that Peter solve family troubles peacefully, through negotiations. Alexey went even further - to Naples, and from this city he sent a letter to the Senate in Russia explaining his act. Peter's diplomats, Tolstoy and Rumyantsev, pursued Alexei throughout Europe in order to convey Peter's false promises.

And at this moment, attention should be paid to an important point - about which dozens of books and textbooks vilely lie - about Alexei's betrayal; abroad, Alexei did not conduct any anti-state activities, did not organize any conspiracy: neither inside Russia nor outside it did he cobble together any foreign blocs against Russia and did not persuade European monarchs to go to war against Russia or remove Peter from the throne for the sake of his power - there is not a single evidence, not a single fact. One can only record that Alexei did not like Peter's attitude towards his people, his internal cruel policy, and he expressed his criticism in conversations with foreigners. But internal politics Peter's were dissatisfied with about 99% of Russians, almost everyone except for a small handful of close associates. And everything that modern authors have written and are writing against Alexei is a repetition, a rehash of the completely unfounded accusations of Peter the Great himself.

After Peter almost died in 1715, the attitude towards the “sick elderly lion” of his “faithful” associates changed, and events that were previously unthinkable became possible. Peter, despite his “love” for Martha-Catherine and his illnesses, tried not to forget his “bed registry” - it was a kind of plan that cannot be called “a plan to conquer the hearts of the beauties he liked in the near future”, but something I don't want to say vulgar things. And Peter liked the lady-in-waiting of Catherine - Maria Hamilton, who came from an ancient Scottish family. As many authors write, Peter, who was ill with many venereal diseases, “recognized in the young beauty talents that it was impossible not to look at with lust” - and began to satisfy his lust. A few months later, for some reason, Peter suddenly “fell out of love” with Mary, stopped paying attention to her, most likely went further along the “bed register”. Mary was immediately "picked up" by Peter's close associates, after Peter "to have love" with the former favorite of the king was very prestigious.

During the long absence of Peter in 1716-1717. in Russia, the mess and various outrages have intensified. Money was stolen in monstrous volumes, and Queen Marta, Catherine the First, having decided that her status could not be stronger: Peter adores her, she still gave birth to an heir, and the main competitor refused the throne and went on the run, decided not to torment her healthy body and to allow oneself freedom in pleasures, especially since the “love” of Peter, in the same understanding of “love” and Marta, began to weaken due to his illnesses.

“The number of Catherine's fleeting hobbies was approaching two dozen. Of the future members of the Supreme Privy Council, only the pathologically cautious Osterman and Dmitry Golitsyn, who continued to look at the “mother queen” with arrogant disgust, did not take advantage of her graces ... ”, A. Burovsky noted in his study. Peter the second time turned out to be “horned”, but he did not know about it yet.

When Peter returned to Russia in 1717, declared Martha-Catherine queen and discovered that important state papers had disappeared from his office, the tsar's office, they began to look for spies. At this time, the old trusted batman Ivan Orlov was on duty - and they began to torture him with predilection. Orlov swore and swore that he was sinful in many ways, but not in espionage. Among the sins he listed, it turned out that he had a long-standing affair with Maria Hamilton. It would be better if he didn't say that for his own good. The maid of honor, under torture, admitted that she had cheated on the tsar (!) And that she was forced to have several abortions, intrauterine poisoning, including from Peter. Cheating on the king is high treason, and a new investigation has been launched. Peter decided to act in an original way - he went, told everything to Catherine, hoping that she would destroy her ward in a rage, but she reacted calmly and said that she had known everything for a long time and forgives the maid of honor. Disappointed Peter had to deal with the fate of the girl himself. But at this time Alexei was fraudulently persuaded to return to Russia, and Peter postponed the proceedings. Alexey believed Peter's promises - not to bring him and Efrosinya any harm, Peter even promised to allow them to get married - when they returned.

But immediately upon crossing the Russian border on February 3, 1718, Alexei was arrested, and an investigation began, Peter accused Alexei of treason. Alexei's entire entourage was subjected to torture with predilection, to which Alexei was dragged and forced to look at the torment of loved ones.

After that, many people who “incorrectly” influenced Alexei were executed: Kikin, Afanasiev, Dubrovsky, priest-confessor Yakov Ignatiev. During the investigation, they made an unpleasant discovery - there were too many dissatisfied with the king, but they did not execute everyone. Peter, on the other hand, blamed Aleksey’s free thinking mainly as “bearded men”, that is, priests, complaining that his father had one (i.e., Nikon), and he had thousands.

In the course of this investigation, another trouble for Peter was revealed - naturally, they remembered Evdokia Fedorovna Lopukhina, who was in the monastery - “old woman Elena”, and began to torture her entourage for involvement in the conspiracy, and discovered love affair Evdokia Fedorovna with Major Stepan Glebov. Peter thought that the first beauty of Russia, imprisoned in a distant monastery, had been in isolation for 20 years and should have died a long time ago from injustice, loneliness and longing. And Peter raised a cry about another treason, began another investigation.

It turned out that in 1709, Major Stepan Bogdanovich Glebov was recruiting in the vicinity of the monastery and stopped by to look at the queen, who no longer lived in the monastery, but nearby in the village as a monk - “secretly a laywoman”. A beautiful love broke out between them; Glebov began to visit Lopukhina, bringing her warm clothes and food. After Peter's marriage to Martha-Ekaterina in 1712, relations between Lopukhina and Glebov became close. Although traveling all over Russia for work, Glebov did not often visit Evdokia, but judging by the surviving nine letters of Evdokia, they felt happy for the last 6 years, here is an excerpt from one letter:

“My light, my father, my soul, my joy, how can I be in the world without you! Oh, my dear friend, why are you so dear to me! I no longer love you, by God! Oh my dear, write me back, please at least a little. Do not leave me for the sake of Christ, for the sake of God. Forgive, forgive, my soul, my friend!”

Pyotr didn’t give a damn about Lopukhin for a long time, he forgot about her existence, but this story hurt not so much his masculine vanity, but his sense of ownership, and he was very angry that it turned out that Lopukhina didn’t suffer much in the distance alone and even happy.

The entire environment of Evdokia was subjected to torture, including her confessor Fyodor Pustynny and Bishop Dosifei of Rostov, who was wheeled, then his head was cut off, and his head was put on a stake in a public place. Peter would have a good reason to “disperse with might and main” and get a lot of black pleasure.

For six weeks in a row, “doctors” Peter tortured Major Glebov. They tortured them for so long, because Stepan Bogdanovich held on very steadfastly and courageously and did not say anything against the honor of the legitimate tsarina Evdokia Feodorovna. A certain Player reported to Peter: "Major Stepan Glebov, tortured in Moscow with a terribly whip, red-hot iron, burning coals, tied to a post on a board with wooden nails for three days, did not confess to anything." At that time, the most notorious criminal, the traitor, was given a maximum of 15 lashes with a whip, and Glebov was inflicted 34, actually leaving him without skin.

Peter was furious, the question - to “break” the hero was fundamental for him. Peter himself, with his wild imagination, took part in the torture, but Major Glebov held on. Then Peter the Great came up with a torture-execution, which was not practiced in Russia at that time - he decided to impale him alive, and in order for Glebov to suffer longer and worse, Peter calculated and built a special stake with a crossbar so that the stake would not pierce quickly through and death was not quick.

During the execution on the Red Square of Moscow on March 15, 1718, surrounded by a crowd of onlookers, Glebov courageously endured terrible torment on a stake, and Peter, who was nearby, maliciously enjoying his torment, begged Glebov to confess the crime - if not before Peter, then before death - before God . Stepan Glebov answered the monster well: “You must be as stupid as a tyrant… Go, monster,” and spat in Peter’s face, adding: Get out and let those who you didn’t give the opportunity to live in peace die in peace. The enraged tyrant was defeated by the strength of the spirit of the martyr. Peter also tried to mock the dying man angrily - on his orders, jokingly, they put on the martyr a hat and threw on a sheepskin coat - so that he would not freeze and die ahead of time and spoil the fun for the king.

At 18:00, Glebov was slowly dying a painful death, Archimandrite Lopatinsky, Priest Anofry, and Hieromonk Markel, who wrote in a report: “didn’t bring them any repentance,” were “watching” nearby in anticipation of repentance. On the second day, feeling the nearness of death, Stepan Bogdanovich asked these three to take communion before his death, but all three turned out to be cowards, they were afraid of Peter's discontent and refused the martyr, with this all of the above "clergy" committed a terrible sin.

Peter the Great was indignant at his impotence, he was defeated, his royal and personal pride was struck - Peter the Great was sure that he, Peter, was “the coolest”, powerful and all-powerful king. For three and a half years, the defeated Peter rushed about with his indignation and wounded pride, perhaps he had tormenting nightmarish bloody dreams, - and from the other world, the invincible courageous Major Stepan Glebov looked at him with a wise contemptuous smile. And Peter could not stand it and decided to fight him again, to attack him together with the Holy Synod - on August 15, 1721, Peter the Great ordered the Holy Synod to condemn Stepan Glebov and anathematize him with eternal damnation.

It seems that Peter was not even pleased with the final victory of the Russian army over the Swedes in the naval battle near Grengam Island on July 27, 1720, and the end of the protracted Northern War, fixed in an agreement with Sweden in the same August 1721. It was more important for him, the main thing was to defeat Major Glebov.

The synod pulled with the execution of the will of the king. Then Peter decided to compensate for his internal defeat with the delight of pride - he ordered the Senate to give him titles, to call him: the Great, Emperor and Father of the Fatherland - everything that his imagination was capable of. And the Senate in October 1721 in a solemn atmosphere carried out the will of Peter. After that, the “bearded men” did not contradict the will of the Great Emperor and the Father of the Fatherland - on November 22, 1721, the Holy Synod met and the “spiritual hierarchs” obediently condemned the “evil criminal” and betrayed them to eternal damnation.

Did Peter feel better after that? Unknown; in my opinion, it only sweetened the bitterness a little, especially in the remaining few years of his life, he was expected to face further defeats. The offended washerwoman queen Marta Catherine the First, deprived of titles, was indignant, and by order of Peter the Great, on December 23, 1721, the Senate made her a New Year's gift - presented the title of Empress.

Let's go back to 1718, after the execution of Stepan Glebov. The death verdict was passed by Peter and his son Alexei. The court headed by Menshikov sentenced Alexei to death. Or rather, at the behest of Peter, the court sentenced Alexei to death.

And on June 26, 1718, as noted in the garrison book of the Peter and Paul Fortress, at 8 o'clock in the morning Peter arrived at the fortress to Alexei with 9 officials - to personally execute Alexei or personally attend his execution. How Alexei was killed turned out to be a mystery, and is still unknown, one can only guess what the sophisticated Peter could come up with for his son. The next day - June 27, this earthly Satan was having fun with his "most drunken cathedral", widely, wildly celebrating the anniversary of the Battle of Poltava.

By this time, the investigation “in the case” of Maria Hamilton had been going on for more than a year. With her, Peter acted in an original, vindictive way: although she never gave birth, but had abortions, they “sewn” on her some abandoned newborn found dead, and this was the basis for Peter to execute his former mistress. Maria begged him in public until the very last second. Peter himself brought the Scottish beauty to the executioner on March 14, 1719. After that, the people witnessed the “famous scene” - Peter the Great raised the severed head of Mary Hamilton, read a long lecture on anatomy to those around him, then the monster kissed the lips of the severed head and threw it into the dirt.

Try to answer the question - was Peter the Great a man?

By order of the tsar, the subordinates washed the severed head, put it in alcohol and placed it in a glass vessel in the museum - in the Kunstkamera, where Peter often went to relax and admire its beauty - freaks and severed heads.

For two years, Peter was not engaged in state affairs, but in the investigation, torture, and executions.

“The country turned out to be virtually ruled by no one; executive discipline was monstrous, theft of officials became the norm. Even the old employees, who started under Alexei Mikhailovich, were corrupted by the lawlessness organized by the tsar himself ...

The Financial College demanded reporting from the provinces, and in 1718 they sent out requests throughout the country: to send statistics of income and expenses. Not a single piece of paper was sent by any province; in 1719 they were reminded… again of silence,” noted A. Burovsky in his research.

But on a personal level, everything would be fine - all the “enemies” - traitors were executed, a complete “victory!”. Braunschweig-Luneburg resident F.Kh. Weber, describing the celebration of the New Year 1719 in St. Petersburg, noted that “the tsar likened himself to Patriarch Noah, who still looked with indignation at the ancient Russian world ...”. As you can see, Peter is already 47 years old and he never fell in love with Russia.

In 1719, a sad event happened for Peter - he died of an illness. last son from Martha-Ekaterina Petr Petrovich, the planned heir. Peter fell into apathy and spleen, his illness intensified, and after much thought, Peter in 1722 changed the centuries-old legislation on succession to the throne, introduced the emperor’s right to appoint the heir himself in order to prevent the grandson of Peter Alekseevich, the son of the executed Alexei, from the throne, and put him on the throne before her death, a thrice baptized big-husband Jewish woman with a Russian-Swedish name and a Polish surname. At the same time, various kinds of adventurers got a chance to take the Russian throne - such as Menshikov, who could hope that after the death of Peter, his long-time concubine could transfer the throne to him, appoint him emperor, because it was thanks to him that this laundress became queen and empress.

During this period, Peter was told that in the south of internal strife, Persia actually collapsed, and it would not hurt to snatch something from her. And Peter moved a huge army against Persia, which easily, without much resistance, reached Baku. Further progress was stopped by the Ottoman army approaching to help Persia, as a result of which Peter was forced to sign a peace treaty in September 1723 that was beneficial for Russia - Persia ceded the Caucasus to Russia from Dagestan to Baku. But all the material and human efforts, human sacrifices turned out to be in vain, because Russia, greatly weakened during the reign of Peter the Great, after his death, did not dare to fight with Persia, and according to the Reshtek Treaty of 1732 and the Ganja Treaty of 1735, everything conquered peacefully returned to Persia back.

If in the Prut campaign about 5 thousand Russian soldiers and officers died in battle, and 22 thousand died through the fault of Peter as a result of poor organization of the campaign - from cold and hunger, then how many lives Peter the Great ruined this time in the Persian campaign I do not know.

In 1723, Peter the Great was forced to pass a death sentence for embezzlement on his friend, the Jew P.P. Shafirov (1669–1739), but at the last moment he relented and replaced the execution with exile.

52-year-old Peter already felt very bad and took care of the throne - in May 1724 he arranged a grand coronation ceremony for his beloved Martha-Catherine, after whom he previously named a city in Siberia (Sverdlovsk) in 1723. But as already mentioned above, from about 1717, Marta-Catherine “went on a spree” and had many lovers, many knew about this, except for Peter, the courtiers kept the secret in solidarity. She did not stop her pleasures by becoming queen, and empress, and crowned. A few months after the coronation, Peter suddenly suddenly discovered a terrible truth for himself - his beloved Martha-Catherine, the empress had long been cheating on him with the chamberlain, had horned the emperor, betrayed him! Another treason! And with whom? - with Willim Mons, the brother of that Anna Mons, who also instructed the “horns” of the king. Peter was in shock.

“... There is also evidence that since 1724 Peter simply became impotent, and the “mother queen” finally went into all serious trouble,” A. Burovsky noted in his study. In any case, Peter was definitely very ill, and after drinking huge amount alcohol could completely weaken, and 12 years younger than him, Martha-Ekaterina was fragrant with health, and 4 years younger than her, Willim was the court “Apollo” and “love” was understood in a Peter's way.

The severely ill Peter the Great was furious and indescribably furious, jumping, yelling, poking hunting knife into the walls and into everything that came to hand, almost maimed his daughters, broke the door. This was the last person close to him, and he betrayed. Menshikov had long since greatly disappointed Peter with his greed and cunning, and was already in great disgrace. Peter was devastated, disappointed with life, lost all meaning in life, completely alone. This was a natural end to the monster's dirty life: he started with dirt - spent his whole life in mud and blood - and ended his life with mud and blood. He mocked at lives, at Life, and Life responded to him in the same way. Fearing to inflict more pain on himself and make more “discoveries”, Peter interrupted the investigation and cut off Mons’s head on November 16, 1724, put the severed head on a pole on Trinity Square and ominously brought Martha-Catherine to show her lover’s head, not realizing that it was his same shame.

Although he tried to hide his shame, disguise it - the verdict said that Mons would be executed for bribes. Then Peter ordered the competitor's head to be sealed in alcohol and placed in the Kunstkamera. Other betrayals did not become known to Peter, because those close to him who were tied up in secret were not “intrinsically” interested in this, and first of all, his closest friend Menshikov, who, according to some historians, had not broken off contact with his mistress since 1703. Shocked, Peter began to quickly grow weak, drove his wife into separate rooms, then began to impose sanctions: he forbade the courtiers to accept orders and instructions from the empress, then he imposed a “questor” on issuing money to her, and the empress had to borrow money from the courtiers; Peter then tore up his testament to the throne. And it is not known what Peter would have gone to in his rage, or rather, it is known if it were not for his sudden death on January 28, 1725.

It sounds paradoxical or natural - but everyone benefited from the death of a tyrant. And many researchers tend to conclude that Peter's death was hastened, "helped" - poisoned, and in the first place, beloved Marta-Ekaterina and "friend" of childhood Menshikov were interested in this. For if Peter could finish his famous phrase, interrupted by death: “Give everything ...”, then most likely it would be a disaster for them, and so they are completely free, already without any fear of Peter, spent two years at the pinnacle of power in continuous drunkenness and orgies, when, as visiting foreigners wrote, at the Russian imperial court day and night merged into one for this occupation. A. Burovsky noted:

“Peter, as if on purpose, did everything possible so that after him literally nothing was left. He killed a smart, good son who could have ruled after him; He placed a woman on the throne, mortally dangerous for himself and completely unsuitable for the role of empress. Finally, as if on purpose, he brought to power people who were completely incapable of standing at the helm of the state.”

Peter himself gathered all his palace “team”, gave birth, and during his lifetime united them, was the center of their attention and “fastening cement”, but with the death of Peter, this “cement” rallying together disappeared abruptly, freeing his subordinates, and they are free from him , being sometimes in a sober and sane mind, they rigidly intrigued among themselves, built intrigues on each other. The famous historian Klyuchevsky noted: “They began to fool around with Russia immediately after the death of the converter, they hated each other and began to trade Russia as their prey.”

“In general, it must be said that the company of the “chicks of Petrov’s nest” has crept up not only that it is fetid and bad, but also extremely unviable: both short-lived and left no offspring. As soon as Peter died, the members of this circle quarreled, betrayed each other and began to die one by one. And in their descendants these people were barren. If the reader considers that I am a spiteful critic and slandering beautiful people, let him name any of the Menshikovs, Yaguzhinskys, Golovins, Buturlins. Name at least one famous statesman, glorious for his deeds, scientist, writer, artist ... ”, - A. Burovsky noted.

Associated with the life and death of the great Russians. This includes the death of the son of Ivan the Terrible, Tsarevich Dimitri, and the execution of the last Russian Emperor Nicholas II, and the poisoning of I.V. Stalin. At the same time, the substitution of Peter I - is it a fiction or a historical fact, has been repeatedly discussed by historians and has three different options.

The main versions of the substitution of Peter I

The least conspiratorial hypothesis that Tsar Peter I was replaced by a double was put forward by V. Kukovenko, co-founder historical society the city of Mozhaisk, and I. Danilov, head of the Philosophical Assault project. According to them, during the second amusing "Semenovsky" campaign in 1691, the young tsar was mortally wounded during a horse attack or a skirmish. A similar accident has happened before. A year earlier, during an exercise, a grenade exploded in the hands of a soldier, burning the face of Peter I himself and his ally, General Patrick Gordon. Peter's associates, led by the boyar Fyodor Romodanovsky, previously noted an undoubted resemblance to the king of the Dutch shipbuilder Yaan Mush, a Saardam carpenter who arrived in Russia to build a funny fleet. F. Romodanovsky and the commander of the opposing amusing army "Generalissimo" I. Buturlin, saving themselves from the death penalty, and their relatives from repression, replaced Peter I with a Dutch master who was 4 ... 5 years younger than the tsar.

The most convincing and substantiated is the hypothesis proposed by the "subverters" of the modern view of historical science and the developers of the "New Chronology" Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences A.T. Fomenko and associate professor of Moscow State University G.V. Nosovsky. They were the first to note that the official date of Peter's birth did not correspond to the day of his angel. If the king, indeed, was born on May 30, 1672, then he should have been named Isakiy. It was in honor of this name, the real name of the person who replaced the king, that the main church cathedral was named Russian Empire. At the same time, the fact that Russia, starting from 1698 - the year of the return of Peter I from the Great Embassy - was ruled by an impostor, was hinted in a veiled form by the historian P. Milyukov, who wrote an article about the first Russian Emperor for the encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron.

The following facts support this hypothesis:

• the tsar sent his wife, tsarina Evdokia, who gave birth to his son Alexei, to a monastery during his travels in Europe before returning to Russia;
• before the entry of Peter I into Moscow, the remnants of the streltsy army were destroyed, and the streltsy died near Moscow during the battle with an unknown army, under the command of the boyar Shein, about whom no more historical records have been preserved;
• before entering Moscow, the Russian autocrat secretly meets with the Polish king and pays him a “contribution” (according to other sources, a “subsidy”) of 1.5 million gold efimki, which was equal to the annual income of the Muscovite state;
• returning to Moscow, Peter unsuccessfully tried to find Sophia Paleolog's library, the location of which was known only to persons of royal blood and which Princess Sophia repeatedly visited;
• shaving of beards, Western European dancing and entertainment, and the introduction of Western customs began only after the return of the sovereign from the Grand Embassy.

There are two versions of the substitution of Peter I with a double during a trip to Western Europe:

• St. Petersburg mathematician Sergei Albertovich Sall believes that the double of the Tsar of Muscovy was a prominent freemason and relative of William of Orange, the first king of England and Scotland and the only representative on the British throne from the Nassau-Oran dynasty;
• according to the historian Yevgeny Trofimovich Bayda, the double was either a Swede or a Dane named Isaac (hence St. Isaac's Cathedral) and professed the Lutheran religion.

However, to check the versions about whether the substitution of Peter was a fiction or a historical fact, this event can be resolved quite simply. To do this, it is necessary to take, during the next, planned restoration of the tomb of Peter in the Peter and Paul Cathedral, a particle of genetic material, and it will immediately become clear, substitutions, as well as theories about who was the father of the first Russian Emperor - Tsar Alexei Fedorovich or Patriarch Nikon, about whose connections with Peter's mother, Natalya Kirillovna Naryshkina, were slandered by contemporaries.