Kondraty Fyodorovich Ryleev. Born on September 18 (September 29), 1795 in the village of Batovo, St. Petersburg province - executed on July 13 (July 25), 1826 in the Peter and Paul Fortress (St. Petersburg). Russian poet, public figure, Decembrist.

Kondraty Ryleev was born on September 18 (September 29, according to a new style) in 1795 in the village of Batovo, St. Petersburg province (now the territory of the Gatchina district of the Leningrad region).

Father - Fyodor Andreevich Ryleev (1746-1814), manager of the estate of Princess Varvara Golitsyna, a small estate nobleman.

Mother - Anastasia Matveevna Essen (1758-1824).

In 1801-1814 he studied at the St. Petersburg First Cadet Corps. Participated in foreign campaigns of the Russian army in 1813-1814.

In 1818 he retired.

From 1821 he served as an assessor of the St. Petersburg Criminal Chamber, from 1824 - the head of the office of the Russian-American Company.

In 1820 he wrote the famous satirical ode "To the temporary worker" (see below).

In 1823-1825, Ryleev, together with Alexander Bestuzhev, published the annual almanac "Polar Star". He was a member of the St. Petersburg Masonic Lodge "To the Flaming Star".

Ryleev's thought "The Death of Yermak" (see below) was partially set to music and became a song.

Appearance of Kondraty Ryleev: “He was of medium height, good build, his face was round, clean, his head was proportional, but the upper part of it was somewhat wider; his eyes were brown, somewhat protruding, always watery... being somewhat nearsighted, he wore glasses (but desk own)".

In 1823 he became a member of the Northern Society of Decembrists, then heading its most radical wing. At first, he stood on moderate constitutional-monarchist positions, but later became a supporter of the republican system.

On September 10, 1825, he acted as a second in the duel of his friend, cousin, lieutenant K. P. Chernov and the representative of the aristocracy of the aide-de-camp V. D. Novosiltsev. The cause of the duel was a conflict due to prejudice associated with social inequality duelists (Novosiltsev was engaged to Chernov's sister, Ekaterina, but under the influence of his mother, he decided to refuse marriage, thereby disgracing the bride and her family). Both participants in the duel were mortally wounded and died a few days later. Chernov's funeral resulted in the first mass demonstration organized by the Northern Society of Decembrists.

Ryleev (according to another version - V.K. Kuchelbeker) is credited with the free-thinking poem "I swear on honor and Chernov." He was one of the main organizers of the uprising on December 14 (26), 1825. Being in the fortress, he scratched on a tin plate, in the hope that someone would read his last verses:

“Prison is in honor of me, not in reproach,
For a just cause, I'm in it,
And should I be ashamed of these chains,
When I wear them for the Fatherland!

Correspondence with Ryleev and Bestuzhev, concerning mainly literary matters, was of a friendly nature. It is unlikely that Ryleev’s communication with him was also politicized - if both called each other “republicans”, then, rather, because of their belonging to the VOLRS, also known as the “Scientific Republic”, than for any other reasons.

During the life of Kondraty Ryleev, two of his books were published: in 1825 - "Dumas", and a little later in the same year the poem "Voinarovsky" was published.

It is known how Pushkin reacted to Ryleev's "Dums" and - in particular - to "Oleg the Prophet". “They are all weak in invention and presentation. All of them on one cut: made up of common places(loci topici) ... description of the scene, the speech of the hero and - moralizing, ”Pushkin wrote to K. F. Ryleev. “There is nothing national, Russian in them, except for names.”

In 1823, Ryleev made his debut as a translator - a free translation from the Polish poem by Y. Nemtsevich "Glinsky: Duma" was published in the printing house of the Imperial Educational House.

In preparing the uprising on December 14, Ryleev played one of the leading roles. While imprisoned, he took all the blame on himself, sought to justify his comrades, placed vain hopes on the mercy of the emperor for them.

Kondraty Ryleev was executed by hanging on July 13 (25), 1826 in the Peter and Paul Fortress among the five leaders December uprising together with , . His last words on the scaffold, addressed to the priest P. N. Myslovsky, were: "Father, pray for our sinful souls, do not forget my wife and bless my daughter." Ryleev was one of the three whose rope broke. He fell into the scaffold and some time later was hanged again.

According to some sources, it was Ryleev who said before his second execution: "Unfortunate country where they don't even know how to hang you"(sometimes these words are attributed to P.I. Pestel or S.I. Muravyov-Apostol).

The exact burial place of K. F. Ryleev, like other executed Decembrists, is unknown. According to one version, he was buried along with other executed Decembrists on Goloday Island.

After the Decembrist uprising, Ryleyev's publications were banned and mostly destroyed. Known handwritten lists of poems and Ryleev's poems, which were distributed illegally in the territory Russian Empire. The Berlin, Leipzig and London editions of Ryleev, undertaken by the Russian emigration, in particular Ogarev and Herzen in 1860, were also illegally distributed.

N.P. Ogaryov wrote a poem "In memory of Ryleev".

Decembrist Kondraty Ryleev

Personal life of Kondraty Ryleev:

In 1820 he married Natalya Mikhailovna Tevyasheva, from a Russian noble family, her ancestors were from the nobility of the Golden Horde.

Bibliography of Kondraty Ryleev:

1857 - Poems. K. Ryleeva;
1860 - Ryleev K. F. Duma. Poems. With a preface by N. Ogaryov;
1862 - Ryleev K. F. Poems. With a biography of the author and a story about his treasury;
1872 - The writings and correspondence of Kondraty Fedorovich Ryleev. Edition of his daughter. Ed. P. A. Efremova;
1975 - Ryleev K. F. Dumy (Edition prepared by L. G. Frizman)

To the temporary worker
(Imitation of the Persian satire "To Rubellius")

An arrogant temporary worker, and vile and treacherous,
The monarch is a cunning flatterer and an ungrateful friend,
Furious Tyrant home country his,
A villain elevated to an important rank by tricks!
You look at me with contempt
And in your menacing gaze you show me your furious anger!
I don't value your attention, scoundrel;
From your mouth, blasphemy - a crown worthy of praise!
I laugh at your humiliation!
Can I be humbled by your neglect,
Kohl himself with contempt I look at you
And I'm proud that I don't find your feelings in myself?
What is this cymbal sound of your instant glory?
That the power is terrible and your dignity is majestic?
Oh! better hide yourself in obscurity simple,
Than with low passions and mean soul
Himself, for the strict gaze of his fellow citizens,
Put them on trial, as if for shame!
When in me, when there are no direct virtues,
What is the use of my dignity and my honors?
Not a dignity, not a family - only dignity is respectable;
Seyan! and the very kings without them are contemptible;
And in Cicero I am not a consul - he himself is honored,
For the fact that they saved Rome from Catiline ...
Oh husband worthy husband! why can't you again
Having been born, to save fellow citizens from evil fate?
Tyrant, tremble! he can be born
Or Cassius, or Brutus, or Cato, the enemy of kings!
Oh, how on the lyre I will try to glorify him,
Who will save my fatherland from you!
Under hypocrisy you think maybe
From the gaze common cause hide evil...
Unaware of my terrible situation,
You are deluded in an unfortunate blindness;
No matter how you pretend and no matter how cunning you are,
But the properties of evil souls cannot be hidden:
Your deeds will expose you to the people;
He will know - that you have constrained his freedom,
Tax burdensome brought to poverty,
Villages deprived them of their former beauty...
Then tremble, O haughty temporary worker!
The people are terribly furious with tyrannies!
But if evil fate, falling in love with the villain,
From a fair reward and save you,
All tremble, tyrant! For evil and perfidy
Your offspring will pronounce their sentence!


Death of Yermak
P.A. Mukhanov

The storm roared, the rain roared;
Lightning flew in the darkness
Thunder rumbled incessantly
And the winds raged in the wilds...
To the glory of passion breathing,
In a country harsh and gloomy,
On the wild bank of the Irtysh
Yermak sat, engulfed in thought.

Companions of his labors,
Victories and loud-sounding glory,
Among the spread tents
They slept carelessly near the oak forest.
“Oh, sleep, sleep,” the hero thought, “
Friends, under a roaring storm;
With the dawn, my voice will be heard,
Calling for glory or death!

You need rest; sweet Dreams
And calm the brave in a storm;
In dreams he will remind glory
And the strength of the warriors will double.
Who did not spare his life
In robberies, mining gold,
Will he think about her
Dying for holy Rus'?

Wash away with your own and enemy's blood
All the crimes of a wild life
And deserved for the victory
Blessings of the motherland, -
We cannot be afraid of death;
We have done our work:
Siberia conquered the king
And we - not idly in the world lived!

But his fatal fate
Already sat next to the hero
And looked with regret
At the victim with a curious look.
The storm roared, the rain roared,
Lightning flew in the darkness;
Thunder rumbled incessantly
And the winds raged in the wilds.

The Irtysh boiled in steep banks,
Gray waves were rising
And crumbled with a roar to dust,
Biya on the shore Cossack boats.
With the leader, peace in the arms of sleep
The brave squad ate;
There is only one storm with Kuchum
I didn’t doze off at their death!

Fearing to fight with the hero,
Kuchum to the tents, like a despicable thief,
Sneaked through the secret path
Tatars surrounded by crowds.
Swords flashed in their hands -
And the valley bled
And fell formidable in battles,
Without drawing their swords, squad ...

Yermak woke up from sleep
And, death in vain, tends to the waves,
Heart full of courage
But the boats are far from the shore!
Irtysh is more worried -
Yermak strains all his strength
And with his mighty hand
Shafts gray cuts ...

Floats ... the shuttle is already close -
But the strength of fate yielded,
And, boiling more terrible, the river
The hero was swallowed up with a bang.
Depriving the strength of the hero
Fight the raging wave
Heavy shell - the gift of the king -
Became his death to blame.

The storm roared... suddenly the moon
The boiling Irtysh turned silver,
And the corpse, vomited by the wave,
In the copper armor lit up.
The clouds rolled in, the rain roared,
And the lightning still flashed
And the thunder still rumbled in the distance,
And the winds raged in the wilds.


Biography

RYLEEV Kondraty Fedorovich, Russian poet, Decembrist.

The son of a poor nobleman, his father had a small estate in the St. Petersburg province. Ryleev was educated in the 1st Cadet Corps in St. Petersburg. He was released from the corps in January 1814 as an artillery officer, participated in the foreign campaigns of the Russian army in 1814-15. There is a legend that in Paris Ryleev visited the famous fortune-teller, who predicted his death by hanging. After the war, he lodged with the company in the Vilna, then Voronezh provinces. He retired in 1818 with the rank of second lieutenant. In 1819, out of passionate love, he married the daughter of a Voronezh landowner N. M. Tevyasheva and settled in St. Petersburg, where he entered the service of a criminal court chamber. Like some other liberal-minded contemporaries, Ryleev tried to "ennoble" the unpopular among the nobility civil service and use it to commit humane acts and fight for justice. Serving in court, Ryleev did many good deeds, helped the disadvantaged and oppressed. From the spring of 1824, Ryleev moved to the office of the Russian-American Company as the manager of affairs and settled in a state-owned house on the Moika embankment. Literary activity The defining features of Ryleev's personality were his fiery patriotism, the desire for the freedom of the fatherland and a romantically sublime understanding of citizenship. His political views bore a touch of romantic utopianism. According to the recollection of a colleague, Ryleev was obsessed with "equality and free thought." This was the main motive of his poetic work. Ryleev sang civic virtues, was alien to a purely aesthetic attitude to poetry (“I am not a poet, I am a citizen”), his heroes are freedom fighters. From 1819 he began to collaborate in various literary magazines, became famous in 1820 with the publication of the poem "To the temporary worker", which clearly denounced A. A. Arakcheev. The author of the collection "Dumas" (original in form, poetic narratives about the glorious events of Russian history, one of the thoughts, "Ermak", has become a folk song), the poems "Voinarovsky", "Nalivaiko". Ryleev was a member of the Free Society of Russian Literature Lovers, the Society of Competitors of Education and Charity. In 1823−25, together with a friend, writer and Decembrist A. A. Bestuzhev, he published the literary almanac Polar Star, which was a success, in which the works of A. S. Pushkin, P. A. Vyazemsky, A. A. Delvig and others were published. In the fall of 1823, Ryleev was accepted by I. I. Pushchin into the Northern Society, and quickly became one of its most active members. At the end of 1824 he entered the directory of the Northern Society and actually headed it. According to the views of Ryleev, he was more inclined towards the idea of ​​a republic than constitutional monarchy, but did not give of great importance disputes of the Decembrists on this score. He believed that the question of the form of government in Russia should be decided not by a secret society, but by the Constituent Assembly elected by the people, and the main task secret society- get it convened. Ryleev also owned the idea of ​​​​a compromise solution to the issue of the fate of the royal family: with the support of naval officers, take it on a ship to "foreign lands." Ryleev even tried to establish a council of the Northern Society in Kronstadt, but failed. In February 1824, Ryleyev was wounded in a duel with Prince K. Ya. Shakhovsky (the reason for the duel was the offended honor of Ryleyev's sister). In September 1825, Ryleev was a second in the sensational duel between his cousin and member of the secret society K. P. Chernov and V. D. Novosiltsev, which ended in the death of both participants. The news of the death of Alexander I took the members of the Northern Society by surprise, who, in order to avoid discussing the issue of regicide, decided to time the revolutionary speech to the moment of the death of the monarch. Ryleev became one of the initiators and leaders of the preparations for the uprising on December 14, 1825 on Senate Square. In the days of the interregnum, he was ill with a sore throat, and his house became the center of meetings of the conspirators, who allegedly came to visit the patient. Ryleev, inspiring his comrades, himself could not effectively participate in the uprising, since he was a civilian. On the morning of December 14, he came to Senate Square, then left it and spent most of the day traveling around the city, trying to find out the situation in different regiments and find help. He was arrested at his home in the evening of the same day. Sentenced to death and hanged on July 13, 1826. Ryleev had a daughter and a son who died in infancy.

Ryleev Kondraty Fedorovich (1795-1826) - Russian poet, Decembrist, public figure. Born on September 18 (29), 1795 in the village of Batovo, Petersburg province. My father was a noble family with a small estate. In 1801-1814. young Kondraty studied at the First Cadet Corps of St. Petersburg and received the rank of artillery officer. Write literary works began under the impression of the victory over Napoleon. In 1814-1815. participated in military campaigns abroad as part of the Russian army. In the post-war period he served in the Vilna and Voronezh provinces.

In 1818 he left the service in the status of second lieutenant. A year later, he began to actively publish in various literary magazines. In 1820 he married the daughter of the landowner N. Tevyasheva. Since 1821, he sat in the St. Petersburg Criminal Chamber, and after 3 years he headed the office of the Russian-American Company.

In 1823, together with A. Bestuzhev, he founded the almanac "Polar Star", which was published regularly for 3 years. He was a member of the Masonic Lodge of St. Petersburg. In the same year he entered the Northern Decembrist Society, in 1824 he headed it. He advocated republican rule, but was against the massacre of the monarch, so he offered royal family take them to distant lands.

In 1824-1825. served on the poetry censorship committee. He was one of the organizers of the Decembrist uprising on December 14 (26), 1825. But he did not take a direct part in the revolutionary events on Senate Square, since he was no longer a military man. He was arrested that very day at his home, pleaded guilty and was sentenced to death.

The word "Decembrists" in the minds of many people is associated with noble and selfless daredevils who, despite their noble origin, went against high society, that is, the society to which they themselves belonged. So the biography of Ryleev Kondraty Fedorovich - one of the leaders - is evidence of his selfless struggle for justice and the rights of ordinary people.

Childhood and youth of the poet

On September 18, 1795, Ryleev Kondraty Fedorovich was born into an impoverished noble family. His father, who served as a manager, was a man with a strong temper and behaved like a real despot in relation to his wife and son. Anastasia Matveevna - Ryleev's mother, wanting to save her little son from her father's cruel treatment, she was forced to give him up at the age of six (in 1801) for education in the first cadet corps. It was here that young Kondraty Ryleev discovered his a strong character and a talent for writing poetry. In 1814, a 19-year-old cadet became an officer, and he was sent to serve in horse artillery. In the first year of his service, he went on campaigns in Switzerland and France. military career Kondraty Fedorovich finished after 4 years, having retired in 1818.

Kondraty Fedorovich Ryleev. Biography of an aspiring rebel poet

In 1820, after marrying Natalya Tevyashova, Ryleev moved to St. Petersburg and became close to the capital's intellectual circles. He becomes a member of the free society of lovers of Russian literature, and he was also interested in the Flaming Star Masonic lodge. The literary activity of the future revolutionary begins in the same period. He publishes his works in several St. Petersburg publications. The unheard-of audacity and boldness of the poem "To the temporary worker" struck Ryleev's friends, because it aimed at General Arakcheev himself. The young rebel poet acquired a reputation as an incorruptible champion of justice when he received the position of assessor of the criminal chamber. The biography of Ryleev Kondraty Fedorovich, concerning the first years of his life in the capital, contains data on his friendship with many famous literary figures of that time: Pushkin, Bulgarin, Marlinsky, Speransky, Mordvinov and others.

Ryleev: "I'm not a poet, but a citizen"

A literary society often gathered in the Ryleevs' house, and at one of these meetings, in 1823, Ryleev and Marlinsky (A. A. Bestuzhev) came up with the idea of ​​​​issuing the annual almanac Polar Star, which became the predecessor of the Moscow Telegraph newspaper. At the same time, the poem "Voinarovsky" and the famous patriotic ballads "Duma" by Ryleev were published. The poet becomes a member of the revolutionary Northern Society, and a year later he is elected leader of this society.

Sunset

Since that time, the biography of Ryleev Kondraty Fedorovich is completely devoted to his revolutionary activity. After the legendary revolutionary poet was arrested and imprisoned in a fortress. During interrogations, he behaved calmly and took responsibility for organizing the uprising. Ryleev became one of the five Decembrists sentenced to death. The revolutionary heroes were hanged on July 13, 1826. Unfortunately, the biography of Ryleev Kondraty Fedorovich is very short, because he lived only 31 years. However, his life was bright and eventful and completely devoted to civil service and

Russian Decembrist poet.

Kondraty Fedorovich Ryleev was born on September 18 (29), 1795 in the estate of the Sofia district of the St. Petersburg province (now in) in the family of Lieutenant Colonel Fyodor Andreevich Ryleev (d. 1814), the head manager of the prince's estates, which passed after his death in 1810 to his wife V V. Golitsyna.

In 1801-1814, K. F. Ryleev was brought up in the 1st Cadet Corps, in 1814 he was released from the corps as an ensign in the 1st cavalry company of the 1st reserve artillery brigade. In 1814-1815 he took part in the foreign campaigns of the Russian army.

At the end of the war, K.F. Ryleev, together with the company, lodged in the town of Retovo, Rossiensky district, Vilna province (now in Lithuania), and then in the villages of the Ostrogozhsky district, Voronezh province (now in). In 1818 he retired with the rank of second lieutenant.

Since 1819, K. F. Ryleev lived in. From 1821, he served as an assessor from the nobility in the St. Petersburg Chamber of the Criminal Court, and from the spring of 1824, he held the position of governor of the office of the Russian-American Company.

In 1823, K. F. Ryleev became a member of the Northern Decembrist Society, then heading the most radical part. In his political views, under the influence, he evolved from moderate constitutional-monarchical to republican.

Since 1819, K. F. Ryleev collaborated in magazines (“Nevsky Spectator”, “Benevolent”, “Son of the Fatherland”, “Competitor of Education and Charity”, etc.). Literary fame brought him the satire "To the temporary worker" (1820), directed against. In 1821, K. F. Ryleev joined Free Society lovers of Russian literature (another name is the Society of Competitors of Education and Charity). In 1823-1825, together with A. A. Bestuzhev, he published the almanac "Polar Star".

In 1821-1823, K. F. Ryleev created a cycle of historical songs “Duma” (1825): “Oleg the Prophetic”, “Mstislav the Udaly”, “Death”, “Ivan Susanin”, “in Ostrogozhsk”, “”, etc. Turning to the heroic past, the poet rethought it in the spirit of his own civil ideals.

The central work of K. F. Ryleev is the poem "Voynarovsky" (1825). The author put thoughts about high civil service to the homeland into the confession of the protagonist of the poem, exiled to Siberia for participating in the rebellion against, raised by Hetman Mazepa. The contradictory nature of K. F. Ryleev's historicism was reflected in the romantic idealization of Mazepa and Voinarovsky, in the retreat from historical truth in the name of propaganda of the Decembrist ideas. In the unfinished poem "Nalivaiko" (excerpts published in 1825), K. F. Ryleev addressed the theme of the national liberation struggle of the Ukrainian Cossacks of the 16th century against the dominance of the gentry. The most complete expression of civil pathos in the poet's lyrics was the poem "Will I be in a fateful time ..." ("Citizen"). In propaganda and satirical songs (“Oh, where are those islands ...”, “Our Tsar, a Russian German ...”, “How the blacksmith was walking ...”, “Ah, I feel sick and in native side... ”, etc.), written jointly with A. A. Bestuzhev, there were hatred for the autocracy and direct calls for its overthrow.

K. F. Ryleev became one of the leaders in the preparation of the uprising on Senate Square on December 14 (26), 1825. In the evening of the same day he was arrested and imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress. Being in the fortress under investigation, he completely repented and imbued with the Christian spirit.

K. F. Ryleev was convicted outside the categories and on July 11 (23), 1826 was sentenced to hanging. On July 13 (25), 1826, he was executed on the crown work of the Peter and Paul Fortress, among the five leaders of the uprising, along with

Most often, they speak of Kondraty Fedorovich Ryleev, of course, as one of the leaders of the Decembrist uprising. Had the events of December 1825 turned out differently, he would have become one of key figures in the history of Russia. But it turned out differently, and Kondraty Ryleev was executed among the five leaders of the uprising on July 13 (25 according to a new style) of July 1826. He was one of those executed who could not stand the rope, and the hanging had to be repeated. “Cursed land, where they don’t know how to plot, judge, or hang!” - such were his last words. The location of his grave is unknown.

However, Ryleev is also famous as a poet. Kondraty Ryleev began to write poetry quite late, shortly before his death, but managed to become a classic of Russian literature. After the verdict, most of his publications were destroyed, and the works themselves, of course, were banned from publication. However, the poems of Kondraty Ryleev were distributed illegally - in handwritten lists and European editions, which were issued by emigrants.

The early years of Kondraty Ryleev
Like all Decembrists, Ryleev was a man of noble birth, although his family was not particularly noble and wealthy. His father, a small landowner, served as a manager for Princess Golitsyna. Kondraty Ryleev was born near St. Petersburg, in countryside near Gatchina. This happened on September 18 (29 according to the new style) September 1795.

In 1801, Ryleev was sent to the St. Petersburg Cadet Corps, where he studied until 1814, after which, of course, he entered military service. He happened to take part in foreign campaigns of the army. Then Ryleev retired and got married.

Ryleev's creative activity
Kondraty Ryleev first wrote poems that became truly famous in 1820, not long before his death. However, Ryleev managed to use the little time allotted to him well. He was a member of the "Free Society of Lovers of Russian Literature", and in 1823-1825, together with another Decembrist Bestuzhev, he published the almanac "Polar Star".

Some poems by Kondraty Ryleev became songs - for example, "Death of Yermak". Since 1821, he worked in the capital's Criminal Chamber, and then - in the Russian-American Company, the largest commercial enterprise all over the world.

In September 1825, Ryleev was a second in the duel between lieutenant Chernov and the aristocrat Novosiltsev, which he himself largely provoked. This did not at all correspond to the duties of a second, but it answered political interests Ryleeva. Both duelists died, and Chernov's death became the occasion for the first major demonstration of the future Decembrists - after all, the cause of the duel was a social conflict.

In 1825, Ryleev managed to publish two books - his only lifetime publications. He also worked as a poetic translator. Unfortunately, the end was already near.

Decembrist revolt
Ryleev was a member of the "Northern Society" (the most radical Decembrist organization) since 1823, advocated the transformation of Russia into a republic and quickly became one of the leaders of the upcoming uprising.

His role in preparing the coup was perhaps the most important - at least during the investigation, he took most of the blame on himself. Ryleev urged Kakhovsky to infiltrate Winter Palace and kill the emperor, but this plan was not destined to materialize. The events of December 14, 1825 are well known and there is no point in describing them here.

Ryleev did not die from artillery fire, but was arrested. The poet counted on the mercy of the emperor, but in vain; however, he (like the rest of the leaders of the uprising) was nevertheless subjected to quartering, which was supposed to be according to the law.

Poembook, 2013
All rights reserved.