Cumulative projectile. Tank ammunition

Cumulative ammunition is special view shells, missiles, min, hand grenades and grenades for grenade launchers, designed to defeat armored enemy techniques and its reinforced concrete fortification facilities. The principle of their action is based on the formation after an explosion of a fine, narrow-proof cumulative jet, which burns armor. The cumulative effect is achieved at the expense of the special design of the ammunition.

Currently, cumulative ammunition are the most common and most effective anti-tank agent. The mass use of such ammunition began during World War II.

The widely spread of cumulative ammunition contributes to their simplicity, low cost and extraordinarily high efficiency.

A bit of history

From the moment the tanks appear on the battlefield immediately arose about effective tools Fight against them. The idea of \u200b\u200busing artillery guns to destroy armored monsters appeared almost immediately, guns began to be widely used for this purpose during the First World War. It should be noted that the idea of \u200b\u200bcreating a specialized anti-tank gun (PTO) first came to the Germans, but they could not immediately implement it in practice. Until the end of World War I am against tanks, the most common field weapons were used.

In the interval between the two world slaughterhouse developments in the field of creating specialized anti-tank artillery They were engaged in almost all the largest military-industrial powers. The result of these works was the appearance large number PTO samples that have quite successfully hit the tanks of that time.

As the armor of the first tanks protected mainly from the bullets, then even a small gauge can cope with her or anti-tank rifle. However, before the war itself in different countries The following generation machines began to appear (English "Matilda", Soviet T-34 and KV, French S-35 and Char B1), equipped with a powerful engine and anti-freight armor. This protection of PTOs of the first generation could no longer be poured.

As opposition new threat Designers began to increase the caliber of PTO and raise initial speed Flight of the projectile. Such measures have several times increased the effectiveness of armor breakdowns, but there were also significant side effects. The tools have become harder, more difficult, their cost has increased and maneuverability decreased sharply. Germans not from a good life used against Soviet "thirty highways" and square 88-mm anti-aircraft guns. But not always they could be applied.

It was necessary to look for another way, and he was found. Instead of increasing the mass and speed of armor-piercing blanks, ammunition were created, which provided armor breaking through the energy of the directional explosion. Such ammunition received the name of cumulative.

Research in the field of directional explosion began in the middle XIX century. The laurels of the cumulative effect laurer claim several people in different countries, which were engaged in the work in this direction at about the same time. Initially, the effect of the directional explosion was achieved due to the use of a special cone-shaped removal, which was made in the charge of an explosive.

Works were carried out in many countries, however practical result The first to achieve the Germans. The talented German designer Franz Tomanka offered to use the metallic lining of the excavation, which made a cumulative charge even more efficient. In Germany, these works began in the mid-30s, and by the beginning of the war, the cumulative projectile was already in service with the German army.

In 1940, on the other side of the Atlantic, the Swiss designer Henry Mohaupte created a reactive grenade with a cumulative combat part for the US Army.

At the beginning of the war soviet tankers Faced with a new type german ammunitionthat have become a very unpleasant surprise for them. German cumulative shells have been burning with tank armor and left holes with melted edges. Therefore, they were called "armor-frigrant".

However, in 1942, the BP-350A cumulative projectile appeared in the arms of the Red Army. Soviet engineers copied the German trophy samples and created a cumulative projectile for a 76-mm gun and 122-mm warmness.

In 1943, cassette anti-tank cumulative bombs of Ptab appeared in the arms of the Red Army, which were intended to defeat the upper projection of the tank where the thickness of the armor is always less.

Also in 1943, the Americans first applied the anti-tank grenade launcher "Bazooka". It was able to punch 80-mm armor at a distance of 300 meters. Germans with great interest studied the trophy samples "Bazuk", soon a whole series appeared german grenadeometerswhich we have traditionally called "Faustpatrones". The effectiveness of their use against Soviet armored vehicles is still a very debatable question: in some sources "Faustpatron" call almost a real "miracle weapon", and in others - fairly indicate their low firing range and unsatisfactory accuracy.

German grenade launchers were really quite efficient in the conditions of an urban battle when the grenadeometer could lead the shooting from the near distances. Under other circumstances, it was not so many chances to get to the tank at the distance of an efficient shot.

Also, the Germans were developed by special anti-tank magnetic cumulative mines HAFTHOHLLADUNG 3. Using the "dead space" around the tank, the fighter was to get closer to the car and strengthen the mine onto any smooth surface. Such mines have become quite effectively punched by tank armor, but to get closer to the tank close and install Ma was a very difficult task, it required a huge courage and excerpt from a soldier.

In 1943, several manual cumulative grenades were developed in the USSR, which were intended to defeat the enemy armored vehicles in the near distances of the battle.

During the war, the development of an anti-tank grenade launcher RPG-1 began, which became the hedlemen of the whole family of this weapon. Today grenadomates RPG - This is a real global brand that is little inferior in its recognition by the famous AK.

After the end of the war, work on the creation of new cumulative ammunition was continued in many countries around the world, theoretical surveys were conducted in the field of directional explosions. Today is cumulative combat part It is traditional for grenades of anti-tank grenade launchers, FEDRs, aviation anti-tank ammunition, tank shells, anti-tank mines. Protection of armored vehicles is constantly improving, the means of defeat are not behind. However, the device and principle of action of such ammunition has not changed.

Cumulative projectile: action principle

The cumulative effect means the strengthening of any process due to the addition of effort. This definition very accurately displays the principle of operation of the cumulative effect.

In the combat part of the charge, a funnel-shaped recess is made, which is facing a layer of metal with a thickness of one or more millimeters. This funnel is turned a wide edge to the target.

After detonation, which occurs at the sharp edge of the funnel, explosive wave It applies to the side walls of the cone and collapses them to the axis of the ammunition. When the explosion creates a huge pressure, which turns the metal of cladding into the quasi-judge and under huge pressure moves it forward along the shell's axis. Thus, a jet of metal is formed, which moves forward with hypersonic speed (10 km / s).

It should be noted that at the same time the metal of the cladding is not mowed in the traditional understanding of this word, but deforms (turns into fluid) under huge pressure.

When the metal jet enters the armor, the lastness of the latter does not matter. Its density and thickness is important. The punching capacity of the cumulative jet depends on its length, the density of the material of the facing and the material material. The maximum penetrating action occurs when an ammunition explosion at a certain distance from the armor (it is called focal).

The interaction of armor and cumulative jet occurs according to the laws of hydrodynamics, that is, the pressure is so great that the strongest tank Armor. If you get a jet, behaves like a liquid. Usually, the cumulative ammunition can break through the armor, the thickness of which ranges from five to eight of its calibers. When lining from depleted uranium, an armor-piercing action increases to ten calibres.

Advantages and disadvantages of cumulative ammunition

Similar ammunition are like strengthsand disadvantages. To their undoubted advantages include the following:

high armor space;
armoredness does not depend on the rate of ammunition;
powerful breast action.

Calibal and subcaliber shells, armor-proof is directly related to their speed than it is higher, the better. That is why they are used to use them artillery systems. For cumulative ammunition, speed does not play roles: a cumulative jet is formed at any rate of collision with the target. Therefore, the cumulative combat part is the perfect remedy for grenade launchers, a custom-effective guns and anti-tank missiles, bombs and mines. Moreover, too high the speed of the projectile does not allow to form a cumulative jet.

The intake of the cumulative projectile or grenades in the tank often leads to an explosion of the car's ammunition and completely displays it. The crew at the same time practically does not have a chance of salvation.

Cumulative ammunition have very high armoring. Some modern FEDDs pierce homogeneous armor with a thickness of more than 1000 mm.

Disadvantages of cumulative ammunition:

pretty high complexity of manufacture;
complexity of application for artillery systems;
vulnerability before dynamic protection.

Shelling guns stabilize in flight due to rotation. However, the centrifugal force, which occurs, destroys the cumulative jet. Different "tricks" are invented in order to bypass this problem. For example, in some French ammunition only the projectile body rotates, and its cumulative part is installed on the bearings and remains fixed. But almost all solutions to this problem greatly complicate ammunition.

Ammunition for smooth-bore guns, on the contrary, have too high speed, which is not sufficient to focus the cumulative jet.

That is why ammunition with cumulative combat parts are more characteristic of low-speed or fixed ammunition (anti-tank mines).

Against such ammunition there is a pretty simple defense - a cumulative jet is dissipated using a small counterface that occurs on the surface of the machine. This is the so-called dynamic protection, today this method is used very wide.

To pronounce dynamic protection, a tandem cumulative combat part is used, which consists of two charges: the first eliminates dynamic protection, and the second - punches the main armor.

Today there are cumulative ammunition with two and three charges.

Cumulative artillery ammunitions are intended mainly for firing on armored targets and vertical walls of defensive structures. The effect of cumulative shells is based on the cumulative effect - the concentration of the explosion action in one direction. At the same time, the obstacle makes itself not due to the kinetic energy of the projectile, and due to the energy of the cumulative jet, which is generated when the projectile breaks.

The punching action of the cumulative projectile does not depend on its target at the goal and is constant for all shooting distances. The armoredness of the cumulative shells of tank guns of the caliber of 100..125 mm on steel homogeneous armor is about 350..500 mm in case of normal.

In addition to cumulative action, such projectiles have a fragmentation effect and, if necessary, can be used to destroy and suppress the living force and firing agents of the enemy, located openly or in field-type shelters. There are also universal cumulative-fragmentation shells.

Initially (during the Great Patriotic War Previously) cumulative shells for rifle guns were performed without a plumage, with stabilization due to the gyroscopic effect, traditional for the bodily artillery of that period. However, it later it turned out that the rotation of the cumulative projectile with a frequency above 50 revolutions per second significantly reduces its armor-proof, since it leads to a cumulative jet dispersion. Therefore, in the post-war years, cumulative shells for cutting guns, as well as for smooth-bore, began to perform with aerodynamic stabilization - with a plumage drop-down after departure of the projectile from the trunk, and providing it to sustainability on the trajectory of flight. In the figure, the plumage is shown in the opened position.

On the cumulative projectile case, two centering thickens are made, one closer to the head part, the other - to the bottom. Centering thickens are designed to center the projectile in the barrel channel.

At cumulative shells intended for shooting from smooth-bore tools, instead of the leading belt there is a closure of the belt, motionlessly reinforced on the body closer to the bottom part. The necessary speed of rotation in flight in such shells is provided at the expense of the beams on the lopes of the plumage.

In the culisage of the cumulative projectile there is its equipment - the discontinuous charge of a breeze explosive (hexogen, phlegmatized Tan) with a kapxoyle-detonator. In the discontinuity charge, the deepening was performed - the cumulative funnel directed by the socket to the head and coated with the metal facing (as a rule, copper or steel). The head with a head of the head-wagged fuse is attached to the header's housing through the ring. The head form can be made of a revival, conical or sweatshop. The head performs the role of a fairing at flight, and also ensures the triggering of the fuse on the calculated (focal) distance from the cumulative funnel. The latter is necessary for the proper formation of a cumulative jet. From the side of the head part, the equipment is covered with a ring that protects the cumulative funnel and the discontinuous charge from the fragments of the head and the fuse. In the middle of the ring there is a hole intended for the transmission of an explosive pulse from the head of the explosharity to the capsule-detonator.

In the bottom part of the body, a stabilizer is entered with reinforced concasions on it. The blades are held in the folded position by the retainer (for example, a plastic ring or a silk cord). When shot, the retainer is destroyed, the blades are released and after departure of the projectile from the barrel is disclosed by the incident air flow.

In the back of the stabilizer, the traceser was pressed, equipped with a special combustible composition. At the time of the shot, the traceser's retarder flames itself, after burning out the moderator flammable composition, after which shell flies, leaving the visible nipper bright luminous trail (the track) arising from the inertness of human vision. The retarder of the tracer is necessary for the trace from the trace ager did not demict a tool.

After the initiation of the detonator's capsule and the explosion of the discontinuous charge, the cumulative funnel is compressed, and about 10..20% of its metal goes into a cumulative stream of a thickness of several millimeters, departing along the axis of the funnel at a speed of about 7 km / s. A cumulative jet through its kinetic energy breaks the barrier. The remaining metal of the cumulative funnel is crushed into the pest and the barriers do not participate in the breakdown.

The metal of armor, squeezed and washed cumulative jet forms rolic-shaped sample edges. In addition, since the cumulative jet moves at high speed and the energy released during breakdown does not have time to dissipate, the material of the barrier in the area of \u200b\u200bcontact with the jet can be heated to a high temperature and are subject to thermal change. For these reasons, the sample in steel armor can resemble a lined hole. That external similarity determined the early name of cumulative artillery ammunition - "Armor-fledging shells". However, the essence of the phenomenon does not reflect, since the above described above appearance The samples are a consequence of breaking the barrier, and not the cause. That is, the armor is whether it makes any way, and not realizing and does not "burn."

The prechanic effect of the cumulative projectile is provided by two factors: due to the defeat of the crew and internal equipment, the goal of the cumulative jet itself, and due to a sharp jump jump, which causes a cumulative jet in a closed bandwiche. The amplitude of the pressure jump depends on the value of the residual energy of the cumulative jet and on the volume of the closed branch space. The more powerful the reservation of the goal and the more energy of the cumulative jet goes to break the armor, the smaller pressure jump it can be caused in the branch space. The larger the inner volume of the target affected by the cumulative ammunition, the weaker the pressure jump, caused by cumulative jet, will be expressed.

It should be noted that the increase in the volume of inhabited branches of combat vehicles has never been practiced as a special measure to protect against cumulative ammunition, and cannot be used in such a role. On the other hand, a decrease in the booked volume allows for a given mass to raise the level of booking an object and reach higher indicators of protection not only from cumulative shells, but also from kinetic ammunition (charming and solid, calibrate and pyline armor shells), brisk ammunition (fragmentary, fugas , fragantive-fugasy ammunition, armor-piercing shells with plastic explosive and friable head part), agrowing factors nuclear explosionmechanical impacts.

In 1941, the Soviet tank workers faced an unpleasant surprise - by German cumulative shells, leaving the holes with melted edges in armor. They were called armored airproof (in the Germans in the go was the term HohlladungsGeschoss, "shell with a notch in charge"). However, the German monopoly lasted for a long time, already in 1942, the Soviet analogue of BP-350A was adopted, built by the "reverse engineering" method (disassembling and studying the trophy German shells), - "armor" projectile for 76-mm guns. However, in fact, the action of the shells was not connected with the burning of armor, but with a completely different effect.

Disputes about priorities

The term "cumulation" (lat. Cumulatio - accumulation, summation) means enhancing any action due to addition (accumulation). When cumulating due to the special charge configuration, part of the energy of the explosion products is concentrated in one direction. The priority in the opening of the cumulative effect claims several people who discovered it independently of each other. In Russia - a military engineer, Lieutenant-General Mikhail Boreskov, who applied in 1864 with a charge with a seaporial work, and Captain Dmitry Andrievsky, who in 1865 developed a charge-detonator from a powder filled with a dynamite, filled with puffs. In the US, Chemist Charles Munro, who in 1888, as the legend says, blew Pyroxilina's charge with the letters squeezed on it next to the steel plate, and then drew attention to the same letters, mirrored "reflected" on the plate; In Europe - Max von Forster (1883).

At the beginning of the 20th century, the cumulation was investigated on both sides of the ocean - in the UK, Arthur Marshall was engaged in this, the author published in 1915 a book dedicated to this effect. In the 1920s, the study of the charges of explosives with the recess (albeit without metallic facing) was engaged in the USSR famous researcher Explosives Professor M.Ya. Sukharevsky. However, put the cumulative effect on the military machine's service first managed to the Germans who began targeted developing cumulative armor-piercing shells in the mid-1930s under the direction of Franz Tomanec.

At about the same time, the same was engaged in the USA Henry Mohaupte. It is he who is considered in the West by the author of the idea of \u200b\u200bthe metal lining of the excavation in charge of the explosive. As a result, by the 1940s, Germans had such shells already in service.

Mortal funnel

How does the cumulative effect work? The idea is very simple. In the head part of the ammunition, there is a removal in the form of a lined millimeter (or so) a layer of metal funnels with an acute angle at the vertex (socket to the target). The detonation of an explosive begins on the side, closest to the top of the funnel. The detonation wave "climbs" the funnel to the axis of the projectile, and since the pressure of the explosion products (almost half a million atmospheres) exceeds the plastic deformation limit, the latter starts behaving like a quasi-vehicle. Such a process has nothing to do with melting, it is the "cold" material. Of the colliding funnel, a very fast cumulative jet is squeezed, and the rest of the (pest) flies from the explosion point slower. The distribution of energy between the jet and the pattern depends on the corner at the top of the funnel: at an angle of less than 90 degrees, the energy of the jet is higher, at an angle greater than 90 degrees above the energy of the Pest. Of course, this is a very simplified explanation - the jet formation mechanism depends on the explosive used (explosive), on the form and thickness of the plating.

One of the varieties of cumulative effect. For the formation of the shock nucleus, the cumulative excavation has a stupid angle at the top (or spherical shape). When exposed to the detonation wave due to the shape and variable of the wall thickness (to the edge of the thicker), there is no "collapse" of the cladding, and its turning "inside out". The resulting projectile with a quarter and one-caliber diameter (the initial diameter of the excavation) is accelerated to 2.5 km / s. The core armor doom is less than that of a cumulative jet, but it is maintained for almost a thousand notch diameters. Unlike a cumulative jet, which "takes away" in the penda only 15% of its mass, the shock core is formed from all the cladding.

When the funnels are collapsed, a thin (comparable from the shell thickness) is accelerated until the speed of the detonation rate of the explosions (and sometimes higher), that is, about 10 km / s or more. This jet does not burn armor, but penetrates it, just as a jet of water under pressure blurs the sand. However, in the process of streaming the jet, it is different parts of it acquire different speeds (rear - smaller), so the far cumulative jet can not fly - it begins to stretch and decay, losing the ability to armor. The maximum effect of the jet action is achieved at some distance from charge (it is called focal). Structurally optimal armored mode is provided by the gap between the recess in the charge and the shell head.

Liquid shell, liquid armor

The rate of cumulative jet significantly exceeds the speed of sound propagation in the armor material (about 4 km / s). Therefore, the interaction of the jet and armor takes place according to the laws of hydrodynamics, that is, they behave like liquids. Theoretically, the jet penetration depth in armor is proportional to the length of the jet and square root from the ratio of the densities of the facing and armor material. Practically armor is usually even higher than theoretically calculated values, as the jet becomes longer due to the difference in the rates of the head and rear parts. Usually the thickness of the armor that the cumulative charge is capable is 6-8 of its calibers, and for charges with plates from materials such as depleted uranium, this value can reach 10. Is it possible to increase the armor, increasing the strength of the jet? Yes, but often it does not have a special meaning: the jet becomes overly thin and its routine action is reduced.

Pros and cons

Cumulative ammunition has their advantages and disadvantages. The advantages include the fact that, in contrast to the podkalibal shells, their armor does not depend on the speed of the projectile itself: the cumulative can be shifted even from light guns that are not able to dispel the shell to high speed, as well as use such charges in jet grenades.

By the way, it is the "artillery" application of cumulation associated with difficulties. The fact is that most shells stabilize in flight by rotation, and it extremely negatively affects the formation of a cumulative jet - bends and destroys it. Designers are achieving reducing the effect of rotation different ways - For example, applying a special cladding texture (but the armor-proof reduced to 2-3 calibers).

Another solution is used in French shells - only the case rotates, and the cumulative charge installed on the bearings is practically not rotated. However, such projectiles are complex in production, and besides, they do not fully use the possibilities of caliber (and armor-proof is connected with a caliber directly).

The installation assembled by us does not look at the analogue of the Terrible Weapon and the deadly enemy of tanks - cumulative armor-piercing shells. Nevertheless, it represents a fairly accurate model of a cumulative jet. Of course, on the scale - and the speed of sound in water is less detonation speed, and water density less density Plugs, and caliber in real shells more. Our installation is great for demonstrating such phenomena as focusing a jet.

It would seem that the shells that are shot at high speed are not rotating - their flight will stabilize the plumage, but in this case there are problems: at high speeds of the projectile meeting with armor, the jet does not have time to focus. Therefore, the most effective cumulative charges in low-speed or generally immobile ammunition: shells for light guns, jet grenades, pecuras, mines.

Another disadvantage is due to the fact that the cumulative jet is destroyed by explosive dynamic protection, as well as when passing several relatively thin layers of armor. To overcome dynamic protection, a tandem ammunition was developed: the first charge undermines its explosives, and the second breaks through the main armor.

Water instead of explosives

In order to simulate the cumulative effect, it is not necessary to use explosives at all. We used ordinary distilled water for this purpose. Instead of an explosion, the shock wave will be created using a high-voltage discharge in water. The arrester we made from pruning television cable RK-50 or RK-75 external diameter of 10 mm. The braid was soldered a copper washer with a hole of 3 mm (coaxially with the central living). The other end of the cable was cleaned for a length of 6-7 cm and connected the central (high-voltage) core with a capacitor.

In the case of a good focusing of the jet channel, punched in gelatin, almost impaired, and with a defocused jet it looks like on the photo on the right. Nevertheless, "armor-proof" and in this case amounts to about 3-4 calibers. In the photo - the gelatin bar with a thickness of 1 cm makes itself a cumulative jet "Skill".

The role of the funnel in our experiment performs meniscus - it is precisely such a concave shape of the surface of the water in the capillary (thin tube). Great depth of the "funnels" is desirable, which means that the walls of the tube must be wetted well. Glass will not fit - the hydraulic blow when the discharge destroys it. Polymer tubes are poorly wetted, but we solved this problem by using the paper insert.

Water from under the tap is not suitable - it spends well, which will pass throughout the volume. We use distilled water (for example, from ampoules for injections), in which there are no dissolved salts. At the same time, all the discharge energy is highlighted in the breakdown area. Voltage - about 7 kV, discharge energy - about 10 J.

Gelatinist armor

Connect the arrester and capillary with a segment of an elastic tube. It should be poured into the water with a syringe: there should be no bubbles in the capillary - they distort the picture of "collapses". Making sure that meniscus was formed at a distance of about 1 cm from the arrester, charge the capacitor and the closed circuit tied to an insulating robe conduit. In the breakdown area, there will be great pressure, a shock wave (HC) is formed, which "runs" to the meniscus and "comes" it.

You can detect a cumulative jet for her twist in the palm, stretched at an altitude of half the meter above the installation, or on the blurring water drops on the ceiling. To see the delicate and fast cumulative jet of the naked eye is very difficult, so we armed with special technique, namely the Casio Exilim Pro EX-F1 camera. This camera is very convenient for shooting rapid processes - it allows you to shoot video at speeds up to 1200 frames per second. The first test shooting have shown that it is almost impossible to flood the formation of the jet itself - the spark of the discharge "blind".

But you can fall out "armor". Punch foil will not work - the speed of water jet is not enough for aluminum residence. Therefore, as an armor, we decided to use gelatin. When the diameter of the capillary in 8 mm, we managed to achieve "armor-proof" more than 30 mm, that is, 4 caliber. Most likely, a little experimenting with the focusing jet, we could achieve more and even perhaps to break through the two-layer gelatin armor. So the next time the army of gelatin tanks attacks the editor, we will be ready to give a worthy repulsory.

We thank the representative office of Casio for the Casio Exilim Pro EX-F1 provided to shoot an experiment

Introduction

Articles on the Internet in which cumulative shells break through the armor, then the ferry burn it as autogen forced me to write this article.

I am technically competent man, but in secret laboratories did not work (or rather, it worked, but on the other topic) therefore if someone has information allowing to supplement this article - Write to add and improve.

The principle of the cumulative projectile (although it is more correct to say the charge)

We will analyze what difficulties arise in the designers of cumulative shells. There are two big problems. First of all, this is the rotation of the projectile. The fact of rotation of the projectile and the centrifugal forces arising from this greatly interfere regular formation Cumulative jet. The high speed of the projectile also adds headaches to the designers. The fact is that the cumulative jet is formed during the small but very definite time. Shelter flying at high speed, and do not let God having a slowly actuating fuse, slip the focal length and stuck in the armor to the formation of a cumulative jet.
Conventional rotating shells punch armor thickness a little more than their caliber. Fight with rotation in three basic ways. The easiest way is a smooth-bore gun. Smooth-borne tank and anti-tank guns were manufactured mainly in the Soviet Union and inherited was inherited by sovereign countries during his decay.

The second way is the shooting of the cutting guns with flippers. When flying out of the trunk, the stabilizer is revealed and begins to slow down the rotation. Sometimes the movable presenter of the belt is added, which does not transmit rotation to the projectile when shot.
The third method is the installation of a cumulative charge in the shell housing on bearings. The method is quite expensive and exotic. It was used in my opinion only in one sample of the French projectile.
Now, to eliminate the negative effects of rotation, the projectile began to apply cladding complex form. The photos show the options for such a cladding and described its principle.

I do not know how much it is effective methodBut abroad such cladding is used.

With a high initial speed, they are struggling through its limitations and installation of instantaneous fuses. The idea to limit the initial rate of the projectile is very vicious, because the distance of the direct shot is reduced and difficulties in aiming arise. The output from this situation is the installation of a ballistic tip or pin length exceeding the size of the focal length of the cumulative jet. While the tip will be frozen about the armor, the jet will be safely formed.
An instant effect known to me is as follows. In the head of the projectile there is a piezo crystal which is connected by a wire with an electric fuse located in the bottom of the charge. When entering the armor, the crystal is compressed (and the higher the speed of contact, the greater the compression speed) and produces an electric current (such physical properties) which is transmitted to an electric detonator. The detonator makes babes, the explosive explodes, the jet is formed, armor makes his way.

In the photo section of the shell of a caliber of one hundred and twenty millimeters, the wire is visible from the head of the piezogenerator to the bottom explosion.
There is another option when the head fuse forms a cumulative jet in the direction of the bottom explosion, he explodes and so on. Here is a photo of our car chamber of a hundred millimeters made for this principle. The cumulative funnel had to be made more acute with a non-closed vertex.

Cumulative projectile from World War II to this day

The Germans experienced the first and fairly primitive cumulative shells of Spain. In the Soviet Union, before the war, the tests were also conducted, but complete absence Understanding the process and very slow fuses did not give positive results.
Little lyrical retreat. At that distant time, the Soviet designers sincerely believed that the cumulative jet burns the armor and all sorts of combustible supplements were generously added to explosives. Accordingly, the speed of detonation and the pressure at the front of the explosive wave fell and reduced the charge efficiency. But when the explosion, the charge gave a beautiful outbreak and could set fire to dry grass.
By the forty-third year, the Red Army entered the arms of the cumulative shells of almost all calibers. The fuses in them very much resembled German.

The photos show the sketches of the German shells of caliber seventy-five and one hundred and five millimeters.

German charter caliber one hundred and five millimeters.

Shells for our regimental gun, with explanation for stupid what exactly it is necessary to shoot on tanks.

Cumulative shells for tank guns. The upper caliber of the hundred millimeters for the cutting gun of the T-55 tank or the BS-3 anti-tank gun. Lower caliber one hundred fifteen millimeters for a smooth-bore cannon T-62 tank.

Caliber one hundred millimeters for smooth-bore anti-tank gun MT-12.

Modern cumulative caliber shells one hundred and twenty-five millimeters. There are only six of them in the T-90 tank. In the second photo it is written not fragmentary and training. Many are asked - why are they so stupid? Aerodynamics are responsible - it is necessary. We can only believe.

The most advanced of ours

Photography microscopic, but it can be understood that a tandem scheme is applied. The first charge provokes dynamic protection, and the second breaks through the main armor. According to the same scheme, a grace for the German reactive anti-tank grenade launcher. Two on the diagram indicates the head charge, the top five. Troika and six designated their bottom explosions. Red the explosive of charges is designated. Special attention I want to turn to the field of yellow in the body of the main charge - this is the so-called lens. She gets up on the way of the front of the wave of detonation and forms it more favorable way.

Foreign options

On the example of our and foreign ammunition, a different approach to design can be traced. Our cumulative recess is more elongated. The abroad has a remission close to classic sixty degrees. Above the fuse is visible lenses. Which option is more profitable look at the table, but do not forget that we have a caliber for five millimeters more.

Of particular interest is the last American Caus. Not only that he is a podkaliberny so equipped with a contact fuse. The fuse is quite voluminous and theoretically must interfere with the formation of a cumulative jet. However, the photo shows that when an explosion was formed a great jet for almost with a helicopter and strongly resembling lightsaber From Star Warrior.

Cumulative charge mechanism

Cumulative jet

Cumulative effect

cumulative jet formation scheme

The wave, spreading to the side forming of the cone of the facing, collides its walls to each other towards a friend, while as a result of the collision of the walls of the facing the pressure in the facing material increases sharply. The pressure of the explosion products reaching ~ 10 10 n / m² (10 5 kgf / cm²) is significantly superior to the metal flow rate. Therefore, the movement of metallic facing under the action of the explosion products is similar to the flow of fluid and is not associated with melting, but with plastic deformation.

Similarly, the metal of the cladding metal generates two zones - large by mass (about 70-90%), slowly moving "pest" and less by weight (about 10-30%), thin (order of cladding thickness) a hypersonic metal jet moving along the axis. At the same time, the speed of the jet is a function from the rate of detonation of the explosion and the geometry of the funnel. When using funnel with small angles at the top, it is possible to obtain extremely high speeds, but at the same time the requirements for the quality of the manufacture of cladding increase, since the likelihood of premature destruction of the jet increases. In modern ammunition, funnels are used with complex geometry (exponential, stepwise, etc.), with angles in the range of 30 - 60 degrees, and the rate of cumulative jet at the same time reaches 10 km / s.

Since the speed of the cumulative jet exceeds the speed of sound in the metal, then the jet interacts with armor in hydrodynamic laws, that is, they behave like when the ideal fluids are colliding. The strength of the armor in its traditional understanding in this case practically does not play roles, and first place the density and thickness of the reservation are published. The theoretical penetrative ability of cumulative shells is proportional to the length of the cumulative jet and the square root of the density of the density of the funnel lines to the density of the armor. The practical depth of penetration of the cumulative jet into monolithic armor in existing ammunition varies in the range from 1.5 to 4 calibers.

When the conical shell of the speed of individual parts of the jet turn out to be different and the jet is stretched in flight. Therefore, a slight increase in the gap between the charge and the target increases the depth of penetration due to the elongation of the jet. At considerable distances between the charge and the target, the jet breaks into parts, and the effect of punching is reduced. The greatest effect is achieved on the so-called "focal length". To withstand this distance, various types of tips of the corresponding length are used.

The use of charge with cumulative notch, but without metallic facing, reduces the cumulative effect, since instead of a metal jet, a jet of gaseous explosion products is valid. But at the same time there is a significant more destructive branch action.

Shock kernel

Formation of "shock kernel"

For the formation of the shock nucleus, the cumulative gauge has a stupid angle at the top or shape of the spherical segment of the thickness variable (the edges are thicker than in the center). Under the influence of the shock wave, there is no collapse of the cone, but turning it to "inside out." The obtained trailer with a diameter of a quarter and one-caliber length (initial recess diameter) is accelerated to 2.5 km / s. The core armor doom is less than a cumulative jet, but it is preserved at a distance of up to a thousand caliber. In contrast to a cumulative jet, consisting of only 15% of the mass of the facing, the shock core is formed from 100% of its mass.

History

In 1792, the Mining Engineer Franz von Baader (Franz Von Baader) suggested that the energy of the explosion can be concentrated on a small area using a hollow charge. However, in his experiments, Baader used a black powder that cannot explode and form the necessary detonation wave. For the first time to demonstrate the effect of the use of a hollow charge, it was possible only with the invention of briskanny explosives. This was done in 1883 inventor von Fourster.

Repeatedly opened the cumulative effect, studied and described it in detail in his works American Charles Munro (Charles Edward Munro) in 1888.

In the Soviet Union, 1925-1926, Professor M. Ya. Sukharevsky was engaged in the study of the charge charges of explosives.

In 1938, Franz Tomuanek (Franz Rudolf Thomanek) in Germany and Henry Mokhoopt (Hans Mohaupt) in the United States independently of each other opened the effect of increasing the punching ability by applying metal cone cladding.

For the first time in combat conditions, the cumulative charge was applied on May 10, 1940 at the storming of Fort Eben-Enamel (Belgium). Then to undermine the fortifications of the troops of Germany, portable charges of two varieties in the form of hollow hemispheres with masses of 50 and 12.5 kg were applied.

The X-ray-impulse shooting of the process carried out in 1939 - early 1940s in Germany's laboratories, the United States and the United Kingdom made it possible to significantly clarify the principles of the cumulative charge (traditional photography is impossible due to flame flashes and a large amount of smoke during detonation).

One of the unpleasant surprises of the summer of 1941 for the RKKU tankers was the use of cumulative ammunition by the troops. Drains with melted edges were found on the tanks, so the projectiles were called "armor-frigrents". On May 23, 1942, a cumulative projectile for a 76-mm regimental gun was tested at the Sofrin Polygon to be carried out on the basis of a trophy German projectile. According to the test results on May 27, 1942, the new shell was adopted.

In the 1950s, huge progress was achieved in understanding the principles of the formation of a cumulative jet. The methods of improving cumulative charges with passive liners (lenses) were proposed, the optimal forms of cumulative funnel were determined, the methods of compensating of the projectile rotation by the cone riflement were developed, more powerful explosives were applied. Many of the phenomena discovered in those distant years are studied to the present.

Notes

Links

The theory of the process of armored airproofing of cumulative and subcalibered shells tank power
V. Murakhovsky, Bukag 2004 website Another cumulative myth.

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