The Jacobins came to power in France. Jacobin dictatorship

during the French Revolution in the late 18th century. members of the Jacobin Club in Paris, who remained in its composition after the Girondins left the club in 1792. Leaders: M. Robespierre, J.P. Marat, J. Danton, L.A. Saint-Just and others. On November 11, 1794, the Jacobin club was closed.

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JACOBINS

during the period of the French bourgeois revolution of the late 18th century, members of the Jacobin club, who remained in its composition after leaving this club in October. 1792 Girondins (since that time the term "I." has become widely used); In reality, however, the demarcation of J. and the Girondins within the club has already been determined since the overthrow of the monarchy on 10 August. 1792. Ya., the leaders of which were M. Robespierre, J. P. Marat, J. J. Danton, L. A. Saint-Just, were actually political. party; expressed the interests of the revolutionaries. democratic bourgeoisie, acting in alliance with the peasantry and the plebeian masses. Their program was the defense of the gains of the revolution and its further development. Followers of the ideas of J. J. Rousseau, Ya. were strong supporters of a complete political. equality. Many of them (Robespierre, Saint-Just and their supporters, who headed the revolutionary government, P. G. Chaumette, and others) were characterized by aspirations for a republic without contrasts of poverty and wealth. This left a mark on the socio-economic. policy Ya., helped them to meet the social requirements of the people. the lower classes (agr. laws of June 3 and 10, 1793, the maximum system, the publication of the Vantoise decrees), when, as a result of the Nar. uprising May 31-June 2, 1793, they came to power and established a revolutionary-democratic regime. dictatorship (cf. Jacobin dictatorship). On the whole, however, the political questions of Japan received much more attention than the economic ones; moreover, egalitarian aspirations were not shared by all I. social policy I. was peculiar to ext. inconsistency, inconsistency (the extension of the maximum not only to consumer goods, but also to wages, persecution of strikes, repressions against the "mad", etc.). Ultimately, I. - bold, radical, but bourgeois revolutionaries, could not unite the Nars around themselves for a long time. masses. On the other hand, the "plebeian methods" used by J. in the struggle against the enemies of the revolution aroused the resistance of the mountains. and sat down. bourgeoisie, which grew as the revolution carried out its bourgeoisie. goals and mitigating the threat of restoration of the old order. All this led to the struggle of currents in the environment of Japan, which intensified from the autumn of 1793, especially aggravated in the first months of 1794. Danton and his supporters (K. Desmoulins, F. F. Fabre d'Eglantin, L. Legendre, etc.) they began to demand a policy of "moderation", "indulgence", that is, a weakening of the revolutionary regime. dictatorships. This "right" grouping of Japan (later known in historical literature as the Dantonists) expressed the interests of the new bourgeoisie that had grown up during the years of the revolution. She was opposed by the "extreme" (left) Y. (P. G. Chaumette, J. R. Hébert, A. F. Momoro, and others), most closely associated with the Nar. bottoms, giving means. attention to social issues, after the defeat of the "mad" accepted many of their demands. The influence of the "extreme" Ya. was especially great in the Paris Commune, they were supported by numerous. members of the Parisian sections. However, they were not clearly defined either ideologically or organizationally (this explains the lack of a unified interpretation of the term "left selves" in the historical literature). In March 1794, part of the "extreme" Ya. (Hebert and his like-minded people, who later called the historical literary swarm Ebertists) even went to open action against the revolutionaries. pr-va, calling for an uprising. Main the backbone of Ya. was under the leadership of Robespierre; J.-Robespierists in the fight against opposition groups resorted in March-April. 1794 to the execution of the most prominent leaders of the "indulgent" (Dantonists) and "extreme" I. However, this could not prevent the further weakening and split of the Jacobin bloc and the growing crisis of the Jacobin dictatorship. The reprisal against the "extreme" selves, and the decrease in the activity of sections and "popular societies" undermined the support Jacobin power in the people. At the same time, the desire of the mountains increased. and sat down. bourgeoisie to put an end to the revolutionary regime. dictatorships. Counterrevolutionary. the Thermidorian coup (July 27/28, 1794) put an end to the power of J. On July 28, Robespierre, Saint-Just, J. O. Couthon and their closest associates were guillotined, in the following days many others were executed. "The historical greatness of the real Jacobins, of the Jacobins of 1793, - wrote V. I. Lenin, - consisted in the fact that they were "Jacobins with the people", with the revolutionary majority of the people, with the revolutionary advanced classes of their time" (Poln. sobr. soch., 5th ed. ., vol. 32, p. 216 (vol. 24, p. 494)). In a broad sense, the word "Jacobin" therefore went down in history as the designation of a staunch, resolute, consistent democratic revolutionary. A. V. Ado. Moscow.

In the future, like-minded deputies from other provinces began to join them. In Paris, the club was reorganized and took the name "Society of Friends of the Constitution" (after the proclamation of the Republic, the Jacobins changed this name to "Society of Friends of Liberty and Equality"). Similar clubs began to appear in other cities, and almost all of them established a permanent correspondence with the Parisian club, becoming its branches. Club memberships are estimated at up to 500,000 nationwide. From November 1790, the Jacobins began to publish their own organ, the Journal of the Society of Friends of the Constitution.

Gradually, the influence of the club grew and from a discussion society, the club began to determine the direction of the development of the revolution, and after Louis XVI's attempted escape to Varennes, it became one of the revolutionary bodies that influenced and participated in the uprisings of August 10 and May 31. After the Revolutionary Government came to power, the club degenerates into one of the administrative bodies of the government; many members of the club become functionaries of the government, following its policies. " The revolution was frozen, all its principles were weakened, only a red cap remained on the heads of intrigue- wrote Saint-Just at this time.

Origin

Gradually, like-minded deputies from other provinces began to join them, including Mirabeau, Sieyes, Duke d "Aiguillon, Viscount Noaille, Barnave, Pétion, Volney, Abbé Gregoire, brothers Charles and Alexander Lamet, lawyer from Arras Maximilian Robespierre. Members of the club usually met on the eve of important meetings of the Estates General and outlined a common line of conduct.It soon became clear, however, that in an assembly where the nobles and clergy had a representation equal to the third estate, even a well-organized party could not form a majority.It became clear that support from outside was needed. meetings, the formation of public opinion, when individuals could apply to the meeting with petitions, influence local governments, support the discussion of pressing issues in the press.

When the king and the National Assembly moved to Paris, the Breton Club disintegrated, but its former members began to gather again, first in a Parisian private house, then in the premises they hired in the monastery of the Jacobin monks (of the Dominican order) near the arena, where the National Assembly met. Some of the monks also took part in the meetings; so the royalists called the members of the club in derision Jacobins, while they themselves adopted the name "Society of Friends of the Constitution."

Varenna Crisis

King's escape attempt is one of the most important events revolution. Internally, this was an obvious proof of the incompatibility of the monarchy and revolutionary France and destroyed the attempt to establish constitutional monarchy. Outwardly, this accelerated the approach of a military conflict with monarchist Europe.

The escape changed the situation. By this time, none of the Jacobins, including the left wing - Robespierre, Pétion, Roederer, Buzot, held or expressed republican views. For the first time since the beginning of the Revolution, the press began to openly discuss the possibility of establishing a republic. However, the constitutionalists, not wanting to deepen the crisis and question the fruits of almost two years of work on the Constitution, took the king under protection and declared that he had been kidnapped. The Cordeliers urged the townspeople to collect signatures on the Champ de Mars on July 17 demanding the abdication of the king. The city authorities banned the demonstration. Mayor Bailly and Lafayette arrived at the Champ de Mars with a detachment of the National Guard. The National Guardsmen opened fire, killing several dozen people.

The events led to deep divisions and a split in the Jacobin Club; the moderate part, among whom were many deputies of the Legislative Assembly, led by Barnave, Duport and Alexandre Lamet, left the club in large numbers and founded a new club called the Feuillants Club. Most of the members left with them, as did the club's branches all over the country. About 400 provincial clubs took the side of the Feuillants and only about a dozen of the remaining ones - the Jacobins. Robespierre remained. It was at this time that Robespierre became the most famous and influential member of the Jacobin Club. In the next few months, along with the radicalization of the country, agitation and clarification, many returned. Prieur, Gregoire, Barère, dubois-cransais, Talleyrand, and Sieyès returned at the end of July. By September, the club's membership had risen to 800, and soon about 500 provincial clubs requested affiliation (fr. affiliations) with the Parisian club.

The split led to the rapprochement of the Jacobins and others popular movements Paris, which was facilitated by new democratic slogans - republicanism, the right to universal suffrage, the abolition of slavery in the colonies. These events, the split and change in political orientation of the club, were one of the major turning points of the revolution, the consecration of which, writes François Fouret, came a year later with the fall of the monarchy and the proclamation of the republic.

Second revolution

In maintaining and even increasing the influence of the club, to a large extent was the result of the work of one of the most important committees of the club - the Correspondence Committee (fr. Comité de Correspondance), whose members are now Robespierre, Brissot, Carra, Desmoulins, Clavier, Collot-Derbois, Billaud-Varenne . Future Montagnards, future Girondins, future Hébertists and Dantonists - all the future of the revolution, temporarily united. Preparing for debates in the assembly was no longer the goal of the club. The public began to be admitted to meetings from October 12, 1791, with the advent of the public, pressure on the club's debates from Parisian activists increased. The club began to turn into a kind of headquarters for the revolution.

The influence of the Jacobins on the Legislative Assembly was relatively small, and it was the Jacobin Club that was the platform for the "messianic" agitation of Brissot and his associates before declaring war on Austria. It was in the club in December 1791 and January 1792 that Robespierre delivered his famous anti-war speeches. The distinctions between Girondins and Montagnards were rather blurred. After the catastrophic start of the war and the radicalization of the revolution, the club became a unifying force between the Parisian sections and the revolutionary federates who arrived in Paris in the movement to overthrow the monarchy. The legalist direction was abandoned once and for all in July 1792 in support of the election of a new assembly, reflecting the new balance of power - the National Convention.

The Jacobins were not a political party in modern sense and therefore it is difficult to find any centralizing principle in the events leading up to the uprising of August 10 and the overthrow of the king. But the participation of the Jacobins in the struggle for predominance in the Paris sections, agitation and fraternization with the federates arriving from the provinces is known for sure. Revolutionary Committee The insurgent commune included the Jacobins, who found themselves in the most important posts after the fall of the Tuileries and the victory of the rebels. The same can be said about the Jacobin club's biggest rival, the Cordeliers club. The composition of the revolutionary Commune was increased to 288 members with the predominant influence of the Jacobins. For François Furet, the club's contribution was the crucible (fr. le creuset) in which the very spirit of the August 10 revolution, the fall of the monarchy and the proclamation of the republic, was forged.

For victory, Jacobinism fully mobilized national feeling and the desire for equality. National unity was revived after August 10 around the "Society of Friends of Liberty and Equality" (fr. Amis de la Liberté et de l'Égalité), as the Jacobins began to call themselves. The Paris Commune considered the club to be its ally. The very name of the club, originally given as a mockery, has now become a proud title. Volunteers leaving for the front considered the Jacobin emblem a sign of true citizenship and patriotism, before which all the enemies of the revolution would shudder in horror.

Participation in the National Convention

Club organization

Creation date and articles of association

The exact date of the opening of the club in Paris is in December 1789 or January next year- not known. Its charter was drawn up by Barnave and adopted by the club on February 8, 1790.

Membership

It is not known (because no minutes of the meetings were kept at first) when outsiders, that is, non-deputies, began to be accepted as members.

When the number of members grew, the organization of the club became much more complicated. At the head was the chairman, who was elected for a month; he had four secretaries, twelve inspectors, and, which is especially characteristic of this club, four censors; all these officials were elected for three months: five committees were formed at the club, indicating that the club itself assumed the role of a political censor in relation to the National Assembly and France - committees for the representation (censorship) of members, for supervision ( Surveillance), by administration, by reports and by correspondence. At first the meetings took place three times a week, then daily; the public began to be admitted to meetings only from October 12, 1791, that is, already at the Legislative Assembly.

At this time, the number of members of the club reached 1211 (by voting at the meeting on November 11). Even earlier (since May 20, 1791), the club moved its meetings to the church of the Jacobin Monastery, which he hired after the abolition of the order and the confiscation of its property, and in which meetings took place until the closing of the club. Due to the influx of non-deputies, the composition of the club changed: it became the organ of that social stratum that the French call la bourgeoisie lettrée ("intelligentsia"); the majority consisted of lawyers, doctors, teachers, scientists, writers, painters, who were also joined by persons from the merchant class.

Some of its members wore famous names: doctor Cabanis, scientist Laseped, writer Marie-Joseph Chenier, Choderlos de Laclos, painters David and Carl Vernet, Laharpe, Fabre d'Eglantine, Mercier. Although with a large influx of members, the mental level and education of those arriving decreased, but the Parisian Jacobin club to the end retained two original features: a doctorate and some attention to educational qualification... This was expressed in antagonism towards the Cordeliers club, where even illiterate people were accepted, and also in the fact that the very entry into the Jacobin Club was conditioned by a rather high membership fee (24 livres annually, and upon entry another 12 livres).

Subsequently, at the Jacobin Club, a special department was organized under the name "fraternal society for the political education of the people", where women were also allowed; but it didn't change general club.

Newspaper

The club acquired its own newspaper; editing it was entrusted to Choderlos de Laclos, close to the Duke of Orleans; the newspaper itself began to be called the "Monitor" of Orléanism. This revealed a certain opposition to Louis XVI; nevertheless, the Jacobin Club remained true to the political principle proclaimed in its name.

Political current

The political revolutionary movement of a radical kind - Jacobinism - survived the Jacobin Club and continues to live in history. Today, "Jacobinism" or "Jacobin" refers to a wide range of definitions: indivisibility national sovereignty and independence, the role of the state in the transformation of society, the centralization of the state, equality guaranteed by the universality of law, spiritual renewal through republican education. Jacobinism called on society to discard old taboos and direct freedom of thought to the service of the nation. In this the European monarchies were not mistaken. The Jacobin Republic was a symbol of a total struggle against every form of oppression, and conservative Europe tried to protect itself from the "French epidemic". "Jacobin" became synonymous with "democrat". There was a sense in Britain that the Levellers had returned from their own revolution. In divided Poland and in the Habsburg Empire, the peoples saw in Jacobinism the promise and desire for liberation. Illegally or openly, clubs have been established from Turkey to the United States. Some even sought an affiliation with the Paris Club.

Jacobinism as a political trend has evoked, evokes and will evoke various emotions and attitudes; for supporters - the best in the revolution, for opponents - the worst. In 1796, Babeuf attempted to mobilize nostalgia for the Jacobin republic of Year II in the Conjuration des Égaux, which was both neo-Jacobin and proto-communist. In the same year, Joseph de Maistre published Discourses on France (Literature

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In the summer of 1793, the revolution in France reached its highest point. The most radical politicians came to power in the country and established political regime, later called the "Jacobin dictatorship".

Establishment of the Jacobin dictatorship in France

On May 31, 1793, the lower strata of society, led by the most radical political group, the Jacobins, rebelled in Paris. Very soon they were supported by the poor from the villages and representatives of the petty bourgeoisie. Already by June 2, the rebels surrounded the building of the French Parliament, forcing the deputies to pass a law on the arrest of the Girondins, the main political opponents of the Jacobins. Thus, having eliminated competitors, the Jacobins established their dictatorship.

Rice. 1. Portrait of Robespierre.

Jacobin activities

October 1793 is an important date in the history of France, because then the most progressive constitution of its time was adopted. The French Revolution gave all men over the age of 21 universal suffrage. However, in reality, this constitution never began to work. The Legislative Corps was responsible for the adoption of new laws, and in wartime, decrees gained popularity. In fact, Parliament was relegated to the background, and all the threads of political games were in the hands of the Jacobins.

From the very beginning of the establishment of the dictatorship, it was expected that the country would burst at the seams. On the borders of France, the troops of Spain, Prussia and Austria were stationed, and in the province of Vendée, emigrant nobles raised an uprising against the Jacobins.

Rice. 2. Marseillaise on the facade Arc de Triomphe in Paris.

In June 1793, the Jacobins began to solve the agrarian issue, transferring the communal lands to the ownership of the peasants and eliminating all feudal duties. The church and the nobility were deprived of their lands in favor of the state.

The army system has also undergone a number of changes. For example, officer posts began to be occupied by servicemen who really showed themselves to be a good commander, and not by right of origin.

Causes of the death of the Jacobin dictatorship

In short, the reason for the fall of the Jacobin dictatorship was the terror unfolding in the country. In September 1793, a decree issued allowed the arrest of all suspicious persons, and in June 1794 a new revolutionary concept was introduced - an enemy of the people. The leader of the Jacobins, Maximilian Robespierre, turned legal proceedings into a circus by allowing people to be accused by jury verdict.

Mass "cleansing" of society from the enemies of the revolution claimed thousands of lives. The sections of society that had made capital for themselves during the revolution were dissatisfied, but tolerated the new order as long as there was a threat of intervention. Even the peasants, satisfied with the land they had received, were already indignant at the terror. The attempt to keep power in their hands ended in failure. The result of the Jacobin regime was a coup d'état on July 27, 1794. The opponents of the Jacobins in the Convention approved the decision to arrest and execute Robespierre and his entourage. After the overthrow of the dictatorship, many reforms were canceled, and the Directory regime was established in the country.

A Jacobin is a member of a political party (the Jacobin Club) during the French Revolution.

The origin of the movement

The Jacobin Club was formed by members of the National Assembly from the Breton faction. They held their meetings within the walls of the monastery of St. James in Paris. Hence the name of the Jacobin party. They also had followers in the provinces, where many smaller clubs were created. Date of foundation - June 1789. The Jacobin Club was one of the most influential at the time and had a huge impact on the development and movement of the French Revolution.

Club line-up

It included three wings, or factions:

1. Right, headed by Danton, a lawyer and future Minister of Justice of France.

2. The Left, whose leader was Marat, a well-known doctor and journalist of radical views, an ardent supporter of the terror unleashed by the Jacobins.

3. Center - at the head was Maximilian Robespierre, a brilliant orator and lawyer by profession.

Thus, the Jacobin is one of the participants in the revolutionary movement, the vast majority of whom were well-educated people.

At the very beginning of their emergence, the Jacobins were for the introduction of the country. Speaking in the Convention, they defended the unity of the state, strengthening national security, but at the same time they called for harsh internal terror in relation to the opponents of France and those who are trying to split the state from the inside.

Maximilian Robespierre - leader of the Jacobins

He was born into a family of hereditary lawyers. Having lost his mother and father early, who abandoned his family, Robespierre was brought up by his maternal grandfather, a brewer who wanted to make him a worker, being sure that the profession of a lawyer would not bring prosperity. But the boy's teachers, seeing his talent for learning, turned to the influential people of the city for help, and Robespierre received a scholarship that gave him the opportunity to study at the Paris Lyceum. After graduation, he returns to hometown and plunges into political life. Thanks to the beautiful oratory Robespierre is elected to the number of deputies from his city and returns to Paris.

The brilliant speeches of the young provincial soon attract attention, they begin to listen to the words of Robespierre.

Since the beginning of the revolutionary events in France, he has been taking an active part in them, advocating permission to engage in social activities actors, Huguenots and Jews, for the abolition of slavery in the colonies and for the veto of the death penalty in France.

Since the creation of the Jacobin Club, Robespierre has become one of its main leaders. After the overthrow of the monarchy and the declaration of France as an independent and indivisible republic, he occupies one of the leading positions in the National Convention.

Politics of the Jacobins after coming to power

In the National Convention, the main opponents of the Jacobin Club were the Girondins. The Jacobin is a member of a radical political club, which means that he is not on the road with those who are less determined. The Girondins were against the execution of the king, fearing that it would open the way for terror in the country. Not distinguished by oratorical talents and organization, they lost the struggle for power. In 1793, after an accusatory speech in the Robespierre Convention, they were put on trial and executed.

After the Jacobins came to power, the dictatorship of their party acquired a particularly formidable scope. The Committee of Public Safety was created. It was headed by Robespierre. Representatives were sent to all parts of the country to act on the ground. The Jacobins threw all their forces into repelling intervention and solving economic problems. Bread and grain were forcibly withdrawn for speculation, fixed prices were set for the most important products.

In a short time, thanks to the decisive actions of the Jacobins, it was possible to create a combat-ready French army and eliminate the threat of intervention. The economic reforms did not improve the situation. A split began among the Jacobins themselves. The bourgeoisie was dissatisfied with the tough policy, the people demanded further reforms. Robespierre, trying to maintain power in the country with the help of terror, soon became his victim himself. He and his closest associates were executed in 1794. After that, she fell.

Conclusion

The word has another meaning. A Jacobin is a freethinker or a person who thinks revolutionary. In the XVIII-XIX centuries, this word was quite popular. It is rarely used at present.

Jacobins (fr. Jacobins) - members of the Jacobin Club (fr. Club des Jacobins; Jacobins; Société des Jacobins, Amis de la Liberté et de l'Égalité), the French political club of the era of the French Revolution - the most famous and influential political movement of the revolution, associated with the definition of radical egalitarianism, republicanism and the use of violence in achieving the goals that led to the creation of the revolutionary government of 1793-1794.

It was founded by the deputies of the third estate from Brittany upon their arrival in Versailles even before the opening of the States General and was originally called the Breton Club (fr. Club breton). After the National Assembly moved to Paris, it got its name of the Jacobin Club from the club's meeting place in the Dominican monastery of St. James on the Rue Saint-Jacques.

Initially, only Bretons met in the club, deputies from Brittany, united around the lawyer Le Chapelier. In the future, like-minded deputies from other provinces began to join them. In Paris, the club was reorganized and took the name "Society of Friends of the Constitution" (after the proclamation of the Republic, the Jacobins changed this name to "Society of Friends of Liberty and Equality"). Similar clubs began to appear in other cities, and almost all of them established a permanent correspondence with the Parisian club, becoming its branches. Club memberships are estimated at up to 500,000 nationwide. From November 1790, the Jacobins began to publish their own organ, the Journal of the Society of Friends of the Constitution.

Gradually, the influence of the club grew and from a discussion society, the club began to determine the direction of the development of the revolution, and after Louis XVI's attempted escape to Varennes, it became one of the revolutionary bodies that influenced and participated in the uprisings of August 10 and May 31. After the Revolutionary Government came to power, the club degenerates into one of the administrative bodies of the government; many members of the club become functionaries of the government, following its policies. “The revolution was frozen, all its principles were weakened, only a red cap remained on the heads of intrigue,” Saint-Just wrote at this time.

After the Thermidorian coup on 9 Thermidor (July 27, 1794), the influence and importance of the club falls. The club and its members are associated with the excesses of terror and the Jacobin Club was closed on November 11, 1794 (Brumaire 21, 3rd year). The association of affiliated clubs is forbidden by the Thermidorians who came to power and their activity is stopped.

Since the 19th century, the term has been used not only to refer to members of the club and their allies, but also as the name of a radical political movement[⇨].