These recommendations establish the main provisions for the organization, conduct and execution of the results of incoming control of raw materials, materials, Semi-finished products, components, etc., coming from suppliers to the consumer.
The recommendations were developed to provide methodological and practical assistance to enterprise specialists in the implementation and use of a product quality management system based on the application of international standards MS ISO 9000 series. The recommendations reveal possible approaches to the implementation of GOST 40.9001-88, clause 4.20 and GOST 24297.
The recommendations can be used in enterprises of any industry, as well as in the certification of products, quality systems and accreditation of testing laboratories.

Designation:	50-601-40-93
Russian name:	Recommendations. Input control of products. Basic provisions
Status:	current (Developed for the first time)
Text update date:	01.10.2008
Date added to database:	01.02.2009
Date of entry into force:	05.10.1993
Designed by:	VNIIS Gosstandart of Russia
Approved:	VNIIS Gosstandart of Russia (05.10.1993)
Published:	VNIIS Gosstandart of Russia No. 1993

ALL-RUSSIAN RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF CERTIFICATION (VNIIS) OF THE STATE STANDARD OF RUSSIA

R 50-601-40-93

R 50-601-40-93

These recommendations establish the basic provisions for the organization, conduct and execution of the results of the input control of raw materials, materials, Semi-finished products, components, etc. (hereinafter referred to as products) coming from suppliers to the consumer.

The recommendations were developed to provide methodological and practical assistance to enterprise specialists in the implementation and use of a product quality management system based on the application of international standards MS ISO 9000 series. The recommendations reveal possible approaches to the implementation of GOST 40.9001-88, clause 4.20 and GOST 24297.

Terms and definitions according to MS ISO 8402-1;

GOST15895,

GOST16504,

GOST15467.

1. GENERAL PROVISIONS

1.1. Under the input control should be understood

Quality control of the supplier's products received by the consumer or customer and intended for use in the manufacture, repair or operation of the product.

1.2. The main tasks of the input control can be:

Obtaining, with high reliability, an assessment of the quality of products presented for control;

Ensuring the unambiguous mutual recognition of the results of product quality assessment by the supplier and the consumer, carried out according to the same methods and according to the same control plans;

Establishing compliance of product quality with established requirements in order to timely submit claims to suppliers, as well as for operational work with suppliers to ensure the required level of product quality;

Prevention of launching into production or repair of products that do not meet the established requirements, as well as permission protocols in accordance with GOST 2.124.

1.3. The decision on the need to introduce, tighten, weaken or cancel the input control is made by the consumer based on the specifics, nature and purpose of the product or the results of the input control of products for the past period or the results of its operation (consumption).

4.1.1. With complete control, each unit of product in the controlled lot is subjected to control in order to identify defective units of production and make a decision on the suitability of the product for launch into production. Continuous control is recommended to appoint in cases where it is technically and economically feasible and the products are piece. The use of continuous control should be indicated in the technical documentation for products in the sections "Acceptance". With continuous control, it can be presented as a fully formed batch of products, as well as individual units of products for single and small-scale production.

4.1.2. During sampling control, from the controlled batch of products, in accordance with the sampling control plan, randomly samples (samples), based on the results of the control of which a decision is made on the entire controlled batch of products.

In case of random control, only a fully formed batch of products (both piece and shapeless) can be presented for control.

Note . It is not allowed to take samples or samples until a fully formed batch of products is presented.

Rules for selecting units of production in the sample - according to GOST 18321.

4.1.3. With continuous control, each unit of production is subjected to control in the sequence in which they are produced until the number of suitable units of production established by the control plan is obtained. After that, continuous control is terminated and transferred to selective (piece products).

4.2. Sampling plans should be agreed between the supplier and the consumer and established in strict accordance with the requirements of state standards or ISO standards for statistical acceptance control.

4.2.1. When assigning input control plans by alternative feature, GOST 18242, GOST 16493, GOST 24660 or MS ISO 2859/0÷3 should be used.

4.2.2. When assigning incoming control plans by quantitative characteristics, GOST 20736 or MS ISO 3951 should be used.

4.2.3. When assigning continuous input control plans, ST SEV293-76 should be used.

4.2.4. Instructions for the provision and selection of the method and sampling plans are set out in RD 50-605, R 50-110, R50-601-32.

4.3. It is recommended to make a decision on the conformity or non-compliance of the product quality with the established requirements for each controlled batch separately.

4.4. The supplier and the consumer, when agreeing and establishing incoming control plans (if these plans are not established in the technical documentation for products), may determine the procedure for indemnification from defective or incomplete products if this is discovered by the consumer during incoming control or in the production process.

4.5. When re-presenting products for incoming inspection, it is recommended to indicate in the accompanying documentation the reasons why it was rejected (or returned to the supplier) at the first presentation, in order for the inspector to return Special attention on the characteristics due to which it was rejected (or returned to the supplier).

Sampling plans for re-submission of products for input inspection should be the same as for the first presentation (rather than resorting to the rule of "doubling the sample or sample size") in the case of using two-stage plans.

4.6. In practice, situations often arise when it is important not only to decide whether to accept or reject a batch of products, but also to know its actual level of defectiveness, since the level of defectiveness characterizes the quality of a batch of products. The lower the level of defectiveness in the batch, the higher its quality.

The level of defectiveness can be expressed as the percentage of defective units of products, determined from the ratio:

The number of defects per hundred units of production, determined from the ratio:

The first ratio is recommended to be used when it is sufficient to establish only the number of defective units of products from the number of controlled ones. In this case, a unit of production is considered defective if it has at least one defect.

The second ratio is recommended to be used when it is important to establish the number of defects in the inspected product units, if there can be one or more defects in a product unit. In this case, each individual non-compliance of the product with the established requirements should be considered a defect.

4.6.1. Defectiveness level can be input and output. It is important for the consumer to know the input defectiveness level, which is understood as the defectiveness level in a batch or product flow entering the control for a certain time interval.

4.6.2. A more reliable idea of the quality of products will be given by the average input defect level, determined by the results of the control of several batches.

The average input defectiveness level characterizes the quality of the supplied products and is determined by the technical capabilities of production and does not depend on the adopted control plan.

The value of the average input defectiveness level can be obtained from the results of continuous or selective control of several batches of products entering for control according to the formulas given in clause 4.6.

4.6.3. The value of the average input defectiveness level can be used as an initial value to justify and select the acceptance level of defectiveness ( AQL).

AQL represents such a value of the defectiveness level, which both the supplier and the consumer agree on and which serves as the basis for determining the control standard for selective incoming inspection plans.

4.6.4. The value of the average input defectiveness level must be less than AQL ,.Therefore, the supplier must ensure that the average input defect level does not exceed the specified value AQL . With an increase in the average input level of defectiveness, the supplier will incur losses from the return and rejection of products. AQL determines the degree of severity (rigidity) of selective control.

5. REGISTRATION OF THE RESULTS OF INPUT CONTROL

5.1. Based on the results of the input control, it is recommended to draw up a conclusion on the conformity of the products to the established requirements and fill out the register of the results of the input control ().

5.2. The data of the protocol of control, analysis or testing, the controller must carefully compare with the technical documentation for the products and in the accompanying documents for the products make a note about the input control and its results, mark (brand) the products, if it is provided for in the list of products subject to input control.

5.3. If the product complies with the established requirements, the incoming control division makes a decision to transfer it to production.

When a marriage or incompleteness of the delivery of products is detected, the incoming control unit draws up an act for marriage or incompleteness of the delivery ().

5.4. Having received a complaint report, the supplier enterprise conducts the necessary studies of the reasons for non-compliance of products with the requirements of regulatory and technical documentation, coordinates with the consumer and sends the consumer a research report indicating the measures taken to eliminate the causes noted in the complaint with a conclusion on the effectiveness of the measures taken.

5.5. The quality control department must systematically inform the supplier about the results of the input control.

The supplier, in agreement with the consumer, develops and implements measures aimed at improving product quality.

5.6. Based on the data on the actual quality level of the supplied products, accumulated by the incoming inspection department, OGK, OGT, OMTS, etc., the Quality Control Department makes proposals in accordance with the established procedure to improve its quality level and, if necessary, revise the regulatory and technical documentation.

Proposals-applications for the revision of the normative and technical documentation of the valley should be marked: "according to the results of input control."

5.7. In case of rejection of products in the supplier’s shop (hidden defect), a defective act () is drawn up, according to which the products are sent to the rejection isolation room along with defective acts signed by the heads of the shop and the foreman of the input control unit.

5.8. Responsibility for a defect arising from products during the production of a failed external acceptance or a rejected quality control department is borne by employees, warehouses, who gave the order to release these products into production.

5.9. Based on the results of the input control, the consumer, if necessary, informs the territorial body of the Gosstandart of Russia at the location of the supplier to take measures in accordance with the functions assigned to them (Appendix 2, GOST 24297).

Annex 1
THE FORM OF THE JOURNAL OF RECORDING THE RESULTS OF INPUTS CONTROL

FOR _________QUARTER 19____

Application2
FORM OF THE SAMPLING OR SAMPLING REPORT

ACT No.
on sampling (sampling)

This act was drawn up "___" _______ 19____.

Admissions Committee consisting of:

representative
		(position of representative)
comrade
	(surname)			(signature)
representative
		(name of supplier)

(position of representative)
comrade
	(surname)			(signature)
From products
			(Name of product)

received "___" ___________19___ invoice No. ___________ dated "___" _______ 199___ according to the bill of lading No. ________ dated "___" _______ 199__ in the number of ______ places with weight of products ___________ samples were taken in the amount of _____________

from "_____"______19__

Samples are (not) provided with labels containing the data required by the standards or specifications.

For carrying out (analysis) testing, additional samples were taken from the products in the amount of ________________

The samples were submitted for analysis (testing) "___" _________ 19____.

ACT No. _______ of _________ 199

FOR REJECTION OF PRODUCTS AS DELIVERED

2. Acceptance of products started at ______ hours ______ minutes _________ 199

finished _________ hours _______ minutes ______________________ 199

3. Terms of acceptance are violated due to

	(give reasons)
No. p/n	Surname, I.O.	Place of work	Position held	Date and number of the document of authority	Acquaintance with the instruction (signature)

6. Date and number of the telephone message and telegram about the call of the manufacturer's representative


7. Number and date of the contract for the supply of products
invoices						Bill of lading

8. Date of arrival of products at the destination station
9. Delivery time of products to the consumer

10. Terms of storage of products in the warehouse of the recipient of its additional acceptance


11. The state of containers and packaging at the time of product inspection


12. Date of opening of containers and packaging

13. When randomly checking products ____________, the procedure for selecting products for random checking, indicating the basis for random checking (GOST, TU, basic terms of delivery, contract)

The presence or absence of packaging labels and seals in separate places

16. Shortcomings in the quality of products, the nature of the shortcomings, and for complete products, the quantity of such products and the list of missing parts, assemblies, parts and their cost




17. Products			presented for examination at the
	Name
Product distribution:		The marriage is over.
		Suitable
		To be corrected.
		Does not match. grade.
		Not a kit.

18. Numbers of GOSTs, TUs, drawings, samples (standards), which were used to check the quality of products

20. Conclusion on the nature of the identified defects in the products and the reasons for their occurrence

3. Name and address of the manufacturer
supplier
4. Nomenclature and volume of products
5. Date and number of the telephone message and telegram about the call of the manufacturer's representative

6. Number and date of the contract for the supply of products
invoices							Bill of lading
and a document certifying the quality of products
7. Conditions for storing products in the recipient's warehouse until acceptance

8. When randomly checking products __________, the procedure for selecting products for testing, indicating the basis for random testing (GOST, TU, special delivery conditions, contract)


9. Where and when sent for research
10. Shortcomings in product quality, nature of shortcomings

11. Numbers of GOSTs, TUs, drawings, samples (standards), which were used to check the quality of products

13. Other data; which, in the opinion of the persons involved s acceptance must be indicated in the act to confirm the poor quality or incompleteness of the products

Department of the chief metrologist



CZL	Central factory laboratory
NTD	Normative and technical documentation
OMTS	Logistics Department
A QL	Acceptance level of defects

INFORMATION DATA

1. DEVELOPED by the All-Russian Research Institute of Certification (VNIIS)

PERFORMERS: Bogatyrev A.A., Ph.D. in Economics (head of the theme), Gorshkova E.A.

2. APPROVED by Order of the Institute No. 119 of. 5.10.93

3.DESIGNED FIRST

4. REFERENCE REGULATIONS AND TECHNICAL DOCUMENTS

Item number, sub-item of enumeration

GOST 15895

GOST 16504

GOST 15467

MS ISO 8402-1

GOST 24297

GOST 18242

GOST 20736

GOST 18321

GOST 16493

ST SEV 293

MS ISO 2859/0÷3

The article will reveal the main points regarding the act of input control. What is the document, for what purposes is it intended, and how to draw it up correctly - further.

In the construction industry, input control of equipment plays a significant role. This is a quality check of objects that arrive at the warehouse. The results of the inspection are documented. How to compose it correctly?

Basic moments

When the organization receives equipment or material, an act is drawn up. This is an accompanying sheet on the basis of which the equipment is put into use.

The data of all acts are displayed in the journal, which must be present on any construction site. The document indicates the name and number of objects received at the construction site.

Input control is continuous, selective and continuous. During continuous production, each unit of production is subject to control in order to identify and decide on the possibility of use and release.

Appointed when the products are piece by piece. During sampling, several units are removed from a batch of products and checked.

Based on the results, a conclusion is made about the quality of the entire batch. It is not allowed to carry out this type until the product is fully completed in the batch.

During continuous inspection, each unit is checked in the sequence in which it was made. and the consumer must agree on a schedule for the inspection.

The following persons are entitled to control:

Information about acts should be displayed in the journal. The document indicates the name of the material, quantity, documentation numbers and supplier information.

Supporting documentation may include:

list of equipment;
operating documents;
and others.

If the accompanying documents are not provided in full, the commission has the right to postpone the input control.

Upon receipt of new materials, it is necessary to ensure their separate storage from those that have already passed the input control.

In the event of a marriage, it is necessary to describe each defect in the act. The forms of input control are:

What it is

Incoming control is the quality control of the goods that arrived at the customer for the purpose of its use. It is drawn up and approved within 3 days after the input control.

The document is signed by all members of the commission. The essence of control is to obtain information about the state of the object and compare it with the requirements of regulations.

Based on the results of the control, a conclusion is drawn up - whether the products meet the requirements, is filled out.

In the accompanying documentation of the material, a mark is made on the control, its results and marking is put. If the product meets the requirements, it is transferred to production. The defective material is sent to the supplier.

Functions performed

Input control is an important part of the technological process, ensuring the stable operation of the organization and high quality manufactured products.

The tasks of input control are as follows:

Legal framework

Sample certificate of input control of equipment and materials

It is carried out in several stages - external inspection and quality control.

The order of the procedure

First, a control plan needs to be developed and agreed upon. In the methodology, clarify the verification methods, sequence of actions, parameters, etc.

After that, set the date and place of the input control, create a commission. It may include representatives of the supplier and the customer, an independent expert.

acceptance by the number of products in the batch;
acceptance of documents for these products;
visual inspection, checking the completeness of the batch (carried out by opening the package);
verification of quality characteristics, parameters.

During the control it is necessary:

check the accompanying documentation, which certifies the quality of products, and register it in the register of the results of incoming control;
control sampling, check packaging, labeling;
check product quality.

During the acceptance of the cargo, the safety of the cargo during transportation is checked. Namely:

checking the presence of the sender's seal on the vehicle - whether it is in good order, whether there are prints, what condition the wagon is in, etc.;
verification of compliance with the rules of transportation.

Drawing up a form

The document is compiled by receiving specialists - an engineer, a site foreman, a head of a department. In order to avoid claims to the content of the act, a special commission (of two or more persons) is involved in its execution.

With their signature, they confirm the data of the act. Before drawing up a document, the equipment must be checked or tested.

After successfully passing the control, the authorized person fills out the act, fixing the conformity of the products to the requirements.

If the control has not passed, the bark must be recorded in the act, and the claim must be sent to the supplier. The further action is as follows - the product is returned, the supplier repairs or exchanges for the same, without marriage.

Fill example

The act contains the following information:

members of the commission;
the name of the equipment or material and its data;
the name of the documentation that certifies the quality;
designation of conditions and technical standard;
technological code of the equipment;
classification of materials;
weight, number of pieces;
the name of the supplier's company;
agreement;
manufacturer's name;
date of manufacture.

Features when generating a document

There is no standard form for the act. It can be made in any form or use a template developed by the organization. You can use an A4 sheet.

The following data are required to be filled in:

the fact of control;
date and place of the event;
totals;
complete information about the tested equipment.

Issued in one copy.

For cable products

Input control of cable products is carried out according to the procedure established at the enterprise, as well as in accordance with GOST. An order is created on the basis of which a commission is formed.

It includes the general contractor, the customer and the organization performing the work. The following cable products are submitted for incoming inspection:

The first stage of control includes the identification of cable products in the warehouse, control of the correctness of filling in the documentation.

It also checks:

compliance of the marking on the plastic shell, tag or drum with the data indicated in the accompanying documents;
the availability and quality of the required documentation;
the presence of a nameplate.

The second stage is to check the packaging and labeling of cable products:

The last stage includes checking the condition of the protective covers of cable products. The presence of defects, the general condition of the cable is checked.

Based on the results of the input control, the commission draws up a conclusion - whether the cable products meet the requirements. Unsuitable materials must be marked and work with them should be suspended.

Nuances in construction

When the materials enter the warehouse, information is sent in order to conduct an incoming control. The quality of construction is the compliance of the quality of the constructed structures with legal standards.

Input control is carried out until the use of construction equipment in the activity. It includes checking the availability of supplier documentation, delivery data, compliance with documentation requirements.

The contractor is in charge. He can carry out control on his own or seek help from a special organization.

If the results of the control are unsatisfactory (the equipment does not meet the requirements), it cannot be used in construction.

The objects of control include construction products, the process of their creation, operation, storage, etc. Control is carried out in order to identify deviations at the initial stage of production work.

If the commission has any comments, a re-inspection may be scheduled. The decision to conduct it should be reflected in the act of incoming control of building materials.

The document must indicate "Pass" or "Not good". There are requirements for the execution of the act:

indicate the compliance or non-compliance of building materials with the requirements of regulatory documentation;
fill in each line, dashes should be absent;
can be formatted in tabular or text form;
must be signed by members of the commission.

It is necessary to register the act in a special journal. When the materials of the customer are used in construction, they are called tolling.

If they are transferred from one organization to another, they must continue to be recorded. Unused materials are transferred to the customer under the act.

fire alarm

The fire alarm may be put into service if the test establishes the following:

installation was carried out in accordance with the requirements;
the working state of the alarm is positive;
design documentation is correct.

Input control includes checking the activity of system nodes, receiving and issuing a signal. You can use the alarm only if there is an appropriate act. It is filled in by the head of the organization.

Reinforced concrete structures

During the quality control check the following:

whether the shape and dimensions correspond to the requirements of the technical conditions;
are there any cracks, chips, spots;
Are the holes correctly positioned?
Are the wires correctly positioned?

Control is carried out by creating and testing control samples. The main method is the compression test. Make a sample for concrete mix (for each grade).

If it cures naturally, the batch should contain several samples. In the case of heat treatment of samples, it should be at least 9. The first test is carried out 4 hours after treatment.

If the deviation is more than 20%, then it is necessary to establish the cause of this and eliminate it. The second test is carried out before the products are shipped and the 3rd test is carried out after a month's storage.

Thus, the input control involves checking the quality of materials and equipment. It can be carried out at any stage - at the beginning of the operational period or during use.

The commission controls. It is appointed by order, it consists of authorized persons with the appropriate qualifications.

The results are documented. It indicates whether the product meets the requirements. The form of the act is not regulated, it can be drawn up independently.

The quality of construction products is one of the main factors affecting the cost-effectiveness and profitability of a completed construction facility, ensuring its reliability and durability.

In a generalized form, the quality of an object is determined by the quality of the project, building materials and products, as well as the quality of construction and installation works.

Production quality control of construction is carried out by the contractor and includes:

input control of project documentation provided by the developer (customer);

acceptance of the geodetic center base made in nature;

input control of applied materials, products;

operational control during the execution and upon completion of operations;

assessment of the conformity of the work performed, the results of which become inaccessible for control after the start of the subsequent work.

input control of project documentation provided by the developer (customer)

At the entrance control project documentation all submitted documentation, including the SSP and working documentation, should be reviewed, checking:

its completeness;

compliance with the design axial dimensions and the geodetic base;

availability of approvals and approvals;

references to materials and products;

compliance of the boundaries of the construction site on the building plan with the established servitudes;

availability of a list of works and structures, the quality indicators of which affect the safety of the facility and are subject to conformity assessment during the construction process;

the presence of limit values controlled by the specified list of parameters, permissible levels of non-compliance for each of them;

availability of instructions on methods of control and measurements, including in the form of references to the relevant regulatory documents.

If deficiencies are found, the relevant documentation is returned for revision.

Acceptance of the staked out geodetic center base

The contractor performs the acceptance of the property provided to him by the developer (customer) geodetic center base, checks its compliance with the established requirements for accuracy, reliability of fixing signs on the ground; for this purpose it may involve independent experts. Acceptance of the geodetic staking base from the developer (customer) should be formalized by the relevant act.

Input control of applied materials, products

The input control checks the compliance of quality indicators purchased (received) materials, products and equipment requirements of standards, specifications or technical certificates for them specified in the project documentation and (or) contract.

At the same time, the presence and content of the accompanying documents of the supplier (manufacturer) confirming the quality of the specified materials, products and equipment are checked.

If necessary, control measurements and tests of the above indicators can be performed. Methods and means of these measurements and tests must comply with the requirements of standards, specifications and (or) technical certificates for materials, products and equipment.

The results of input control must be documented.

If control and testing are carried out by involved accredited laboratories, it is necessary to check the compliance of the control and test methods used by them with the established standards and (or) technical specifications for controlled products.

Materials, products, equipment, the non-compliance of which with the established requirements is revealed by the input control, should be separated from suitable ones and marked. Work with the use of these materials, products and equipment should be suspended. The developer (customer) must be notified of the suspension of work and its reasons.

One of three decisions can be made in accordance with the law:

the supplier replaces non-conforming materials, products, equipment with appropriate ones;

nonconforming products are improved;

non-conforming materials, products can be used after mandatory agreement with the developer (customer), designer and state control (supervision) body within its competence.

Operational control during and after operations

Operational control performer checks:

compliance of the sequence and composition of the technological operations performed with the technological and regulatory documentation applicable to these technological operations;

compliance with the technological regimes established technological maps and regulations;

compliance of the quality indicators of the performance of operations and their results with the requirements of the design and technological documentation, as well as the regulatory documentation applicable to these technological operations.

Places for performing control operations, their frequency, performers, methods and measuring instruments, forms for recording results, decision-making procedures in case of identifying non-compliance with established requirements must comply with the requirements of design, technological and regulatory documentation.

The results of operational control should be documented.

Compliance assessment of the work performed, the results of which become unavailable for control after the start of the subsequent work

During the construction process, an assessment should be carried out hidden works, and completed building structures and sections of engineering networks, the elimination of defects of which, identified by the control, is impossible without disassembly or damage to subsequent structures and sections of engineering networks. Representatives of the relevant bodies of state supervision, architectural supervision, as well as, if necessary, independent experts may participate in these control procedures.

Hidden works - works that, after the completion of other subsequent works, become inaccessible for visual assessment (preparation of foundations for foundations, waterproofing of walls, reinforcement of monolithic structures, embedded parts, etc.). Hidden works are made out acts signed by the foreman and technical supervision representative. Special commissions are created to draw up acts for complex and responsible work. The builder (customer) may require a re-examination after the elimination of the identified defects.

Tolerances (allowed) - possible deviations in the dimensions of parts, structures, premises, etc. They are given in SNiPs and technical specifications. Deviations from them - marriage. The duty of the foreman and representative of technical supervision to monitor the quality of construction and installation work. The representative of technical supervision has the right to force to redo poor-quality work.

Defects in the production of works can have a different cause. Due to poor quality sealing of the joints of wall panels, an unattractive appearance of the facade is created and the temperature and humidity conditions in the premises are violated. Intense corrosion of embedded parts leads the building to an emergency state, which entails the implementation of complex and time-consuming repair work.

The main reasons for the poor quality of construction work may be the use of low-grade and expired materials, deviations from the design technology (failure to complete all layers of plastering, lack of waterproofing required by the project, etc.), the use of outdated machines and imperfect tools, lack of proper control by engineering and technical personnel, etc.

Sometimes defects arise due to incorrectly executed breakdown of buildings and structures in axes and heights, poor compaction of soil in embankments and excavations, improper installation of reinforcement (including with an underestimated section) when performing reinforced concrete work, improper and poor-quality welding, etc. d.

To the procedure for assessing the conformity of individual structures, tiers of structures (floors), the performer of the work must submit certificates of examination of all hidden works that are part of these structures, geodetic executive schemes, as well as test reports for structures in cases provided for by design documentation and (or) a building contract . The developer (customer) can perform verification of the reliability of the executive geodetic schemes submitted by the contractor. To this end, the performer of the work must keep the alignment axes and mounting landmarks fixed in kind until the acceptance is completed.

The results of acceptance of individual structures must be documented in acts of intermediate acceptance of structures.

tests

Tests of sections of engineering networks and mounted engineering equipment are carried out in accordance with the requirements of the relevant regulatory documents and are drawn up in acts of the form established by them.

If, as a result of the phased acceptance, defects in works, structures, sections of engineering networks are detected, the relevant acts should be drawn up only after the elimination of the identified defects.

In cases where subsequent work must begin after a break of more than 6 months from the moment the phased acceptance is completed, these procedures should be repeated before the resumption of work with the execution of the relevant acts.

Control methods

Quality control of work is carried out by visual inspection, full-scale measurement of linear dimensions, testing of structures by destructive and non-destructive control methods.

Mechanical or destructive method control is used to determine the technical condition of structures.

Physical or non-destructive method used to determine the main characteristics of the physical and mechanical properties of construction materials. The method is based on pulse and radiation methods.

Pulse acoustic method consists in measuring the propagation velocity of elastic waves in the material under study and dissipating the energy of these waves.

Pulse vibration method is based on measuring the damping of natural vibrations, taking into account the structural forms of the element under study.

radiation method is based on determining the change in the intensity of the y-ray fluxes during the transillumination of the material. According to the readings of the counters that determine the amount of emitted, absorbed, and passed through the object under study isotopes of y-rays, the quality and properties of materials are determined.

NON-STATE EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION OF HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION

"ELABUZH CITY INSTITUTE OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES"

Faculty of Engineering and Technology

Department of Quality Management

Test

discipline: "Means and methods of quality management"

on the topic: "Input quality control of products"

Yelabuga 2011

Introduction

The concept and types of product quality control

Input quality control of products, definition, concept purpose, main tasks, organization of input control, efficiency

Conclusion

Introduction

Relevance. Quality control is one of the main functions in the quality management process. This is also the most voluminous function in terms of applied methods, which is the subject of a large number of works in various fields of knowledge. The value of control lies in the fact that it allows you to detect errors in time, so that you can quickly correct them with minimal losses.

The purpose of this work is to consider quality control, as well as to define the concept of incoming product quality control, its purpose, main tasks, organization of incoming control and efficiency.

The control work consists of an introduction, 4 chapters, a conclusion, where all the conclusions of the work and a list of references are summed up.

The first chapter discusses the concept and types of product quality control. The second chapter considers the input quality control of products, definition, concept. The purpose, main tasks, organization and effectiveness of incoming product quality control are discussed in the third chapter. And how the input quality control of metal products is carried out at the enterprises is considered in the fourth chapter.

quality control standard metal products

1. The concept and types of product quality control

Quality control refers to the verification of the conformity of the quantitative or qualitative characteristics of a product or process, on which product quality depends, to established technical requirements.

Product quality control is an integral part of the production process and is aimed at checking the reliability in the process of its manufacture, consumption or operation.

The essence of product quality control at the enterprise is to obtain information about the state of the object and compare the results obtained with the established requirements recorded in the drawings, standards, supply contracts, technical specifications. NTD, TU and other documents.

Control provides for checking products at the very beginning of the production process and during the period of operational maintenance, ensuring, in case of deviation from the regulated quality requirements, the adoption of corrective measures aimed at producing products of the proper quality, proper Maintenance during operation and complete satisfaction of customer requirements. Thus, product control includes such measures at the place of its manufacture or at the place of its use, as a result of which deviations from the norm of the required level of quality can be corrected even before defective or non-compliant products are released. Insufficient control at the stage of serial production leads to financial problems and entails additional costs. Quality control includes:

incoming quality control of raw materials, basic and auxiliary materials, semi-finished products, components, tools entering the warehouses of the enterprise;

production step-by-step control over compliance with the established technological regime, and sometimes inter-operational acceptance of products;

systematic monitoring of the condition of equipment, machines, cutting and measuring tools, instrumentation, various measuring instruments, stamps, models of test equipment and weight facilities, new and in-service devices, production and transportation conditions of products and other checks;

control of models and prototypes;

control finished products(parts, small assembly units, subassemblies, assemblies, blocks, products).

Input quality control of products, definition, concept

purpose, main tasks, organization of incoming control,

efficiency

Incoming product quality control should be understood as quality control of the supplier's products received by the consumer or customer and intended for use in the manufacture, repair or operation of products.

These recommendations establish the main provisions for the organization, conduct and execution of the results of incoming control of raw materials, materials, semi-finished products, components, etc., coming from suppliers to the consumer.

The recommendations have been developed to provide methodological and practical assistance to enterprise specialists in the implementation and use of a product quality management system based on the application of international standards MS ISO 9000 series.

The main tasks of input control can be:

obtaining with high reliability an assessment of the quality of products presented for control;

ensuring the unambiguity of mutual recognition of the results of product quality assessment by the supplier and the consumer, carried out according to the same methods and according to the same control plans;

establishing compliance of product quality with established requirements in order to timely submit claims to suppliers, as well as to work promptly with suppliers to ensure the required level of product quality;

prevention of launching into production or repair of products that do not meet the established requirements, as well as permission protocols in accordance with GOST 2.124. [GOST]

One of the elements of the relationship with the supplier is the organization of incoming control, which refers to the quality control of the supplier's products (initial materials, components, information) received by the consumer organization and intended for use in the manufacture, repair or operation of products, as well as the provision of services. Its main goal is to exclude the possibility of penetration into the production of raw materials, semi-finished products, components, tools, information with deviations from the quality requirements reflected in contractual obligations. The imperfection of this type of control can bring significant losses to both the manufacturer of the product and its consumer.

Input control is very time-consuming and expensive, while it duplicates the output control of the issuing enterprise. In this regard, it is becoming increasingly important to abandon input control by strengthening output control, which entails the establishment of a special relationship with the supplier. Abroad, the practice of such relations has existed for a long time. For example, at the Japanese company Bridgestone Corporation, the supplied parts and raw materials are controlled mainly to check their quantity and compliance with technical documentation. Checking the quality of materials is not carried out, since it is carried out by suppliers before being sent to the consumer. This system is based on mutual trust and cooperation.

In accordance with the terms of the supply contract, incoming control can be both continuous and selective. For its implementation at industrial enterprises, specialized subdivisions are created in the QCD system. Incoming control laboratories function at medium and large enterprises. The main tasks of these departments are:

conducting incoming quality control of material and technical resources entering the organization;

execution of documents based on the results of control;

control of technological tests (samples, analyzes) of incoming resources in workshops, laboratories, control and testing stations;

monitoring compliance by warehouse workers with the rules of storage and issuance of incoming products to production;

calling representatives of suppliers to jointly draw up an act on defects found during incoming inspection, etc. Demonstration of the effectiveness of input control is the reduction of cases of low-quality material and technical resources or services entering production.

Input controls include:

Periodic monitoring of the effectiveness of the supplier's quality assurance system (the so-called "second party" audit);

The requirement for the supplier to accompany the shipment of goods with protocols of control procedures;

The requirement for the supplier to carry out one hundred percent control and testing of the supplied material and technical resources or services;

Selective acceptance tests of a batch of goods by the supplier and the consumer at the same time;

The use by the supplier of a formal quality assurance system defined by the consumer (for example, based on ISO 9000 standards).;

Requirements for independent certification of the supplier's products by a third party.

If guided by the international standard ISO 9001:2008, then in section 7 "Manufacturing of products" in subsection 7.4 "Purchasing", paragraph 7.4.1 states: "The organization must ensure that the purchased products comply with the established procurement requirements. The scope and nature of the control in relation to the supplier and the purchased product should be determined by the degree of influence of these products on the subsequent production of products or on the finished product.

The Organization shall evaluate and select suppliers on the basis of their ability to supply products in accordance with the Organization's requirements.

Criteria for the selection, evaluation and re-evaluation of suppliers should be established. Records should be kept of the results of such evaluation and subsequent actions.”

In paragraph 7.4.2 "Purchasing information" we read: "Purchasing information must contain a description of the products ordered and include, where appropriate:

requirements for the approval of products, procedures, processes and equipment;

requirements for personnel qualification;

requirements for the quality management system.

The organization shall ensure that the specified purchase requirements are adequate before communicating them to the supplier.

And finally, paragraph 7.4.3 “Verification (verification) of purchased products reads as follows: “The organization must determine and implement control measures or other activities necessary to ensure that purchased products meet the requirements specified in the information for purchase. In cases where the Organization or its consumer intends to check (verify) the purchased products at the supplier's enterprise, the Organization must establish in the information for the purchase the planned measures for such verification and the method of product release.

Incoming quality control of metal products

The main indicators of metal quality are: chemical composition; micro- and macrostructure; basic and technological properties; dimensions, geometry and surface quality of metal products. Requirements for the quality of metal and products from it are specified in national standards, technical specifications of firms (enterprises) or separate agreements between the consumer and the supplier. The quality of the metal and reliable methods for determining its main indicators are the main ones in the technological chain of production. The quality of metal products entering the enterprise is determined during the input control (IC).

The input control of metal products is mandatory for firms (enterprises) that develop or manufacture industrial products, as well as repair them. This control is organized and carried out in accordance with GOST 24297-87, as well as with the standards and other regulatory and technical documentation (NTD) of the enterprise.

Organization of incoming quality control of metal products:

In accordance with GOST 24297-87, the input control is carried out by the input control unit - the input control bureau (BVK), which is part of the service technical control enterprise quality (QC).

The main tasks of incoming control are:

monitoring the availability of accompanying documentation for products;

control of compliance of quality and completeness of products with the requirements of design and regulatory and technical documentation;

accumulation of statistical data on the actual level of quality of the products obtained and the development on this basis of proposals for improving the quality and, if necessary, revising the requirements of scientific and technical documentation for products;

periodic monitoring of compliance with the rules and terms of storage of products of suppliers.

Input control must be carried out in a specially designated room (section), equipped with the necessary means of control, testing and office equipment, as well as meeting the requirements of labor safety. Measuring instruments and test equipment used in the input control are selected in accordance with the requirements of the NTD for controlled products and GOST 8.002-86. If metrological means and control methods differ from those specified in the NTD, then the consumer agrees on the technical characteristics of the means used and control methods with the supplier.

To ensure compliance with the requirements of GOST 24297, as well as the standards of the GOST R ISO 9000 series, the enterprise develops its own scientific and technical documentation, taking into account the profile and characteristics of the products. For example, large enterprises develop enterprise standards (STP) “Incoming control of metallic materials”, “Technological instruction (TI) for incoming control of metallic materials”, etc.

STP establishes the procedure for organizing, conducting and formalizing the results of incoming inspection of metal products used at the enterprise. TI determines the scope and types of input control in accordance with the list of metals and semi-finished products subject to VC. The volume and types of input control are established in accordance with the NTD and technical specifications for manufactured products.

Conducting VC is assigned to BVK. The input control involves: a warehouse of purchased metal products or a consumer workshop (hereinafter referred to as a warehouse) and a central factory laboratory (CPL).

Incoming inspection of metal products includes the following checks:

accompanying documentation certifying the quality (certificate, passport);

markings, containers, packaging;

geometric dimensions;

surface conditions;

special properties;

brand of material (chemical composition), mechanical properties, structure.

A typical scheme for the organization of VC (Fig. 3.1) is as follows. Metal products received at the warehouse are accepted with accompanying documentation on the nomenclature, assortment and quantity, and no later than 10 days are transferred to the input control. At the incoming inspection, checks are performed on the first four points (see above) and samples are taken to confirm the metal grade, structure, mechanical and special properties. Sampling is carried out under the control of BVK. The selected samples are transferred to the CPL. Based on the input control data, including the conclusions of the CPL, a conclusion is made about the compliance of the quality of metal products with the established requirements.

Rice. 3.1. Typical scheme for the organization of incoming control

If the results of the control are positive, the accompanying documentation (certificate, passport) is marked “Input control carried out, corresponds to TI”

If any indicator does not meet the established requirements, double the number of samples from a given batch of metal is subjected to control. Upon repeated receipt of unsatisfactory results, the warehouse, BVK and the supply department draw up a marriage certificate.

Rejected metal is marked with red paint "Rejection" and stored in the reject isolation room until a decision is made on disposal or return.

Control of geometric dimensions. The TI regulates the amount of control over the dimensions of the assortment of metal products, which, as a rule, is 5% of one batch. Dimensional control is carried out with measuring instruments that provide a measurement error equal to ½ tolerance for the measured parameter.

Depending on the type of assortment (bar, tape, sheet, etc.), the dimensions specified in the certificate are subject to control, while the TI specifies how and in what places measurements are taken.

For example, the measurement of the thickness of strips and tapes should be carried out at a distance of at least 50 mm from the end and at least 10 mm from the edge. Tapes with a width of 20 mm or less are measured in the middle. Measurements are made with a micrometer according to GOST 6507-90 or GOST 4381-87.

Measurement of the thickness of sheets and plates is carried out at a distance of at least 115 mm from the corners and at least 25 mm from the edges of the sheet with a caliper (GOST 166-89).

Measurement of the diameters of bars, wires is carried out at least in two places in two mutually perpendicular directions of the same section with a micrometer (wire) or a caliper (rod). Width and length are measured with a metal tape measure according to GOST 7502-89 or a metal ruler according to GOST 427-75.

Surface control. The quality of the metal surface is checked for compliance with the requirements of the NTD for delivery visually without the use of magnifying devices (except as otherwise specified). The recommended amount of control is 5% of the lot. In some cases (forgings, castings, etc.), 100% of products are subjected to surface control.

The most common characteristic surface defects of metal products are given in Table. 3.1 and in fig. 3.2.

Table 3.1 Surface defects of metal products

Defect nameTypes, origin and a brief description of defect Influence of a defect on the quality of a semi-finished product or finished product Metallurgical defects The outer walls of the chambers with increasing compression of the metal become thin and break through. The stratification of metal formed in this way, more or less parallel to the surface and extending onto it, is called film. Removal of film on semi-finished products, if their depth does not go beyond the dimensional tolerances, does not affect product quality. Films on the surface of the tubes lead to the rejection of products Cracks (Fig. 3.2, c, d, f, g) Cracks on the surface, as well as internal cracks, are the result of stresses that have arisen during uneven heating, severe hardening, burns during grinding, and similar causes Cracks, those that do not lead the semi-finished product beyond the dimensional tolerances are referred to as a correctable marriage. In the finished product, cracks cause rejection Bubbles (Fig. 3.2, b) If the outer wall of the finished bubble is very thin, then when the metal is heated, the gases inside the bubble expand, bulge the outer wall and form a bubble on the surface of the shell. , and in products obtained by pressure treatment, as a result of opened bubbles, etc. If the shell does not bring the size of the product beyond the established tolerances, semi-finished products with surface shells are considered a correctable marriage. In finished products, shells lead to rejection. Burrs and sunsets Burr is a bulge along the rolled profile, resulting from the extrusion of metal from the stream into the gap between the rolls. Sunset is a burr rolled into metal during finishing rolling. Burrs are also found on stamped blanks when the halves of the cutting die are displaced. Finished rods and bars of profile metal are rejected in the presence of a burr or sunset. finished tubes leads to their rejection. White spots and stripesWhite spots and stripes are defects that occur mainly on aluminum products. They are the result of metal contamination with electrolyte, the presence of non-metallic inclusions and impurities of sodium and calcium. The defect sharply reduces the corrosion resistance of aluminum and aluminum products, and also spoils their appearance. Sodium disease Sodium disease - inclusions of sodium compounds in aluminum products caused by sticking to the rolling rolls of aluminum Chemical defects Overcutting Overcutting is characterized by a rough surface that reveals the crystalline structure of the metal. Strong overetching in thin-walled products leads to a significant reduction in the cross section of the walls. Overetching is a consequence of a high concentration of etching substances, as well as a long exposure of products in them. Underetching Underetching is dark spots or a non-uniform surface shade. Under-etching is the result of pickling with weak acids and alkali solutions or bath depletion, short exposure in the bath, as well as contact of products with each other during pickling. Spots on products made of light metals indicate corrosion Mechanical defects Risks and scuffs Risks (longitudinal scratches) occur on the inner and outer surfaces as a result of poor polishing of dies, ingress of solid particles (sand, scale, metal chips) into them, ingress of the same particles into the drawing point during broach, with non-smooth surfaces of profiles, dies, etc. Seizures are obtained as a result of pressing during high temperatures or at a high pressing speed Defects spoil the appearance, reduce the dimensional accuracy of manufactured products, and sometimes lead to marriage Wrinkles and tears Wrinkles and tears are the result of metal rigidity, defects in the die tool (sharp corners) and improper installation of dies Leads to rejection of the product Wrinkles and folds Most often found on drawn bodies products and are vertically located thickenings from compression of the metal. These defects occur as a result of uneven thickness of the workpiece or the gap between the dies and insufficient preheating of the workpiece They spoil the appearance and lead to the rejection of the finished product processing with abrasive tools Reduce the service life of the product and spoil the appearance of the surface. Grooves on the cutting part of the tool reduce the quality of its work Grooves Grooves - lines visible to the naked eye and going in the direction of rough grinding on finished products (tool) Grooves spoil the appearance, reduce corrosion resistance, and in some devices and tools affect the correct operation Peeling of metal or non-metal coatings Peeling of metal and non-metal coatings is the result of their poor adhesion to the base metal.

Rice. 3.2. Surface defects of metal products: a) captivity; b) bubbles on the surface; c) cracks with strong work hardening; d) crack caused by grinding burn; e) nicks; f) hardening cracks; g) grinding cracks; (f and g - revealed by magnetic powder)

If it is necessary to control the inner surface of the pipes, samples are cut off from them, cut along the generatrix and the presence of defects is controlled. In all cases, when defects (including traces of corrosion) are detected, samples are taken from the locations of these defects and sent to the CPL to determine the nature of the defect and its depth. According to the conclusion of the CPL, a decision is made on the suitability of this batch of metal.

Control of chemical composition and mechanical properties. This control is carried out in the CPL on specially selected samples from each batch of metal with the execution of a conclusion in the prescribed form.

Chemical composition control. This type of control is carried out in order to establish the compliance of the qualitative and quantitative chemical composition of metal products with the standards stated in the certificate.

The sampling rate for monitoring the chemical composition is established in the TI and, as a rule, is:

for sheets and slabs - from one control sheet, batch slab;

for tapes, strips, wire - from one control roll of the batch;

for rods and profiles with single branding of the supplier plant - from one rod, profile, batch;

for bars and profiles marked on the tag - from 2, 3 and 5 bars, profiles for batches of less than 30 pieces, from 30 to 50 pieces. and over 50 pieces respectively.

The selected samples are sent to the CPL, where the control of the chemical composition is carried out using chemical and/or spectral methods of analysis.

Chemical methods of analysis, which are based on the chemical reactions of analytes in solutions, include mainly gravimetric, titrimetric and colorimetric analyses. These methods are described in the relevant GOST. It should be noted that chemical analysis is laborious, not universal, and does not have high sensitivity (especially at low concentrations of the elements being determined).

Spectral analysis is a physical method for the qualitative and quantitative determination of the composition of a substance from its spectra.

Spectrographs (ISP-30, DFS-13, DFS-8) and quantometers (DFS-41, DFS-51, MFS-4, Papuas-4) are widely used for express and marking analysis of the chemical composition of steels, cast irons and non-ferrous alloys. , which are based on the generally accepted scheme of emission spectral analysis. During the analysis between two electrodes, one of which is the analyzed sample, a pulsed electrical discharge is excited. The radiation of atoms excited in the discharge of the elements that make up the sample passes through a polychromator with a concave diffraction grating and decomposes into a spectrum. To each chemical element corresponds to its own set of spectral lines, the intensity of which depends on the concentration of the element in the sample.

In a qualitative analysis, the resulting spectrum is interpreted using tables and atlases of the spectra of elements. For quantitative analysis of a sample, one or more analytical lines of each analyzed element are selected from the spectrum.

The intensity (J) of the spectral line of length l is related to the concentration (c) of the element in the sample by the dependence:

(l) = a × cb,

where a and b are quantities depending on the conditions of the analysis.

Modern devices for spectral analysis, as a rule, are combined with a computer, which makes it possible to fully automate the analysis of spectra. In addition to these devices, steeloscopes (Fig. 3.3) of the "Spectrum" type are used at enterprises for quick visual qualitative and comparative quantitative analysis of ferrous and non-ferrous alloys in the visible region of the spectrum. The portable version of the steeloscope (SLU) makes it possible to carry out such an analysis in workshops, warehouses, and on large parts without destroying the surface.

Spectral analysis of metals is carried out according to GOSTs, namely:

steels - GOST 18895-81;

titanium alloys - GOST 23902-79;

aluminum alloys - GOST 7727-75;

magnesium alloys - GOST 7728-79;

copper - GOST 9717.1-82, GOST 9717.2-82, GOST 9717.2-83;

copper-zinc alloys - GOST 9716.0-79, GOST 9716.1-79, GOST 9716.2-79, GOST 9716.3-79;

tinless bronzes - GOST 20068.0-79, GOST 20068.1-79, GOST 20068.2-79, GOST 20068.3-79.

X-ray spectral analysis. Compared to optical spectra, X-ray characteristic spectra contain a smaller number of lines, which simplifies their interpretation. This advantage leads to the increasing use of X-ray analysis in factory laboratories.

The characteristic X-ray spectrum of a sample can be obtained either by placing it on the anode of an X-ray tube and irradiating it with an electron beam with an energy of 3-50 keV (emission method), or by placing the sample outside the tube and irradiating it with sufficiently hard X-rays emanating from the tube (fluorescence method).

The fluorescent method is more preferable because:

has a higher sensitivity (up to 0.0005%);

more efficient and technologically advanced (there is no need to make the tube collapsible and pump it out to maintain a vacuum);

the sample is not heated.

Used in industry to control the chemical composition of steels and alloys, fluorescent X-ray spectrometers (Spark-1-2M, Lab-X3000, ED 2000, MDX 1000) are equipped with a computer, which makes it possible to automate the processing of spectra and increase efficiency (Fig. 3.4).

The results of the control of the chemical composition of the metal are documented in the accompanying documentation and recorded in the passport of the input control.

Rice. 3.3. The optical scheme of the steeloscope: 1 - light source (electric arc between the electrodes, which are the test samples); 2 - capacitor; 3 - gap; 4 - rotary prism; 5 - lens; 6 and 7 - prisms that decompose light into a spectrum; 8 - eyepiece

Rice. 3.4. Functional diagram of a fluorescent X-ray spectrometer: RT - x-ray tube; A - analyzer; D - detector

During the input control of imported materials, the grade of the material is determined in accordance with the certificate for chemical composition.

Control of mechanical properties. This type of control is carried out in the CPL in accordance with the requirements of STP and TI. The content and scope of control of the mechanical properties of metal products entering the enterprise is determined by the grade of metal, the state of delivery and purpose in accordance with the NTD.

As a rule, mechanical properties are controlled during tests: for uniaxial tension, for hardness, for impact strength (see Chap. 2). The shape and dimensions of test specimens must comply with the requirements of GOST 1497-84 and GOST 9454-78.

For tensile tests of metal of round, square and hexagonal section, 2 samples are taken from each batch, 60 mm long from any end of the rolled product.

For tensile testing of wire supplied in coils for the manufacture of springs, a sample of 600 mm long is taken from one coil of each batch, and for wire with a diameter 0.9 mm one sample 1500 mm long at a distance of at least 1 m from the end of the coil.

For tensile testing of sheet metal, two samples 250 mm long and 50 mm wide are taken from one sheet along the rolling direction, and from sheets of aluminum and magnesium alloys - across the rolling. For tapes and strips, a 400 mm long sample is taken from one roll of each batch at a distance of at least 1 m from the end of the roll.

For testing impact strength from sheets, strips with a thickness of at least 11 mm, from pipes with a wall thickness of at least 14 mm, rods with a diameter of at least 16 mm, from either end next to the tensile test sample, 2 samples of size 11 are taken × 11× 60 mm for sample size 10 × 10× 55 mm. From rolled products with a thickness of up to 10 mm, 2 samples are taken for the manufacture of samples of size 5 × 10× 55 mm. For tests on impact strength at sub-zero temperatures, 3 samples are taken.

If results are obtained that do not comply with the certificate, the test is repeated on twice the number of samples. If during repeated tests negative results are obtained on at least one sample, then the entire batch of metal is rejected. The results of the mechanical properties of the metal are reflected in the passport of the input control with the application of test tables.

Conclusion

In the conditions of the global market, in which the Russian economy is being integrated, enterprises need management that provides advantages over competitors in terms of quality criteria. Gradually comes the understanding that for the production of required quality it is no longer enough to have a technical control department.

An increasing number of enterprises, in order to increase their competitiveness, are aware of the need to create a quality management system and certify it for compliance with international standards.

Having studied the topic "Quality Management", we found out that the direct management of the quality management system is carried out by the authorized person, that his duties include:

ensuring the development, implementation and maintenance of the quality management system;

control over internal audits quality management systems, analysis of its effectiveness;

presentation of reports to the director on the functioning of the quality management system, analysis of its effectiveness.

It was also found out that operational activities related to the functioning of the quality management system are carried out by a specially created quality service, whose tasks include:

coordination of work and direct participation in the development, implementation and operation of the quality management system;

creation of a database on the quality management system;

organization of accounting and control over the implementation of measures and documents of the quality management system, internal audits;

improvement of the quality management system.

Under the new requirements, the organization must establish and detail the measurement requirements for products/services, including acceptance criteria. The measurement must be planned in order to confirm that they meet the detailed requirements. The organization should plan to use statistical methods for data analysis. When analyzing problems, causes should be identified before planning corrective or preventive action. Information and data from all parts of the organization must be integrated and analyzed to assess the overall state of the organization's work. Based on objective information, methods and means for continuous improvement of processes are determined.

The effective functioning of the quality system involves the creation and operation of an information retrieval system, corrective actions and the results obtained in the field of quality.

Having a certified quality system in an enterprise is not an end in itself. First, a number of industries have their own specific certification systems. Secondly, ISO 9000 certification is a necessary but not sufficient element of competitiveness. And thirdly, recognized leaders market economy create their own, more developed and perfect quality management systems. But, there is no doubt that the lack of an appropriate quality system deprives enterprises of the prospects to survive in a highly competitive environment.

List of used literature

1. Rebrin Yu.I. Quality Management: Textbook. Taganrog: Publishing House of TRTU, 2004. 174p.

Great Soviet Library, TSB; #"justify">. Gludkin O.P. Methods and devices for testing RES and EVS. - M.: Higher. School., 2001 - 335 p.

Unofficial website of GOSTs; #"justify">. Stroy Consultant; #"justify">. A.I. Orlov Mathematics of the case: Probability and statistics - basic facts: Textbook. M.: MZ-Press, 2004, - 110 p.

V.G. Shipsha. Lecture: Incoming quality control of steel products.

Quality control of products at enterprises is carried out by the technical control department (QCD).

Product quality control is divided into three types: input, interoperational and output (acceptance).

Input control- checking the quality of raw materials and auxiliary materials entering production. Constant analysis of the quality of supplied raw materials and materials allows you to influence the production of supplier enterprises, achieving quality improvement.

Interoperational control covers the entire technological process. This control is sometimes called technological, or current. The purpose of interoperational control is to verify compliance with technological regimes, rules for storage and packaging of products between operations.

Output (acceptance) control- quality control of finished products. The purpose of the final control is to establish the conformity of the quality of finished products with the requirements of standards or specifications, detection of possible defects. If all conditions are met, delivery of products is allowed.

QCD also checks the quality of packaging and the correct labeling of finished products.

Input, interoperational and output control can be selective, continuous and statistical.

Selective- control of a part of the product, the results of the verification of which apply to the entire batch.

continuous All products are subjected to control (with an undeveloped technological regime).

Statistical control is preventive. It is carried out throughout the technological process in order to prevent the occurrence of marriage.

A conditional measure of the quality of goods is their grade.

Variety- this is a qualitative gradation of goods according to one or more indicators established by regulatory documentation.

During acceptance quality control, products are divided into grades indicated by numbers (1, 2, 3, etc.) or words (highest, selected, extra, etc.). Some goods (complex-technical, furniture, plastic products, etc.) are not divided into grades, but are distinguished as suitable and unsuitable.

Gradation of goods by varieties is carried out according to defects appearance, less often by deviations from other properties. All appearance defects are divided into acceptable and unacceptable. Products with unacceptable defects are rejected.

Defects that determine the grade of the product are divided according to the following features: origin, size and location, the possibility of detection, the possibility of correction, the degree of significance.

By origin - defects in raw materials, technological, arising during storage and transportation.

By size and location - defects are small, large; local, common.

If possible, defects are visible (obvious) and hidden.

If possible, corrections - defects are correctable and irreparable.

According to the degree of significance - defects are critical, significant and insignificant.

If there are critical defects, the use of goods is impossible or unacceptable.

The degree of deterioration in the quality of the goods depends on the significance, size, location and number of defects.

The number, size and location of permissible defects are specified in the standards.

Determination of a grade is carried out on points and restrictive systems. The product type is set to industrial enterprise OTK controllers. The higher the grade, the higher the quality of the product.

At point system each defect or deviation from the nominal value of the property indicator is evaluated with a certain number of points, taking into account their significance and size. The grade is determined by the sum of points.

With a restrictive system, for each variety, a list of permissible defects, their number, size, location is established.

In case of discrepancy with the standards for a given grade by type, quantity and location of defects, the goods are transferred to a lower grade or marriage.

Non-compliance of the goods with the standards for at least one defect or deviation gives grounds for transferring it to a lower grade or marriage.

Quality Assurance in Product Inspection and Testing

The purpose of establishing quality protection systems is to protect the consumer from the inadvertent receipt of non-conforming products and to avoid unnecessary costs associated with the rework of such products. Actions on nonconforming products should be identified and documented.

Control- an activity involving the measurement, examination, testing or evaluation of one or more characteristics of an object and comparing the results obtained with specified requirements to determine whether compliance has been achieved for each of these characteristics.

Important role for the production of high-quality goods and quality management has goods quality control.

Goods quality control is a procedure for checking the compliance of their quality indicators with the requirements of regulatory and technical documentation and supply contracts. The main task of quality control is to identify product defects, which include each individual non-compliance of the goods with the established requirements. At the same time, product defects can be detected both during organoleptic and measurement control; and can only be detected during operation.

Depending on the ability to detect defects can be obvious and hidden.

Manifest product defect- a defect, for the detection of which in the regulatory documentation, mandatory for this type of control, there are appropriate rules, methods and means. Many obvious defects are already detected during visual inspection of products.

Hidden product defect- a defect, for the detection of which the relevant rules, methods and means are not provided in the regulatory documentation, mandatory for this type of control. Hidden defects are discovered during the operation of the product (product).

By origin, defects can be manufacturing and non-manufacturing.

Manufacturing defect arises in the course of production of the goods, because of infringement of a technological mode of production of a product.

Non-manufacturing defect occurs after the completion of the production process of goods - during transportation, storage, sale, operation or. consumption.

If possible, defects are divided into removable and unrecoverable.

Removable Defects- Defects, the elimination of which is technically possible and economically feasible.

Fatal Defects- defects, the elimination of which is technically impossible and (or) economically inexpedient.

When studying defects, it is necessary to determine its significance - a relative value determined by the type, size, location of the defect and characterized by the degree of its influence on the quality level of the goods in comparison with other defects. Depending on the degree of impact on quality, defects can be: critical, significant, insignificant.

Critical Defect- a defect, in the presence of which the use of the goods for its intended purpose is practically impossible or unacceptable.

Major product defects significantly affect the possibility of using the product for its intended purpose, its quality and duration of operation.

Minor (minor) defects do not significantly affect the use of the product for its intended purpose and its durability.

In the process of continuous or selective quality control of products, good products and defects are detected.

Yearly production- a product that meets all the established requirements.

Marriage- products, the transfer of which to the consumer is not allowed due to the presence of defects that are unacceptable normative documents.

It must be remembered that for some groups and types of products it is provided sort division. It depends on the presence of defects and deviations in some indicators of consumer properties.

The procedure for establishing varieties:

1) varieties are set according to a point or restrictive system. The most common is the scoring system, in which the regulatory documents for each from varieties limit the type of defects, their number, size, location on the product;

2) with a scoring system, deviations from the norm of the standard in terms of controlled indicators and defect parameters are evaluated in conventional units - points;

3) by comparing the amount of points acquired by the product during the control with the regulatory requirements of the standards that provide for the allowable amount of points for each grade, the product is assigned to one or another grade.

But in recent years there has been a tendency to reduce the number of varieties or even to refuse to divide goods into varieties.

There is the following classification of types of control:

For control purposes:

■ product control;

■ process control.

According to the stage of the production process:

■ input control;

■ control of transportation;

■ operational control;

■ acceptance control (control of finished products);

■ storage control.

The nature:

■ supervisory control;

■ flying control.

Decisions made:

■ active control;

■ passive control.

By product coverage:

■ complete control;

■ selective control.

If possible, further use of products:

■ destructive control;

■ non-destructive testing.

By means of control:

■ visual control;

■ organoleptic control;

■ instrumental control.

In general, quality control should confirm the fulfillment of specified product requirements. It includes:

■ input control. It is used to ensure the quality of purchased materials, components and assemblies that arrive at the manufacturing enterprise. Input control depends on the information coming from the subcontractor and their impact on costs.

■ intermediate (operational) control. It is carried out at certain points in the production process to confirm compliance. The locations of the reviews and their frequency depend on the significance of the characteristics and the convenience of the verification during the implementation of the process. There are the following types of checks: automatic control or automatic tests; checking the installation

(and the first sample; control checks or tests carried out by the machine operator; control at established points of the technological process at certain intervals; periodic control of specific operations carried out by special controllers.

■ acceptance control. Such control is the final step summing up the entire production process. It can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of the quality system in place at the enterprise. It is he who has the most complete information to improve the quality management system at the enterprise. In this case, two forms of verification of finished products can be used, which can be used both together and separately:

a) acceptance control or acceptance testing to confirm that the finished product meets the specified requirements. Reference can be made to the purchase order to verify that the type and quantity of the item being delivered matches. These include continuous control of all units of goods, random control of batches of goods and continuous selective control;

b) checking the quality of the goods, carried out on sample units representative of completed lots, on a continuous or periodic basis.

In general, acceptance control and product quality control can be used to ensure operational feedback for the purpose of taking corrective actions on products, a process or a quality system. Goods that do not meet the requirements must be recorded and analyzed, imported or analyzed, repaired, accepted with or without a permit for derogation from the requirements, altered, re-sorted or scrapped. Repaired and/or remanufactured goods must be re-inspected or re-tested.

■ product shipping authorization, inspection and test reports (data logging). Products can only be dispatched after all work specified in the quality program or documented procedures has been successfully completed and the relevant information and documentation has been received and formally approved.

Management of control and measuring equipment. To achieve confidence in the correctness of the decisions made or actions based on the results of measurements, it is required to maintain continuous control of all measurement systems used in the development, production, installation and maintenance of products. Measuring devices, sensors, special test equipment and the necessary software for testing are subject to management. Also, it is recommended, as necessary, to extend control procedures to technological equipment, various devices that may affect the specified characteristics of the product or process. Need to develop documented procedures to manage and maintain the measurement process itself in a state of statistical regulation, including equipment, methodology and vocational training operators. Documented procedures require the use of appropriate instrumentation and test equipment, including test software, to ensure that accurate measurement uncertainty data is obtained, which must be consistent with the required measurement capabilities. Appropriate measures must be taken when the accuracy of the equipment does not allow adequate measurement of process and product characteristics.

In doing so, attention should be paid to the following points:

■ set parameters for range, accuracy, convergence, and stability under given environmental conditions;

■ conduct an initial test prior to initial use to assess the required accuracy;

■ provide periodic returns for adjustment, repair and re-verification, taking into account

the manufacturer's technical requirements, the results of the previous verification, the order and intensity of use in order to ensure the necessary accuracy during operation; “to carry out documentary confirmation of the unambiguity of the designation of measuring instruments, the frequency of re-verification, the state of affairs with the verification and the procedure for recall, transportation, conservation and storage, adjustment, repair, verification, installation and operation;

■ link measuring instruments to reference standards of known accuracy and stability, preferably nationally and internationally recognized standards; in the absence of such standards, it is necessary to document the basis for verification.

■ evaluate the software and control procedures for automated test equipment.

Verification of measuring instruments is a set of operations performed by the bodies of the State Metrological Service or other accredited organizations in order to determine and confirm the compliance of measuring instruments with established technical requirements.

law Russian Federation"On Ensuring the Uniformity of Measurements" the term "calibration of measuring instruments" was introduced. Calibration of measuring instruments is a set of operations performed to determine and confirm the actual values of metrological characteristics and (or) suitability for use of a measuring instrument that is not subject to state metrological control and supervision. Only those measuring instruments that are not subject to state metrological control and supervision, i.e. verification, are subject to calibration. Verification is a mandatory operation that is performed by the bodies of the state metrological service, and calibration is performed by any metrological service or individual who have everything the necessary conditions to carry out this activity. Calibration is additional function, which is performed either by the metrological service of the enterprise, or at its request by any other organization capable of performing the work.

Management of nonconforming products. Such activities are carried out in order to protect the consumer from the inadvertent receipt of products that do not meet the established requirements, and to avoid unnecessary costs associated with the rework of such products. Dealing with nonconforming products should be defined and documented in procedures. These actions typically include:

■ Identification. This is a process whereby units or batches of products suspected of non-compliance with specified requirements must be immediately identified and their occurrence recorded. Where necessary, facilities should be provided for

inspection or re-examination of previous batches.

■ isolation. The process by which non-conforming products are isolated from conforming products and appropriately identified to avoid further unintended use before a decision is made to dispose of them.

■ Product return. Sometimes it may be necessary to return finished products that are in the finished goods warehouse, on their way to distribution organizations, in warehouses or already in operation. Return decisions are based on safety considerations, product legal liability and consumer satisfaction. But, having ended with the disposal of identified non-conforming products, the quality management process would look, at least, incomplete. All identified inconsistencies, after systematization and careful analysis, should become a solid information base to develop measures to reduce the level of defective products to a minimum. Therefore, the development of corrective and preventive measures is an essential element of quality management.

■ Survey. Nonconforming products are subject to examination by specially designated personnel to determine whether they can be accepted with or without repair if there is a waiver, repair, rework or rejection. Examiners should be competent enough to evaluate the impact of decisions made on interchangeability, post-processing, performance, reliability, safety and aesthetics.

■ Taking various measures. Typically, this includes measures to prevent the misuse or installation of nonconforming products. Such measures may include examination of other products designed or processed according to the same procedures as the product found non-conforming and/or previous batches of the same product.

For work in progress, corrective action should be taken as soon as practicable to save on repair, rework or scrap costs. Repaired, remanufactured and/or modified products are subject to re-inspection or re-testing to verify compliance with specified requirements.

■ Disposal. Disposal of nonconforming products must be carried out as soon as it becomes necessary. The decision to accept such products should be documented (along with the rationale) in the authorized waivers, indicating the appropriate precautions.

■ Corrective action. Implementation of corrective actions begins with the identification of quality problems. Corrective actions involve the repair, rework, return or rejection of unsatisfactory products. The need for action to eliminate the cause of nonconformities may be determined by the following factors:

a) customer requirements;

b) information about the operation of products;

c) reviews by management;

d) process nonconformity reports;

e) audits (internal and/or external);

Measures to eliminate the causes of existing or potential nonconformities include:

■ An assessment of the importance of an existing problem affecting quality. Such an assessment should take place in terms of the potential impact of the problem on aspects such as quality costs, raw material processing and manufacturing costs, performance, reliability, safety and customer satisfaction.

■ Explore possible causes contributing to the problem. At the same time, it is recommended to determine the important parameters that affect the ability of the process to meet the established requirements. It is necessary to establish the relationship between cause and effect, taking into account all possible causes. The results of the study must be documented.

■ Problem analysis. In this case, it is necessary to establish the root cause of the problem. Very often, the root cause is not obvious, requiring a thorough analysis of product specifications and all related processes, operations, quality records, service reports and customer opinions. Statistical methods can be used in problem analysis. At the same time, it is recommended to create a file of inconsistencies, from which problems would be indicated general, individual problems, as well as ways to solve them.

■ Eliminate the causes of actual or potential nonconformities. Identification of the cause or potential causes may result in changes to product specifications and/or revisions to the quality system, as well as to manufacturing, packaging, handling, transportation or storage processes. When eliminating the causes, it is necessary to do everything possible to prevent their reappearance in the future.

■ Process management. Appropriate steps should be taken to manage processes and procedures to avoid reoccurrence of problems. If a corrective action is taken, its consequences must be monitored to ensure that the objectives are met.

■ Changes being made. Changes made as a result of corrective actions should be recorded in work instructions, production process documentation, product specifications and/or quality system documentation.