The last time in significant numbers- Pz.lll were used during Operation Citadel. In the tank and motorization of this operation, there were 109 tanks with short-barreled 50-mm guns, 528 with long-barreled and 172 with 75-mm guns.- In addition to these tanks, there were 56 more vehicles in the 503rd and 505th heavy tanks.- battalions, the 656th tank destroyer regiment and other units. According to German Dan- nym, during July and August 1943, would- lo lost 385 Pz.lll. In total, during the year, losses amounted to 2719 units, of which 178 were returned to service after repairs.

By the end of 1943, due to the cessation of production, the number of Pz.lll in the units of the first line was sharply reduced. A significant number of tanks of this type were transferred to various training and reserve units. They served on secondary- during hostilities, for example, in Ita- Lia and in the Balkans.

By March 1945 in the combat units of the Wehrmacht- that left only 164 Pz.lll, another 328 named- elk in the reserve army, and 105 used- lis as training.

A small number of Pz.lll times- personal modifications were supplied with- allies of Germany. In September 1942, Hungary received 10 tanks of the M modification. More 10-12 cars were handed over to the Hungarian- frames in 1944. At the end of 1942, 11 Ausf.N vehicles were delivered to Romania. In 1943, 10 of these tanks were ordered by Bulgaria, but in the end the Germans replaced the "troikas" with Pz.38(t). Slovakia received 7 Ausf.N in 1943. Several vehicles of modifications N and L were in service with the Croatian troops. Türkiye planned to acquire 56

machines of options L and M, but these plans are real- failed to lick. Thus, in ar- missions of Germany's allied states post- drank no more than 50 Pz.lll.

A variety of self-propelled artillery mounts were built on the basis of the Pz.lll, including the famous StuG III assault guns, five types of command tanks, flamethrower tanks, advanced artillery vehicles- Tillerian observers, recovery vehicles. were released not- large batches of vehicles for the transport of- supplies and ammunition and sapper tanks.

The history of the creation of the tank

By the mid 30s. Wehrmacht command came to the final conclusion that the Third Reich needed two main types of tanks - light and medium. At the same time, the base of the armored forces was to be made up of light, maneuverable tanks armed with a 20-mm gun. Heavier and slower vehicles, protected by thicker armor, were assigned the role of the main force in close combat. It was assumed that light tanks would fight enemy military equipment and be used for reconnaissance purposes, while medium vehicles would focus on the task of destroying enemy anti-tank weapons in depth. However, the very first experience of hostilities made significant adjustments to these calculations. Firstly, the German light tanks that existed at that time did not justify the hopes placed on them. Weak armor and poor armament made these vehicles absolutely unsuitable for the role of the Wehrmacht's strike force. Secondly, none of the German tanks that existed at that time could claim to be a full-fledged medium tank.

The question of the immediate creation of a fundamentally new combat vehicle, which would combine the maneuverability of a light tank with enhanced armor protection and the combat power of a medium one, was on the agenda. The new tank needed a gun capable of hitting most enemy combat vehicles and anti-tank guns. According to the plan of Heinz Guderian, the chief of staff of the inspection of the armored forces, a 50-mm long-barreled gun could become such a weapon, but the Armaments Directorate of the Ground Forces, referring to the accepted standards for infantry anti-tank guns, insisted on maintaining the 37-mm caliber. All Guderian's attempts to convince the command that the defeat of the thick armor of enemy vehicles required much more powerful weapons were in vain - the "father of German tanks" had to give in. The only thing he managed to insist on was to increase the radius of the turret. Thus, the basis for the future equipping of the tank with more powerful weapons was preserved.

It was also decided that the new medium tank (which from 1936 began to be designated as Zugfuhrerswagen - the platoon commander's fighting vehicle) (later this vehicle received a new name - the medium tank Pz Kpfw III) in all main parameters should resemble more heavy tank battalion commander (Batailon-fuhrerswagen). This meant that the tank was originally designed for a five-man crew (commander, gunner from turret gun, loader, driver and gunner-radio operator serving the course machine gun). The commander was placed between the shooter and the loader in the tower, his place was slightly raised and equipped with battlefield observation devices. Communication with the rest of the crew was carried out using a special microphone connected to the tank radio.

In 1935, after the development of the basic project, the military-industrial concerns Friedrich Krupp AG, * Rheinmetall-Borsig, MAN, Daimler-Benz received an order for the production of a prototype of the future medium tank. A year later, according to the test results, a special commission selected the project of Daimler-Beitz AG / In 1936, the first modification of the new tank appeared - SdKfz 141 (PzKpfw III Ausf A) or 1 / ZW (Zugfuhrerswagen - platoon commander's vehicle). In the period between 1936 - 1937. Daimler-Benz AG produces 10 experimental tanks of this modification. "According to domestic sources. In 1936-1937, Daimler-Benz produced 15 PzKpfw 111 AusF A tanks of the so-called zero series. See Panzer III. History of creation and use. M. Eastern Front. 1995.

The armament of the new combat vehicle consisted of the same 37-mm KwK L / 46.5 cannon and three machine guns - with two twin MG-34s located in the turret, and the third in the hull. If the design of the hull and turret as a whole remained unchanged, then the design of the chassis had a number of significant differences from previous models. The undercarriage (on one side) consisted of five double road wheels of large diameter, cast drive wheels were in the front of the hull, and guide wheels (sloths) with a caterpillar tension mechanism were in the rear. From above, the caterpillar lay on two supporting rollers. The Maybach HL 108 TR engine allowed the 15.4-ton tank to reach speeds of up to 32 km/h. The thickness of bulletproof armor did not exceed 15 mm. In 1936, these tanks were transferred to military trials in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd tank divisions, as a result of which they were rejected.

The second experimental batch consisted of 15 units and was produced by Daimler-Benz A G in 1937.

These tanks received the designation 2/ZW, or PzKpfw III B. They had a completely new suspension, this time consisting of 8 twin small road wheels (on board), grouped two by two into carts, sprung by two semi-elliptical springs. At the same time, the number of support rollers increased to three. The new undercarriage allowed the tank to develop a high speed - up to 35 km / h. Like the Ausf A tanks, these experimental "troikas" were tested in Poland, and in 1940 they ended their service in the army forever. PzKpfw III Ausf B were withdrawn from the line regiments and transferred to training tank units of the Wehrmacht.

On the next 15 experimental tanks 3 / ZW, or PzKpfw III C, the running gear remained the same, but the suspension was significantly improved. Now eight road wheels were interlocked in pairs into four bogies, each of which was suspended on three semi-elliptical leaf springs. The first and last bogies had short parallel springs, while the second and third had one common long spring. In addition, the design of the exhaust system, the device of planetary rotation mechanisms was changed. Despite all the improvements, this tank also suffered the fate of its predecessors - all 15 Ausf C triples were withdrawn from tank units on the eve of the war with France.

The fourth experimental batch of Ausf D (3b / ZW) tanks consisted of 30 units ("According to domestic sources, Daimler-Benz produced 50 PzKpfw III Ausf D medium tanks in 1038. See The Forgotten Troika". M., 1994, PzKpfw III Ausf D differed from model C in that the small springs of the first and last bogies were installed with a certain slope, which made it possible to slightly increase their efficiency when driving along the armor of the hull and turret was also strengthened to 30 mm.In 1938, these tanks entered service with parts of the armored forces, managed to fight in Poland, after which they were transferred to tank schools as training vehicles. However, several combat "triples" Ausf D stayed in the army a little longer and took part in the occupation of Denmark and Norway as part of the 40th tank battalion.

The PzKpfw III E became the first model of the "troika" launched into mass production. 96 combat vehicles of this modification received reinforced frontal armor (up to 30 mm), a more powerful engine (Maybach HI-120 TR) and an improved chassis design.
parts with six rubber-coated road wheels with torsion bar suspension and a new Variorex gearbox SRG 328-145. In addition, the design of the ball mount of the MG-34 - Kugelblande 30 course machine gun has changed, and the entrance hatches located on the sides of the tower have become double-leaf. Thanks to these changes, the combat weight of the new medium tank reached 19.5 tons.
In September 1939, after military trials, the PzKpfw III tank of this modification was finally approved and recommended for mass production. At the same time, inspectors from the Army Ordnance Department had to make sure that Guderian's doubts about the 37-mm gun were fully justified - this gun turned out to be too weak to deal with heavy enemy tanks. I had to urgently switch to equipping the “triples” with 50-mm guns, sacrificing a third machine gun. Since the creation of a large-caliber tank gun took some time, the first PzKpfw III Ausf F tanks continued to be equipped with 37 mm guns, and only the last quarter of the 435 combat vehicles were armed with 50 mm 5 cm KwK 38 L / 42 guns. In addition, the manufacturers managed to convert some ready-made Ausf E and F triples to the new 50 mm KwK 39 L/60 tank gun.

At the same time, seven large tank-building enterprises - MAN, Daimler-Benz. Alkett, Henschel, Wegmann, MNH, MIAG received a government order for the production of 600 advanced Ausf G tanks. On these tanks, the thickness of the rear armor for the first time reached 30 mm, and later copies were equipped with an additional commander's turret, the same type as the turret of the middle tank PzKpfw IV.
In October 1940, mass production of Ausf IL triples was launched. These tanks had an improved turret design with enhanced armor protection, which greatly increased the weight of the tank, which, in turn, required radical changes in the transmission. The frontal armor of the hull and turret box of the tank was additionally reinforced with an armor plate 30 mm thick, which made the turret virtually invulnerable to enemy guns. An additional shell box was often attached to the rear wall of the tower, which was jokingly called the “Rommel chest” by the troops. Due to the increase in the combat weight of the tank to 21.6 tons, it was necessary to use wider tracks (400 mm, despite the fact that the PzKpfw III Ausf E-G width tracks was 360 mm), and to reduce their sagging, the front support roller was shifted and slightly forward. Among other changes, one can note an additional corner profile installed at the base of the tower and protecting it from enemy projectiles.

The next serial version of the "troika" was the tank PzKpfw III Ausf J (SdKfz 141/1). Much more of these vehicles were produced than all the previous ones - 266 units for the period from March 1941 to July 1942. Initially, tanks of this modification were armed
KwK 38 L / 42 gun, but, starting from December 1941, according to Hitler’s personal order, they began to install a new 50-mm KwK 39 gun with a barrel length of 60 calibers. About 1,000 of these improved tanks were produced. The new "triples" had more powerful 50-mm armor, improved observation systems for the driver (the Fahrerschklappc 50 viewing device and the KFF 2 binocular periscope) and a new type of installation of the MG-34 turret machine gun. The combat weight of the new tank was 21.5 tons.
From the second half of 1942, the production of PzKpfw III Ausf L tanks begins. In the period from June to December of this year, 650 such combat vehicles were created. Compared to the previous versions, the new tanks had enhanced forehead and hull armor, which were protected by additional 20 mm armor plates. In addition, the armor of the mantlet of the 50 mm KwK 39 tank gun was increased. All these changes significantly affected the mass of the tank, weighing it down by another 200 kg. Medium tanks PzKpfw III Ausf L were used to equip the tank regiments of the mobile divisions of the SS "Adolf Hitler", "Reich", "Dead Head", as well as the elite division "Grossdeutschland".

The last version of the "troika" with a 50-mm KwK 39 cannon was the Ausf M. The tanks of this model had minor differences from the previous model and were produced from October 1942 to February 1943. The initial order for this tank was 1000 units, but since At this point, the undeniable advantages of the new Soviet medium tanks over all German PzKpfw IIIs became obvious, and the order was reduced to 250 units. 100 new "triples" produced by MIAG had to be hastily transferred under a special order to the Wegmann plant for conversion into flamethrowing tanks and assault guns.
Tanks of the latest production model received the designation assault tank PzKpfw-III Ausf N (SdKfz 141/2). The production of these combat vehicles began in June 1942, but by that time it became clear that even an improved version of the old "troika" could not compete with the new Soviet tanks. The Wehrmacht vitally needed no longer a partial modernization of old machines, but the creation of a fundamentally new version. By this moment, a new heavy tank PzKpfw IV appears, which becomes the main offensive weapon of the armored forces. Under these conditions, the PzKpfw III Ausf N tanks are assigned a supporting role, so their armament was the 75-mm KwK 37 L / 24 short-barreled gun used on the PzKpfw IV Ausf A-F1 tanks. A total of 663 PzKpfw III Ausf N tanks were produced with a combat weight of 23 tons.

For good example suspensions of the PzKpfw III tank and their differences.

Description of the design of the tank PzKpfw III

“PzKpfw III is a cruiser-type tank. The combat weight is about 22 tons, weapons in currently consists of a long-barreled 50 mm cannon (50 mm KwK L/60) and an MG-34 machine gun coaxial with it, located in the turret, and another MG-34 mounted in the right frontal part of the tank. In addition, the tank has machine guns (submachine guns), hand grenades, a signal pistol, and each crew member is armed with a personal pistol.

The front of the tank

The interior of the tank is divided into three compartments. The front one is intended for the driver, it is located on the left side of the body, exactly opposite the control levers and foot pedals. The gearbox is located directly under the dashboard, the brake is to the left of the driver. Steering and brakes hydraulic or mechanical.

The driver has at his disposal a viewing slot made of triplex glass block, protected by an armored cover. With a closed viewing slot, the driver can use two observation devices installed in specially drilled holes in the frontal armor. If the driver uses a regular viewing slot, these two devices are closed from the inside with a special cover.

Behind the left shoulder of the driver is another viewing slot, covered with armored glass that can be easily removed if necessary.

In addition to the driver, on the right side of the control compartment there is a place for a gunner-radio operator. At his disposal was a course machine gun MG, mounted in a ball bearing.

The observation slot and the telescopic sight are installed in such a way that as soon as the shooter turns his head to point the machine gun, his gaze automatically concentrates on the center of the target.

The radio station is usually placed to the left of the radio operator, above the gearbox, but in some cases it is installed directly in front of the shooter, in a niche under the frontal slope of the hull.

Fighting compartment of the tank

The fighting compartment, limited by the turret body, is located in the center of the vehicle. There is no floor, the commander's and gunner's chairs are suspended from the inner wall of the tower. The seat for the loader is not provided, so he stands to the right of the turret gun and, like the rest of the crew members of the compartment, rotates with the turret as it rotates.

The shooter takes a place to the left of the 50-mm gun. Near it is a lever for manually turning the tower.

On the left side of the tower there is a special observation slot for the commander. The commander's seat is in the center of the turret, behind the gun. The commander's cupola has six viewing slots with bulletproof bulletproof glass and armored covers. The hatch of the turret is double-leaf.

Near the loader, an auxiliary flywheel for manually turning the turret is provided, which allows, if necessary, to quickly rotate. Power steering is not provided.

The engine compartment of the tank PzKpfw III

The engine compartment is located in the center of the stern and is separated by a partition from the fighting compartment. The engine is located in the center of the compartment, the fuel tank and battery are located to the left and right of it.

Behind the engine are two radiators. The cardan shaft to the drive wheels is passed over the bottom of the tank, right under the "floor" of the fighting compartment. There are evacuation hatches on each side of the hull.

The commander and gunner in the fighting compartment are provided with special means for orienting and aiming guns, and the driver for this purpose is served by his own gyrocompass.

Radio equipment of the tank PzKpfw III

It is worth noting that German tanks, unlike the famous T-34s, were overwhelmingly equipped with radio stations, which gave a huge advantage for conducting combat operations as part of armored units. The standard radio equipment of medium tanks PzKpfw III was the FuG 5 transceiver, which consisted of two receivers and one transmitter. The radio station was located in the tower, in the fighting compartment of the tank. Both receivers were mounted to the left of the gunner - radio operator, above the gearbox.

The receiver was directly in front of the radio operator. All external contacts were grounded.

The radio station was powered by tank batteries. Of the five crew members, only the loader and the gunner remained without communication, although, starting with Ausf L triplets, tanks began to be equipped with a special intercom, with which the commander could give orders to the shooter. The other three crew members were supplied with a microphone and headphones, and the radio operator's headphones were somewhat different from the rest.

The commander did not have independent access to the radio and could not turn the radio on or off or tune in to the desired wave. All these operations were under the exclusive control of the radio operator. Communication between the commander and the radio operator was carried out by means of two signal lights - one was installed in the tower, and the second was next to the radio operator.

The bulbs were lit using two multi-colored (red and green) buttons. Subsequently, this complex system was replaced by a simpler and more efficient one.

Tank modernization

German medium tank PzKpfw III Ausf A

German medium tank PzKpfw III Ausf B

German medium tank PzKpfw III Ausf C

German medium tank PzKpfw III Ausf D

German medium tank PzKpfw III Ausf E

German medium tank PzKpfw III Ausf F

German medium tank PzKpfw III Ausf J

German medium tank PzKpfw III Ausf J1

German medium tank PzKpfw III Ausf L

German medium tank PzKpfw III Ausf H

German medium tank PzKpfw III Ausf M

German medium tank PzKpfw III Ausf N

Command tanks PzKpfw III

Command tanks (Pcmzer-befeblswageti) based on the PzKpfw III - a total of approximately 220 command tanks were produced based on the Ausf D, E, and H triples. These tanks had a fixed turret, a gun dummy to mislead the enemy, and a large a frame-type radio station mounted in the stern.

The tanks, called Panzerbefehlswagen III Ausf D1 (Зс / ZW), were produced in 3 versions - SdKfz 266, SdKfz 267 and SdKfz 268, which differed from each other in radio equipment.

However, these tanks did not take root among the troops, since the lack of a tank gun made the officers practically unarmed in front of the enemy.

They had to rely on service weapon, which made command tanks a very ineffective tool. With these requirements in mind, two more command tanks with reinforced armor and a rotating turret were created.

The first batch of such Panzerbefehlswagen III tanks, armed with a 50-mm KwK L / 42 cannon, consisted of 81 vehicles, then another 104 tanks were produced.

They were followed by another 50 command vehicles armed with a 50mm KwK 39 L/60 cannon (these tanks are known as Pz Bfwg III Ausf K. with 5cm Kwk 39 L/60).

The large loop antenna was replaced with a simpler one, making the tank less visible and therefore less vulnerable on the battlefield.

Retired colonel German Rott at one time commanded the 5th tank regiment and was well acquainted with the commander's tank based on the "troika". Here is what he wrote about this car:

“The first commander’s “troikas” appeared at the headquarters of our regiment not earlier than the spring of 1941. These tanks, equipped with wooden mock-up guns and powerful antennas, were designed for five crew members - a commander, a communications officer, two radio operators and a driver. Outside, tin containers were installed on the armor for our personal belongings. Unfortunately, on the very first day of the invasion of the territory of the Soviet Union, our command tank was disabled by a direct hit in the engine compartment.

He caught fire. We managed to get out of the burning car and moved into a light reconnaissance tank, but the rumor about our death spread throughout the regiment. There is a sign that a soldier who is mistakenly declared dead will live to the very end of the war ... Apparently, this is the way it is. At least all five of us survived."

Combat use of tanks PzKpfw III

In the period 1935 to 1945, 15,350 chassis were produced for the PzKpfw III tank (originally called ZW - platoon commander's vehicle).

The first * triplets *. 98 vehicles thrown into Poland became those who took part in the hostilities. Of course, at that time they were only a small part of great strength thrown to conquer the eastern neighbor of the Third Reich. According to domestic sources, in May 1940 german army had 381 PzKpfw III Ausf A-E tanks on the Western Front. However, already during the hostilities in France and the Netherlands, the total number of PzKpfw III in active units increased to 349 units "and continued to grow steadily. Since by this time the "ones" and "twos" had long exhausted their resources, and the few medium tanks PzKpfw IV up to for the time being they were used only as infantry escort vehicles, the "troikas" had to take the place of the main striking force of the German 6-tank troops, the main fighting vehicle of the Wehrmacht. However, the design flaws of the new tank did not allow it to successfully meet such high expectations. In order to become a truly main A Wehrmacht fighting unit, the PzKpfw III required much thicker armor and more powerful weapons.

And yet PzKpfw III still managed to fight in North Africa and Eastern Europe. As expected, by this time he had lost his dominant position in the troops, giving way to the main offensive force, first to the medium PzKpfw IV, and then to the Panthers PzKpfw V. By the time the Panthers appeared, the Troikas finally switched to the role of auxiliary support and escort tanks . Brian Perret, author of a monograph on PzKpfw III tanks, wrote about it this way: “In finest hour Blitzkrieg tanks PzKpfw III were the main force and bulwark of the power of the Wehrmacht, and their role can only be compared with the Napoleonic grenadiers. The Troikas were not just witnesses, but true creators military history- they performed it on the bridgehead from the English Channel to the Volga, from the Arctic coast to the deserts of North Africa. It was the PzKpfw III that nearly made Adolf Hitler's worst dreams come true."

Leaving the arctic snows alone, let's turn to the desert sands. There is a lot of evidence of the superiority of the firepower of the "triples" over the tanks of Germany's opponents. As you know, initially the Allies had no doubt that their rapid-fire 2-pounder gun and the American 37-mm anti-tank gun were far superior to the 50-mm guns of the Nazi "troikas".

Tutorials for Soviet soldiers for the destruction of T-III tanks

Even Liddell Hart himself, the author of an excellent monograph on the Second World War, at one time was convinced of the superiority of British armored vehicles. His conclusions, based on very convincing figures, were included in a fundamental British study on the fighting in North Africa in 1941-1943. It is characteristic, however, that in the corrected and supplemented edition of the same work, all the figures and conclusions of Sir Basil regarding the German "triples" were radically revised.

The new edition unequivocally proves the superiority of the PzKpfw III tanks, armed with long-barreled 50 mm KwK 39 L/60 tank guns. British generals, as well as later British military historians, were misled by the thesis about the fundamental superiority of their tank guns over any armor of German tanks. However, the authors of this thesis did not take into account the fact that since the end of 1941 the Germans have significantly strengthened the armor of their "triples". The frontal armor of the PzKpfw III, reinforced with additional armor plates, could easily withstand the fire of both British and American anti-tank guns (of course, with the exception of a direct hit at close range). The British designers and military experts, until the very last moment, were convinced that the guns of their tanks were capable of turning any German vehicle into ruins, but this was not so.

Let us now turn to the testimonies of eyewitnesses. This time I want to give the floor to the Major (later Colonel") american army George B. Jarett, who arrived in the Middle East in February 1942 and had unique opportunity to get acquainted closely with all the allied and German tanks that existed at that time. According to Jarot, both British and American anti-tank guns were absolutely helpless against the armor of the German “triples” and “fours”, while both of these tanks, armed with 50- and 75-mm KwK cannons, easily disabled all Allied combat vehicles , with the exception of perhaps the English infantry tank "Matilda". Jarett claims that even at the maximum distance of 2000-3000 yards (1830-2743 m) the German tank shells hit the tracks and undercarriage of the suspension of the anti-fascist coalition tanks.

Of course, there were exceptions. One can imagine with what impatience the Americans, who landed in northern Tunisia at the end of 1942, were waiting for the first meeting with German troops. On November 26, 1942, several companies of the 1st Armored Division, which had light tanks of the MZ Stuart at their disposal, surrounded six German PzKpfw IVs and three PzKpfw IIIs. “Having squeezed the enemy into a ring, the Stuarts, armed with 37-mm cannons, opened aimed fire on the sides and rear of the German tanks and disabled all the “fours” and one “troika” * ". However, the honesty of the official historian makes the author after the description brilliant victory to make the following addition: "However, we owed this victory solely to quantitative superiority and not to superiority in technology. "In addition, in this battle, the Allies lost 50% of their tanks. It was the number that ultimately determined the victory of the Allies in Northern Africa It is worth noting that the Allies often ambushed or hunted German vehicles.

The scale of Allied armor deployed to the African front grew steadily. A huge number of new American medium tanks MZ "Grant" and M4 "Sherman" put the Germans in a stalemate, despite the fact that somewhere in the middle of 1942 Rommel began to receive help from Germany. To Africa, in addition to the "tropical" PzKpfw III models. PzKprw III Ausf J were deployed, with enhanced armor protection and a long-barreled gun, and in mid-June several PzKpfw IVs with a new 75-mm KwK40 long-barreled gun were sent there. whose shells had a high initial speed. "This gun was an ominous harbinger of the imminent appearance of the merciless Panther."

From the many memoirs of the crew members of the legendary "troika", I have chosen for this book the story of Eustace-Wilhelm Ockelhauser, cited in his book of military memoirs "Zogett in das Feld". I want to acquaint you with an episode related to combat way Troikas in the Soviet Union.

“A new commander arrived in our company - a reservist, a teacher of the profession. The poor fellow was unlucky with growth - the dimensions of our tank were clearly small for him. First of all, the new commander ordered us to find and recapture a staff car with three officers, which went on reconnaissance and stumbled upon a Russian ambush. Judging by the radio signal we received, the car was somewhere outside the city. It was decided to send two tanks, but since the long lieutenant did not yet have his own car, he took command of tank No. 921. It just so happened that it turned out to be my tank.

I sent the loader away and took his place between the cannon and the shell box. Finally set off. Not even a quarter of an hour had passed since the moment we left our company, through a narrow observation slot I saw the disguised location of the Russian infantry. The Russians were only a few meters away from us in a small clearing. The lieutenant didn't seem to notice. dark silhouettes infantrymen and continued serenely to survey the surroundings, leaning out to the waist from his hatch. I hit him under the knees with all my strength and dragged him inside. "What's the matter, nerd?! Damn you!" he yelled, looking at me furiously. There was no time for an explanation. The next second, burning oil poured into the tower, and the poor lieutenant screamed wildly in pain. I knew well what it was. The Russians threw a "Molotov cocktail" into the open hatch ", and the burning mixture, flowing from the lieutenant's back and neck, poured into the tank.

My first move was to immediately jump out of the burning tower, but I knew perfectly well that the Ivans were just waiting to finish off the pass on the ground. Damn it! Frantically looking around, I suddenly saw a fire extinguisher attached to its bracket. I pulled it off the wall. God bless! The fire extinguisher was full, although I can't remember the last time I saw such a miracle in a tank. I tore off the seal and directed the foaming jet into the flame.
At this time, Run, our gunner, with all his strength, held the legs of the idiot lieutenant, who howled in pain and tried to jump out of the tank. Finally, he lost consciousness and slid down helplessly. I thoroughly treated it with foam, extinguishing the remnants of the fire. Pushing the lieutenant's unconscious body with difficulty, I climbed into the commander's seat and immediately heard the roar of flames from above. Two grenades exploded at the stern, bullets pounded on the sides like a hail. Our tank was moving at top speed. I was completely unoriented and could not give any instructions to the driver, because something was lying on the tank's hull, blocking the viewing slots. The manhole covers were open. Damn that lieutenant! I always kept them closed. A cloudless summer sky floated overhead.

Rune handed me an object. I took a closer look and recognized the half-burned headphones of the lieutenant. Fortunately for us, the radio worked, and I heard the excited voice of Sergeant Major Reitz, the commander of the tank following us, in my headphones. "Stop!! he yelled. - 921, stop! Stop! Where are you going, damn you? Are you blind? It's full of Russians! We are in ambush. Turn around, but be careful. We have two Russians lying in front of the tower, and another one is sitting on the tower. Close the hatch immediately before he throws a grenade inside! Don't worry, I'll try to sleep them. Slowly turn around and let's go."

The situation was critical. The Russians sitting on the armor tightly blocked both viewing slots - both mine and the driver's. Our blinded tank was moving straight into the Russian position. Headphones worked, but I didn't have a microphone. Pushing the lieutenant, who was moaning in unconsciousness, I began to make my way into the compartment to the driver. Rune didn't waste time either - I saw how he shot one machine-gun belt after another. When I got to Logo, our driver, I tapped him on the left shoulder. He instantly realized what was happening and began to turn left. The roar of the engine drowned out any words, it was necessary to "talk" with the help of gestures. Suddenly, the view in front of the driver became free. I realized that the Russian blocking it had to hide behind the turret to escape the machine-gun fire that Reitz was spraying on our tank. The sergeant-major’s voice in the headphones dispelled the last doubts: “Great, guys! Take it cooler - take it easy, don’t rush. Now straight ahead. Don’t fly, otherwise you’ll run into. ".

Do it yourself ... At first I thought about the fans, but the danger that their fragments could get into the ventilation holes in the engine compartment made this option unacceptable. Finally came up with. He carefully removed the bulletproof glass from the viewing slot and fired a pistol at the dark mass blocking the opening. Two, three, four shots. Shot the whole clip. The dark mass stirred and froze. But I didn't have time to take a breath, as someone's body blocked the open hatch. It became completely dark in the tank. Right in front of my face, I saw first a sleeve, then a dirty palm, and then a brown shoulder and part of a head. What to do? The store is empty. I rushed down and yelled at the top of my lungs, "Run." The gunner did not hear, carried away by shooting. His eyes were glued to the optical sight. In desperation, I threw away my gun and grabbed my flare gun. Aimed up and fired. The rocket hissed out of the barrel. That was all... *I couldn't kill him, I thought. - He just got mad. Now he will take out his “Molotov cocktail” and throw it here ... Or he will use a couple of hand grenades. Preparing for the worst, I huddled in the farthest corner of the loader's position. I was shaking. The hatch was still dark, and death did not come. I don't remember how much time has passed. During his
jump, I lost my headphones and now I'm left without a connection. All that was heard was how the machine gun was pounding on our armor.
Suddenly someone pulled me by the leg. I turned around and saw the pale face of the radio operator right in front of me. He handed me a loaded gun. God bless! I put my hand through the hatch again and squeezed the trigger. Now the damned Russian must free our hatch! Shot... Another one. Two more. No changes. The same darkness. And then the tank suddenly stopped. What else happened?! I got up and looked up. Warm blood dripped onto my face. The Russian was dead.
It didn't take me much effort to move it off the hatch. What a joy to see the sky above again!
The fire outside has subsided. I quickly stuck my head out of the turret and stared straight into the two black machine-gun barrels of the Reitz tank. It turns out that the tower of a hundred tanks was only three meters from ours! A dead Russian was lying on the stern, I myself threw the second from the tower. Damn it - next to him were two bottles of Molotov cocktails and a bunch of hand grenades! The third Russian disappeared without a trace. Reitz stepped back carefully and picked up his headphones, which meant that he wanted to contact us immediately. I climbed into the commander's seat, but awkwardly stepped on the chest of the lying lieutenant. Rhun was still on his machine gun, turning the turret around every now and then. I noticed that he managed to shoot another machine-gun belt into the forest. I shouted to the radio operator to look for my headphones, but he, of course, did not hear. I had to knock him on the back with an empty pistol. It worked - the radio operator finally turned around and guiltily handed me headphones and even a microphone. Finally, I can talk to Reitz!

The sergeant-major said that his tank was completely intact and ready to continue fulfilling the order. Unfortunately, I could not boast of the same and said that we must immediately return to the company's position, since the lieutenant needed urgent medical attention. Reitz agreed and we turned around in the opposite direction. Since I decided to bandage the lieutenant, I ordered my driver to simply follow the Reitz tank.

There was a terrible stench in the tower - it smelled of gunpowder, foam and burnt meat. When a quarter of an hour later we arrived at our own, I jumped out of the tank on the move and rushed into the bushes. I just turned inside out. There I lay, choking on vomiting, when our doctor, Rubenser, found me. Without saying a word, he left somewhere, then returned with a large pot in which we cooked food and heated water for washing. The doctor washed me with cold water like a baby and bandaged my burnt hand. When he finished bandaging my burns, I forced a smile, but the doctor said: "The commander is waiting for you. Go, report on the results."

Karl was sitting between the tracks of the tank. There was a stretcher next to him. In a long body wrapped in white bandages, I recognized our lieutenant. I saluted and reported what had happened.

Why didn't you follow the order? I think you were sent to look for a staff car with officers? It's easier to turn back. If you ever want to be in command of a tank again, you will have to learn to follow orders no matter what the circumstances. It's time to get used to the fact that the execution of orders is always accompanied by difficulties. War cannot be like a ballroom dancing class.
- I obey, mister lieutenant!
- Are you seriously injured?
- No, sir lieutenant!
- In that case, you and Reitz will immediately go to carry out the task. Now you know where to look for a car. Try to follow orders this time.
- I obey, mister lieutenant! I saluted and turned around. Tears filled my eyes. God, why am I being sent back to hell again?!
Two tanks were already waiting for us. Reitz waved at me in greeting. I silently grabbed the muzzle of the gun and climbed into the hatch. The motor blew. I discreetly wiped my face with a bandaged hand and took a few deep breaths. It seems to have let go.^ Now I could get in touch with Reitz without shame.

What's with the radio? - the first thing he asked. Why is there a squelching noise in my headphones? I had no choice but to remain silent.

We returned to the same place. I gave the order to fire both machine guns. Pouring fire on the forest, we cautiously approached the place where our staff car was parked. There were no Russians around. Something gray was lying in front of the car ... nearby, in the grass, I saw a dead non-commissioned officer. We drove closer. Reitz climbed out of the tank, carefully approached the body, and turned him over on his back to remove the medallion. Then he looked at me and shrugged his shoulders in bewilderment. The officers disappeared without a trace. I carefully examined the dense greenery of the bushes through binoculars. Then I turned my gaze to the village and tried to put myself in the place of the officers. Where would I take cover if I were surrounded? Having chosen a suitable place with my eyes, I slowly sent my tank there. The way it is! All three lay in a shallow ditch. Dead. Colonel, major and boy lieutenant. We put the corpses on the hull and drove to the location of the unit.

I went to report, the rest took care of the dead. The commander was still there, near the tank. The stretcher with the lanky lieutenant disappeared - the poor fellow was transported to the central evacuation point. Carl listened to me in silence, without interrupting. When I finished, silence reigned ... I still remember his words:
- If you had carried out the order and had not returned halfway, these four would be alive now.
I had nothing to answer. The commander was right.

_______________________________________________________________
Data source: Magazine "Armored Collection" M. Bratinsky (1998. - No. 3)

Pz.Kpfw. III Ausf. E

Main characteristics

Briefly

in detail

1.7 / 1.7 / 1.7 BR

5 people Crew

Mobility

19.5 tons Weight

10 forward
4 back checkpoint

Armament

131 shells ammo

10° / 20° UVN

3,600 rounds of ammunition

150 rounds clip size

900 shots/min rate of fire

Economy

Description

Panzerkampfwagen III (3.7 cm) Ausführung E or Pz.Kpfw. III Ausf. E. - German medium tank of the Second World War, mass-produced from 1938 to 1943. The abbreviated names of this tank were PzKpfw III, Panzer III, Pz III. In the departmental rubricator of military equipment of Nazi Germany, this tank had the designation Sd.Kfz. 141 (Sonderkraftfahrzeug 141 - machine special purpose 141).

The PzKpfw III tank was generally a typical representative of the German school of tank building, but with some significant features inherent in other design concepts. Therefore, in terms of its design and layout solutions, on the one hand, it inherited the advantages and disadvantages of the classical layout. german type”, and on the other hand, it did not have some of its negative features. In particular, an individual torsion bar suspension with small-diameter road wheels was unusual for German vehicles, although it proved itself very well in production and operation. Later "Panthers" and "Tigers" had a less reliable in operation and repair and structurally more complex "chessboard" suspension, traditional for German tanks.

In general, the PzKpfw III was a reliable, easy-to-operate machine with high level comfort for the crew, its modernization potential for 1939-1942 was quite sufficient. On the other hand, despite the reliability and manufacturability, the overloaded undercarriage and the volume of the turret box, insufficient to accommodate a more powerful gun, did not allow it to stay in production longer than 1943, when all the reserves for turning a "light-medium" tank into a full-fledged medium were exhausted.

Main characteristics

Armor protection and survivability

Booking Pz.III E is not outstanding and does not have rational tilt angles. In view of this, to increase security, it is recommended to put the tank "diamond".

The crew of the tank is 5 people, which sometimes allows you to survive a direct hit on the turret, but penetration into the side or center of the hull with a chamber shell will lead to a one-shot. It is worth noting that the tank has a massive command tower, when fired at which an enemy tank has a chance to destroy all crew members in the turret.

The location of the tank modules is good. The transmission in the front of the hull can withstand low-yield chamber shells.

The tank has a lot of ammo racks, and to increase survivability it is recommended to take no more than 30 shells with you.

The layout of the Pz.Kpfw modules. III Ausf. E

Mobility

Good mobility, high top speed and excellent turning on the spot. The tank rides well over rough terrain and holds its speed well, but the tank picks up speed very mediocrely.

Armament

main gun

Barrel length - 45 calibers. Elevation angles - from -10° to +20°. The rate of fire is 15-18 rounds / min, which is a very good indicator. Ammunition consists of 131 rounds.

The 3.7 cm KwK36 is a tank version of the 3.7 cm PaK35/36. KwK36 was installed on early modifications of the Pz.Kpfw. III from Ausf.A to some Ausf.F. Starting from the Aust.F series on the Pz.Kpfw. III began to put 5 cm KwK38.

The gun has the following nomenclature of shells:

• PzGr- armor-piercing chamber shells with a flight speed of up to 745 m / s. It has an average armor effect, however, the high rate of fire of the gun and excellent penetration of the projectile compensates for this. Recommended as the main projectile
• PzGr 40- armor-piercing sub-caliber projectile with a flight speed of up to 1020 m / s. It has excellent penetration, but poor armor action. Recommended for point shots on heavily armored targets.

Machine gun armament

Two 7.92 mm Rheinmetall-Borsig MG-34 machine guns were paired with a 37 mm cannon. The third, the same, machine gun was installed in the frontal sheet of the hull. Machine gun ammunition consisted of 4425 rounds. It can be effective against vehicles that do not have any armor, such as Soviet GAZ trucks.

Use in combat

Classical german tank entry levels. The combat rating of 1.7 is quite comfortable for this tank. There are no difficult opponents, it all depends on the ability to accurately shoot and drive in the right direction. A good weapon with a good rate of fire helps in every possible way in battle. Sub-caliber shells are available. Basically, the opponents are lightly armored and there are no special problems for the gun to break through them. If you go to capture the point, it is best to choose the most direct section and, preferably, not turn, because at the slightest turn, precious speed is lost, which is gained not so quickly. The Pz.Kpfw has the same problem. III Ausf. F. If the battle takes place in realistic mode and the point was captured, then usually there are enough respawn points to take the aircraft. But regardless of the mode, it is better to continue the battle by retreating from the point. The enemy can use Art-Strike, and the armor will not save you from a close hit, and even more so a direct one. In addition, there are opponents who want to recapture the point.

• Also, using high speed it is possible and necessary to use flank bypasses with an approach to the rear of the enemy.

With a successful detour from the flank, or in another way, you should not immediately break into battle, shooting at everything that is visible. You need to choose the highest priority target. Firstly, these are singles or cars in the rearguard (closing). When firing, remember that the 37mm cannon has a very weak armor effect, so you need to deliver pinpoint strikes on vital modules.

For example, when meeting with a tank, you can shoot at the turret, thereby damaging the breech or knocking out the gunner (or maybe both options at once), which will give time to reload and deliver a second shot, preferably in the ammunition area or in the MTO (immobilize the enemy). If the enemy catches fire, we quickly look around in search of a second target, if there is no one, we finish off. Then we act according to the situation. If we meet with an enemy self-propelled gun, then the first module needs to knock out the engine, thereby making the self-propelled gun helpless and calmly finish it off. When attacking two opponents at once, the chances of winning are significantly reduced. But even here there are nuances. For example, if this is an SPG, then with the first shot we try to knock out the engine and only then open fire on the tank. Of course, this is just a scenario, and not a 100% rule. We carefully monitor the surroundings.

• Open combat (shootout) is not recommended since the frontal armor is only 30 mm and is penetrated by all opponents. Shrapnel is especially dangerous at close range. In fact, it provides death with one shot.

Tank ambush is a very common and familiar tactic. We choose any suitable, as you think, place for an ambush and wait for the enemy. It is desirable that the ambush site provides shooting at the enemy's side. In addition, an ambush must be arranged in places unexpected for the enemy, the main thing in an ambush is surprise, to take the enemy by surprise.

Advantages and disadvantages

Advantages:

• Good mobility.
• The small size of the tank.
• Good accuracy.
• rapid fire gun

Flaws:

• Slow turret traverse speed.
• Small firepower.
• Slow speed up

Historical reference

Modification PzKpfw III Ausf.E went into production in 1938. Until October 1939, 96 tanks of this type were built at the Daimler-Benz, Henschel and MAN factories. PzKpfw III Ausf.E became the first modification to go into a large series. A feature of the tank was a new torsion bar suspension designed by Ferdinand Porsche.

It consisted of six road wheels, three support rollers, driving and steering wheels. All road wheels were independently suspended on torsion bars. The armament of the tank remained the same - a 37 mm KwK35/36 L/46.5 cannon and three MG-34 machine guns. The thickness of the reservation was increased to 12 mm-30 mm.

The PzKpfw III Ausf.E tanks were equipped with the "Maybach" HL120TR engine with a power of 300 hp. and a 10-speed "Maybach Variorex" gearbox. The mass of the PzKpfw III Ausf.E tank reached 19.5 tons. From August 1940 to 1942, all Ausf.Es produced were re-equipped with a new 50-mm KwK38 L / 42 cannon. The gun was paired not with two, but with only one machine gun. The frontal armor of the hull and superstructure, as well as the aft armor plate, were reinforced with a 30-mm appliqué. Part of the Ausf.E tanks over time went through a rework to the Ausf.F standard. The layout of the tank was traditional for the Germans - with a front-mounted transmission, which reduced the length and increased the height of the vehicle, simplified the design of control drives and their maintenance. In addition, prerequisites were created for increasing the dimensions of the fighting compartment. Characteristic for the hull of this tank, as, indeed, for all German tanks of that period, was the equal strength of the armor plates on all main planes and the abundance of hatches. Until the summer of 1943, the Germans preferred the convenience of access to the units to the strength of the hull. The transmission deserves a positive assessment, characteristic of which was a large number of gears in the gearbox with a small number of gears: one gear per gear. The rigidity of the box, in addition to the ribs in the crankcase, was provided by a “shaftless” gear mounting system. In order to facilitate management and improve average speed movement were applied equalizers and servomechanisms. The width of the track chains - 360 mm - was chosen mainly based on road traffic conditions, significantly limiting off-road patency. However, the latter in the conditions of the Western European theater of operations was quite difficult to find.

Media

see also

Links

Modern battle tanks of Russia and the world photos, videos, pictures to watch online. This article gives an idea of ​​the modern tank fleet. It is based on the classification principle used in the most authoritative reference book to date, but in a slightly modified and improved form. And if the latter in its original form can still be found in the armies of a number of countries, then others have already become a museum exhibit. And all for 10 years! Follow in the footsteps of Jane's guide and not consider this combat vehicle(quite by the way, curious in design and fiercely discussed at the time), which formed the basis of the tank fleet of the last quarter of the 20th century, the authors considered it unfair.

Films about tanks where there is still no alternative to this type of armament of the ground forces. The tank was and probably will remain a modern weapon for a long time due to the ability to combine such seemingly contradictory qualities as high mobility, powerful weapons and reliable crew protection. These unique qualities of tanks continue to be constantly improved, and the experience and technologies accumulated over decades predetermine new frontiers of combat properties and military-technical achievements. In the age-old confrontation "projectile - armor", as practice shows, protection from a projectile is being improved more and more, acquiring new qualities: activity, multi-layeredness, self-defense. At the same time, the projectile becomes more accurate and powerful.

Russian tanks are specific in that they allow you to destroy the enemy from a safe distance, have the ability to perform quick maneuvers on impassable roads, contaminated terrain, can “walk” through the territory occupied by the enemy, seize a decisive bridgehead, induce panic in the rear and suppress the enemy with fire and caterpillars . The war of 1939-1945 was the most ordeal for all mankind, since almost all countries of the world were involved in it. It was the battle of the titans - the most unique period that theorists argued about in the early 1930s and during which tanks were used in large quantities virtually all warring parties. At this time, a "check for lice" and a deep reform of the first theories of the use of tank troops took place. And it is the Soviet tank troops that are most affected by all this.

Tanks in battle that have become a symbol last war, the backbone of the Soviet armored forces? Who created them and under what conditions? How did the USSR, having lost most of its European territories and having difficulty recruiting tanks for the defense of Moscow, be able to launch powerful tank formations on the battlefield already in 1943? This book, which tells about the development of Soviet tanks "in the days of testing ", from 1937 to the beginning of 1943. When writing the book, materials from the archives of Russia and private collections of tank builders were used. There was a period in our history that was deposited in my memory with some depressing feeling. It began with the return of our first military advisers from Spain, and stopped only at the beginning of forty-third, - said the former general designer of self-propelled guns L. Gorlitsky, - there was some kind of pre-stormy state.

Tanks of the Second World War, it was M. Koshkin, almost underground (but, of course, with the support of "the wisest of the wise leader of all peoples"), who was able to create the tank that, a few years later, would shock German tank generals. And what’s more, he didn’t just create it, the designer managed to prove to these stupid military men that it was his T-34 that they needed, and not just another wheeled-tracked “highway”. The author is in slightly different positions that he formed after meeting with the pre-war documents RGVA and RGAE Therefore, working on this segment of the history of the Soviet tank, the author will inevitably contradict something "generally accepted". this work describes history Soviet tank building in the most difficult years - from the beginning of a radical restructuring of all the activities of design bureaus and people's commissariats as a whole, during a frantic race to equip new tank formations of the Red Army, the transfer of industry to wartime rails and evacuation.

Tanks Wikipedia the author wants to express his special gratitude for the help in the selection and processing of materials to M. Kolomiyets, and also to thank A. Solyankin, I. Zheltov and M. Pavlov, the authors of the reference publication "Domestic armored vehicles. XX century. 1905 - 1941" because this book helped to understand the fate of some projects, unclear before. I would also like to recall with gratitude those conversations with Lev Izraelevich Gorlitsky, the former Chief Designer of UZTM, which helped to take a fresh look at the entire history of the Soviet tank during the Great Patriotic War of the Soviet Union. Today, for some reason, it is customary to talk about 1937-1938 in our country. only from the point of view of repressions, but few people remember that it was during this period that those tanks were born that became legends of the wartime ... "From the memoirs of L.I. Gorlinkogo.

Soviet tanks, a detailed assessment of them at that time sounded from many lips. Many old people recalled that it was from the events in Spain that it became clear to everyone that the war was getting closer to the threshold and it was Hitler who would have to fight. In 1937, mass purges and repressions began in the USSR, and against the backdrop of these difficult events, the Soviet tank began to turn from a "mechanized cavalry" (in which one of its combat qualities protruded by reducing others) into a balanced combat vehicle, which simultaneously had powerful weapons, sufficient to suppress most targets, good maneuverability and mobility with armor protection, capable of maintaining its combat effectiveness when fired upon by the most massive anti-tank weapons potential adversary.

It was recommended that large tanks be introduced into the composition in addition only special tanks - floating, chemical. The brigade now had 4 separate battalions of 54 tanks each and was reinforced by the transition from three-tank platoons to five-tank ones. In addition, D. Pavlov justified the refusal to form in 1938 to the four existing mechanized corps three more additionally, believing that these formations are immobile and difficult to control, and most importantly, they require a different organization of the rear. The tactical and technical requirements for promising tanks, as expected, have been adjusted. In particular, in a letter dated December 23 to the head of the design bureau of plant No. 185 named after. CM. Kirov, the new chief demanded to strengthen the armor of new tanks so that at a distance of 600-800 meters (effective range).

The latest tanks in the world when designing new tanks, it is necessary to provide for the possibility of increasing the level of armor protection during modernization by at least one step ... "This problem could be solved in two ways. Firstly, by increasing the thickness of the armor plates and, secondly," by using increased armor resistance". It is easy to guess that the second way was considered more promising, since the use of specially hardened armor plates, or even two-layer armor, could, while maintaining the same thickness (and the mass of the tank as a whole), increase its durability by 1.2-1.5 It was this path (the use of specially hardened armor) that was chosen at that moment to create new types of tanks.

Tanks of the USSR at the dawn of tank production, armor was most massively used, the properties of which were identical in all directions. Such armor was called homogeneous (homogeneous), and from the very beginning of the armor business, the craftsmen strove to create just such armor, because uniformity ensured stability of characteristics and simplified processing. However, at the end of the 19th century, it was noticed that when the surface of the armor plate was saturated (to a depth of several tenths to several millimeters) with carbon and silicon, its surface strength increased sharply, while the rest of the plate remained viscous. So heterogeneous (heterogeneous) armor came into use.

In military tanks, the use of heterogeneous armor was very important, since an increase in the hardness of the entire thickness of the armor plate led to a decrease in its elasticity and (as a result) to an increase in brittleness. Thus, the most durable armor, other things being equal, turned out to be very fragile and often pricked even from bursts of high-explosive fragmentation shells. Therefore, at the dawn of armor production in the manufacture of homogeneous sheets, the task of the metallurgist was to achieve the highest possible hardness of the armor, but at the same time not to lose its elasticity. Surface-hardened by saturation with carbon and silicon armor was called cemented (cemented) and was considered at that time a panacea for many ills. But cementation is a complex, harmful process (for example, processing a hot plate with a jet of lighting gas) and relatively expensive, and therefore its development in a series required high costs and an increase in production culture.

Tank of the war years, even in operation, these hulls were less successful than homogeneous ones, since for no apparent reason cracks formed in them (mainly in loaded seams), and it was very difficult to put patches on holes in cemented slabs during repairs. But it was still expected that a tank protected by 15-20 mm cemented armor would be equivalent in terms of protection to the same, but covered with 22-30 mm sheets, without a significant increase in mass.
Also, by the mid-1930s, in tank building, they learned how to harden the surface of relatively thin armor plates by uneven hardening, known from late XIX century in shipbuilding as the "Krupp method". Surface hardening led to a significant increase in the hardness of the front side of the sheet, leaving the main thickness of the armor viscous.

How tanks shoot videos up to half the thickness of the plate, which, of course, was worse than carburizing, since despite the fact that the hardness of the surface layer was higher than during carburizing, the elasticity of the hull sheets was significantly reduced. So the "Krupp method" in tank building made it possible to increase the strength of armor even somewhat more than carburizing. But the hardening technology that was used for sea armor of large thicknesses was no longer suitable for relatively thin tank armor. Before the war, this method was almost never used in our serial tank building due to technological difficulties and relatively high cost.

Combat use of tanks The most developed for tanks was the 45-mm tank gun mod 1932/34. (20K), and before the event in Spain, it was believed that its power was enough to perform most tank tasks. But the fighting in Spain showed that the 45-mm gun can only satisfy the task of fighting enemy tanks, since even the shelling of manpower in the conditions of mountains and forests turned out to be ineffective, and it was only possible to disable a dug-in enemy firing point in the event of a direct hit. Shooting at shelters and bunkers was ineffective due to the small high-explosive action of a projectile weighing only about two kg.

Types of tanks photo so that even one hit of a projectile reliably disables anti-tank gun or machine gun; and thirdly, to increase the penetrating effect of a tank gun on the armor of a potential enemy, since, using the example of French tanks (already having an armor thickness of the order of 40-42 mm), it became clear that the armor protection of foreign combat vehicles tends to be significantly increased. There was a right way to do this - increasing the caliber of tank guns and simultaneously increasing the length of their barrel, since a long gun of a larger caliber fires heavier projectiles at a higher muzzle velocity over a greater distance without correcting the pickup.

The best tanks in the world had a large caliber gun, also has big sizes breech, significantly more weight and increased recoil reaction. And this required an increase in the mass of the entire tank as a whole. In addition, the placement of large shots in the closed volume of the tank led to a decrease in the ammunition load.
The situation was aggravated by the fact that at the beginning of 1938 it suddenly turned out that there was simply no one to give an order for the design of a new, more powerful tank gun. P. Syachintov and his entire design team were repressed, as well as the core of the Bolshevik Design Bureau under the leadership of G. Magdesiev. Only the group of S. Makhanov remained at liberty, who from the beginning of 1935 tried to bring his new 76.2-mm semi-automatic single gun L-10, and the team of plant No. 8 slowly brought the "forty-five".

Photos of tanks with names The number of developments is large, but in mass production in the period 1933-1937. not a single one was accepted ... "In fact, none of the five air-cooled tank diesel engines, which were worked on in 1933-1937 in the engine department of plant No. 185, was brought to the series. Moreover, despite the decisions on the highest levels about the transition in tank building exclusively to diesel engines This process was hampered by a number of factors. Of course, diesel had significant efficiency. It used less fuel per unit of power per hour. Diesel fuel is less prone to ignition, since the flash point of its vapors was very high.

Even the most finished of them, the MT-5 tank engine, required reorganization of engine production for serial production, which was expressed in the construction of new workshops, the supply of advanced foreign equipment (there were no machine tools of the required accuracy yet), financial investments and strengthening personnel. It was planned that in 1939 this diesel engine with a capacity of 180 hp. will go to mass-produced tanks and artillery tractors, but due to investigative work to find out the causes of tank engine accidents, which lasted from April to November 1938, these plans were not fulfilled. The development of a slightly increased six-cylinder gasoline engine No. 745 with a power of 130-150 hp was also started.

Brands of tanks with specific indicators that suited the tank builders quite well. Tank tests were carried out according to a new methodology, specially developed at the insistence of the new head of the ABTU D. Pavlov in relation to combat service in war time. The basis of the tests was a run of 3-4 days (at least 10-12 hours of daily non-stop traffic) with a one-day break for technical inspection and restoration work. Moreover, repairs were allowed to be carried out only by field workshops without the involvement of factory specialists. This was followed by a "platform" with obstacles, "bathing" in the water with an additional load, simulating an infantry landing, after which the tank was sent for examination.

Super tanks online after the improvement work seemed to remove all claims from the tanks. And the general course of the tests confirmed the fundamental correctness of the main design changes - an increase in displacement by 450-600 kg, the use of the GAZ-M1 engine, as well as the Komsomolets transmission and suspension. But during the tests, numerous minor defects again appeared in the tanks. The chief designer N. Astrov was suspended from work and was under arrest and investigation for several months. In addition, the tank received a new improved protection turret. The modified layout made it possible to place on the tank a larger ammunition load for a machine gun and two small fire extinguishers (before there were no fire extinguishers on small tanks of the Red Army).

US tanks as part of modernization work, on one serial model of the tank in 1938-1939. the torsion bar suspension developed by the designer of the Design Bureau of Plant No. 185 V. Kulikov was tested. It was distinguished by the design of a composite short coaxial torsion bar (long monotorsion bars could not be used coaxially). However, such a short torsion bar did not show good enough results in tests, and therefore the torsion bar suspension did not immediately pave its way in the course of further work. Obstacles to be overcome: rises not less than 40 degrees, vertical wall 0.7 m, overlapping ditch 2-2.5 m.

Youtube about tanks work on the production of prototypes of D-180 and D-200 engines for reconnaissance tanks is not being carried out, jeopardizing the production of prototypes. 10-1), as well as the amphibious tank version (factory designation 102 or 10-2), are a compromise solution, since it is not possible to fully meet the requirements of the ABTU.Variant 101 was a tank weighing 7.5 tons with a hull according to the type of hull, but with vertical side sheets of case-hardened armor 10-13 mm thick, because: "Sloped sides, causing serious weighting of the suspension and hull, require a significant (up to 300 mm) broadening of the hull, not to mention the complication of the tank.

Video reviews of tanks in which the power unit of the tank was planned to be based on the 250-horsepower MG-31F aircraft engine, which was mastered by the industry for agricultural aircraft and gyroplanes. Gasoline of the 1st grade was placed in a tank under the floor of the fighting compartment and in additional onboard gas tanks. The armament fully met the task and consisted of coaxial machine guns DK caliber 12.7 mm and DT (in the second version of the project even ShKAS appears) caliber 7.62 mm. The combat weight of a tank with a torsion bar suspension was 5.2 tons, with a spring suspension - 5.26 tons. The tests were carried out from July 9 to August 21 according to the methodology approved in 1938, with special attention paid to tanks.