Basic concepts: definition, functions, origin, difference between a children's riddle and an adult one, composition/structure, artistic means, form, rhyming, language, connection with other genres.

Definition. The riddle belongs to the small genres of folklore, it is distinguished by brevity and conciseness of the statement. Usually, riddles are built “on allegory, metaphor, allegory, description of objects, phenomena, living beings in an intricate interrogative-stating form (where this question is implied)” and require “a clue, answer, decoding of specially encoded information” (Sl., p. 76 ).

We meet a similar definition in V. I. Dahl, one of the first publishers of the genre. He noted that a riddle is “an allegory or hints, a roundabout speech, a bluff, a brief allegorical description of the subject, proposed for a solution.”

A modern researcher gives the following definition of a riddle: “A riddle is a poetic intricate description of an object or phenomenon, made to test a person’s ingenuity, as well as to instill in him a poetic view of reality.”

The functional purpose of the riddle, conducive to "activation cognitive activity, skills building logical thinking, the development of ingenuity, observation” (Sl., p. 77) also led to its spread in the children's environment. The riddle promotes the development of imagination, stimulates word creation.

Throughout the history of the existence of riddles, their educational and educational function has been preserved, which also turned out to be in demand in the children's environment. Some riddles are often found in books and collections, they help to expand the child's understanding of outside world, showing him familiar objects from an unusual side or revealing some new aspects of reality:

Two stand.

Two lie.

One walks

The other one is driving. (Door)

I'll get up early

I'll go to Ivan

To the long nose -

For a fat head. (Water dispenser)

Others in game form show some grammatical forms: “Which road do they drive for half a year, walk for half a year?” (Down the river). In this case, the riddle intersects with the pun and becomes one of the components of word games.

Origin of mysteries. Riddles can be considered the most ancient genre of folklore that existed even in primitive society. This is evidenced by the fact that riddles are common among all primitive peoples. They were guessed in order to ensure the well-being of himself and his family, a person believed that by guessing riddles, he would subdue nature, animals, and plants.

The magical power of riddles was manifested in various rites; Thus, during initiation, the initiate was tested with the help of riddles - without knowledge of the secret speech, the young man could not become a man. Later, riddles are found in the mythology of ancient peoples (for example, in ancient Greek myths, "Elder Edda") and fairy tales, they are guessed by the heroes, competing with their opponents. In ancient Russian stories, the bride and groom exchange riddles.

Russian riddles by origin are also associated with conditional speech - the encrypted language of hunters, with rituals and magical actions aimed at “ensuring the harvest and success in cattle breeding and agriculture.

As the researchers have already pointed out, the famous Russian traveler S.P. Krasheninnikov noted the remains of an ancient secret speech among Russian sable hunters. The artel elected a “leader”, he appointed his assistants and punished them, among other things, “so that, according to the custom of their ancestors, a crow, a snake and a cat were not called by direct names, but would be called b riding, thin And baked".

Further S.P. Krasheninnikov wrote: “Industrial people say that in previous years there were much more things strange names called, for example: the church - pointy-topped, baba - husk or whitehead girl - simplegoy, horse - longtail, cow - roar, sheep - thin-legged pig - low-eyed rooster - barefoot and so on ... ”Krasheninnikov noted that all these words, except for the replacement of a raven, a snake and a cat, were left, that is, they did not begin to be used.

Usually the riddle served as a means of entertainment at parties, when young people practiced their quick wits and resourcefulness. The riddle was also included in the wedding ceremony. “Redemption of seats” was a dialogue where one (the riddle) asked, and the other (the groom and his friend) tried to guess.

"Give me a monk in a white shirt." - Druzhka gives a bottle of vodka. "Give me a golden crutch so that the bride has something to lean on." - Druzhka points to the groom. "Build a quadrangular chamber with a silver roof." - Druzhka puts a paper ruble on a dish and a silver coin on top.

Over time, the magical function of riddles gradually faded away, but their poetic features, in particular metaphor, remained. It is known that Aristotle considered the riddle to be a well-formulated metaphor. In Russian folklore, the most common type of riddles is metaphorical. As noted by M.A. Rybnikov, the comparison is based on traditional approximations: “Hands are sheep, tows are a haystack”.

Here's an example:

Five lambs eat up a stack,

Five sheep run away.

Among the metaphorical images of animals, domestic animals and birds predominate, and among them - a cow, a bull and a horse (mare, stallion); chicken, rooster, goose. Needle - pig, golden bristles; plow - a cow, the whole field was torn through with horns.

Classification. One of the first riddle publishers, D.N. Sadovnikov, placed in the collection of riddles he compiled on the topics: “Housing”, “Heat and light”, “ Household”, “Yard, vegetable garden and garden”, “Pets”, “Agricultural work”. "Forest", "Animal World", "People and the structure of their bodies", "Earth and sky", "Concepts of time, life and death", "Literacy and book wisdom". Other topics were sometimes touched upon in riddles: a person and parts of his body, food and drink, clothes and shoes, a house, its parts and accessories of the economy, natural phenomena. At present, this classification is generally accepted.

The content of the riddles became both domestic and social life. Over time, new realities appeared in them: “Without a head, without a language, but speaks all languages” (radio),“We bought a white wardrobe, there is a little bit of winter in it” ( fridge), “A pear is hanging - you can’t eat” ( light bulb). The child usually does not make riddles about objects that have gone out of use, but it is in his repertoire that new riddles about new household items and technical phenomena appear faster.

Recordings of children's riddles are few, although already in the 19th century they entered the children's environment and began to be printed as educational material. Traditionally, among children, “there were (perhaps still exist) all or almost all varieties of works of this genre: riddles-metaphors, riddles-onomatopoeia, playful questions, riddles-tasks” (Mart., p. 26).

The difference between a children's puzzle first of all, it consists in the chosen subject, more often these are everyday objects or creatures from the animal world, familiar to the child, who should have a good idea of ​​what in question. The child is able to perceive the humor inherent in the riddle:

The ferret walks

hanging hanging,

hanging fell,

The ferret ate. ( pig and acorn)

Compositionally a riddle consists of two parts: a riddle (question) and a riddle (answer), which are interconnected. In riddles, similarities are sought between the most distant and seemingly incomparable objects, the abstract and the material, the essential and the inessential in objects are compared.

The answer is given on the basis of signs by similarity, similarities are found in everyday objects. Sometimes the answer is encrypted in a metaphor or other allegory. It is no coincidence that a riddle about a riddle is known: "Without a face in a disguise."

Many riddles in the first part do not contain a direct question, but are built on estrangement: they give an intricate description of the subject, according to which one must guess what is being said. Then the first part necessarily implies the answer: “Without arms, without legs, but it opens the gate” (wind).

Sometimes riddles are built in the form of a direct question:

What is only visible at night? (Stars)

What kind of creature feeds people

Does it illuminate in the church? (Bee)

Some riddles are created by changing the guess, while initial sounds are preserved, and the end of the word is greatly changed:

Worth pendra,

On the pendra lies a dendra

And the condra says:

"Don't climb pendra,

There is not one kandra -

And there is an undra.” (Oven, grandfather, cat, porridge and duck)

Structure riddles are simple. They have no plot, so the dynamics are created in a different way. Often there are riddles built on dialogue:

- Is it black?

- No, red.

- Why is it white?

Because it's green. (Red Ribes)

Some riddles are based on denial:

Round, not a month,

Yellow, not oil

With a ponytail, not a mouse. (Turnip)

Sometimes there are riddles in which the description is given in

- If I got up,

Reached the sky

If only arms and legs,

I would tie a thief

If only mouth and eyes,

I would tell everything. (Road)

In a short, concise form, a whole card is often given in a riddle.

In the middle - scarlet sugar,

The caftan is green, velvet. (Watermelon)

In most riddles, the description of the signs of the object to be guessed is given in the third person. Riddles in which the description is given in the first person are built on personification:

They beat me, beat me, toss me, cut me

I endure everything and cry with all the good. (Earth)

Metonymy is less common in riddles than metaphor. Most often, the material from which the item is made replaces it:

There is a tree (table). Hemp on the tree (tablecloth). Clay on hemp (pot). Cabbage on clay (shchi). And in the cabbage a pig (pork).

Riddles also use a variety of comparisons:

White as snow, in honor of all. (Sugar)

In school riddles, images can become the basis for comparison. Holy Scripture and Old Church Slavonic vocabulary:

Taken from the earth, like Adam, Thrown into a fiery furnace, like three youths; Taken from the cave and laid on the chariot, like Elijah: It was good to be in the marketplace, like Joseph: Placed on the frontal place and beaten on the head, like Jesus; Cry with a great voice, and a certain wife will come to his voice, like Mary Magdalene. And, having bought it for a brass case, bring it home; But he burst into tears for his mother, died, And to this day his bones lie unburied. (Pot)

Found in riddles and antitheses:

Mother-spring in a colored dress. Mother-winter in a shroud alone. (Field)

Epithets are often used in riddles.

Shape of riddles gradually became predominantly poetic (poetic), therefore special meaning acquired rhyme. Rhythm is created not only by the consonance of words, but also by the intonation pattern of the phrase: “A pear is hanging - you can’t eat it.” (Bulb)

Lines can rhyme in two-line riddles. In multi-line rhymes are varied. Here is an example of a related rhyme:

Grew up in the field house

The house is full of grain

The walls are gilded

The shutters are boarded up:

The house is shaking

On a gold pillar. (Rye)

Sometimes the first line is not related to the rest, but is built on an internal rhyme:

small, humpbacked,

The whole field ran

He ran home - he lay for a whole year. ( Sickle)

External and internal rhymes often serve as a clue to the riddle: "No meat, no bones, but still five fingers." (Hand) Expressive expressions are possible in the riddle:

Oh, what is Ivan Polyakov:

Sat on a horse

And went into the fire. ( Cast iron and grip)

Linguistic features, word formation in riddles are close to children's speech, and therefore are also the reason for the spread of such texts. Melnikov calls them "pedagogical prerequisites for riddles" and believes that it was these features that caused the wide spread of riddles in the children's environment.

In a number of cases, new answers to traditional riddles appear: “A hundred clothes and all without fasteners” suggests the following answer: “The marriage of our garment factory.”

Relation of the riddle to other genres has a two-sided character: riddles are a component of individual genres and at the same time serve as the basis for creating a new text. Riddles have become part of the works of many genres of oral folk art. They represent traces of ancient beliefs or reflect a later phenomenon of folklore synthesis. Only a special study of each fact will make it possible to determine the nature of the inclusion of the riddle in the text of the work.

The texts of ancient riddles have been preserved in epics and fairy tales. Many subservient songs constructed in the form of riddles, when the description of a person's fate is replaced by an indication of an object or action.

O.I. Kapitsa leads interesting example save the riddle as part of a children's song. In the song below, the last four lines are a linen riddle.

You, aunt

my grain,

drown the house,

Look into the oven

And I'll bake pancakes.

Mother Volga

Wide and long

Chair on the mountains

About seven heads

It has a core

He speaks good.

Often riddles arise on the basis of bylichka:

The man is not going the way. Can't see anything around. Went into a rut. don't get out. (Dead person)

The diverse use of riddles leads to the emergence of related forms of a synthetic nature, absorbing elements of a riddle and other genre formations. First of all, we will name the questions based on synonyms identified by O.I. Kapitsa. They take the form of a numerical problem; to answer, you need to understand the trick. Let's give an example: “A man bought a goat for three rubles. Why did the goat come? “How much” is usually understood as: “how much did it cost”, “how much does it cost”, and instead of answering “on the ground”, the answer follows: “three rubles”.

There are other similar questions:

“After seven years, what will the goat do?” (The 8th year will go.)

"What is the stone in the river?" (Wet.)

"Can it rain for two days in a row?" (It can't, because it's night between days.)

"Why does the goose swim?" ( from the shore.)

Sometimes it can be difficult to separate the riddle from the task of a numerical nature: “Geese flew over the forest and they need to sit down to rest. If they sit two per tree, one tree will remain, and one at a time, the goose will remain. Are there many trees and geese?” (2 trees, 3 geese)

“There are four cats sitting, three cats against each, are there many of them?” (4 cats in the corners of the hut)

Went in a column

son with father

Yes, grandfather and grandson.

How many? ( Three)

Word riddles are built on the principle of a charade or are based on a play on letters and words: “Which two animals fit in one bottle?” (cognac)"What city name has one boy's name and one hundred girls' names?" ( Sevastopol)

The reverse process is also possible, the transition of riddles into proverbs: "Nothing hurts, but everything groans."

New realities are actively penetrating the modern riddle: “With two legs, but they cannot walk” (Tights)."Two legs in one pant" (Skirt-trousers). obvious and humorous character similar riddles.

Impressions from what is noticed in everyday life and seen on TV determine the improvisational nature of riddles; riddles about long-appearing heroes of the series are not always personable:

Doesn't sink, doesn't burn

Sitting in a red dress

With loving eyes

Looking at Sissy (Gina).

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These riddles were invented, collected and kept by people for centuries. Those who lived in those old times people, entertainment, like fistfights between villages, and show off your mind by guessing riddles. They gathered after a hard labor day, lit a torch in the hut, and began to tell tales in turn, and guess riddles. This is how the smartest and smartest among them showed up. In which he deserved respect throughout the district.

You look - you cry, but there is no more beautiful than him in the world. (Sun) A loaf of bread hangs over a woman's hut. (Month)

White carrot grows in winter. (Icicle)

Runs, runs - does not run out. (River)

Why is she white? Because green. (Currant)

In the middle of the yard there is a shock: in front of the pitchfork, behind (Cow)

A hut was built without hands, without an axe. (Nest)

There are pitchforks, a rake on the pitchfork, a breather over the rake, a peeper over the breather, a field over the peeper, and a dense forest beyond the field. (Human)

Under the bridge, under the bridge, under the city, settlement, two trumpets blew, two candles shone, two sables played. (Lips, teeth, nose, eyes, eyebrows)

I will open the barn, I will release a flock of white sheep. (Mouth, teeth)

In the spring it amuses, in the summer it cools, in the autumn it nourishes, in the winter it warms. (Tree)

An iron nose has grown into the ground, digs, digs, loosens the ground. (Plow)

The bow-legged one is disheveled, the toothy one is combing it. (plough and harrow)

Little Dorofeiko has a short belt. (Sheaf)

No windows, no doors - a flock of swans is full. (Cucumber)

Where is the water standing? (Well)

Vito sieve about four corners, about one hundred legs, about seven humps. (Peasant hut)

The mother is fat, the daughter is red, the son of the brave has gone under heaven. (furnace, fire, smoke)

Wet, beat, tore, twisted and put on the table. (Tablecloth)

I was on a fire, I was on a circle, I fed a hundred heads, I became old - I began to swaddle, they threw me out the window - and the dogs do not need it. (Pot)

The fox was running near the forest close: not to catch up, not to see. (Sun)

As soon as he enters the house, you won’t drive him out with a stake, but the time comes - he himself leaves. (beam of the sun)

A bull-horned bull looks from the high road. (Month)

Grandfather bridged the bridge without an ax, without a chisel. (Ice)

There was a lanky - in damp earth bogged down. (Rain)

Twelve eagles, fifty-two jackdaws laid one egg. (Year)

The black cow conquered the whole world; the white one got up - raised the whole world. (Day and night)

She feeds everyone, but does not ask for food herself. (Earth)

They drink my blood, they burn my bones, they beat each other with my hands. (Birch)

If you don't break a pot, you won't eat porridge. (Nut)

What you love, you can't buy, and what you don't love, you can't sell. (Youth and old age).

The deck lies in the middle of the swamp: it does not rot, does not dry. (Language)

Brother does not see brother through the boundary. (Eyes)

Balls roll around the barrel. (Pig and piglets)

He lives in the next world, I die in this. (Fish)

Seku forest - the forest withers, the city will rise in that place. (Haymaking)

Oak socks fly, fly and say:

“That's me! That's me!" (Threshing with flails)

Baba Yaga, pitchfork leg; the whole world feeds, but she is hungry. (Soha)

The more I turn, the more fat I get. (Spindle)

A pig ran, a golden back, a linen tail. (Needle)

He will be born in water, but he is afraid of water. (Salt)

He does not bark, does not bite, but does not let him into the house. (Lock)

Himself naked, and shirt in the bosom. (Candle)

He himself is thin, and his head is a pood. (Bezmen)
MYSTERIES loved by CHILDREN
Live zhivulechka on a living stool. (Child on adult's lap)

Two brothers live across the path, and they see each other. (Eyes)

Two mothers have five sons. (Hands)

The field is not measured, the sheep are not counted, the shepherd is horned. (Sky, stars, moon)

Above the grandmother's hut hangs a loaf of bread. Dogs bark but can't get it. (Month)

God rode, scattered peas.

It began to get light - there was nothing to collect. (Stars)

Dawn-dawn, red maiden. I walked through the forest, dropped the keys. Month saw, did not say. The sun saw - raised. (Dew)

A bird flies across the blue sky. She spread her wings, covered the sun. (Cloud)

Glitter first. Behind the brilliance of crackling. Behind the crackle is a splash. (Lightning, thunder, rain)

Walked lanky. Stuck in the ground. (Rain)

The tablecloth is white. The whole world is dressed. (Snow)

The bridge is paved without boards, Without an ax, without a wedge. (Ice)

One is lying, the other is running, the third is bowing. (Stream, shore, reeds)

Food, food - there is no trace, I cut, I cut - there is no blood. (River, boat, paddle)

Flying - howling.

Sits - digs the earth. (Bug)

Flying - buzzing

How to sit down - is silent. (Bee)

Hanging sieve - not twisted by hand. (Web)

Who wears his own house? (Snail)

Not a warrior, but with spurs. (Rooster)

I swam, I swam, I stayed dry. (Duck)

Born twice

Dies once. (Bird)

Falling asleep in autumn

Wakes up in the spring. (Bear)

Neither speaks nor sings, And who goes to the owner - She lets know. (Dog)

And lumpy, and puffy, and sour, and brittle, but sweeter than everyone. (Bread)

They don't eat me, and without me they don't eat much. (Salt)

Doesn't hit, doesn't scold

And it makes you cry. (Onion)

The red maiden Sits in the dungeon, And the scythe is on the street. (Carrot)

On the forest, on the ravine, there is an old man, a little red cap. (Boletus mushroom)

Bowing, bowing

Will come home - stretched. (Axe)

Two stand, two lie, The fifth walks, leads a pole, Sings the seventh song. (Doors)

Runners run, they carry

Lucky girls prick the shaggy one, Sharpen the horned one. (Horse, sleigh, hay, pitchfork)

Not nettles, but it burns, not the sun, but bakes. (Stove)

Four brothers stand under one roof. (Table)

glass fields,

And the borders are wooden. (Window)

Not a person, but tells. Not a shirt, but sewn. (Book)

You take from it, it becomes more. (Pit)

He rides on someone else's back, carries a load on his own. (Saddle)

Two sons, two fathers, shared three eggs. How was it divided, That not a single one was smashed? (grandfather, father, son)

Seven brothers have one sister each. Are there many sisters? (One)

Three cats are sitting. Against each cat - two cats. Is there a lot of everyone? (Three)

An old man rode with boards, and the boards ate him. (From spruce)

Do horses go to the balcony (to the ball)? (No)

When do all the bells ring? (In oats - never)

Russians folk riddles about plants, animals, man and natural phenomena

Riddles about plants

They beat me with sticks, they rub me with stones,
Burn me with fire, cut me with a knife.
And for that they ruin me so much that everyone loves me.

(Bread)

Grew up in the field house
The house is full of grain
The walls are gilded
The shutters are boarded up.
The house is shaking
On the trunk of gold.

(Ear)

golden sieve
There are a lot of black houses.
How many little black houses
So many white people.

(Sunflower)

Round, but not the moon,
Green, but not oak forest,
With a tail, but not a mouse.

(Turnip)

Two people walked, stopped, one asked the other:
- Is it black?
- No, it's red.
- Why is she white?
Because it's green.
What were they talking about?

(Red Ribes)

I'm sitting on a tree
Round like a ball
Tasty like honey
Red as blood.

(Cherry)

There is an oak, full of cereals,
Piglet covered.

(Poppy)

An old man stands over the water
Shaking his beard.

(Cane)

No windows, no doors
Full of people.

(Cucumber)

blue uniform,
yellow lining,
And in the middle - sweet.

(Plum)

sideways hat,
Hid behind a stump.
Who walks close
Bows low.

(Mushroom)

Not the sea, not the river, but worried.

(Field with ears)

Golden mountains grow in the summer.

(mop)

Threw one - took a whole handful.

(Corn)

Riddles about animals

White as snow
Puffed up like fur
Walks on shovels.

(Goose)

Even though I'm not a hammer -
I knock on wood:
It has every corner
I want to explore.
I walk in a red hat
And a great acrobat.

(Woodpecker)

The brothers got up on stilts,
Looking for food along the way.
On the run, on the go
They can't get off their stilts.

(Cranes)

Walks on earth
Can't see the sky
Nothing hurts,
And everything groans.

(Pig)

They always call me blind
But this is not a problem at all.
I built a house underground
All pantries are full in it.

(Mole)

There is a shock: Ahead of the pitchfork,
Behind the broom.

(Cow)

The beast is afraid of my branches,
Birds will not build nests in them.
In the branches is my beauty and power,
Tell me quickly, who am I?

(Deer)

There are wings, but it does not fly,
There are no legs, but you can’t catch up.

(Fish)

In a cramped hut
Weaving an old woman's canvas.

(Bees)

Who is in the forest without axes
Building a hut without corners?

(Ants)

Flying - howling
He sits down and digs the ground.

(Bug)

Who can go out into the open field,
Without leaving your home?

(Snail)

Crying in the swamp
But it does not come from the swamp.

(Sandpiper)

Born twice
One dies.

(Bird)

awl on the front,
behind the fork,
Towel underneath.

(Martin)

Born with a beard
Nobody marvels.

(Goat)

soft fur,
Yes, the claw is sharp.

(Cat)

On the hay lies
Doesn't eat on her own
And he doesn't give it to others.

(Dog)

Not a tree, but a peg.
Not a cat, but a mouse is afraid.

(Hedgehog)

walks in summer
And rests in winter.

(Bear)

Brawler and bully
Lives in water.
Claws on the back
And the pike will not swallow.

(Ruff)

Who wears the forest?

(Deer)

A huge cat will flash behind the trunks,
Eyes of gold and ears with tassels,
But it's not a cat, watch out
Goes hunting insidious ...

(Lynx)

And we are in the forest, and in the swamp,
You can always find us everywhere:
In the meadow, on the edge,
We are green...

(frogs)

I dig a hole day and night,
I don't know the sun
Who will find my long move
It will tell you straight away...

(Mole)

Instead of a nose - a patch,
Instead of a tail - a hook,
My voice is shrill and ringing,
I'm funny…

(piggy)

I've been catching bugs all day
I eat worms.
I do not fly to a warm land,
Here, under the roof, I live,
Chick-chirp! Don't be shy!
I am seasoned...

(Sparrow)

I am in any bad weather
I have a lot of respect for water.
I stay away from dirt
Clean gray…

(Goose)

There are a lot of them in the summer
And in the winter everyone dies
Jumping, buzzing over the ear.
What are they called?

(flies)

Under the bark of pine and spruce
Sharpens complex tunnels.
Only to the woodpecker for lunch
Gets…

(bark beetle)

Helps us in the household
And willingly settles
Wooden palace
Dark Bronze…

(Starling)

Blacker than all migratory birds,
Cleans arable land from worms.
Jump back and forth across the arable land,
And the bird's name is...

(Rook)

Riddles about a person

(Hair)

I've been wearing them for many years
I don't know how to count them.

(Hair)

Who walks on four legs in the morning,
Day for two
And in the evening at three?

(Human)

One says
Two are looking
Two are listening.

(tongue, eyes, ears)

My brother lives behind the mountain,
Don't meet me.

(Eyes)

If it weren't for him,
Wouldn't say anything.

(Language)

All my life they go in overtaking,
Yes, they can't overtake each other.

(Legs)

Always in your mouth
Don't swallow.

(Language)

The tree is lucky
The knuckle flogs
Wet Martin wraps up.

(spoon, teeth, tongue)

Two are walking
Two are watching
Two help.
One leads and orders.

(Legs, eyes, arms and head of a person)

Riddles about natural phenomena

Grandpa bridges the bridge without an ax and without a knife

(Freezing)

Walked lanky in the damp earth bogged down

(Rain)

It warms in winter, smolders in spring, dies in summer, comes to life in autumn

(Snow)

He is everywhere: in the field and in the garden,
But it won't get into the house.
And I'm not going anywhere
As long as he goes.

(Rain)

I have sleeves, although I don’t have hands.
And though I'm not made of glass,
I am bright like a mirror.
Who am I? Give an answer!

(River)

On the silver road
We went on a hike.
Let's stop for a rest
And she goes to herself.

(River)

Don't pick me up and lift me up
Do not cut with a saw
Do not cut down and do not drive away
Do not sweep with a broom
But the time will come for me -
I myself will leave the yard.

(Shadow)

One walks, the other drinks
And the third is eating.

(Rain, earth and grass)

Curls around the nose
But it is not given in the hands.

(Wind)

I follow you in the mountains
I will answer any call.
Everyone heard me, but
No one has seen it yet.

(Echo)

What goes without moving?

(Time)

The edge is visible, but you won’t reach it.

(Horizon)

The fur coat is new, but there is a hole in the hem.

(hole)

You are after her, she is away from you.
You are from her, she is behind you.

(Shadow)

What grows upside down?

(Icicle)

It does not sink in water and does not burn in fire.

(Ice)

Himself without hands, without eyes,
And he knows how to draw.

(Freezing)

No arms, no legs
And climb into the hut.

(Freezing)

The red yoke hung over the river.

(Rainbow)

Not water and not land.
You can’t swim away on a boat and you can’t walk through with your feet.

(Swamp)

The gray cloth stretches out the window.

(Steam, mist)

I am often asked, waited,
And as soon as I appear, they will begin to hide.

(Rain)

Stronger than the sun, weaker than the wind
No legs, but walking.
No eyes, but crying.

(Cloud)

He won’t knock, he won’t bang, but he will come.

(Day)

We do not know grief, but weep bitterly.

(Clouds)

They beat me, they twist me, they cut me,
And I am silent and cry with all the good.

(Earth)

An ox roared for a hundred villages, for a hundred rivers.

(Thunder)

What can't you put in a chest?

(beam of the sun)

The blue sheet dresses the whole world.

(Sky)

Sister visits brother
And he hides from her.

(Moon and sun)

Grabbed by the cheeks, the tip of the nose,
He painted the window without asking.
But who is it?
Here is the question!
All this makes…

  Sitting and standing, on the move and in transport, you can play puzzles. Here is a fun and fruitful pastime.
  Guessing riddles brings undoubted benefits. This is the development of intelligence, and memory training, and a fascinating way to learn a lot about various subjects.
  Guessing riddles is a kind of test of human ingenuity.
  Welcome to the world of mysteries, where so many incredible discoveries are hidden!

Puzzles.

Definition.

    If I were asked to name the most poetic phenomenon created by man with the help of the word, I would say without hesitation: these are riddles. But, unfortunately, we know them so poorly, and so little is the time that is allotted at school to get to know them!

    What is puzzles? If you give them the traditional short definition, then it can be like this. Puzzles- this is an allegorical image of objects or phenomena of reality that are proposed to be guessed. Indeed, for example, in enigma“The matryoshka stands on one leg, wrapped up, tangled” cabbage is allegorically represented. But, of course, under this one definition it is impossible to substitute all riddles. After all, the material that we perceive as riddles is much richer. For example, in the riddle about the river “Flows, flows - does not flow out, runs, runs - does not run out” there is no allegory, it contains a description of the river, but there is no image of an object that would allegorically remind of the river. There are other types of riddles. For example, such: “What can a person not live without?” Answer: No name. Or: “What is the softest thing in the world?” Turns out it's a hand. These are riddles that require unconventional thinking from the guesser. After all, it is necessary huge amount give one possible answer, but one with which everyone would agree. You never know, for example, without which a person cannot live! And without water, and without air, and without food. But still, an unexpected guess - "Without a name" - will satisfy, perhaps, everyone. Indeed, not only a person cannot live without water, air, food… But only people (everyone!) get names.

    This example testifies to another feature of such riddles. The answer should be original, unexpected, often causing a smile. And there are many riddles that have comic answers. Well, for example: “Which month is the shortest?” Ordinary answer: February. But the correct one is "May" (only three letters!). “What stones are not in the sea?” - "Dry".

    These types riddles could be called as follows: riddles-allegory, riddles-descriptions and riddles-questions. But there is another type riddles: riddles-tasks. They are very similar to puzzles from school textbooks except for one circumstance. Here, for example, is one of these riddles: “A flock of geese flew, towards them one goose. “Hello,” he says, “one hundred geese!” - “No, we are not a hundred geese. If there were so many more, yes half as many, yes a quarter as many, yes you, goose, then there would be a hundred of us geese. "How many geese flew?" Answer: 36 geese. The task is purely arithmetic, it requires the guessing ability to count. But there are other tasks as well. For example: “There was a hunter. I saw three crows on a tree and fired. One killed. How much is left on the tree? The "reasonable" answer is purely arithmetic: there are two crows left on the tree. But no! He killed one, and the rest flew away ... Or: “A flock of geese flew, the hunters killed one. How much is left?" Of course one is dead.

    We see that riddles-tasks, like riddles-questions, are extraordinary, they are really tests for ingenuity, they develop, activate our mental activity. And this combines riddles-questions with riddles-tasks; they undoubtedly have similarities in this with riddles-allegories, riddles-descriptions. After all, the tasks proposed in riddles-allegories and riddles-descriptions require intelligence, non-standard thinking: to see the extraordinary in the ordinary, and the ordinary in the unusual.

    Thus, all these small forms of folklore are united in their life purpose: they are of an educational nature, they contribute to the development of human mental activity. That is why we study them in school.

    However, not only the vital purpose unites these types riddles. It is impossible not to notice that they are all built on a paradox. Translated from Greek, “paradox” means an unexpected phenomenon that sharply contradicts common sense, at odds with generally accepted opinion. We have seen that riddles are built on unusual juxtapositions expected in line with common sense, the generally accepted guesses turn out to be false, and the most unexpected, but the only true ones, are correct.

    The similarity of these four types of riddles is also in their construction. The composition of all riddles without exception is two-part: the first part is a question, the second is an answer. This is very clearly seen in the example of riddles-questions and riddles-tasks. The question form is veiled in riddles-allegories and riddles-descriptions. However, the question does not have to be expressed in words. After all, the riddle existed and exists truly only in oral form, and the question can also be conveyed by intonation. In addition, the questioning nature of the first part of riddles-allegories and riddles-descriptions is indicated by the need to answer only their first part. The answer suggests the existence of a question.

    But that's where the similarity ends. Some differences have already been discussed, but we note one more important one. Riddles-allegories and riddles-descriptions differ from riddles-questions and riddles-tasks in that they are created on the basis of poetic imagery, surprise us with poetic pictures, artistic details; but riddles-questions, riddles-tasks are strong in their logic, a game not of the imagination, but of the mind. It seems that this is why in literature lessons at school a clear preference is given to riddles-allegories and riddles-descriptions. And among the people they used invariably great success. We know thousands of them, while riddles-questions and riddles-tasks are little known.

    Thus, puzzles- this is an allegorical image of objects and phenomena of reality or their description, which is proposed to be solved.

Riddles game 1.

    There are many mysteries in this book. different peoples our country - and about man, and about animals, and about birds, and about plants, and about the earth, and about the sky, and about various objects ...

    Riddles can be made to each other, but riddles can also be played together, like other games.

    That's how they play puzzles Russian guys. They gather somewhere, sit down comfortably and start playing "cities". Each takes several cities, say ten.

    In order not to forget your cities and not confuse them with others, you need to write them down on a piece of paper and keep this sheet in front of you.

    The names of the cities of the players should not be repeated. If they are repeated, confusion and disputes will begin.

    One of the players is appointed as a riddle. He must guess a dozen riddles.

    Here he comes up with the first riddle. The players take turns approaching him and quietly, so that the others do not hear, say a guess.

    Whoever fails to guess or guesses incorrectly, hands over one of his cities to the riddle.

    How do they do it? The Riddler puts a badge next to the name of the city.

    When all participants in the game have given an answer, the riddle makes a new riddle. It is guessed in the same way as the first.

    After ten riddles, they look at who has how many cities left. It happens that some of the players will surrender all their cities.

    Then a new riddle comes out and the game continues. He comes up with other riddles, and everyone guesses them. The one who guesses them.

    The one who guesses correctly receives the city that he passed.

    Then the third riddle comes out with his own new riddles, and everyone guesses them. After that, they look at who has how many cities left. The one who surrendered all his cities and failed to return them is forced to do some funny thing. This is where the game ends.

    You can “hand over” not only cities, but also animals, birds, and parts of clothing - a hat, scarf, jacket, shirt, belt, shoes.

    Riddles game 2.

    This game is called "grandmother". They play "grandmother" like this. Everyone gets in a row (you can also play while sitting). The first is a riddle.

    Many participants in the game can guess it, but the answer cannot be said aloud. Only the one who is standing or sitting next to the riddle can say the answer out loud.

    As soon as he guesses, he must make a new riddle to his neighbor. If he guesses it, he makes another riddle to his neighbor. So the riddles go along their chain to the end, and then they can return the opposite way.

    But it is not always so easy for riddles to follow the chain. It happens that someone cannot guess the riddle or answers incorrectly. Then the neighbor asks him a second riddle. I could not guess this one either - they guess the third one for him. . Well, if he doesn’t guess the third one, let him go to the very end of the row. After that, the game continues. They play as long as they can come up with new puzzles.

Description of the presentation on individual slides:

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MYSTERIES The material was prepared by the teacher of Russian language and literature Kashirina N.V. http://aida.ucoz.ru

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The riddle is a genre of oral folk art. The riddle allegorically (without naming) describes an object or phenomenon. The purpose of the riddle is to test ingenuity, to teach to see the world in a new way, therefore it is not an independent genre, but an applied one. The name of the genre "mystery" comes from the word "fortune-telling" - to think, to reason. Fortune-telling is the clarification of something hidden, darkened.

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Is it a mystery? Where the birch forest, pockmarked and rare, Where the haze of the willow melts, He, gray, sits on a branch And holds a worm in his beak. But it is he, simple, nondescript, Chilled at night from the dew, Will enchant the dacha village Near the suburban strip. (Sergey Shchipachev) Author's title of the poem "Nightingale" This is not a riddle. Why?

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The history of the origin of the riddle A long time ago, even when people were afraid of nature, it seemed ancient hunter, a farmer and a cattle breeder, that everywhere there are good and evil creatures. In the forest - Goblin, in the river - Vodyanoy, Mermaids, in the hut - Brownie. Then people thought that the tree, and the fish, and the bird - all understand the human language. And people in those days, going hunting, fishing or just with a herd in the forest, tried not to say out loud those words that are connected with the success of the upcoming business. And in order to deceive the beast and understand each other, hunters, fishermen and shepherds came up with a special "secret" language, a special "mysterious" speech.

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Winter evenings, when all the affairs of the household were redone, it happened that both old and small gathered in some kind of hut. And the old men began to ask tricky questions to the young. And the old people did not just guess, as they please, but strictly kept order. They started with riddles about a person, about what is closest to him - about clothes, about a house. Then about the garden, orchard, field, apiary. And then about snow, thunder, lightning, about the stars and the moon.

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Gradually, over the centuries, stronger yes smarter man became, became less dark forces"to be afraid. The "deceptive" names were not needed either, they were gradually forgotten. But the riddle was not forgotten. It was widely used as a test of wisdom both in life and in fairy tales. The main thing was that a person tested his ingenuity, once again looked around - let sees in what interesting world lives.

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And everywhere, in the most everyday, the riddle is able to notice something interesting, to make the most familiar unusual, mysterious. Here, for example: "Down laughs, up - cries." The answer is simple: a bucket in a well. But it is so subtly noticed that the empty bucket goes down, creaks, as if laughing, and rising up, it splashes water, as if crying. Later, the riddle moved into the world of childhood, began to teach the child to recognize the world, to see it in a new way. For a child, the world is always full of mystery, he still has a lot to guess. Solving riddles is fun, guessing is pleasing and surprising.

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Solve riddles. (From the teacher's archive) 1. It started to rain, and we picked up strange mushrooms: there is a hat and a leg, but, alas, you can’t eat them. 2. The girl keeps the fungus so that the raincoat does not get wet. 3. The rain is pouring like a bucket, It's time for me to go to school. And I opened my fungus - Look: I didn’t get wet! 4. The bird will open its wings - it will save us from the rain. 5. As soon as I open up, I will become like a bird. 6. In the rain, a heron on a high leg walks along the path. 7. Multi-colored daisies in the rain carry everything above them. The clouds are removed - the daisies are closing.

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I decorate the house, I collect the dust. And people trample me with their feet, And then they beat me with batogs. Inside - empty, And the voice - thick. He himself is silent, And they beat him - grumbles. Her whole soul is wide open, And even though there are buttons - not a shirt, Not a turkey, but puffed up, And not a bird, but flooded. Now back, then forward Walks wanders the steamer. Stop - grief! Pierce the sea! All his life he flaps his wings, But he cannot fly away. He has a rubber trunk, With a canvas stomach. As his motor buzzes, He swallows both dust and rubbish. If I see dust, I will grumble, wrap and swallow.

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Learning to compose riddles Preparation 1. Fragrant snowflakes Hang on a blade of grass (lily of the valley flowers) 2. In spring, in May, white rattles appeared on the edge. (flowers of the lily of the valley) 3. Hammers knock, knock, letters fall in even lines. (typewriter) 4. There is a bell on a thin leg in purple clothes. (bell) 5. They hang like beads, but do not ring, a strong aroma spreads from them. (lily of the valley flowers) Improved version 1. Fragrant snowflakes A blade of grass hangs on the forest. (lily of the valley flowers) 2. At the end of May, rattles turned white on the edge. (lily of the valley flowers) 3. Hammers briskly knock and drive letters into lines. (typewriter) 4. There is a call on a thin leg in purple clothes. (bell) 5. White bells hang, but do not ring, and a wonderful aroma flows from them. (lily of the valley flowers)