The principle of operation of anti-tank hedgehogs. Antitank hedgehog. Types of anti-tank barriers

Who invented the anti-tank "hedgehog".

Many often and with pleasure review Soviet films about the war. Almost in each of them we definitely meet this engineering structure. Several rails welded together, resembling a six-pointed star.

The whole course of the Great Patriotic War clearly showed that not only complex weapons systems with excellent performance can be effective, but also simple and cheap products. So, a small anti-tank mine can not only seriously damage, but completely destroy an enemy tank, and a simple concrete pyramid can simply not let it into its territory. Among these simple and effective types obstacles and armaments, anti-tank hedgehogs received special fame during the war years. Extremely simple and easy to manufacture, they greatly helped the Red Army soldiers in battles and even managed to become symbols of the war.

Many often and with pleasure review Soviet films about the war. Almost in each of them we definitely meet this engineering structure. Several rails welded together, resembling a six-pointed star.

For many years, this military engineering structure was considered a product of soldier's creativity. And no one thought that the "hedgehog" has an author who had to work hard to create an effective barrier to German tanks.

Rows of concrete gouges, Aachen, Germany

barriers various types have been used in military affairs since time immemorial. Also in Ancient Rome collapsible wooden structures were used, installed in those areas where it was necessary to prevent the enemy from breaking through. Over time, this idea only developed, combined with other inventions, such as barbed wire, etc. However, the appearance on the battlefield of tanks, which were originally created as a means of breaking through obstacles, required retaliatory actions to maintain defense.

First, gouges appeared - granite or concrete blocks installed in tank-hazardous areas. They were quite effective in deterring the enemy, which, however, was more than offset by the complexity of manufacturing and installation. Something simpler was needed.

Major General technical troops Mikhail Gorikker went down in history primarily as the inventor of the "anti-tank hedgehog", also known as the "slingshot" and "Gorikker's star". For more than half a century, the name of the inventor of the "hedgehogs" was unknown to the general public. The “secret” stamp tightly enveloped the many years of work of a talented military engineer.

So what is the genius of the "hedgehog"? In the simplicity of its design. The profile or rails were cut into approximately equal pieces. Then the cut pieces were welded to each other in the form of the letter "Zh". And that's it, an insurmountable barrier for German technology ready.

Gorikker proposed to assemble a six-pointed structure from rolled metal, which he called "asterisk". Theoretically, any suitable metal part could be used as raw material for sprockets. However, from the calculations of General Gorikker it followed that the I-profile is optimal. Other types of rolled products - a square beam, a tee or a channel - did not fit in terms of strength. Gorikker proposed riveting with scarves as a way to connect beams. In principle, if possible, welding was also allowed, however, even here everything rested on the strength of the structure: for sufficient rigidity and strength, scarves should have been used on the welded sprocket bigger size, which, in turn, led to unnecessary material costs.

However, in this case, an accurate calculation of welding was required. "Hedgehog" was not supposed to be higher than the beginning of the frontal armor plate of the tank. Its height was 80 cm. Tests proved that the "correct hedgehog" could withstand a collision with a tank weighing 60 tons. The next phase of organizing the defense was the effective installation of barriers. The defense line of "hedgehogs" - four rows in a checkerboard pattern - turned into a serious problem for tanks. The meaning of the "hedgehog" is that he had to be under the tank, and the tank - to stand on its hind legs. As a result, the armored vehicle finally stopped, “hovering” above the ground, and it could be knocked out with anti-tank weapons. The "Gorriker stars", as the barriers were called in some documents, turned out to be so "ideal" that they did not require further refinement in the future. This invention became one of the symbols of the Battle of Moscow in the winter of 1941. About 37,500 "hedgehogs" were placed on the near lines of defense of the capital of the USSR alone. In Khimki there is a monument to anti-tank hedgehogs, but there is no name of their creator.

Film director Vladimir Gorikker, the son of a general, made a lot of efforts to have a memorial plaque in honor of his father appear in Moscow. “I remember the first days after the Nazi attack on the USSR. Father was appointed to command the defense of Kyiv, to which the enemy was approaching. There was a lot of work, but, returning home late in the evening, dad, instead of even a little rest, “requisitioned” from me toy models of tanks, which he himself had given earlier, and almost all night long conjured over them, rearranging them on the table along with some constructions of matches connected with glue or plasticine. To me, the kid, the purpose of these gizmos was not clear. I even thought that my father was simply trying to distract himself in this way, struggling with insomnia. But, one day, he returned earlier than usual, literally beaming, and almost from the threshold of the apartment shouted enthusiastically: “We ruined two tanks !!!”. Here are those on! The family knew how carefully he treats the preservation of equipment, how he gives reprimands even for minor violations that can lead to damage to tanks, and here he does not hide his joy at the breakdown of two combat vehicles ... Only much later did I understand the full significance of the event, which happened that day at the Syrets training ground of the Kiev Tank Technical School, ”recalls the son of the famous military engineer.

Manufacturing anti-tank hedgehogs on the outskirts of Moscow.

The simplicity of the proposed barrier made it possible to start testing it already in the first days of July. A commission arrived at the small tank track of the Kyiv Tank Technical School and several stars were delivered. An interesting fact is that the test stars were made from rail scrap. As it later turned out, the origin of the raw material does not affect the protective qualities of Gorikker's invention. T-26 and BT-5 were used as tanks trying to overcome the barriers. The results of test runs of tanks on a four-row barrier were simply remarkable. So, during his first attempt to drive through the rows of sprockets, the T-26 tank lost the oil pump hatch and damaged the oil system. A few minutes later, all the oil in the tank leaked out and fighting machine was unable to continue her "raid". It took several hours to repair. BT-5 got off a little better: having accelerated, he was able to overcome the stars. However, this cost him a bent bottom and a damaged transmission. Needed repairs again. The very first attempts to overcome the barrier of stars clearly showed their effectiveness to the testers of the tank track. Kyiv school instructed to choose the optimal order for arranging a new barrier. As a result, it was recommended to arrange the stars in rows every four meters, and the distance along the front should be one and a half meters for the front row and 2-2.5 m for the remaining rows. In this case, having accelerated and crossed the first row, the tank could no longer continue high-speed movement and simply got stuck between the rows of sprockets, simultaneously receiving damage to the hull and, sometimes, internal units.

Here is an excerpt from the act of testing carried out on July 3, 1941. “A commission consisting of the Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party / used / U for mechanical engineering comrade. Bibdychenko, head Department of the Defense Industry of the Central Committee Comrade. Yaltansky, secretary of the CPC comrade. Shamrilo, Chief of the Kyiv Garrison, Major General Comrade. Gorikker, Directors of factories: Bolshevik - comrade Kurganov, 225 comrade. Maksimova, Lenkoznya comrade. Merkuriev and representatives of the KTTU, Colonel Raevsky and military engineer 2nd rank Kolesnikov, tested an anti-tank obstacle - a 6-pointed sprocket made of scrap rails, the proposal of Major General of the technical troops Comrade. Gorikker.

Test Conclusion: The tank was forced to stop, as the fang [of the barrier] got between the caterpillar and the drive wheel of the caterpillar, and the fang of the sprocket of the 3rd line of the barrier, resting on the bottom of the bow of the tank, lifted the latter into the air. This position without outside help makes it impossible to continue driving. Stopping the tank on the barrier is the most effective phenomenon for shooting it with artillery at previously targeted sections of the established barrier.

Conclusion: "The Commission considers that anti-tank obstacles six-pointed stars are an effective anti-tank barrier, this type of barrier can be widely used in the area of URs, fashion shows and especially important directions».

On the same tests, we selected optimal dimensions six pointed star. The height of the finished barrier should lie in the range from one to one and a half meters. The reasons for this are as follows: the sprocket should be higher than the ground clearance of the tank, but at the same time its upper part should not rise beyond the upper cut of the lower frontal plate. In this case, the tankers who first met the stars, seeing the small size of the obstacle and the absence of any attachment to the ground, may simply want to move it to the side. The driver begins to move forward, the sprocket falls under the lower front plate, and from there it “creeps” under the bottom of the tank. In addition, in some cases, the sprocket can turn under the front of the armored vehicle. One way or another, the tank that drove onto the sprocket finds itself in a very uncomfortable position: the front part is suspended in the air. Moreover, the tracks that have risen above the ground cannot provide proper adhesion to the surface, and the tank can no longer move off the sprocket without outside help. An armored vehicle, designed to suppress enemy firing points, itself becomes a fairly easy target.

The ease of manufacture of Gorikker sprockets, combined with their efficiency, influenced further fate inventions. In the most as soon as possible a manual for the manufacture of barriers was distributed to all parts of the Red Army. For characteristic appearance in the army, this barrier was nicknamed the hedgehog. It was under this name that the anti-tank asterisk of Gorikker went down in history. The simplicity of production and the low cost of raw materials made it possible to make tens of thousands of anti-tank hedgehogs in the shortest possible time and install them on a large part of the front. In addition, even when assembled, the hedgehog could be transported from place to place, which also improved the reputation of the new barrier. In general, the new hedgehog fell in love with the Red Army. Much more he "liked" German tankmen. The fact is that at first everything went exactly as Gorikker had intended - seeing an unfamiliar but loose barrier, the tankers tried to move it and drive further, which led to spending time in a literally suspended state. An unpleasant event, especially if there is a Soviet anti-tank gun somewhere nearby. It is hardly possible to imagine a better target than a stationary tank raised above ground level. Finally, in a completely unfortunate set of circumstances, the hedgehog beam pierced the lower frontal plate or bottom, passed inside the tank and caused damage to the engine or transmission. Features of the placement of the transmission on German tanks Pz Kpfw III and PzKpfw VI only increased the chances of the vehicle getting such damage.

True, the Germans quickly realized that they should first make passages in the barriers, and then only go along them. Here, to some extent, they were helped by the fact that hedgehogs were not fixed to the surface of the earth in any way. A couple of tanks with the help of tow ropes could quickly make a gap for the passage of troops. The Red Army answered this with a bookmark anti-personnel mines next to the hedgehogs, as well as, if possible, the placement of machine guns or anti-tank guns close to the fence. Thus, attempts to pull the hedgehogs apart or tie them to the tank were severely punished by machine-gun and even artillery fire. Soon, another trick appeared to make it difficult to make passages: hedgehogs began to be tied to each other and tied to various objects on the ground. As a result, German tankers and sappers had to first solve the "puzzle" with cables and chains, and only after that remove the hedgehogs themselves. And do all this under enemy fire.

However, as is often the case with a great idea, there were also unsuccessful incarnations. So, often for reasons of economy or for other similar reasons, hedgehogs were made not from I-beams, but from other profiles. Naturally, the strength of such barriers was less than necessary, and sometimes the tank could simply crush the “wrong” hedgehog. Another problem with the Gorikker asterisk was its exacting location - it needed a hard surface to effectively counter tanks. Asphalt was best suited, which was strong enough to withstand the pressure of the tank on the hedgehog. As for even harder concrete, it was not recommended to put hedgehogs on it. The fact is that the friction on such a surface was insufficient and the tank could move the hedgehog, and not run into it. Finally, at some points in the war, hedgehogs could not perform their duties for more pleasant reasons. For example, on the outskirts of Moscow, such barriers were installed in the fall of 1941. But, fortunately, the Red Army did not allow the enemy to get close to the hedgehogs on the outskirts of the capital

Anti-tank hedgehogs of the system of Major General M.L. Gorikker played important role in the Great Patriotic War. They helped with relatively small forces to improve the army's ability to contain the enemy. It should be noted that not only the Red Army used Gorikker's invention. The Germans, retreating, also actively used a simple barrage structure of three rails and fasteners. On the way to all the important points of the German defense, the Red Army had to see familiar angular objects. And the allies, having landed in Normandy, were also able to get acquainted with Soviet means barriers. There is an interesting opinion that the Germans themselves did not produce hedgehogs, but only dismantled and stored the Soviet ones, which came in handy by the end of the war. In any case, this is how, according to some historians, one can explain a large number of hedgehogs in front of the German positions at that stage of the war, when Germany experienced serious difficulties even with the production of weapons.

In early September 1941, General Gorikker was recalled to Moscow, where he held the posts of head of the Main Directorate of the Motor Transport and Road Service of the Red Army, head of the auto control of the Leningrad Front, head of the inspection of the Main Motor Transport Directorate of the Red Army. After the war, he commanded automobile schools, died in Moscow in 1955. By the way, the Germans subsequently used the idea of our "hedgehogs" during the defense in 1944-1945.

The legendary defensive barrier "hedgehog" played a decisive role in the course of hostilities during the Great Patriotic War. "Hedgehogs" stopped more than one german tank. A monument to them stands at the entrance to the city of Khimki. Today, however, few people remember their creator, Mikhail Gorikker. Only thanks to documents accidentally found in the home archive, the son of the general, film director Vladimir Gorikker, managed to find irrefutable evidence that it was his father who designed the “anti-tank hedgehog”.

General Gorikker was not only an outstanding inventor, but also a brave soldier. Participated in the First and Second World Wars and was awarded the soldiers' St. George's Crosses of the 3rd and 4th degrees, as well as the Orders of Lenin, the Red Banner, the Red Star and the Patriotic War of the 1st degree.

Mikhail Lvovich Gorikker was born in 1895 in the city of Berislav, Kherson province. He graduated from the Pedagogical College in 1912, worked as a teacher, participated in the First World War. Since 1918 - in the Red Army, participant civil war. After graduating from the Military Academy of Mechanization and Motorization of the Red Army. Stalin Gorikker served as a military engineer of the motorized mechanized troops of the Red Army, commanded experienced tank units, served as head of the Moscow Tank Technical School. In 1940, Gorikker was one of the first to receive the rank of Major General of the Technical Troops.

Gorikker took part in the Great Patriotic War from the very first days. In June 1941, while remaining the head of the Kyiv Tank Technical School, he was also appointed head of the Kyiv garrison and head of the defense of Kyiv. On July 3, 1941, on the twelfth day of the war, Gorikker conducted the first successful tests of the "anti-tank hedgehog" at a training ground near Kiev. After the war, General Gorikker served as head of the Ryazan, and then the Ordzhonikidze Military Automobile School, and in 1951 he resigned.

Among such simple and effective types of obstacles and weapons, anti-tank hedgehogs received special fame during the war years. Extremely simple and easy to manufacture, they greatly helped the Red Army soldiers in battles and even managed to become symbols of the war.

Anti-tank hedgehogs on the outskirts of Moscow

Barriers of various types have been used in military affairs since time immemorial. Even in ancient Rome, collapsible wooden structures were used, which were installed in those areas where it was necessary to prevent the enemy from breaking through. Over time, this idea only developed, combined with other inventions, such as barbed wire, etc. However, the appearance on the battlefield of tanks, which were originally created as a means of breaking through obstacles, required retaliatory actions to maintain defense.

First, gouges appeared - granite or concrete blocks installed in tank-dangerous areas. They were quite effective in deterring the enemy, which, however, was more than offset by the complexity of manufacturing and installation. Something simpler was needed. The decision appeared in June 1941. Apparently, the idea existed even before that, but the outbreak of war spurred the creation of a new barrier. In the very first days of the war, Major General of the Technical Troops M.L. Gorikker, being the head of the Kyiv military technical school, receives a new assignment. He becomes the head of the Kyiv garrison. Gorikker "marks" the beginning of his service in a new place with a technical proposal. He claims that his invention can be made even in the most difficult conditions and it will still perform its functions.

Rows of concrete gouges, Aachen, Germany

Gorikker proposed to assemble a six-pointed structure from rolled metal, which he called "asterisk". Theoretically, any suitable metal part could be used as raw material for sprockets. However, from the calculations of General Gorikker it followed that the I-profile is optimal. Other types of rolled products - a square beam, a tee or a channel - did not fit in terms of strength. Gorikker proposed riveting with scarves as a way to connect beams. In principle, if possible, welding was also allowed, but even here everything rested on the strength of the structure: for sufficient rigidity and strength, larger scarves had to be used on the welded sprocket, which, in turn, led to unnecessary consumption of materials.

It took several hours to repair. BT-5 got off a little better: having accelerated, he was able to overcome the stars. However, this cost him a bent bottom and a damaged transmission. Needed repairs again. The very first attempts to overcome the barrier of stars clearly showed their effectiveness, and the testers of the Kyiv school tankodrome were instructed to choose the optimal order for arranging a new barrier. As a result, it was recommended to arrange the stars in rows every four meters, and the distance along the front should be one and a half meters for the front row and 2-2.5 m for the remaining rows. In this case, having accelerated and crossed the first row, the tank could no longer continue high-speed movement and simply got stuck between the rows of sprockets, simultaneously receiving damage to the hull and, sometimes, internal units.

Anti-tank hedgehogs on the Moscow streets. 1941

On the same tests, the optimal dimensions of the six-pointed sprocket were also selected. The height of the finished barrier should lie in the range from one to one and a half meters. The reasons for this are as follows: the sprocket should be higher than the ground clearance of the tank, but at the same time its upper part should not rise beyond the upper cut of the lower frontal plate. In this case, the tankers who first met the stars, seeing the small size of the obstacle and the absence of any attachment to the ground, may simply want to move it to the side. The driver begins to move forward, the sprocket falls under the lower front plate, and from there it “creeps” under the bottom of the tank. In addition, in some cases, the sprocket can turn under the front of the armored vehicle. One way or another, the tank that drove onto the sprocket finds itself in a very uncomfortable position: the front part is suspended in the air. Moreover, the tracks that have risen above the ground cannot provide proper adhesion to the surface, and the tank can no longer move off the sprocket without outside help. An armored vehicle, designed to suppress enemy firing points, itself becomes a fairly easy target.

The simplicity of manufacturing Gorikker's stars, combined with their efficiency, influenced the further fate of the invention. In the shortest possible time, the manual for the manufacture of barriers was distributed to all parts of the Red Army. For its characteristic appearance in the troops, this barrier was nicknamed the hedgehog. It was under this name that the anti-tank asterisk of Gorikker went down in history. The simplicity of production and the low cost of raw materials made it possible to make tens of thousands of anti-tank hedgehogs in the shortest possible time and install them on a large part of the front. In addition, even when assembled, the hedgehog could be transported from place to place, which also improved the reputation of the new barrier. In general, the new hedgehog fell in love with the Red Army. Much more he "liked" the German tankers.

The fact is that at first everything went exactly as Gorikker had intended - seeing an unfamiliar but loose barrier, the tankers tried to move it and drive further, which led to spending time in a literally suspended state. An unpleasant event, especially if there is a Soviet anti-tank gun somewhere nearby. It is hardly possible to imagine a better target than a stationary tank raised above ground level. Finally, in a completely unfortunate set of circumstances, the hedgehog beam pierced the lower frontal plate or bottom, passed inside the tank and caused damage to the engine or transmission. Features of the placement of the transmission in German PzKpfw tanks III and PzKpfw VI only increased the chances of the vehicle getting such damage.

Residents of Stalingrad install anti-tank hedgehogs on the city street

True, the Germans quickly realized that they should first make passages in the barriers, and then only go along them. Here, to some extent, they were helped by the fact that hedgehogs were not fixed to the surface of the earth in any way. A couple of tanks with the help of tow ropes could quickly make a gap for the passage of troops. The Red Army responded by laying anti-personnel mines next to the hedgehogs, and, if possible, placing machine guns or anti-tank guns near the barrier. Thus, attempts to pull the hedgehogs apart or tie them to the tank were severely punished by machine-gun and even artillery fire. Soon, another trick appeared to make it difficult to make passages: hedgehogs began to be tied to each other and tied to various objects on the ground. As a result, German tankers and sappers had to first solve the "puzzle" with cables and chains, and only after that remove the hedgehogs themselves. And do all this under enemy fire.

The fact is that the friction on such a surface was insufficient and the tank could move the hedgehog, and not run into it. Finally, at some points in the war, hedgehogs could not perform their duties for more pleasant reasons. For example, on the outskirts of Moscow, such barriers were installed in the fall of 1941. But, fortunately, the Red Army did not allow the enemy to get close to the hedgehogs on the outskirts of the capital.

Anti-tank hedgehogs of the system of Major General M.L. Gorikker

And the allies, having landed in Normandy, were also able to get acquainted with the Soviet barrier. There is an interesting opinion that the Germans themselves did not produce hedgehogs, but only dismantled and stored the Soviet ones, which came in handy by the end of the war. In any case, this is how, according to some historians, one can explain the large number of hedgehogs in front of the German positions at that stage of the war, when Germany experienced serious difficulties even with the production of weapons.

Currently, anti-tank hedgehogs are almost completely out of use, although occasionally they can be seen next to military units or similar objects. Also, the anti-tank hedgehog, being one of the symbols of the Great Patriotic War, was actively used by sculptors in the creation of monuments. For example, a monument with hedgehogs on the Leningrad Highway not far from Moscow marks the line at which the German troops were stopped. Similar memorials can be found almost all over Europe, in places where there were battles.

Tank IS-2 overcomes concrete anti-tank hedgehogs

Anti-tank hedgehog

Anti-tank hedgehogs on the border of the Czech Republic and Germany

Anti-tank hedgehog- the simplest anti-tank barrier, which is a voluminous six-pointed star. This defense tool was invented in 1941 by Mikhail Lvovich Gorikker, major general of the technical troops, then head of the defense of Kyiv and head of the Kyiv tank school. Hedgehogs are less effective than mines and other barriers, but they can be large quantities made from improvised materials without the use of high technology and easy to transfer from one site to another, which is especially valuable in wartime.

Application and principle of operation

The hedgehog is made from three pieces of rolled steel (usually an I-beam - a rail, a corner, etc., are less durable) so that the ends of the beams form an octahedron. The beams are connected with rivets on scarves (the structure must withstand the weight of the tank - up to 60 tons). On hedgehogs industrial production leave holes for barbed wire, one of the beams is made removable. To complicate the work of enemy sappers, hedgehogs can be connected with chains or cables, mine the area around, etc.

Hedgehogs are installed on solid ground (asphalt street surfaces are best suited). Concrete is not good - the hedgehog will slide on concrete. If the tanker tries to push the hedgehog away, it rolls under the bottom, and the tank is raised. The tracks lose their grip on the ground, the tank begins to slip and is often unable to move off the hedgehog; a protruding beam can even pierce the bottom. The defending forces can only destroy the stopped tanks and prevent the tankers from pulling the hedgehogs apart with tow ropes. And if the enemy led the tanks in a different way, the anti-tank defense, all the more, fulfilled its task.

Hedgehogs are about 1 m in height - more than the ground clearance of the tank, but below its front plate. It is not advisable to make larger hedgehogs - a hedgehog that is higher than the frontal plate will be easily moved by the tank.

Story

Steel beams, originally intended for the construction of the Palace of Soviets, were used to manufacture anti-tank hedgehogs for the defense of Moscow.

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See what the "Anti-tank hedgehog" is in other dictionaries:

Anti-tank… Spelling Dictionary

ANTI-TANK, anti-tank, anti-tank (military). Acting against tanks. Anti-tank artillery. Anti-tank defense. Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov. D.N. Ushakov. 1935 1940 ... Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov

ANTI-TANK, oh, oh. Acting against tanks, protecting against tanks. Anti-tank artillery. P. ditch. Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 ... Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov

App. Designed to fight tanks, to protect against tanks. Explanatory Dictionary of Efremova. T. F. Efremova. 2000... Modern Dictionary Russian language Efremova

Anti-tank, anti-tank, anti-tank, anti-tank, anti-tank, anti-tank, anti-tank, anti-tank, anti-tank, anti-tank, anti-tank, anti-tank, anti-tank, anti-tank, ... ... Word forms

antitank- anti-ank ... Russian spelling dictionary

antitank - … Spelling Dictionary of the Russian Language

Aya, oh. Designed to deal with enemy tanks or to protect against them. P. ditch. P th nudges. Second grenade. First artillery ... encyclopedic Dictionary

antitank- oh, oh. Designed to deal with enemy tanks or to protect against them. Counter/nkovy ditch. P th nudges. Second grenade. First artillery ... Dictionary of many expressions

antitank- against / about / tank / s / th ... Morphemic spelling dictionary

Books

A set of tables. Weapons of Russia (8 tables), . Educational album of 8 sheets. Art. 5-8617-008 Tokarev pistol (TT). Makarov pistol (PM). Sniper rifle Dragunov (SVD). Kalashnikov assault rifle (AKS-74, AKS-74 U). Kalashnikov machine gun…

Anti-tank hedgehog, so well known from documentary footage and photographs initial period The Great Patriotic War was invented in June 1941 by the head of the Kyiv garrison, the head of the Kyiv Tank Technical School, Major General of the Technical Troops Gorikker M.L.

The inventor of the anti-tank hedgehog, Major General of the Technical Troops Gorikker Mikhail Lvovich (1895-1955). During the First World War, a soldier of the Russian Army. Awarded with two St. George's crosses. During the Civil War, commissar of field hospitals of the Southwestern Front, commissar of command courses for heavy artillery, commissar of infantry command courses. At the end of the Civil War, the chief inspector of the Political Directorate of the Red Army for military educational institutions.
From 1929 to 1933 he was a student of the Military Academy of Mechanization and Motorization of the Red Army named after Stalin. Upon graduation from the academy, he was appointed head of the Moscow Tank Technical School. In 1938, together with the school, he moved to Kyiv.
In June-July 1941, being the head of the Kyiv Tank Technical School, he was also the head of the Kyiv garrison and the head of the defense of Kyiv.
During the war years, he successively occupied the posts of head of the motor transport department of the Main Directorate of the Motor Transport and Road Service of the Red Army, head of the operation and road transportation department of the Main Automobile Directorate, head of the auto department of the Leningrad Front, head of the inspection of the Main Motor Transport Directorate of the Red Army.
In the post-war years, the head of the Ordzhonikidzevsky, then the Ryazan Automobile School.
He was awarded the Order of Lenin, two Orders of the Red Banner of War, the Order of the Patriotic War, the Order of the Red Star, the Order of the Badge of Honor, the Medal of the XX Years of the Red Army, the medals "For the Defense of Moscow", For the Defense of Leningrad", For the Defense of Stalingrad", "For the Victory over Germany" and other medals.
In conclusion, it should be noted that when describing the anti-tank hedgehog in the article "Anti-tank hedgehogs", the author of the article did not yet know that the Germans also appreciated this type of barriers. Indeed, in the tanks Pz Kpfw II, Pz Kpfw III, Pz Kpfw IV, hedgehogs, among other things, also pierced the bottom, damaged the transmission or engine.
In the final period of the war (autumn 44 - spring 45), during the fighting in Poland, Pomerania, Berlin, our tankers met, only from the other side of their old acquaintances - anti-tank hedgehogs, which the Germans widely used in the same capacity as the Red Army in 41 This is what V.N. Starovoitov. It remains only unclear - whether the economic and thrifty Germans then in the 41st until hard times soviet hedgehogs, or they made them themselves at the end of the war. Most likely the first. Then they no longer had enough metal, time or energy to make them.
Below are published documents confirming that the anti-tank hedgehog was invented in June 1941 by the head of the Kyiv garrison, Major General of the Technical Troops Gorikker Mikhail Lvovich. The documents were presented to the author of the article by the son of the inventor Gorikker V.M. and the grandson Smelkov V.V. The original copies of these documents are currently kept in the Central Museum of the Russian Armed Forces in Moscow.

Camp KTTU - Syrets 3.7 1941.

ACT OF TESTING.

1.3 - July 1941, a commission consisting of the Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party / used / U for mechanical engineering, comrade BIBDYCHENKO, head of the Department of Defense Industry of the Central Committee, comrade YALTANSKY, secretary of the CPC comrade SHAMRILO, Head of the Kiev Garrison Major-General comrade GORICKER, Directors of factories: BOLSHEVIK - comrade KURGANOVA, 225 comrade MAKSIMOVA, Lenkoznya comrade MERKURYEV and representatives of the CTTU Colonel RAEVSKII and military engineer 2nd rank KOLESNIKOV tested an anti-tank obstacle - a 6-pointed sprocket made of scrap rails, the proposal of Major General of the technical troops comrade Gorikker.
The tests were carried out on the training field of KTTU - the Small Tankodrome, sandy-soft soil. 2 tanks BT-5 and T-26 were allocated from KTTU for the test to overcome obstacles. Technical condition dedicated machines - quite serviceable. Anti-tank obstacles were placed in the 4th line of obstacles with gaps between the axes of the obstacles 2-3 meters. along the front 2-2.5 meters.
light tank The T-26 was disabled during the first run into the obstacle - the hatch of the oil pump was torn off and the oil supply pipes to the tube were damaged, as a result of which the oil from the engine leaked out after 3-5 minutes, which led to a forced stop of the machines.
The BT-5 tank, due to the large reserve of dynamic force, overcame the initial arrangement of obstacles, having as a result of this defect in the form of a bruise on the bottom of the tank, which affected its control and operation of the onboard clutches, and the tank required a two-hour repair.
The most effective arrangement of anti-tank obstacles in the variant of the following arrangement made on 3.7-41: an obstacle in 4 lines of obstacles with the arrangement of stars in a checkerboard pattern in depth 1st line of obstacles after 6 meters, 2nd line of obstacles after 4 meters, 3- I line the barriers to through 2 meters. 4th and last line of barriers.
The distance between the axes along the front: 1st line 1.5 mtr., 2nd and subsequent lines 2-2.5 mtr. gave a positive result, on the 1st line of obstacles, the dynamic forces of the tank were partially muffled, the tank lost speed and was forced to stop on the 2nd and 3rd lines, as the tusk of the 2-1st line got between the caterpillar and the drive wheel-caterpillar and the fang of the sprocket of the 3rd line, resting on the bottom of the bow of the tank, lifted the latter into the air.
This position without help from / outside does not allow to continue moving and towing the tank after clearing the field from the obstacle. Stopping the tank on the barrier is the most effective phenomenon for shooting tanks with artillery at previously targeted sections of the established barrier.
CONCLUSION: The Commission believes that anti-tank obstacles six-pointed stars are an effective anti-tank barrier, this type of barrier can be widely used in the area of levels, defile and especially important directions.
see n / about.

The number of obstacles "Asterisks" per 1 km, up to 1200 pcs. The average weight of the lightweight version of the welded type is 200-250 kg. Dimensions-beams along the length of 1.9-2 mtr, only 6 pcs. at the intersection of 3 planes.
The weight of the structure filled with steel is from 300-400 kg. The structures are transported by motor vehicles and railway transport in finished form to the place of application.
The designs are not complex and can be produced by any factory in large quantities.

APPENDIX: Photos of the experiments.

P/SIGNED:

SECRETARY OF THE CC CP/b/U /BIBDYCHENKO/
HEAD OF DEPARTMENT DEFENSE INDUSTRIAL C.K
SECRETARY OF THE K.P.K. /SHAMRILO/
MAJOR GENERAL /GORICKER/
COLONEL /RAEVSKY/
MILITARY ENGINEER /KOLESNIKOV/
DIRECTOR OF Z-DA "BOLSHEVIK / KURGANOV /
- "- 225 / MAKSIMOV /
- "- LENKUZNYA / MERCURYEV /
Copy is correct HEAD OF SECRET DEPARTMENT
TECHNICIAN QUARTER 2 RANK
-/VORNIKOV/-

The hedgehog is made from three pieces of rolled steel (usually an I-beam - a rail, a corner, etc. are less durable) so that the ends of the beams form an octahedron. The beams are connected with rivets on scarves (the structure must withstand the weight of the tank - up to 60 tons). On hedgehogs of industrial production, holes are left for barbed wire, one of the beams is made removable. To complicate the work of enemy sappers, hedgehogs can be connected with chains or cables, mine the area around, etc.
Hedgehogs are installed on solid ground (asphalt street surfaces are best suited). Concrete is not good - the hedgehog will slide on concrete. If the tanker tries to push the hedgehog away, it rolls under the bottom, and the tank is raised. The tracks lose their grip on the ground, the tank begins to slip and is often unable to move off the hedgehog; a protruding beam can even pierce the bottom. The defending forces can only destroy the stopped tanks and prevent the tankers from pulling the hedgehogs apart with tow ropes. And if the enemy led the tanks in a different way, the anti-tank defense, all the more, fulfilled its task.
Hedgehogs are about 1 m in height - more than the ground clearance of the tank, but below its front plate. It is impractical to make large hedgehogs - a hedgehog that is higher than the front plate will be easily moved by the tank.

Who has not seen the "anti-tank hedgehog"! Any film about the war is not complete without this structure. It has long become a symbol of the Great Patriotic War and is depicted on posters along with a Russian soldier. But few people think that this structure, like for example the song " " there is an author, or rather an inventor.

Read how anti-tank hedgehogs became an integral part of the defense against the enemy!

The entire course of the Great Patriotic War clearly showed that not only complex weapons systems with excellent characteristics can be effective, but also simple and cheap products. So, a small anti-tank mine can not only seriously damage, but completely destroy an enemy tank, and a simple concrete pyramid can simply not let it into its territory. Among such simple and effective types of obstacles and weapons, anti-tank hedgehogs received special fame during the war years. Extremely simple and easy to manufacture, they greatly helped the Red Army soldiers in battles and even managed to become symbols of the war.

Many often and with pleasure review Soviet films about the war. Almost in each of them we definitely meet this engineering structure. Several rails welded together, resembling a six-pointed star.

Rows of concrete gouges, Aachen, Germany

Major General of the Technical Troops Mikhail Gorikker went down in history primarily as the inventor of the "anti-tank hedgehog", also known as the "slingshot" and "Gorikker's star". For more than half a century, the name of the inventor of the "hedgehogs" was unknown to the general public. The “secret” stamp tightly enveloped the many years of work of a talented military engineer.

Gorikker proposed to assemble a six-pointed structure from rolled metal, which he called "asterisk". Theoretically, any suitable metal part could be used as raw material for sprockets. However, from the calculations of General Gorikker it followed that the I-profile is optimal. Other types of rolled products - a square beam, a tee or a channel - did not fit in terms of strength. Gorikker proposed riveting with scarves as a way to connect beams. In principle, if possible, welding was also allowed, but even here everything rested on the strength of the structure: for sufficient rigidity and strength, larger scarves had to be used on the welded sprocket, which, in turn, led to unnecessary consumption of materials.

Making anti-tank hedgehogs on the outskirts of Moscow.

So, during his first attempt to drive through the rows of sprockets, the T-26 tank lost the oil pump hatch and damaged the oil system. A few minutes after that, all the oil in the tank leaked out and the combat vehicle was unable to continue its “raid”. It took several hours to repair. BT-5 got off a little better: having accelerated, he was able to overcome the stars. However, this cost him a bent bottom and a damaged transmission. Needed repairs again. The very first attempts to overcome the barrier of stars clearly showed their effectiveness, and the testers of the Kyiv school tankodrome were instructed to choose the optimal order for arranging a new barrier. As a result, it was recommended to arrange the stars in rows every four meters, and the distance along the front should be one and a half meters for the front row and 2-2.5 m for the remaining rows.

In this case, having accelerated and crossed the first row, the tank could no longer continue high-speed movement and simply got stuck between the rows of sprockets, simultaneously receiving damage to the hull and, sometimes, internal units.

Conclusion: "The Commission believes that anti-tank obstacles six-pointed stars are an effective anti-tank barrier, this type of barrier can be widely used in the area of URs, fashion shows and especially important directions."

In general, the new hedgehog fell in love with the Red Army. Much more he "liked" the German tankers. The fact is that at first everything went exactly as Gorikker had intended - seeing an unfamiliar but loose barrier, the tankers tried to move it and drive further, which led to spending time in a literally suspended state. An unpleasant event, especially if there is a Soviet anti-tank gun somewhere nearby. It is hardly possible to imagine a better target than a stationary tank raised above ground level. Finally, in a completely unfortunate set of circumstances, the hedgehog beam pierced the lower frontal plate or bottom, passed inside the tank and caused damage to the engine or transmission. Features of the placement of the transmission on the German tanks PzKpfw III and PzKpfw VI only increased the chances of the vehicle getting such damage.

True, the Germans quickly realized that they should first make passages in the barriers, and then only go along them. Here, to some extent, they were helped by the fact that hedgehogs were not fixed to the surface of the earth in any way. A couple of tanks with the help of tow ropes could quickly make a gap for the passage of troops. The Red Army responded by laying anti-personnel mines next to the hedgehogs, and, if possible, placing machine guns or anti-tank guns near the barrier. Thus, attempts to pull the hedgehogs apart or tie them to the tank were severely punished by machine-gun and even artillery fire. Soon, another trick appeared to make it difficult to make passages: hedgehogs began to be tied to each other and tied to various objects on the ground. As a result, German tankers and sappers had to first solve the "puzzle" with cables and chains, and only after that remove the hedgehogs themselves. And do all this under enemy fire.

Anti-tank hedgehogs of the system of Major General M.L. Gorikker played an important role in the Great Patriotic War. They helped with relatively small forces to improve the army's ability to contain the enemy. It should be noted that not only the Red Army used Gorikker's invention. The Germans, retreating, also actively used a simple barrage structure of three rails and fasteners. On the way to all the important points of the German defense, the Red Army had to see familiar angular objects. And the allies, having landed in Normandy, were also able to get acquainted with the Soviet barrier. There is an interesting opinion that the Germans themselves did not produce hedgehogs, but only dismantled and stored the Soviet ones, which came in handy by the end of the war. In any case, this is how, according to some historians, one can explain the large number of hedgehogs in front of the German positions at that stage of the war, when Germany experienced serious difficulties even with the production of weapons.

The legendary defensive barrier "hedgehog" played a decisive role in the course of hostilities during the Great Patriotic War. "Hedgehogs" stopped more than one German tank. A monument to them stands at the entrance to the city of Khimki. Today, however, few people remember their creator, Mikhail Gorikker. Only thanks to documents accidentally found in the home archive, the son of the general, film director Vladimir Gorikker, managed to find irrefutable evidence that it was his father who designed the “anti-tank hedgehog”.

Mikhail Lvovich Gorikker was born in 1895 in the city of Berislav, Kherson province. He graduated from the Pedagogical College in 1912, worked as a teacher, participated in the First World War. Since 1918 - in the Red Army, a participant in the Civil War. After graduating from the Military Academy of Mechanization and Motorization of the Red Army. Stalin, Gorikker served as a military engineer for the motorized mechanized troops of the Red Army, commanded experimental tank units, and served as head of the Moscow Tank Technical School. In 1940, Gorikker was one of the first to receive the rank of Major General of the Technical Troops.

Currently, anti-tank hedgehogs are almost completely out of use, although occasionally they can be seen near military units or similar objects. Also, the anti-tank hedgehog, being one of the symbols of the Great Patriotic War, was actively used by sculptors in the creation of monuments. For example, a monument with hedgehogs on the Leningrad Highway not far from Moscow marks the line at which the German troops were stopped. Similar memorials can be found almost all over Europe, in places where there were battles.