Examples of modern folklore works of small genres. What is folklore and what genres does it include. Major genres of folklore
Folklore (translated from English "folklore" means "folk wisdom") is folk art, covering all cultural strata of society. The life of people, their views, ideals, moral principles - all this is reflected both in artistic folklore (dances, music, literature) and in material (clothes, kitchen utensils, housing).
Back in 1935, the great Russian writer Maxim Gorky, speaking at the First Congress of Writers of the USSR, accurately described folklore and its significance in public life: "... the deepest artistic images of heroes exist in folklore, oral art people. Svyatogor and Mikula Selyaninovich, Vasilisa the Wise, the ironic Ivan the Fool who never loses heart, Petrushka, who always conquers everyone. These images are created by folklore and they are an inseparable part of the life and culture of our society."
Folklore ("folk knowledge") is a separate scientific discipline on which research is carried out, abstracts are created, dissertations are written. In Russian literature of the 19th century, the terms "folk poetry" and "folk literature" were widely used.
Oral folk art, genres of folklore
Songs, fairy tales, legends, epics - this is far from full list. Oral folk art is a vast layer of Russian culture that has been formed over the centuries. Genres of folklore are divided into two main areas - non-ritual and ritual.
- Calendar - Shrovetide songs, Christmas carols, stoneflies and other examples of folk songwriting.
- Family folklore - wedding songs, lamentations, lullabies, family stories.
- Occasional - spells, counting rhymes, conspiracies, incantations.
Non-ritual folklore includes four groups:
1. Folk drama - religious, crib, Petrushka theater.
2. Folk poetry - ballads, epics, spiritual poems, lyrical songs, ditties, children's songs-poems.
3. Folklore prose is divided into fabulous and non-fabulous. The first includes fairy tales about animals, everyday life, fairy tales, chain tales (for example, the story of Kolobok). Non-fairytale prose is life stories that tell about a person's encounters with images of Russian demonology - mermaids and mermen, sorcerers and witches, ghouls and ghouls. This subcategory also includes stories about the shrines and miracles of the Christian faith, about higher powers. Forms of non-fairytale prose:
- legends;
- mythological stories;
- epics;
- dream books;
- legends;
4. Oral speech folklore: tongue twisters, good wishes, nicknames, proverbs, curses, riddles, teasers, sayings.
The genres of folklore, examples of which are given here, are considered to be the main ones.
Folklore genres in literature
These are poetic works and prose - epics, fairy tales, legends. Many literary forms are also referred to as folklore, which reflects three main directions: dramatic, lyrical and epic. Of course, the genres of folklore in literature are not limited to this, there are many more of them, but the listed categories are a kind of empiricism developed over the years.
Dramatic images
Dramatic folklore art includes folk dramas in the form of fairy tales with an unfavorable development of events and a happy ending. Any legend in which there is a struggle between good and evil can be dramatic. The characters defeat each other with varying degrees of success, but in the end good triumphs.
Genres of folklore in literature. epic component
Russian folklore (epic) is based on historical song works with extensive themes, when the gusliers can tell stories about life in Rus' for hours under quiet string picking. This is a true folklore art, passed down from generation to generation. In addition to literary folklore with musical accompaniment there is oral folk art, legends and epics, legends and tales.
Epic art is usually closely intertwined with the dramatic genre, since all the adventures of the epic heroes of the Russian land are somehow connected with battles and exploits for the glory of justice. The main representatives of epic folklore are Russian heroes, among whom Ilya Muromets and Dobrynya Nikitich stand out, as well as the imperturbable Alyosha Popovich.
Genres of folklore, examples of which can be given endlessly, are built on heroes fighting monsters. Sometimes the hero is helped by an inanimate object with fabulous power. It can be a sword-treasurer, chopping the heads of a dragon with one fell swoop.
Epic tales tell about colorful characters - Baba Yaga, who lives in a hut on chicken legs, Vasilisa the Beautiful, Ivan Tsarevich, who is nowhere without gray wolf, and even about Ivan the Fool - a happy fairy-tale character with an open Russian soul.
Lyric form
This folklore genre includes works of folk art, mostly ritual: love songs, lullabies, funny ditties and lamentations. Much depends on intonation. Even sentences, spells, bells and whistles with the aim of bewitching a loved one, and those can sometimes be classified as folklore lyrics.
Folklore and authorship
Works of the fabulous literary genre(author's) often cannot be formally classified as folklore, such as, for example, Ershov's "The Tale of the Humpbacked Horse" or Bazhov's tale "The Mistress of the Copper Mountain" due to their belonging to the pen of a certain writer. Nevertheless, these stories have their own folklore source, they were told somewhere and by someone in one form or another, and then transcribed by the writer into book form.
Genres of folklore, examples of which are well-known, popular and recognizable, do not need to be specified. The reader can easily figure out which of the authors came up with his own plot, and who borrowed it from the past. Another thing is when the genres of folklore, examples of which are heard by most readers, are disputed by someone. In this case, experts must understand and draw competent conclusions.
Controversial art forms
There are examples when the tales of modern authors in their structure literally ask for folklore, but at the same time it is known that the plot does not have sources from the depths of folk art, but was invented by the author himself from beginning to end. For example, the work of Eduard Uspensky "Three in Prostokvashino". There is a folklore canvas - one postman Pechkin is worth something. Yes, the story itself is fabulous. Nevertheless, if the authorship is determined, then the folklore affiliation can only be conditional. Although many authors believe that distinctions are not at all necessary, art is art, regardless of form. Which genres of folklore coincide with literary canons can be determined by a number of features.
The difference between folklore and literary works
Literary works, such as a novel, a short story, a story, an essay, are characterized by measured, unhurried narration. The reader gets the opportunity to analyze what they read on the go, while delving into the idea of the plot. Folklore works are more impulsive, besides, they contain only their inherent elements, such as saying, beginnings, sayings or singing. Often the narrator slows down the action for greater effect, uses the duality or trinity of the narrative. In folklore, open tautology is widely used, sometimes even accentuated. In the course of parallelism and exaggeration. All these methods are organic for folklore works, although they are completely unacceptable in ordinary literature.
Different peoples, incompatible in their mentality, often combine factors of a folklore nature. Folk art contains universal motifs, such as the common desire for a good harvest. Both the Chinese and the Portuguese think about this, although they live on different ends of the mainland. The population of many countries is united by the desire for a peaceful existence. Since people everywhere are the same in nature, their folklore is not much different, if you do not keep in mind external signs.
The geographical proximity of different nationalities contributes to rapprochement, and this process also begins with folklore. First of all, cultural ties are being established, and only after the spiritual unification of the two peoples do politicians come to the fore.
Small genres of Russian folklore
Small folklore works are usually intended for children. The child does not perceive a long story or fairy tale, but listens with pleasure to the story of the Gray top, which can grab the barrel. In the process of raising children, small genres of Russian folklore appeared. Each work of this form contains a special semantic grain, which in the course of the story turns into either morality or a small moralizing.
However, most of the small forms of the folklore genre are chants, songs, and jokes that are useful for the development of the child. There are 5 genres of folklore that are successfully used in raising children:
- A lullaby is the oldest way to lull a child to sleep. Usually, a melodious melody is accompanied by the rocking of a cradle or bed, so it is important to find a rhythm when singing.
- Pestushki - simple rhymes, melodious wishes, affectionate parting words, soothing lamentations for a child who has just woken up.
- Nursery rhymes are recitative songs that accompany the game with the arms and legs of a baby. Contribute to the development of the child, encourage him to act in an unobtrusive game form.
- Jokes are short stories, often in verse, funny and sonorous, which a mother tells her children every day. Growing kids need to tell jokes in accordance with their age so that children understand every word.
- Rhyming rhymes are small rhymes that develop the child's arithmetic abilities well. They are an obligatory part of collective children's games when it is necessary to draw lots.
Rodionova Vera Anatolievna
Children's folklore. Small folklore forms
Small genres of folklore- are small in size folklore works.
Introducing children to folklore genres comes from early years. These are mother's lullabies folklore works. Some types of unusually rich and diverse Russian folklore were constantly offered to children and found attentive listeners in them. And active performers, this part of Russian oral folk art is usually called children's folklore.
Games are fun with young children. ("Magpie", "Ladushki", "Goat" and others) Riddles, riddles, fairy tales. Folklore interesting for its bright, accessible, understandable to children form. Children with interest, admiration try to imitate an adult, to repeat his action. Repeating poems, nursery rhymes, and tongue-twisters together with an adult, children develop imagination, speech and emotions are enriched. Organs of articulation are exercised. The first acquaintance of a child with the art of the word begins with folklore works. First in life little man lullabies enter, and then others forms oral folk art. As a rule, at the beginning of life, the child gets acquainted with small genres of folklore available to his perception. Fairy tales, songs, proverbs, rhymes, nursery rhymes, tongue twisters and so on, have always been inextricably linked with the experience of folk pedagogy.
Life processes such as dressing, bathing, accompanied by words are very helpful. baby. At these moments, he remembers and responds, accompanies words with actions - plays patty, stamps his feet, dances, moving to the beat.
It not only amuses, but also pleases the child. When listening small folklore forms children are less aggressive. Nursery rhymes, jokes, calls sound affectionately, expressing care, tenderness, faith, well-being.
Malaya form of folklore you can beat different ways. You can use theater (finger, masks, etc.). Different toys can also be used. Playing theater and toys, children quickly imagine and memorize fairy tales, nursery rhymes, etc. Putting on a costume, the child imagines himself to be one or another character.
Lullabies songs- songs performed by a mother or a nanny while rocking a child. Their purpose is to soothe and lull the child with a measured rhythm and monotonous motive, as well as to regulate the movement of the cradle.
The lullaby is one of the oldest genres folklore, which is indicated by the fact that elements of a conspiracy-amulet have been preserved in it. People believed that a person is surrounded by mysterious hostile forces, and if a child sees something bad, terrible in a dream, then in reality this will not happen again. That's why in a lullaby one can find "grey wolf" and other scary characters. Later, lullabies lost their magical elements and acquired the meaning of a good wish for the future. So, Lullaby- a song used to lull a child to sleep. Since the song was accompanied by the rhythmic swaying of the child, the rhythm is very important in it.
The prevailing themes are lulling, inviting assistants to lull, thoughts about the future of the lulled child, often phenomena and objects of the surrounding reality that could interest and amuse the child, if only he understood the words of the song. It is, as it were, an adaptation to the interests of the child; this stylization childishness, by the way, is very clearly reflected in the language (diminutives, affectionate words, children's word formation).
Hush, Little Baby, Do not Say a Word
Hush, Little Baby, Do not Say a Word,
Don't lie on the edge.
A gray wolf will come
He will grab the barrel
And drag him into the woods
Under the willow bush.
To us, top, do not go,
Don't wake our Sasha.
Here people sleep
And the animals are sleeping
Birds sleep on branches
Foxes on the hills
Hares sleep on the grass
Ducks on an ant.
The kids are all in their cradles.
Sleep - sleep, the whole world is told to sleep.
And the cats are grey,
And the tails are white
They ran through the streets
They ran through the streets
Dream and slumber collected
You are cats, cats, cats,
You have yellow tails.
You are cats, cats, cats,
Bring naps.
You, kitty cat,
curly pubis,
Come, kitty, spend the night,
Download our Lida.
Am I something for you, cat.
I'll pay for the work
Give me a jug of milk
Yes, a piece of cake
white daddy
In both paws.
Hush, Little Baby, Do not Say a Word
My sweet love
I took to my nanny
Wind, sun and eagle.
The eagle flew home
The sun hid under the mountain
After the wind of three nights
He returned to his mother.
Vetra asked her mother
Where did you want to disappear?
Chased the waves on the sea
Did you count gold stars?
I did not drive waves on the sea,
Didn't count gold stars
He hooted small children!
Oh-lyuli-people-lyuli
The cranes have arrived
Cranes
Didn't find a way
They sat on the gate
And the gate creak-creak
Don't wake up my Lada
She is sleeping.
Pestushka - comes from the Russian word "nurturing", that is, to nurse, groom, cherish. This is a very short tune of nannies and mothers in a poetic form how they accompany the actions of the child, which he performs at the very beginning of life.
Big feet
Walked along the road:
Top, top, top,
Top, top, top.
small feet
Run along the path:
Top, top, top,
Top, top, top.
weed-ant
She got up from sleep.
Bird - titmouse
I took up the grain
Bunnies - for cabbage,
Mice - for the crust,
Children for milk.
Pull up, pull up
Geese flew low
Pull up, pull ups,
Feathers are soft in the pillow
These fuzzy feathers
They gave the geese to Dusenka.
flowing water,
Under the mountain bath is heated
The cat is washing, in a hurry.
There are 19 kittens
Everyone wants to wash in a warm bath!
Get out of the way cat
Our Tanechka is coming.
Top top, top top
Our Tanechka is coming
It won't fall for anything.
Top top, top top
That's what Tanechka is.
To each his own:
The stove is a log,
Cow - hay,
Grass - calf,
Water for the lamb
And you, son,
A piece of sugar.
cockerel cockerel,
Comb my comb.
Well please, please
I'll comb my curls.
On kitty sips
For a little baby.
A nursery rhyme is an element of pedagogy, a sentence song that necessarily accompanies the game with the fingers, arms and legs of a child. Nursery rhymes, like pestles, are designed to develop a child. Such genres folklore served in their playroom form: they are designed to awaken the child to action. On the one hand, this is a massage, on the other - physical exercise. In this genre children's folklore there are incentives to play out the plot with the help of fingers, palms, hands and facial expressions. Nursery rhymes help the child to instill the skills of hygiene, order, develop fine motor skills hands emotional sphere. The most famous of them: Okay, Magpie.
Okay, okay, where have you been? By Grandma!
What did they eat? Porridge!
And what did they drink? Brazhka!
Butter bowl!
Sweetie brat!
(Grandma is kind)
We drank, we ate, sh-u-u-u.
Shuuu! (Home) Let's fly!
Sat on the head! ("Ladushki" sang)
Forty, forty!
Where was?
The stove was stoked
cooked porridge,
Jumped on the threshold -
Called guests.
The guests have arrived
They sat on the porch.
I gave this
I gave this
I gave this
I gave this
Didn't give it:
He did not walk on water
Didn't cut wood
Pechaka did not drown
Didn't cook the porridge...
There is a horned goat
There is a butted goat:
Legs - top-top!
Eyes - clap-clap!
Who does not eat porridge
Who does not drink milk
Togo gore, gore.
Big wood to cut (thumb).
And you carry water (index,
And you need to heat the stove (nameless,
A baby sing songs(little finger)
Songs to sing and dance
To amuse the brothers.
Songs to sing and dance
To amuse the brothers.
Invocations are one of the types of invocation songs. Such songs are of pagan origin. They reflect the peasant way of life. For example, a rich harvest spell runs through all the songs. For themselves, children and adults asked for health, happiness and wealth. It is also an appeal to the rainbow, the sun and rain, and other natural phenomena. Often referred to animals and birds. Birds were considered harbingers of spring. The forces of nature were revered as living. Usually, people turned to spring with requests, wishing for its speedy arrival, warmth and sun, they complain and complain about winter.
Larks, larks!
Fly to us
Bring us a warm summer
Take the cold winter away from us.
Us Cold winter bored
Hands, feet frostbitten.
rainbow arc,
Break the rain -
Again into the night
Pours with all his might;
Break the thunder
Wouldn't get into the house.
vodka vodichka,
Wash my face!
To make the eyes shine
To make cheeks blush
To laugh mouth,
To bite your teeth!
Rain, rain, more pour!
To make it more fun!
Rain, rain, pour, pour!
For me and people!
Sunshine, show yourself!
Red, gear up!
To year after year
gave us the weather:
warm flyer,
Mushrooms in birch bark,
Berries in a basket
Green peas.
Storm - Baba Yaga,
Go from the sea to the meadows!
There are onions, garlic,
Kissel pot,
oil porridge,
Spoon painted.
You eat, sit
Don't go to the sea!
firefly light,
Shine on your fist.
Shine a little
I'll give you peas
Jug of cottage cheese
And a piece of the pie.
Cranberry,
Show yourself big
yes snowy,
Yes, it's important.
We were looking for you
They jumped over bumps.
Counting-in childhood before the start of any game, we settled with you. In this we were helped by counters. Counting is one of draw forms, a small rhyme with which the leader is determined. The counting table is a very important element that helps children avoid quarrels and establish agreement and respect for accepted rules. Rhythm is very important in the organization of counting rhymes.
One two three four.
Let's count the holes in the cheese.
If there are many holes in the cheese,
So the cheese is delicious.
If it has one hole
So it was delicious yesterday.
The centipede got sick legs:
Ten whine and hum
Five are limping and hurting.
I am a little girl
I don't go to school.
Buy me sandals -
I'm getting married!
Sat on the golden porch:
King, prince, king, prince,
Shoemaker, tailor -
Who will you be?
The German came out of the fog
He took a knife out of his pocket
I will cut, I will beat -
Who will you be friends with?
A month came out of the fog
He took out a knife from his pocket.
I will cut, I will beat -
You still have to drive!
Aty-baty, the soldiers were walking,
Aty-baty, to the market.
Aty-baty, what did you buy?
Aty-baty, samovar.
Aty-baty, how much does it cost?
Aty-baty, three rubles
Aty-baty, what is he like?
Aty-baty, golden.
Aty-baty, the soldiers were walking,
Aty-baty, to the market.
Aty-baty, what did you buy?
Aty-baty, samovar.
Aty-baty, how much does it cost?
Aty-baty, three rubles.
Aty-baty, who's coming out?
Aty-baty, it's me!
Under the mountain by the river
Old gnomes live.
They have a bell
Gilded calls:
Digi digi digi dong
Get out soon!
A phrase built on a combination of sounds that makes it difficult to pronounce words. Tongue twisters are also called tongue twisters. Very often they are used to develop diction and speech. Tongue twisters are rhymed and not rhymed.
Tell me about shopping
About what about purchases?
About shopping, about shopping
About my shopping.
The otter dived into the bucket from the otter.
An otter drowned in a bucket of water.
Frightened bear cub
Hedgehog with a hedgehog and a hedgehog,
Swift with a haircut and a haircut.
Four turtles have four baby turtles.
Four black, grimy little imps
Drawn in black ink drawing.
On the edge of the hut
The old chatterboxes live.
Every old woman has a basket,
In every basket there is a cat,
Cats in baskets sew boots for old women.
Sasha sewed a hat to Sasha,
Sasha hit a bump with his hat.
Sasha walked along the highway and sucked dry.
Rustling with silks in a hut
Yellow dervish from Algeria
And juggling knives
The piece is eaten by figs.
Cuckoo cuckoo bought a hood.
Put on a cuckoo hood.
How funny he is in the hood!
Skinny weak Koschei
Carries a box of vegetables.
The role of riddles is difficult to overestimate. Riddles make children think, look for associations. As a rule, in a riddle, one object is described through another based on similarity. crap:
“A pear is hanging - you can’t eat it”.
A riddle can also be a simple description of an object, for example,
"Two ends, two rings, and in the middle of carnations".
The riddle combines the features of both folk fun, and a test of ingenuity, and ingenuity.
Amazing child!
Just got out of diapers
can swim and dive
like his own mother.
red cheat,
Cunning and dexterous
Got into the shed
Kurt counted.
Rides on someone else's back
carries its cargo.
"Full goreka of geese and swans"
"Two seas, two sorrows on steep
mountains hang on an arc"
"The horse is running - the earth is trembling"
Strong, ringing yes honed.
Whom he kisses, he is off with his feet.
Teasers are short, mocking rhymes that make fun of a particular quality, and sometimes just tied to a name.
Teasers passed to children from an adult environment and grew out of nicknames and nicknames. Later, rhyming lines were added to the nicknames, and teasers formed. Now a teaser can not only associate with a name, but also make fun of any negative traits character: cowardice, laziness, greed, arrogance. However, there were also unreasonable teases.
Vanka-vstanka karapuz,
Put on a big cap.
Loaf eat bread
Grow up to the sky!
Volodya-Volodey -
Full cap of crackers.
crackers hot,
Three pennies change.
Leshka-cake,
head with basket,
peg hat,
Log feet.
donut tree,
Ate a candy bar
Piglet and bull
Drank a pint of milk
Another crate ate bread,
Three baskets of pies.
Our Pasha is thin,
Like a wild straw.
And he puts on shoes -
How the bubble inflates.
Nicholas Basurai,
Get on the barn
There they fight a mosquito,
They'll give you a paw.
Kolya, Kolya, Nikolay,
Stay at home, don't play.
Clean the potatoes
Eat a little.
Dunya donut
Went out into the street
I sat down on a bump,
The mosquito ate.
Roll calls are poems designed to imitate some natural phenomenon or animal.
You have been sent a tribute.
Which Masha?
Our pig!
Did you eat the pie?
No, not me!
And was it delicious?
Titus, and Titus?
Go grind.
Belly hurts.
Go eat porridge.
Where's my big spoon?
Where, Thomas, are you going,
Where are you driving?
Hay to mow.
What do you want hay for?
Feed the cows.
What do you want cows for?
Milk milk.
What do you want milk for?
Children to drink.
Tell: two hundred.
Head in, dough!
-What's better: cherry or plum?
The button is redundant.
I will tell and you speak: "And me too."
We went to the forest.
And me too.
They cut down the trough,
And me too.
Poured slop.
And me too.
Pigs have become.
And me too.
Are you a pig?
"Whose nose?" –
"Mokeev". –
"Where are you going?" –
"To Kyiv". –
"What are you carrying?" –
"Rye". –
"What will you take?" –
"Penny". –
"What will you buy?" – "Kalach". –
"Who will you eat with?"- "One (A)». –
"Don't eat alone! Don't eat alone!"
Fables are short songs or poems in which the real connections between phenomena and objects are deliberately violated, displaced. The focus of the fable is some impossible situation, behind which, however, a quick-witted person guesses the correct state of things.
It is snowing! Such a heat! Birds are coming from the south! Everything around is white-white - Red summer has come!
A horse rode with horns, A goat floated along the pavement, With leaps and bounds a worm walked with a beard!
Because of the forest, because of the mountains Grandpa Egor is riding.
He is on a gray wagon, on a creaky horse,
Belted with an ax
The belt is tucked into the waist
Boots wide open, Zipun on bare feet!
The hedgehog flapped its wings And fluttered like a butterfly.
A hare sitting on a fence, Laughing loudly!
Between heaven and earth
Piglet rummaged
And accidentally tail
Cling to the sky!
The fox ran through the forest
The fox has lost its tail. Vanya went into the forest, found the Fox's tail. The fox came early, brought berries to Vanya,
Vanya asked to give the tail.
You listen, guys, My fairy tale is not rich.
From the humpbacked horse and the bear dancer: Like a motley pig made a nest on an oak tree,
She built a nest, brought out the children. Sixty piglets are sitting on knots. Pigs squeal, they want to fly, they flew, they flew! How a bear flies across the sky,
The bear flies, turns its head! And he carries a cow, Black-motley, white-tailed! And the cow flies and twirls its tail, know the bear mooing: - Let's go to the right! Come on to the left! And now straight ahead!
TO common features Sayings include brevity, conciseness, stability, and widespread use. Sayings can be defined as poetic, ambiguous, widely used in speech, stable short expressions that have figurative meanings of the saying.
"Pig Under the Oak"
"Not of the Brave Ten"
"Neither peahen nor raven"
"Whistling into your fist"
"Got to hell in the middle of nowhere"
"Does not climb into the pocket for a word"
"He fell like snow on his head".
"beat the buckets"
"Dog in the manger"
"When cancer on the mountain whistles"
"After the rain on Thursday"
"Seven miles to heaven and all the forest"
PROVERB - is a logically complete phrase or figurative aphoristic saying.
“The hut is not red with corners - it is red with pies”
"What are rich - so happy"
"What is the hostess - such is the table"
"The brave will find where the timid will lose."
“Without bowing to the ground, you won’t raise a fungus”
“Without labor, you can’t even catch a fish from a pond”
"Take care of your nose in a big frost"
"Under strong feet [road] stones are soft"
Types of small genres of folklore
Lullaby
Lullaby- one of the oldest genres of folklore, as evidenced by the fact that it retained elements of a conspiracy-amulet. People believed that a person is surrounded by mysterious hostile forces, and if a child sees something bad, terrible in a dream, then in reality this will not happen again. That is why in the lullaby you can find the "gray top" and other frightening characters. Later, lullabies lost their magical elements and acquired the meaning of a good wish for the future. So, a lullaby is a song with which a child is lulled to sleep. Since the song was accompanied by the rhythmic swaying of the child, the rhythm is very important in it.
cockle
cockle(from the word to nurture, that is, to nurse, groom) - a short poetic chant of nannies and mothers, with which they accompany the actions of the child, which he performs at the very beginning of his life. For example, when the child wakes up, the mother strokes, caresses him, saying:
Stretches, stretchers,
Across the plump
And in the hands of fatyushki,
And in the mouth of talkers,
And in the head of the mind.
When a child begins to learn to walk, they say:
Big feet
We walked along the road:
Top, top, top
Top, top, top.
small feet
Run along the path:
Top, top, top, top
Top, top, top, top!
nursery rhyme
nursery rhyme- an element of pedagogy, a sentence song that accompanies the game with the fingers, arms and legs of the child. Nursery rhymes, like pestles, accompany the development of children. Small rhymes and songs allow in a playful way to encourage the child to act, while doing massage, physical exercises, stimulating motor reflexes. In this genre of children's folklore, incentives are laid for playing the plot with the help of fingers ( finger games or Ladushki), hands, facial expressions. Nursery rhymes help to instill in the child the skills of hygiene, order, develop fine motor skills and emotional sphere.
Examples
"Magpie"
Option 1
magpie crow, (running finger over palm)
magpie crow,
I gave it to the kids.
(bend fingers)
I gave this
I gave this
I gave this
I gave this
But she didn't give it:
Why didn't you cut wood?
Why didn't you bring water?
Option 2(features in the cartoon "Mouse Song"):
magpie-crow
cooked porridge,
Feeding children:
I gave this
I gave this
I gave this
And she didn't give it.
"Okay" (clap hands on stressed syllables)
Okay, okay, where have you been? By Grandma!
What did they eat? Porridge!
And what did they drink? Brazhka!
Butter bowl!
Sweetie brat!
(Grandma is kind!)
We drank, we ate, sh-u-u-u...
Shuuuu!!! (Home) Let's fly!
Sat on the head! ("Ladushki" sang)
sat down, sat down
Further (Home) flew!!!
joke
joke(from bayat, that is, to tell) - a poetic, short, funny story that a mother tells her child, for example:
Owl, owl, owl,
Big head,
I sat on a stake
looked to the side,
Turned her head.
Proverbs
They teach something.
Road spoon to dinner.
The wolf is afraid not to go into the forest.
Birds of a feather flock together.
You can't pull a fish out of a pond without effort.
Fear has big eyes.
The eyes are afraid, but the hands are doing.
A rolling stone gathers no moss.
A treasure is not needed if the family is in harmony.
Don't have 100 rubles, but have 100 friends.
An old friend is better than two new ones.
A friend in need is a friend indeed.
If you knew where you would fall, you would lay straws.
You lay softly, but sleep hard.
Motherland is a mother, know how to stand up for her.
Seven do not wait for one.
If you chase two hares, you won't catch one.
The bee is small, but it works.
Bread is the head of everything.
Being a guest is good, but being at home is better.
Games
There were special songs for the games. Games could be:
- kissing. As a rule, these games were played at parties and gatherings (usually ended with a kiss between a young guy and a girl);
- ritual. Such games were characteristic of some kind of ritual, holiday. For example, carnival festivities (characteristic fun: removing a prize from the top of a pillar, tug of war, competitions for agility, strength);
- seasonal. Especially common among children, especially in winter time. They played the so-called "Warmers": the leader shows any movements, and everyone else repeats. Or traditional "gates" and "brook".
Kissing game example:
Drake
Drake drove the duck,
Young sulfur drove
Go, Duck, go home,
Go home gray
Duck seven children
And the eighth Drake,
And the ninth herself,
Kiss me once!
In this game, "Duck" stood in the center of the circle, and "Drake" outside, and played like a game of "cat and mouse." At the same time, those standing in a round dance tried not to let the “drake” into the circle.
invocations
invocations- one of the types of exclamatory songs of pagan origin. They reflect the interests and ideas of the peasants about the economy and the family. For example, a rich harvest spell runs through all calendar songs; for themselves, children and adults asked for health, happiness, wealth.
The invocations are an appeal to the sun, rainbow, rain and other natural phenomena, as well as to animals and especially often to birds, which were considered the messengers of spring. Moreover, the forces of nature were revered as living: they turn to spring with requests, wish it to come soon, complain about the winter, complain.
Larks, larks!
Fly to us
Bring us a warm summer
Take the cold winter away from us.
We are tired of the cold winter
Hands, feet frostbitten.
Rhythm
Rhythm- a small rhyme, a form of drawing of lots, with the help of which it is determined who drives in the game. The counting room is an element of the game that helps to establish agreement and respect for the accepted rules. In organizing a counting rhyme, rhythm is very important.
Aty-baty, the soldiers were walking,
Aty-baty, to the market.
Aty-baty, what did you buy?
Aty-baty, samovar.
Aty-baty, how much does it cost?
Aty-baty, three rubles
Aty-baty, what is he like?
Aty-baty, golden.
Aty-baty, the soldiers were walking,
Aty-baty, to the market.
Aty-baty, what did you buy?
Aty-baty, samovar.
Aty-baty, how much does it cost?
Aty-baty, three rubles.
Aty-baty, who's coming out?
Aty-baty, it's me!
Patter
Patter- a phrase built on a combination of sounds that make it difficult to quickly pronounce words. Tongue twisters are also called “pure tongue twisters”, because they contribute and can be used to develop diction. Tongue twisters are both rhyming and non-rhyming.
Greek rode across the river.
He sees a Greek: there is cancer in the river,
He put his Greek hand into the river -
Cancer for the hand of the Greek - DAC!
The bull is stupid, the bull is stupid, the bull's lip was white and dull.
From the clatter of hooves, dust flies across the field.
Mystery
Mystery, like a proverb, is a brief figurative definition of an object or phenomenon, but unlike a proverb, it gives this definition in an allegorical, deliberately obscured form. As a rule, in a riddle one object is described through another based on similar features: “A pear is hanging - you can’t eat it” (lamp). The riddle can also be a simple description of the object, for example: “Two ends, two rings, and in the middle there are carnations” (scissors). This is both folk fun and a test of ingenuity and ingenuity.
The role of riddles and jokes was also played by fables-shifters, which for adults appear as absurdities, but for children - funny stories about what does not happen, for example:
Because of the forest, because of the mountains Grandpa Egor is riding. He is on a gray wagon, On a creaking horse, Belted with an ax handle, A belt is plugged into his belt, Boots are wide open, A zipun is on his bare feet.
General history
Oral folk art (folklore) existed in the preliterate era. Folklore works (riddles, tongue twisters, fables, etc.) were transmitted orally. They memorized by ear. This contributed to the emergence different options the same piece of folklore.
Oral folk art is a reflection of the life, life, beliefs of ancient people. Works of folk art accompany a person from birth. They contribute to the formation and development of the child.
Links
- Irina Gurina. Useful poems and tales for all cases of disobedience
see also
Notes
Wikimedia Foundation. 2010 .
See what "Small genres of folklore" is in other dictionaries:
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Folklore is oral folk art. Fairy tales, proverbs, sayings reflected the wisdom of the people, accumulated experience over the centuries, ideas about the structure of the world, practical experience peasants. Folklore works are still popular, you can often see folk dances, hear songs. Children enjoy reading Russian folk tales. Unfortunately, in the 21st century, not all genres of folklore are known, many are completely forgotten.
1) Problem. Earlier in Rus' there were many genres of small, or children's, folklore. Only riddles, proverbs, sayings and tongue twisters have survived to this day. And what other genres of small folklore are there? Let's try to answer this question.
2) Purpose. Find examples of different small genres of folklore
3) Tasks:
Ask classmates what genres of folklore they know, write down examples.
Find examples in the literature.
Find a definition for each genre.
4) Methods: survey, observation, search.
The object of study is the genres of Russian folklore.
The subject of study is small genres of folklore.
SMALL GENRES OF FOLKLORE
Small genres of folklore These are small pieces of folklore. In some works there is a definition children's folklore, since such folk works enter a person's life very early, long before mastering speech.
Types of small genres of folklore
Lullaby- one of the oldest genres of folklore, as evidenced by the fact that it retained elements of a conspiracy-amulet. People believed that a person is surrounded by mysterious hostile forces, and if a child sees something bad, terrible in a dream, then in reality this will not happen again. That is why in the lullaby you can find the "gray top" and other frightening characters. Later, lullabies lost their magical elements and acquired the meaning of a good wish for the future. So, a lullaby is a song with which a child is lulled to sleep. Since the song was accompanied by the rhythmic swaying of the child, the rhythm is very important in it.
cockle(from the word to nurture, that is, to nurse, groom) - a short poetic chant of nannies and mothers, with which they accompany the actions of the child, which he performs at the very beginning of his life. For example, when the child wakes up, the mother strokes, caresses him, saying:
Stretches, stretchers,
Across the plump
And in the hands of fatyushki,
And in the mouth of talkers,
And in the head of the mind.
When a child begins to learn to walk, they say:
Big feet
We walked along the road:
Top, top, top
Top, top, top.
small feet
Run along the path:
Top, top, top, top
Top, top, top, top!
nursery rhyme- an element of pedagogy, a sentence song that accompanies the game with the fingers, arms and legs of the child. Nursery rhymes, like pestles, accompany the development of children. Small rhymes and songs allow in a playful way to encourage the child to act, while doing massage, physical exercises, stimulating motor reflexes. In this genre of children's folklore, incentives are laid for playing the plot with the help of fingers (finger games or Ladushki), hands, and facial expressions. Nursery rhymes help to instill in the child the skills of hygiene, order, develop fine motor skills and the emotional sphere.
Examples
|
"Magpie" magpie crow, (running finger over palm) |
"Magpie"(option featured in the cartoon "Mouse Song"): magpie-crow |
"Okay" (clap hands on stressed syllables) Okay, okay, where have you been? By Grandma! |
joke(from bayat, that is, to tell) - a poetic, short, funny story that a mother tells her child, for example:
Owl, owl, owl,
Big head,
I sat on a stake
looked to the side,
Turned her head.
Proverbs teach something.
Road spoon to dinner.
To be afraid of a wolf, do not go into the forest.
Birds of a feather flock together.
You can't even pull a fish out of a pond without difficulty.
Fear has big eyes.
The eyes are afraid, but the hands are doing.
A rolling stone gathers no moss.
A treasure is not needed if the family is in harmony.
Don't have 100 rubles, but have 100 friends.
An old friend is better than two new ones.
A friend in need is a friend indeed.
If I knew where you would fall, I would lay straws.
You lay softly, but sleep hard.
Motherland is a mother, know how to stand up for her.
Seven do not wait for one.
If you chase two hares, you won't catch one.
The bee is small, but it works.
Bread is the head of everything.
Being a guest is good, but being at home is better.
Games
There were special songs for the games. Games could be:
kissing. As a rule, these games were played at parties and gatherings (usually ended with a kiss between a young guy and a girl);
ritual. Such games were characteristic of some kind of ritual, holiday. For example, carnival festivities (characteristic fun: removing a prize from the top of a pillar, tug of war, competitions for agility, strength);
seasonal. Especially common among children, especially in winter. They played the so-called "Warmers": the leader shows any movements, and everyone else repeats. Or traditional "gates" and "brook".
Kissing game example:
Drake drove the duck,
Young sulfur drove
Go, Duck, go home,
Go home gray
Duck seven children
And the eighth Drake,
And the ninth herself,
Kiss me once!
In this game, "Duck" stood in the center of the circle, and "Drake" outside, and played like a game of "cat and mouse." At the same time, those standing in a round dance tried not to let the “drake” into the circle.
invocations- one of the types of exclamatory songs of pagan origin. They reflect the interests and ideas of the peasants about the economy and the family. For example, a rich harvest spell runs through all calendar songs; for themselves, children and adults asked for health, happiness, wealth.
The invocations are an appeal to the sun, rainbow, rain and other natural phenomena, as well as to animals and especially often to birds, which were considered the messengers of spring. Moreover, the forces of nature were revered as living: they turn to spring with requests, wish it to come soon, complain about the winter, complain.
Larks, larks!
Fly to us
Bring us a warm summer
Take the cold winter away from us.
We are tired of the cold winter
Hands, feet frostbitten.
Rhythm- a small rhyme, a form of drawing of lots, with the help of which it is determined who drives in the game. The counting room is an element of the game that helps to establish agreement and respect for the accepted rules. In organizing a counting rhyme, rhythm is very important.
Aty-baty, the soldiers were walking,
Aty-baty, to the market.
Aty-baty, what did you buy?
Aty-baty, samovar.
Aty-baty, how much does it cost?
Aty-baty, three rubles
Aty-baty, what is he like?
Aty-baty, golden.
Aty-baty, the soldiers were walking,
Aty-baty, to the market.
Aty-baty, what did you buy?
Aty-baty, samovar.
Aty-baty, how much does it cost?
Aty-baty, three rubles.
Aty-baty, who's coming out?
Aty-baty, it's me!
Patter- a phrase built on a combination of sounds that make it difficult to quickly pronounce words. Tongue twisters are also called "pure tongue twisters" because they contribute to and can be used to develop diction. Tongue twisters are both rhyming and non-rhyming.
Greek rode across the river.
He sees a Greek: there is cancer in the river,
He put his Greek hand into the river -
Cancer for the hand of the Greek - DAC!
The bull is stupid, the bull is stupid, the bull's lip was white and dull.
From the clatter of hooves, dust flies across the field.
Mystery, like a proverb, is a brief figurative definition of an object or phenomenon, but unlike a proverb, it gives this definition in an allegorical, deliberately obscured form. As a rule, in a riddle one object is described through another based on similar features: “A pear is hanging - you can’t eat it” (lamp). The riddle can also be a simple description of the object, for example: “Two ends, two rings, and in the middle there are carnations” (scissors). This is both folk fun and a test of ingenuity and ingenuity.
The role of riddles and jokes was also played by fables-shifters, which for adults appear as absurdities, but for children - funny stories about what does not happen, for example:
Because of the forest, because of the mountains Grandpa Egor is riding. He is on a gray wagon, On a creaking horse, Belted with an ax handle, A belt is plugged into his belt, Boots are wide open, A zipun is on his bare feet.
CONCLUSION
Oral folk art (folklore) existed in the preliterate era. Folklore works (riddles, tongue twisters, fables, etc.) were transmitted orally. They memorized by ear. This contributed to the emergence of different versions of the same folklore work.
Oral folk art is a reflection of the life, life, beliefs of ancient people. Works of folk art accompany a person from birth. They contribute to the formation and development of the child.
Our hypothesis was confirmed, with the help of surveys and observation, we found out that there are not so many children's folklore left to this day, but in fact there are a lot of genres.
Folklore - folk art, which reflects the views of people, their moral principles, features of life. It appeared before the writing. People have been writing songs and fairy tales since ancient times. Legends about gods, heroes, campaigns and various natural phenomena are retold from generation to generation. For all time accumulated great amount various works. Over time, all examples of the activities of poets and writers began to be called oral folk art. Scientists systematized, determined the composition of each direction, gave the works a scientific name.
Folklore forms
There are two large groups: small and large genres. Small ones include:
- Lullaby. Always used to lull and calm the baby.
- Joke. Short story in the form of a verse, which the mother tells the child.
- Proverb. Concise saying that carries a generalized thought, conclusion, allegory. It differs from a proverb in that it consists of a sentence containing a moral.
- Proverb. Displays any phenomenon in life. Its meaning can always be expressed in another phrase. It is not a complete offer.
- Counting. An element of the game that helps establish agreement to accepted rules.
- Patter. A phrase built on a combination of different sounds in such a way as to make it difficult to pronounce quickly.
Small forms include invocations, riddles, pestles. They involve a small amount of folklore works, are often elements of pedagogy. Many of them allow in a playful way to encourage the child to action. For example, nursery rhymes suggest doing massage and physical exercises simultaneously with the spoken speech. The most familiar are "Magpie-Crow", "Ladushki".
Songs were also invented for games, which are divided into three large groups: ritual, kissing, seasonal. The first relate to a holiday, for example, Maslenitsa festivities. Kissers were played at parties, they assumed at the end a kiss of a guy and a girl. Seasonal ones are common among children, for example, "Warmers", "Brook".
Children's folklore
One of the most voluminous is children's folklore. It includes works created by adults for children, as well as those composed by children themselves. The structure of children's literature does not differ from that of adults. Many genres reflect the life and work of the elders, therefore, in this direction, the moral attitudes of the people, their national traits are most fully voiced.
Examples include nurturing poetry or mother poetry. It includes fairy tales, songs, jokes created for kids. The second part - works for older and middle-aged children. This:
- teasers;
- comic or game songs;
- puzzles;
- horror stories;
- mirilki.
Almost all of them are distinguished by their rhythm. A feature of many works is the combination artistic text with the game, the presence of a didactic function. One can recognize cognitive, aesthetic and ethical functions in them.
Children's folklore is part of folk pedagogy. His genres are based on physical and mental characteristics children of different age groups. The artistic form is also special: the direction has its own specific figurative system, an inclination towards rhythmic speech or play.
It is not always possible to draw a line between children's and maternal folklore, because from the age of 4-5, children begin to actively imitate adults, repeating their texts. Children's folklore can be found in the children's poetry of such authors as K. I. Chukovsky, S. Ya. Marshak, S. V. Mikhalkov.
Major genres of folklore
This type includes:
- fairy tale;
- epic;
- giving;
- legend.
Fairy tale
The tale is an entertaining oral story with an instructive focus. hallmark of this genre is the presence of a miracle, fiction. Fairy tales are magical, everyday, about animals. Examples include "The Frog Princess", "Porridge and an Axe".
Truth and good triumph in fairy tales. You can always find the right solutions in them or life paths. The secrets of the ancient world outlook are also revealed. A fairy tale makes a child a participant in a fantasy world, makes him empathize with the characters.
Bylina
Epics - ancient songs, in which all sides of the historical and household life Russian people. They amaze with the richness of plots and motives, the power of artistic images.
There are about a hundred epic stories in the Russian epic. There are more than 2,000 entries. Many of them belong to ancient times. Epics always tell about the struggle of two principles. The most famous heroes include Ilya Muromets, Dobrynya Nikitich and Alyosha Popovich. These characters are collective images that capture the features of real people. The leading device in epic narration is hyperbole.
Tradition
For example, "The Legend of the Conquest of Siberia by Yermak" is one of them. This is a story about real people and events of the past, which had to be passed on to future generations. Tradition shows reality in ordinary forms, but fiction or fantasy is used. The direction is characterized by references to ancestors, old people. Events always take place around historical figures who are presented in a good light.
The basis may be such facts as a war with foreign invaders, a peasant revolt, large-scale construction, a crowning of the kingdom. There are two ways to create legends: generalization of memories, generalization and design using ready-made plot forms. The second variety is more popular, since common motifs pass from century to century, but are associated with different events and persons.
Legends are:
- historical;
- ethnographic;
- cultural;
- toponymic and others.
Legend
Refers to non-fabulous prose folklore. This is a poetic story about historical event. Heroes are the main characters. Often there are gods and other supernatural forces in the legend. Events are often exaggerated, fiction is added to them. Therefore, scholars do not consider the legends to be completely reliable historical evidence.
Russian folk legends are heterogeneous in plot and theme. They are divided into several groups:
- About the creation of the world. Often associated with biblical stories, there may be linguistic elements;
- About animals. Such a narrative tells not only about the origin of a certain species, but also about their features.
- About Christ, saints. They talk about hell and heaven, helping people.
- About the punishment of the evil and the forgiveness of sinners. They can learn about how bad person refused to help the good, for which he was punished. Good people are always rewarded.
- ABOUT family values. In them, the narrative is built on the relationship between spouses, parents and children, brothers and sisters.
Examples include: "Miracle at the Mill", "Poor Widow", "Golden Stirrup" and others.
Calendar and ritual songs
These are songs that were sung during various ceremonies: “There was a birch in the field”, “Kolyada-kolyada!”, “Serve the pie”. Such works are associated with the labor of peasants, natural phenomena and holidays. All calendar rituals are associated with solstices and equinoxes.
Rites were always aimed at achieving a specific goal: curing diseases, giving birth to a child. The vast majority of such actions were accompanied by calendar songs. Sometimes they were combined with other forms: lamentations, lamentations. The most common genre of ritual folklore was incantations and incantations. These are magical texts that accompany any ritual.
In conclusion, we note that all works can be divided into lyrical and dramatic. The former include lullabies, ditties, love and ritual songs. Dramatic include works of folklore that contain stage elements of performance.
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