Corruption is probably as old as humanity itself. This complex social phenomenon appeared in ancient times and, despite the entire scale of the damage it causes, it continues to exist in modern society. At the same time, damage is caused to the most significant benefits and values ​​of the state, both spiritual and material.

The Federal Law "On Combating Corruption" of December 25, 2008 N 273-FZ gives the following definition: Corruption - abuse of office, giving a bribe, accepting a bribe, abuse of power, commercial bribery or other illegal use by an individual of his official position contrary to the legitimate interests of society and the state in order to obtain benefits in the form of money, valuables, other property or services of a property nature, other property rights for itself or for third parties, or illegal provision of such benefits to the specified person by other individuals.

In the modern Russian state, corruption is deservedly considered a key threat to national security, endangering the very existence of Russia as a state. Corrupt actions are detrimental to the fundamental constitutional rights and freedoms of man and citizen, namely: the principle of equality of all before the law and court (Article 19), inviolability of private life (Article 23), private property rights (Articles 35, 36) , the right to health and medical assistance(Article 41), education (Article 43), etc.

The President of the Russian Federation emphasizes the problem of combating corruption and the shadow economy as one of the main ones contributing to the risk of ensuring national security, thereby demonstrating attention to this acute socio-economic problem. In the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of December 31, 2015 No. 683 "On the Strategy of the National Security of the Russian Federation" (hereinafter the Strategy), national security is given a fairly broad definition. It is viewed as a state of protection of the state from external and internal threats, ensuring the rights and freedoms of citizens, a decent standard of living, sovereignty and territorial integrity of the state, as well as its sustainable socio-economic development. Here, in paragraph 6 of the Strategy, the concept of a threat to national security is formulated - the reasons and conditions that in the ensemble create a direct or indirect possibility of causing damage to national interests. Corruption is classified as one of the most important threats to state and public security, along with terrorism, extremism, cyber attacks, natural disasters, as well as the activities of foreign special services that damage national interests.

So why is it so difficult to cope with corruption - this plague of the 21st century, if the harm from it is obvious to everyone? Apparently, it has long since passed into a chronic form. Indeed, it seems that everyone has long come to terms with this phenomenon, considering corruption as a matter of course, something without which modern society cannot be imagined. This is confirmed by the result of the VTsIOM poll, according to which 56% of respondents are sure that corruption cannot be completely defeated. Thus, citizens are demoralized - as long as corruption is seen as a natural way of solving any public issues, it will be extremely difficult to get rid of it and interrupt this closed chain of bribery. Corruption of state institutions, organizations and institutions only plays into the hands of citizens, in cases where corruption is beneficial to both parties - as a result of a "deal", both parties get what they want. As a rule, one of the parties is a representative of the authority, and the other is an interested person. Another, no less important factor contributing to a decrease in the level of intolerance to corruption is the emergence of more acute than corruption, socio-economic issues requiring urgent solutions, such as terrorism, extremism, inflation, rising prices, unemployment, low level life.

Speaking about the causes of corruption, 4 main ones can be distinguished - legal, economic, institutional and socio-cultural. TO legal reasons the ambiguity of some laws should be attributed, as a result, the occurrence of collisions; insufficient literacy of citizens in the field of protecting their rights, often a simple ignorance of the laws, which allows officials and other officials to abuse their power for selfish purposes; the lack of severe punishment for committing a corruption act (recently, the measures are being tightened). Economic reason the occurrence of corruption is primarily unemployment, low wage as well as price increases. The socio-cultural reason is manifested in a low moral and ethical level. The institutional reason for the existence of corruption takes place due to the lack of transparency in the system of lawmaking and nepotism.

Corruption is a rather complex and multifaceted phenomenon and is of a systemic and complex nature. This phenomenon is observed practically in all spheres of activity - property relations, social security, health care, education, etc. Detailed information on the level of corruption in different years is offered by the Portal of Legal Statistics of the General Prosecutor's Office of the Russian Federation. According to the Portal, in 2017, 105,087 economic crimes were registered, which is 3,667 less than in the previous year.

According to the data of the international organization Transparency International, the key goal of which is transparency and accountability of the authorities, for the third year in a row, starting from 2015, Russia is gaining 29 points out of 100 on the corruption perception index.

Table 1.

	CPI (Corruption Perception Index)	A place	Shares place with -
			Nigeria, Lebanon, Kyrgyzstan, Iran,
			Azerbaijan, Sierra Leone
			Iran, Ukraine
			Dominican Republic, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Mexico

The data presented in the table indicate that Russia consistently occupies not the best positions in the proposed rating. Accordingly, no qualitative changes have yet taken place in the fight against corruption. In this vein, the shadow economy should be given its due. The tandem of the shadow economy and corruption creates a vicious circle - one generates another. The shadow economy creates corrupt relations in all spheres of politics and economy for its own prosperous development, while corruption creates the basis for the formation of the shadow economy.

According to the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the damage from economic and corruption crimes in 2017 in Russia amounted to 177.5 billion rubles, 100.5 billion of which were returned. Corruption negatively affects the economy of the state because it contributes to:

Development of the shadow economy;

Reducing the effectiveness of market mechanisms. This is explained by the fact that the advantage is often on the side of unscrupulous participants who do not neglect giving a bribe, then monopolies and unhealthy competition arise in the economy, which leads to a decrease in the efficiency of its functioning;

Incorrect and uneven use of budget funds;

The emergence of social property inequality, due to the squandering of funds allocated to the social sphere, which contributes to social tension in the country;

The formation of oligarchic groupings in government bodies, etc.

Speaking about the negative impact on the country's policy, first of all, it is necessary to highlight the undermining of the country's prestige in the international arena, the preconditions for its political and economic isolation are being created. Oligarchic groups are lobbying for their interests, the executive and legislative branches are merging with criminal structures, as a result, trust in the authorities is undermined.

By adopting an anti-corruption package of laws and regulations, Russia has entered a new stage in the fight against corruption. In accordance with the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of November 24, 2003 No. 1384 "On the Council under the President of the Russian Federation for Combating Corruption", a specialized body was created - the Council for Combating Corruption under the President of the Russian Federation. The main task of the Council is to assist the head of state in determining the priority directions of state policy in the field of combating corruption and their implementation. Along with this, the National Anti-Corruption Strategy and the National Anti-Corruption Plan for 2016-2017 were approved by the Decrees of April 13, 2010 No. 460 and of April 1, 2016 No. 147, according to which measures are taken to:

Protection of applicants

Settlement of conflicts of interest

Increasing transparency

Anti-corruption education

Improving the effectiveness of combating corruption

Development of legislation on lobbying

Other effective laws to combat economic crime are: ФЗ № 230-ФЗ dated 03.12. 2012 "On control over the compliance of expenses of persons holding public office and other persons with their income", Federal Law No. 115-FZ dated 07.08.2001 "On Counteracting Legalization (Laundering) of Criminally Obtained Incomes and Financing of Terrorism" and etc.

With the adoption of the Federal Law "On Combating Corruption" it became possible to bring individuals to justice. Indeed, in recent years, a large number of corruption crimes have been registered, for which criminal cases have been initiated. The culprits of the most notorious corruption scandals of the last five years were the head of the property relations department of Oboronservis, the mayor of Yaroslavl, the governor of the Sakhalin region, the governor of the Kiev region, the head of the anti-corruption department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, the Minister of Economic Development of Russia, the ex-head of Udmurtia, etc. also fruitful - 39 criminal cases of corruption were initiated against leaders of various levels in Dagestan.

President V.V. Putin, in his Address to the Federal Assembly of December 1, 2016, noted that “in recent years, there have been many high-profile cases against officials at the municipal, regional and federal levels. However ... the fight against corruption is not a show, it requires professionalism, seriousness and responsibility, only then will it give a result, receive a conscious, broad support from the society. "

Bibliography:

1. Federal Law "On Combating Corruption" of December 25, 2008 N 273-FZ (as amended on 03.04.2017 N 64-FZ) / ATP ConsultantPlus
2. "The Constitution of the Russian Federation" (adopted by popular vote on 12.12.1993) (taking into account the amendments introduced by the Laws of the Russian Federation on amendments to the Constitution of the Russian Federation of 30.12.2008 N 6-FKZ, of 30.12.2008 N 7-FKZ, of 05.02.2014 N 2 -FKZ, dated 21.07.2014 N 11-FKZ) / SPS ConsultantPlus
3. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of December 31, 2015 No. 683 "On the National Security Strategy of the Russian Federation" / SPS ConsultantPlus
4. All-Russian Center for the Study of Public Opinion https://wciom.ru/
5. Legal statistics portal of the General Prosecutor's Office of the Russian Federation http://crimestat.ru/
6. Transparency International http://www.globalcorruptionreport.org/
7. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of November 24, 2003 No. 1384 "On the Council under the President of the Russian Federation for Combating Corruption" / SPS ConsultantPlus
8. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of 13.04.2010 No. 460 "On the National Anti-Corruption Strategy and the National Anti-Corruption Plan for 2010-2011" / SPS ConsultantPlus
9. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of 01.04.2016 No. 147 "On the National Anti-Corruption Plan for 2016-2017" / SPS ConsultantPlus
10. ФЗ № 230-ФЗ dated 03.12. 2012 "On control over the compliance of expenses of persons holding public office and other persons with their income" / ATP ConsultantPlus
11. ФЗ N 115-ФЗ dated 07.08.2001 "On Counteracting Legalization (Laundering) of Criminally Obtained Incomes and Financing of Terrorism" / ATP ConsultantPlus
12. Address of the President of the Russian Federation to the Federal Assembly of December 1, 2016 / SPS ConsultantPlus

Corruption(from Lat. corrumpere - to defile) is a term that usually denotes the use by an official of his power and rights entrusted to him for personal gain, contrary to legislation and moral principles.

However, it is not events that are important, but phenomena. It is important not to state or even describe the event itself, but to know the true nature of the phenomenon, to identify the causes and conditions that give rise to it. But it is here that there is a significant divergence of opinion among scholars and practitioners. The existence of corruption is recognized by everyone, but beyond unity in the statement this fact it doesn’t work. Neither the level of corruption in different countries, nor its significance are assessed by scientists in the same way. Often, what is perceived as corruption in one country is not perceived as such in another. This situation is explained, firstly, by the difficulty of studying corruption as a social and ethical phenomenon; secondly, the multiplicity of its manifestations.

The danger of corruption manifests itself in various aspects: political, socio-economic, legal, ideological.

Political corruption seriously damages the democratic structure of society. As the outstanding Anglo-Irish statesman Edmund Burke said back in 1777: "Freedom cannot exist for a long time in a society where corruption flourishes." And while corruption does not necessarily lead to the collapse of democracy, it certainly does lead to its degradation. It is obvious that corrupt officials in power will never allow freedom of speech, the emergence of serious opposition, or the holding of free elections that can shake their power. The political danger of corruption is expressed, first of all, in a decrease in the controllability of society and the impossibility of functioning of the state apparatus. It is a question of economic losses of the state budget, leading to its deficit and, consequently, to the impossibility of full-fledged implementation of the functions of the state, secondly, to the decomposition of the state apparatus due to a corrupt personnel policy, thirdly, in reducing the prestige of the state and civil servants among the population, creating their negative, negative image, which often leads to socio-political upheavals. One of the examples of such a development of events are the well-known events, which have received the general name as the "orange revolutions".

The experience of most countries in the world shows that traditional attempts to defeat or restrict corruption through strict law enforcement measures alone do not yield satisfactory results. According to many scientists, this state of affairs is explained by the fact that corruption is realized in the sphere of action of overactive factors of human behavior motivation - wealth and power. According to some researchers, the self-regulated exchange of material resources and information (management decisions) taking place in a corruption system endows this system with the ability to self-organize and, therefore, to sustainable self-preservation. In addition, the official prohibitions and sanctions themselves are most often the subject of sale and purchase, and the stricter they are, the higher their price. This state of affairs forces many to talk about the futility of fighting corruption and even recognizing it as an inevitable phenomenon and legalizing some forms of corruption relations.

When analyzing corruption on the scale of society, one must, first of all, keep in mind that it is economically conditioned and motivated. The main motive that drives a corrupt official is self-interest, expressed in the amount of material assets that he intends to appropriate. Even if at one time or another other motives may play the leading roles in corruption interaction, all the same, ultimately, we are talking about self-interest. This moment just makes it easier to combat corruption. The fact is that economic activity is sufficiently formalized, has fairly clear financial and material parameters available to external control. In addition, it also predetermines the possibility of certain effective forms of punishment for corruption offenses. Thus, it is generally recognized that the most effective means of criminal repression for corruption are not terms of imprisonment, even real ones, but such as a large fine, confiscation of property. These punishments make corrupt actions meaningless, do not provide an opportunity for further use of the results of corruption actions.

The enormous harm caused by corruption in the economic sphere can be primarily estimated in the increase in the value of economic transactions. As the researchers note, as soon as the possibility of obtaining personal gain becomes a reality, all legal criteria for concluding a contract are abandoned: cost, quality, delivery terms, etc. All this leads to a sharp overestimation of the cost of all goods and services produced or rendered in the country. Moreover, it must be borne in mind that the seller himself, as a rule, does not pay bribes, but puts them in the price of the goods. This leads to the fact that the real payer of the corruption "rent" is the final consumer, most often ordinary citizens. Therefore, the population in a country with developed corruption will never reach a decent level of well-being, no matter how the state authorities advocate for the development and modernization of the economy. The profit rate of corrupt officials is not limited by anything except their greed and the technical ability to confiscate material and financial values. With an increase in the volume and quantity of these values ​​created by society, the volume of appropriated social wealth will also increase. This provision is clearly confirmed by the available data on the volume of illegal financial leaks from the country, which almost do not correlate with the real situation in the economy. Thus, corruption in the economic sphere leads to the degradation of the national National economy, impoverishment of the masses of the population, increased social inequality.

The dangers of legal corruption are derived from political and economic corruption. The point is that law and the legal system, in a sense, "serve" politics and economics. Accordingly, corrupt interests do not allow the law to develop in the direction of creating such a legal regime in the country in which significant corruption manifestations would be unthinkable. Here, their active lobbying of their interests is of great importance, through the corrupt deputies of the Supreme Soviet.

Theoretically, the problems of national security and corruption are similar in that, despite their "popularity", they have rather vague theoretical outlines. Despite the fact that they are based not only on doctrinal texts, but also on a certain normative legal basis, nevertheless, both national security and corruption are largely uncertain concepts, which, of course, affects the development of their theory and in practical implementation. relevant theoretical developments in the realities of state and legal life.

Without going into a specific analysis of the concept of “national security,” I will only note that its main drawback is a fairly wide scope, which allows it to be applied on a scale from classical military security to problems of the linguistic situation in society. On the whole, without disputing the significance of many contemporary crisis phenomena and their potential danger for the development of society, one would nevertheless want more clarity on their nomenclature. Otherwise, the breadth of the concept of national security, saturated with socio-political expression, can disorient both society and government bodies, which, ultimately, will lead to the devaluation of the original concept. For example, in the field of criminal law, there has been a tendency to view specific crimes as threats to national security, which, given the fact that a special part of the Criminal Code contains several thousand corpus delicti, can lead to a rather absurd situation.

The situation with the concept of corruption is no better. As mentioned earlier, it is a stumbling block in the long-term disputes of specialists. The claims to the definition of corruption are about the same as to the concept of national security - the absence of an essential criterion that allows one to clearly limit this phenomenon from related phenomena.

At the same time, even without a clear doctrinal understanding of the phenomena of national security and corruption, the public and government bodies are aware of the vital significance of the phenomena that lie behind these terms. Therefore, the anxiety and concern with which the normative and political texts devoted to these problems are filled is quite understandable.

It should also be noted that a careful study of national strategies for national security and combating corruption also raises some questions about a unified approach to understanding the correlation of these phenomena. While the anti-corruption strategy clearly and unequivocally refers to it (corruption) as one of the threats to the security of Ukraine or even systemic threats to security, the national security strategy considers corruption among such phenomena: crime, terrorism and extremism. This is where an imbalance arises in understanding the importance of problems.

The works of modern researchers anxiously highlight the formidable signs of Russian corruption: consistency, inclusiveness, structuredness, hierarchy, latency. The development of political corruption, strengthening of its interregional and international ties, merging with organized crime are noted. It was these circumstances that gave rise to a surge in the anti-corruption activity of the federal authorities. However, this surge has those negative features that have already manifested themselves many times in this kind of promotions. We are talking about the negative features of any "campaign": bureaucracy, incompetence, subscripts, careerist motives, etc. In general, one should distinguish between political campaign and "campaigning". The state cannot keep under constant control all spheres of society. Therefore, public policy is often structured according to the type of campaign, i.e. depending on the importance of one direction or another, the main forces and means are concentrated in these areas. Further, after solving these urgent problems, new tasks are set. A striking example of recent years is the so-called. "National projects". Any such campaign is built according to a specific algorithm that allows you to achieve the required results. However, any campaign is accompanied by a "campaign", ie. a set of negative aspects associated with the subjective needs of some managers. We are talking about the desire to take a new official position, hide their incompetence, receive awards, use the allocated material and financial resources, etc. A striking example of "campaign" costs of the current situation: funds mass media are filled with reports from law enforcement agencies about a sharp increase in corrupt officials brought to justice, who, in fact, turn out to be doctors, teachers, police officers, etc. To call them after the President “enemy number one” of our statehood is obviously impossible. However, statistical reporting is quite satisfactory. Therefore, it is necessary to distinguish a campaign from a "campaign", all the more not to replace the first second. It is clear that the modern fight against corruption is an urgent political campaign, and everything must be done to make it more effective.

This provision highlights the position of corruption in the system of threats to national security in a special way. The fact is that many threats are objectively expressed, i.e. visible. For example, lagging behind in military equipment, ammunition, falling demographic potential, extremism and terrorism, etc. the factors are quite obvious and can be subject to rigorous objective analysis. Corruption is another matter, which is often compared to the internal disease of the state organism. For example, there may be a combat-ready Military Unit, but with a leadership stricken with corruption (bordering on treason), it is unlikely to become a real stronghold of the state. Facts of this kind have taken place in the recent past. The situation is approximately the same in other areas. With external well-being, the leadership or the brain center of organizational structures can be hit by corruption, which actually negates the effectiveness of these forces for ensuring national security.

The problem of corruption as one of the threats to national security requires its rethinking towards a clearer understanding of the negative latent role of corruption in all systems of national security. Here it is necessary to proceed from the generic qualities of modern corruption: consistency, hierarchy, structuredness, links with organized crime, latency. The next moment, which is key in the work on combating corruption, is the recognition by the leading of the subjective human factor. The slogan known from history "Cadres decide everything!" best illustrates the state's anti-corruption policy. Moving in this direction, it is possible to talk about increasing the effectiveness of anti-corruption measures.

The danger of corruption for a modern democratic state is determined by the fact that modern corruption has a number of features that significantly increase its danger.

These features include:

1. The institutionalization of corruption is its transformation from the category of crimes of individual officials into a mass social phenomenon that is becoming a habitual element of the socio-economic system. In a situation of reforming significant spheres of public relations, corruption is capable of deeply penetrating the structures of power and economy. Thus, the previously carried out extensive privatization of state economic entities in Ukraine and other former socialist countries has generated unprecedented corruption comparable only to African "banana" regimes. As the researchers note, most of the former public, state property went to the new owners through openly criminal corruption schemes. Having received large economic assets, the new owners, of course, are maximally attuned to their retention, for which they use other corruption schemes to influence politics.

The institutionalization of corruption has given rise to such its quality as consistency and vertical integration. As those rare cases of exposing large corruption formations show, they are all built on the principle of a “pyramid”, when at its base there are ordinary employees of various structures collecting “tribute” from the population or entrepreneurs and part of these funds were transferred to the next level of the hierarchy. And, as a rule, the investigation never succeeds in reaching the top of such a corruption “pyramid”. It is clear that each higher level not only tightly controls the lower level, but also ensures its protection, at least to the extent that it is available to it.

2. Currently, there has been a merging of corruption crime with ordinary or organized crime. Thus, crime has moved into a new qualitative state in comparison with the 90s of the last century. Organized crime ensures the efficiency and safety of corruption schemes, without disdaining overtly criminal methods: hired killings, intimidation of witnesses, extortion, kidnapping. Analysts distinguish three elements in the composition of modern corruption network structures:

Groups of officials who ensure the adoption of profitable decisions for "customers";

Commercial or financial structures ("customers") that implement the received benefits, benefits, preferences and turn them into money and other material values;

Groups of protection of the activities of corrupt network structures, which are carried out by officials from law enforcement agencies and members of criminal structures.

As politicians rightly noted, organized crime is a qualitatively new state of crime, when it is embedded in a social system, it has a significant impact on other elements of the system: on the economy and politics.

3. The processes of globalization have also affected corruption. Despite the efforts the international community to the services of corrupt officials offshore zones, banking technologies for transferring and sheltering criminal money, the possibilities of international criminal communities. In the modern world, there are a number of government states that fundamentally do not comply with the norms of international law, explicitly or implicitly providing refuge to criminals from other countries.

4. Corrupt crime has become highly intellectual, which is expressed both in the creation of sophisticated schemes for committing crimes, and in avoiding responsibility. Those often scanty punishments that members of criminal gangs receive are the result of a well-thought-out security system that is being developed in relation to one or another criminal scheme. The services of the best lawyers are at the service of detained corrupt officials. Within the framework of this activity, there is a clearly coordinated interaction of various forces: from campaigns in the press, to threats or bribery against employees of the judicial and prosecutorial bodies in order to minimize punishment, or even release from it altogether. Only one thing is required of a failed corrupt official: not to disclose anything and not to hand over anyone. Therefore, no one is surprised by the minimum sentences for persons who have committed significant corruption crimes.

5. Modern corruption significantly expands the "zones of influence" penetrating into those spheres that were previously closed from it. We are talking about courts, prosecutors, authorities state security... There are examples of direct introduction of representatives of organized crime into these structures, starting with admission to departmental educational establishments... Uncontrolled personnel policy allows these individuals to subsequently occupy high leadership positions... This is not very difficult, since representatives of corrupt structures are present in the highest echelons of power through the mechanisms of political corruption.

6. Corruption, deeply rooted in social relations, itself can give rise to terrible crimes, the number of which has increased recently. We are talking about extremism and terrorism. It is fundamentally important that the government, the political elite of society, remain loyal to high civic virtues, and not get mired in corruption. This problem is of fundamental importance for countering the development of the ideology of extremism and, as its consequence, terrorism. Corrupt behavior of "those in power" is for young people a weighty justification for the inevitability of terrorist and extremist activities.

7. Modern corruption criminals, owning large economic assets, can also influence the ideology of the state, introducing into the consciousness of fellow citizens various ideological schemes that are beneficial to them. So, for example, in the press there are very few materials on the topic of successfully combating corruption in other countries, but the idea is constantly held that corruption is an ineradicable phenomenon. Another topic of this kind is the idea of ​​the eternal corruption of the Russian government, the emphasis on the fact that bribery is a mental characteristic of the Russian consciousness. These ideas are by no means harmless, since they do not provide an opportunity to fully use the energy of society in the fight against corruption, paralyzing all attempts of popular initiative in this matter.

Understanding the fight against corruption as a fight not so much with its manifestations, but with the conditions that give rise to it, brings to the fore the solution of such tasks as organizing the fight against corruption at all its levels; narrowing the field of conditions and circumstances conducive to corruption; influence on the motives of corrupt behavior; creating an atmosphere of public rejection of corruption in all its manifestations, etc.

Among the urgent measures associated with this, experts name: strict control of corruption risk zones in state and municipal bodies (privatization services, customs, tax and law enforcement agencies, etc.); publicity in the fight against corruption; social protection of state and municipal employees; structural stabilization of the state and municipal service based on the refusal of continuous structural transformations.

One of the most important conditions for limiting corruption in Ukraine can and should be an increase in the prestige of the state and municipal service, which is impossible without the formation of a new professional ethics in the state and municipal service, which would improve the moral situation in the sphere of state and municipal power and management and reduce the likelihood of committing corrupt practices.

Determining the nature and scope, as well as assessing the degree of threats to the national security of the Russian Federation is a priority area of ​​activity of the Russian Institute for Strategic Studies.

Corruption has become a real threat to Russia's national security and strategic interests. The problem of corruption is most urgent today, since the decomposition of power in a deteriorating economic situation, along with other external and internal factors, can significantly increase the likelihood of exacerbation of social contradictions and lead to destabilization of society.

The serious economic crisis in the country is accompanied by the facts of outright corruption. Nothing undermines the patriotism of citizens, their love for their country more than lawlessness, impunity for officials, and unfair treatment on the part of government agencies. People can endure the hardships caused by sanctions, but a sense of gross injustice leads to a loss of confidence in the government. In the public consciousness, an idea is formed about the defenselessness of citizens both in the face of the world of crime and in the face of power. Corruption is nutrient medium for organized crime, terrorism and extremism.

Therefore, it is not at all accidental that recently in the Kazan regional center of RISS a round table was held on this issue with the participation of representatives of the authorities of the Republic of Tatarstan, leading scientists and experts of the Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Kazan State Medical University, the Sh. Mardzhani Institute of History of the Academy sciences of Tatarstan, as well as deputies and journalists. Interesting reports on corruption as a phenomenon of the socio-economic and political system, on ways to prevent corruption in Kazan universities, on the perception of the problem of corruption in modern German society and others were heard and discussed.

At the meeting, it was noted that at the end of 2015, the level of corruption in Russia decreased, but in Tatarstan, corruption showed a 30 percent increase. In the ranking of the non-governmental international organization against corruption, Transparency International, Russia took 119th place, having received 29 points. Thus, she improved her previous indicator, when the Russian Federation was on the 136th line. Corruption in Tatarstan has shown a serious increase, at least judging by the statistics of law enforcement agencies. These are the results of the first year of work in the republic of the anti-corruption program, calculated until 2020. Last year, 1130 corruption crimes were detected in Tatarstan by law enforcement agencies, and the amount of damage caused amounted to 861.8 million rubles. Most crimes are in representative and executive bodies municipalities, therefore there are both criminal cases and administrative penalties. There was an increase in bribery, 417 such facts were revealed, of which 21 were on a large scale.

The scale of corruption in the field of construction supervision in Tatarstan was illustrated by examples from the article by the candidate of economic sciences I. Petrov "Bulgaria" taught nothing. " The author notes that although Tatarstan positions itself as a high-tech region, the technical equipment of the republic's construction industry has remained at the level of the last century. For example, in Kazan, builders are still driving piles with antediluvian diesel hammers, the use of which is prohibited in cities. When such a "beater" is working, there is a terrible noise, and the houses around are shaking. Well, if only they were shaking, because cracks and even cracks on the walls are formed. Therefore, the builders were denied the use of "beaters" and ordered to use modern pile-pressing installations. Pressing piles in is a little more expensive than pounding them with a primitive hammer, but safe and no complaints.

However, Kazan builders, in pursuit of super profits, spit on Russian laws and continue to use old pile-driving tractors, which in other regions have long been replaced by modern pile-pressing machines. In the houses of Kazan residents, dishes are still shaking on the table, and cracks appear on the walls. Unable to withstand the load, people with heart disease die prematurely. The construction industry of the republic demonstrates examples of amassing considerable capital in an immoral way.

Many architectural and historical monuments have been lost in Kazan due to dense development and the use of hazardous technologies. So, at the beginning of 2012, the city lost the old beautiful building of the House of Medical Workers. A large-scale construction site with violations was deployed opposite the Safar hotel in the Kirovsky district of the city of Kazan. A residential complex "Kazansu" with office premises and a parking lot is being built there. Residents of the village of Grivka, in the vicinity of whose houses a new large microdistrict is being built, filed a complaint with the State Construction Supervision Inspectorate of the Republic of Tatarstan. They wrote that construction is being carried out with gross violations of the law, that builders, in order to minimize their costs, use outdated equipment and are prohibited in settlements construction technologies. The authors of the letter also said that the builders are depriving them of a full night's rest by delivering concrete to the specified object with mixers at night.

What did the State Construction Supervision Inspectorate answer, which was obliged to suspend construction work until the violations were eliminated? She ordered the customer ... to carry out a visual inspection of the surrounding buildings. Residents of Grivka were simply advised to measure the size of cracks on the walls of their houses more often! But the site of the inspection itself contains information about the inadmissibility of using old pile driving mechanisms. This means that the employees of the supervisory authority are so confident in their impunity that they consider it possible for themselves to give citizens such answers.

The events in the village of Grivka, whose lives have been turned into a nightmare by the joint efforts of builders and officials who are obliged to control their activities, show that corruption in Tatarstan is often frank. The Tatarstan official likes to demonstrate a clear disregard for the law and people. Recently the newspaper "Vechernyaya Kazan" reported shocking news - officials sold the entrance to the entrance of a residential building! Imagine: in the morning, heading to work, you go down to the entrance of your apartment building, and there is no longer a passage. A part of the room with an entrance door has been sold and you are offered to equip some other entrance ...

Russia has been fighting corruption throughout its history, and this fight is mainly about tightening laws. Does such legislative activity make sense if harsh laws are not respected by officials? Russian President Vladimir Putin, speaking on the eve of our event at a meeting of the Anti-Corruption Council, stressed that Russian anti-corruption legislation now meets international standards. The leader of the country believes that it is not enough to correct the situation by law. It is necessary to change the attitude of citizens towards those who give and take bribes.

Corruption is a consequence of the degradation of the moral values ​​of society, primordial national traditions and customs. To eradicate corruption, it is necessary to change the moral atmosphere in society. Director of the Russian Institute for Strategic Studies L.P. Reshetnikov in one of his interviews noted that the cause of corruption is precisely the fall in the spiritual and moral level of our people and our elite. “This is precisely what creates the basis for massive corruption. And when we talk about corruption, it is necessary, and absolutely necessary, tough consistent measures to eradicate it, to punish criminals, but we must also understand the reason for everything. And the reason, I repeat, is the fall in the spiritual and moral level of our people and our elite. It's all interconnected, ”he explained.

The scale of corruption in Russia, the degree of its negative impact on the development of the national economy require a new assessment of this phenomenon. It is no longer about individual facts of influencing the adoption of managerial decisions through bribery of officials, but about the existing system, which is a serious challenge to the national security of the country.

Russian society, generally aware of the scale of corruption, does not fully pose the threat it poses to the state. And the so-called everyday corruption, which people face locally, is especially dangerous. An ordinary citizen is not interested in who will get a multi-million dollar government contract. His house is shaking from the work of an old diesel hammer, whose place is in a scrap metal dump, and he scolds the authorities for allowing this disgrace. Anger against the authorities is primarily caused by the arbitrariness of officials at the regional and municipal levels.

Speakers at the round table organized by the Kazan Regional Center of RISS emphasized that it is a difficult task to achieve outstanding victories in the field of combating corruption. Corruption is a sore subject for all countries. It is so acute that a special UN convention has been adopted to combat it. Interesting examples from the life of modern Germany were given in the report of the senior researcher Institute of History of the Academy of Sciences of Tatarstan Timur Khaidarov. Not everything is perfect in this country either, but corruption at the lower and middle levels of government has been practically eradicated there.

And Russia also, if it wants to avoid another political upheaval, needs to overcome corruption on the ground. The reserves that can be used for this are sufficient. First of all, it is necessary to bring the reform of law enforcement agencies to a logical end. Now many regional structures carry the prefix "po" - for example, the Ministry of Internal Affairs for the Republic of Tatarstan. The heads of the regional internal affairs bodies and the prosecutor's office are appointed by Moscow. It remains to recall the practice of staff rotation. The heads of regional structures need to be moved more often from one constituent entity of the Federation to another. This will significantly improve their work and will be an effective measure in the fight against corruption on the ground. It seems optimal that the manager is in one place for no more than three years. That is, for example, the chief policeman of the Bryansk region should be assigned to Chita tomorrow, and in a year or two he should head, say, the Ministry of Internal Affairs for Kalmykia.

This rotation practice is especially needed to improve the work of prosecutors. The emergence of the All-Russian Popular Front (ONF) was largely the result of the unsatisfactory work of the prosecutor's office. The threat to governors should not be some "front-line soldiers", but local prosecutors. So it will be, if relations between officials do not have time to develop from official, workers into informal. Until it comes to going to the sauna with the governor, the regional prosecutor should be assigned to another region.

As for the ONF, in Tatarstan it was neutralized easily and simply. The leaders of the local regional office were appointed to high-paying positions in wealthy holding companies. As a result, the fighting fervor quickly disappeared, and now our "front-line soldiers" are sitting quietly at their headquarters, receiving a good salary in state corporations. I don’t think that only here, in Tatarstan, the authorities are so smart, for sure, the same situation is in other regions.

First of all, prosecutors should fight corruption, this is their primary task. The rotation system should work not only at the level of republican and regional prosecutors, but also at the district level. And all the arguments that the prosecutor supposedly must have time to delve into local problems and the like are not serious. The heads of municipalities should delve into local problems, and prosecutors should supervise them. On the contrary, local prosecutors should ensure uniform compliance Russian laws throughout the country. The constant renewal of the leading cadres of the regions will also strengthen the unity of the country.

Prosecutors are required to restore respect for the law. We often hear that in order to curb corruption, it is necessary to raise the legal literacy of the population. The trouble is that in our country the officials themselves do not know the laws, especially at the local level. As a rule, these are random people with a low intellectual level who have fallen into the vertical of power on the basis of personal loyalty. The local official, who deals with numerous complaints every day, makes decisions on them in accordance with the instructions of his boss and does not feel the need for knowledge of the laws. By the illiterate replies that people receive for their appeals to government agencies, one can judge the severity of the problem of government personnel.

Not a day goes by when the central television channels do not report on the arrest and initiation of criminal cases against high-ranking officials of the federal ministries. This is an erroneous practice that does not add to the authority of the authorities in the least. Only Alexei Navalny rejoices at the arrest of another high-ranking official in Moscow, and a simple TV viewer who lives far from the capital and suffers from the tyranny of local officials looks at all these shots, where bags of money, heaps of antiques and the luxury of palaces, are just a kind of show.

The fish rots from the head, and corruption starts from the bottom. Therefore, it is necessary, first of all, to get rid of the villains on the ground. People will believe that corruption in the country is really being fought if, instead of one large, but so distant federal official, a thousand small ones are punished. Since 2000, about 10 thousand officials have been shot in China for corruption, and another 120 thousand have received 10-20 years in prison. Corrupt officials must be looked for and found not only among federal ministers, governors and their deputies, but also within the walls of municipal authorities, various supervisory institutions, etc. Only then will public opinion on the assessment of anti-corruption activities change.

It is in the interests of the federal center to create alternative centers of power in the regions. Corruption thrives where local government demonstrates unity and cohesion. In some regions of Russia, we see competition between the mayor of the regional center and the head of the region. It's not bad at all. Of course, the relations between the leaders should not escalate into a conflict, but it is in the interests of citizens and the country that a distance is always maintained between them.

RISS plays an important role in the information and analytical fight against corruption in the localities, since it is represented in many regions by its centers independent of regional authorities. One of the examples of such activities is the anti-corruption event in the Kazan Center of the Institute.

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MOSCOW FINANCIAL - LEGAL UNIVERSITY IFLA

KALININGRAD BRANCH

Faculty of Economics and Management

Department of Theory and Practice of Customs and Economic Security

Specialty Economic security

COURSE WORK

by discipline

"Economic security"

On the topic: "Corruption as a threat to the security of Russia"

Introduction

3. Increasing the economic security of Russia in the field of combating corruption

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

Corruption is one of the most important problems that must be solved on the way to a full-fledged, safe and prosperous state. An effective fight against corruption (especially at the level of the highest echelons of power) is able not only to ensure the most appropriate spending of the budget and, accordingly, its financial stability, but also to build trusting relationships between the authorities and citizens of the state; stabilize the internal political situation; to stimulate citizens to carry out their labor activity in accordance with the law, to get out of the shadow sector; and much more.

For the Russian Federation, the relevance of the issue of the destructive influence of corruption on the security of the state can hardly be overestimated. For example, in 2016, the damage from detected corruption-related crimes amounted to 43 billion rubles. Which, of course, has a negative impact on the general standard of living in the country. It should be borne in mind that the real picture looks much worse, since the percentage of undetected corruption crimes is several times higher than the identified ones, respectively, one can only guess about the real damage that corruption brings to the Russian Federation.

According to the data obtained from the polls of the Levada Center, 32% of respondents (as of 2016) believe that corruption has completely and completely ("from top to bottom") paralyzed government bodies in the Russian Federation. At the same time, according to the results of the same polls, 20% of the respondents consider it “acceptable” to resolve everyday issues with the help of bribes.

Corruption in Russia threatens national security. It erects obstacles to large-scale socio-economic transformations, slows down economic growth, increases the shadow sector, undermines international authority, exacerbates citizens' distrust of government authorities, cultivates the degradation of basic moral values ​​and worsens the general standard of living in the country. In fact, corruption (at the proper scale) can completely destroy all constitutional foundations and neutralize the operation of any legal system, since a corrupt government will not be interested in observing them, but only in its own enrichment.

It is also necessary to take into account that corruption as an unlawful act intersects with other types of socially dangerous manifestations, first of all, with organized crime, the shadow economy and terrorism. Based on this, it becomes obvious that corruption should be perceived not as an independent phenomenon, expressed only by the fact of bribery (bribery) of an individual official, but as a combination of various factors, a developed system that endangers both the national and economic security of the state.

Corruption as a socially dangerous phenomenon discredits the existing institutional system of the state, as well as destabilizes the economic and social spheres. Nevertheless, it should be borne in mind that since corruption is a systemic phenomenon, then the “soil” for its occurrence bears a similar systemic character: undeveloped legislation, ineffectiveness of government, and the absence of powerful democratic values. All of this creates corruption and perpetuates it. Thus, it can be revealed that corruption permeates almost all spheres of public life, strongly affecting the interests of the national security of the state.

The object of this work is destructive factors of economic security, and the subject of this research is corruption as a threat to the security of Russia.

You need to understand that corruption as a phenomenon has deep historical roots and, to one degree or another, is inherent in all countries, without exception.

1. Theoretical and legal approaches to the essence of corruption

It is especially worth noting the data of the VTsIOM research, according to which the whole society is involved in corruption, 53% of Russians report that they had their own experience of giving bribes to solve personal problems. Remarkably, 19% of them do it all the time and 34% rarely. There is also a direct relationship between a person's activity and how often he gives bribes. Based on this, it can be noted that corruption in recent years has turned into a major socio-political phenomenon that has a destructive effect on the development of the Russian Federation.

In order to implement any methods of combating corruption, one should understand the concept of corruption at the theoretical and legal level. In this study, we will define the main theoretical and legal approaches to the concept of corruption.

1.1 The concept of corruption in social sciences

Unfortunately on this moment, there is no single definition of corruption as a social phenomenon, just as a generally accepted legal term has not been developed. This is facilitated by the fact that corruption as a social phenomenon in its semantics goes beyond the framework of law and criminology. The term has a huge variety of interpretations, causing discrepancies even in its etymological meaning. For example, it is generally accepted that corruption in translation from Latin means "bribery, damage" [See: Volzhenkin B.V. Corruption. SPb, 1998. S.5.], At the same time, according to other sources, the word corruption has a broader meaning and in addition to the above meanings (damage, bribery), it can mean "seduction, decline" In addition, the expression "corrupt" can also mean bribery someone (not necessarily a government official) with money or gifts.

Proceeding from this, even at the level of its semantics, certain discrepancies arise in the understanding of corruption as a social phenomenon, whether it be understood as bribery (in the narrow sense) or the decomposition of the governance structure itself (in a broader sense).

It should also be understood that different scientific disciplines have their own approaches to the definition of corruption. For example, in political science, corruption is considered to be a factor that deforms the institutions of power, undermining the basic democratic values. According to political scientists, corruption gives rise to kleptocracy (the rule of thieves).

The sociological approach is also intertwined with the political science approach to understanding corruption. Corruption in the sociological sense is a social disease, a sign of social failure, which is based on a clear contradiction between the individual goals of members of a public group with the interests of the public group itself.

The most common approaches to understanding corruption in sociology are two. Corruption - as a form of social deviation (deviating from social norms of behavior), and corruption as a system of relations in society, with this understanding, it is customary to include corruption as an element of "shadow relations" in society.

Meanwhile, there is also an "ethical approach" to the definition of corruption. In this concept, corruption is a consequence of a lack of ethical rights, leading to a crisis of the management system. The main means against corruption, according to the supporters of this approach, should be the implementation of ethical modernization and the adoption of a unified ethical system in business and other structures of society.

Recently, the view of corruption as an economic phenomenon has been widespread. Among the economic theories of corruption, the theory of corruption as a rent for the monopoly position of an official, which increases economic costs, deserves special mention.

It is necessary to separately focus on the "functional approach" to the concept of corruption, which is a cross between the sociological and economic approaches to understanding corruption. Proponents of this approach have come to the conclusion that corruption can have a certain functionality if it contributes to the acceleration of changes in society. According to this approach, corruption, having fulfilled certain functions, ultimately disappears as it is unnecessary. Functionalists see corruption as a connecting thread between social institutions(political, economic) without which the interaction of these institutions would be extremely complicated. However, it is quite difficult to agree with the functionalists entirely, because despite the seemingly correct initial premise (corruption eliminates and smooths out the shortcomings of the management system), it becomes clear that such logic is based on an explicit substitution of cause and effect. All arguments about the so-called “benefits” of corruption have no basis, even if we assume that corruption helps citizens to exercise their rights and overcome bureaucratic barriers, then the harm from corruption many times overrides all its useful functions. Even if we do not talk about this harm, it becomes absolutely clear that all this “benefit” only makes society stand still, to remain in stagnation.

It should be understood that it is vitally important to criticize the functional approach to corruption, since any attempts to find benefits from this undoubtedly destructive social phenomenon are imaginary and resemble only an attempt to justify the defenselessness of the state machine against the threat of corruption. More and more often, you can stumble upon attempts to "whitewash" corruption, to make it some kind of necessary condition for the life of a capitalist state, for example, the newspaper "Izvestia" on its pages publishes a whole article under loud name"Corruption is good." Izvestia reports: “… ..without it, corruption, the Russian state would have collapsed: the authorities would not be able to implement any decision, business would not make a single deal, and citizens would not solve a single everyday issue. We must finally understand that corruption is our everything. That corruption is good. Many advanced scientists also think so: they say, corruption is a very convenient, completely market-based way of solving problems, a civilized form of "competitive struggle" without "arrows", the inevitable "mochilov" and other "give a damn". Corruption, they say, is a kind of "closed tender" that determines which of the contenders for a particular tidbit has the most powerful resource. This is no longer "whoever has a gun, he is right," but "whoever has longer arms, he is a fine fellow, that is the prize." A kind of market. This means progress. "

Such an approach is very convenient, since it accepts any negative phenomenon as a kind of good, however, it is very destructive, since it replaces concepts in the minds of people. Corruption is an extremely destructive social phenomenon. In practice, it can benefit people in the short term, but in the long term, the destructive power of corruption is very great, so the fight against this phenomenon is a vital necessity.

1.2 The concept of corruption in criminal law and criminology

In the Russian Federation, on the criminal law and criminological "field", the issue of the concept of corruption is exclusively controversial. Despite the wide variety of different points of view on the issue of corruption, the largest disputes arise between supporters of the “narrow” (bribery, bribery) and “broad” (selfish abuse of office) interpretation of the concept of corruption. Nevertheless, all researchers unanimously agree that corruption is extremely destructive.

Supporters of the "narrow" interpretation of the concept tend to explain corruption using its Latin origin, on the basis of which, according to its original meaning, the root of the word "corruption" means bribery and bribery, meanwhile, it recommends avoiding a "wider" interpretation of the concept, since it can blur the essence of this concept and become a significant obstacle to understanding it.

Other researchers understand corruption somewhat broader than just bribery of officials, calling any selfish abuse of office as corrupt.

A broad interpretation of corruption is objectively a more correct point of view, since it understands this social phenomenon as a more multilevel one and considers “bribery” only as one of the aspects of corrupt activity, and not its main focus. Even historically, corruption is commonly understood as the disintegration of power. Moreover, with the development of society over time, the forms of government and public life have become much more complex and bribery does not always accurately describe corrupt activities. Lobbying interests; political contributions; the transition of politicians to the positions of managers of state corporations; organization of commercial activities by government officials; privatization of state property at the expense of their official position; transfer of state-owned enterprises by transferring to relatives or close persons; use of confidential information for personal gain; the withdrawal of capital to offshores and to foreign accounts - all this is to the same extent corruption as classical bribery.

There is also a point of view, according to which corruption is a mechanism that has two variants of corrupt behavior: in the first version there is an interaction of two subjects, each of them with the help of a corrupt connection tries to satisfy its interests, in the second version - corrupt actions are provoked by only one corrupt official who, without the help of others, independently, satisfies his individual interest or the interest of another person with the help of the authority given to him.

Without a doubt, bribery is the main and most dangerous act of corruption, however, it is wrong to consider other forms of abuse of office as something that is not corruption by definition. Official malpractice for personal gain without a sign of bribery is very similar to bribery in nature, consequences and motivation. In fact, the main factor that determines the group of corrupt actions is the object of the attack, not the method.

A certain part of researchers in criminology tend to believe that the main sign of corruption is its connection with organized crime. Which is not devoid of logic, since if a person involved in a corruption crime, committing it, remains part of the state system, while regularly receiving material benefits from criminals, the proper person is automatically included in organized crime.

Corruption, in its essence, of course, is a necessity for the existence of organized crime, and not vice versa, based on this, it can be assumed that corrupt acts can be committed without a direct relationship with organized crime. It is also erroneous to say that a prerequisite for corruption is the presence of a bribe and a bribe, since this greatly narrows the very concept of corruption and prevents it from being considered from the side where one or another side of bribery is absent, and also excludes the possibility of corruption actions that do not involve bribery at all.

Also, without a doubt, it is necessary to consider the definitions of corruption, which are reflected in various anti-corruption bills. So in the law "On Combating Corruption", adopted in November 2002, explains the concept of corruption as follows: corporate and selfish goals ".

Such a definition is subject to a certain discrepancy: the authors of this law equate corruption and corrupt relations, which in itself implies the presence of another subject, thus reducing the understanding of corruption to a narrower meaning (bribery, bribery). However, there is another draft law: "Fundamentals of Anti-Corruption Policy Legislation." This bill gives the following definition of corruption: “corruption is bribery (receiving or giving a bribe), any illegal use by a person of his public status, associated with the receipt of benefits (property, services or benefits and / or benefits, including non-property) as for himself , and for their loved ones, contrary to the legitimate interests of society and the state, or illegal provision of such benefits to the specified person. ”.

This definition most fully reveals the essence of corruption as a complex social phenomenon, without isolating bribery, as an equivalent term to the definition of corruption.

A large number of criminal codes abroad, including the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, defining responsibility for acts of corruption, the very concept of "corruption" is not used. However, a number of other countries have provided for a number of special rules using this concept.

Thus, in the Italian criminal code, corruption as an official crime is represented by legislation in several versions: corruption related to the performance of official duties; corruption associated with the implementation of unlawful decisions by the court; corruption among employees of local government services; corruption related to neglect. The Italian criminal code defines corruption as bribery. Corruption, which is associated with the performance of his official duties, is understood as “obtaining or giving consent to receive a civil servant personally or through intermediaries of remuneration not due to him in cash or in the form of another service for the performance in the future of any action within his scope official duties ".

At the same time, in the Republic of Kyrgyzstan, according to their Criminal Code, there is the following definition: “Intentional act consisting in the creation of an unlawful stable connection of one or more officials with powers of authority with individuals or groups in order to illegally obtain material, any other benefits or groups for the purpose of illegally obtaining material, any other benefits and advantages, as well as their provision of these benefits and advantages to individuals and legal entities that pose a threat to the interests of society or the state.

In addition, in the criminal code of Kyrgyzstan there are also articles concerning direct bribery, therefore, based on this, it can be said that bribery in an organized group is singled out by the Republic of Kyrgyzstan as a separate corpus delicti, by which they understand corruption.

The above examples from foreign criminal legislative framework vividly illustrate that the term "corruption" in different criminal codes of different countries is used in different meanings and have not the same content.

Based on the foregoing, we can conclude that the use of the term "corruption" in criminal law legislation is rather unreasonable, since the very concept of corruption is a collective nature that reflects both some types of crimes and others. However, it is necessary to define a clear list of corruption crimes in order to define the concept of corruption crime.

2. Analysis and characteristics of the impact of corruption on the current state of economic security in Russia

Corruption is one of the biggest and most serious problems in public life. It interferes with the mechanisms of a market economy, helps ineffective allocation of funds from the state budget, price growth for goods and services, and is also a catalyst for the emergence of terrorism. In the social sphere, it distorts civic consciousness, destroys law as the main mechanism for regulating social processes, contributes to the growth of social and material inequality. Corruption affects different areas social life very diverse. Everyone is involved in it, both businessmen and the political elite, as well as ordinary people who are actively developing everyday corruption.

Corruption is one of the most important problems that must be solved on the way to a full-fledged, safe and prosperous state. An effective fight against corruption (especially at the level of the highest echelons of power) is able not only to ensure the most appropriate spending of the budget and, accordingly, its financial stability, but also to build trusting relationships between the authorities and citizens of the state; stabilize the internal political situation; to stimulate citizens to carry out their labor activity according to the law, to get out of the shadow sector, as well as to ensure economic security.

2.1 Essence and structure of economic security

Today, Russia lacks an accurate understanding of the essence of national economic security from the point of view of general economic theory, and the existing formulations of national economic security are not entirely correct.

The essence of national economic security. The essence of national economic security can be viewed from two sides. On the negative side (when there are no threats) and on the positive side (when there are favorable conditions for development). In the domestic economic community, it is customary to be guided by the first side. Security in the Russian Federation is generally understood to mean: the state of security and the absence of threats to the spheres of life of citizens and the state.

National security is also commonly understood as protection from external and internal threats, rather than as the maximum disclosure of potential and maximum (complete) satisfaction of the needs of citizens and the arrival of the most effective model of state development.

When formulating the thesis of economic security, it is considered to be an integral part of national security. However, most researchers rightly consider economic security not just an integral part of national security, but the most important part of it.

Officially, the question of national economic security in the Russian Federation was posed in the first half of the 90s of the last century, when the financial and economic crisis became such a serious threat that there was a danger of the complete destruction of Russia as a state. The first step towards understanding the problems of national economic security can be considered the law of the Russian Federation "On Security", adopted in the spring of 1992, which was later specified more than once (the last time in 2007). In this law, the concept of security was formulated as "the state of protection of the vital interests of the individual, society and the state from internal and external threats."

Also, based on this law, in 1992, the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation "On the formation of the Security Council of the Russian Federation" was adopted. The working bodies of the Security Council were nine interdepartmental commissions, including those on economic security. The most important decision of the Security Council of the Russian Federation was the "Concept of the Economic Security of the Russian Federation", which was subsequently approved by the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 608 in 1996 "State Strategy for the Economic Security of the Russian Federation (Basic Provisions)".

In this document, economic security was understood as the readiness of the economy to ensure a favorable standard of living, military and political stability of society, the integrity of the territorial borders of the state, resisting external and internal threats, while providing material support for state security.

The wording of those official documents is, alas, rather superficial, since many of the wording of these documents are subject to discrepancy and it was necessary to clarify them. By the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of January 10, 2000 "On the concept of national security of the Russian Federation." This document did not contain the concept of national economic security at all. Nevertheless, it again rightly noted that "ensuring national security and protecting Russia's interests in the economic sphere are the priority directions of state policy."

The last government document on the theme of the national economic security of the Russian Federation was the "Strategy for the National Security of the Russian Federation until 2025", approved by the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation. National security is presented in this document as “the state of protection of the individual, society and the state from internal and external threats, which makes it possible to ensure constitutional rights, freedoms, a decent quality and standard of living of citizens, sovereignty, territorial integrity and sustainable development of the Russian Federation, defense and security. state ". This document stated that "the state of the national security of the Russian Federation directly depends on the economic potential of the country and the efficiency of the functioning of the system for ensuring the national security of the Russian Federation."

There are several different approaches to understanding the economic security of the state. Recently, several of the most significant theoretical approaches have been developed to understand what should be considered the most serious threat to the national economy and how to deal with it:

1. Cameralist concept of protecting foreign economic security

2. Keynesian concept of protection against internal macroeconomic threats

3. The institutional concept of protection from administrative barriers.

The founder of the theoretical analysis of national economic security (as well as the national economy in general) must be considered a German economist of the 19th century. Friedrich Liszt. In disputes with the English classical economists F. List argued that free trade is beneficial, most of all, to the advanced nations. As a result, the lagging nations (at that time and the German states) are doomed to an economic lag behind the advanced ones. To protect the weak national industry from the competition of cheap imported goods, F. List demanded a policy of protectionism. In the twentieth century. F. Liszt's ideas about the need to protect the national economy from external threats received a kind of second wind. Their new form was the left-wing radical concepts of the world economy - peripheral economy (R. Prebisch), unequal exchange (A. Emmanuel) and the world of systems analysis (I. Wallerstein).

For left-wing radical concepts, one feature is characteristic: the backwardness is weak developed countries is explained, first of all, by the fact that the highly developed countries-leaders deliberately create such "rules of the game" in the world economy, which hinder the development of those lagging behind. With any interpretation of external economic threats to the development of the national economy, calls for a comprehensive and even self-sufficient development of the national economy (up to autarky) follow from the left-radical concepts.

The author of the next paradigm of national economic security was in the 1930s. the famous English economist John Maynard Keynes. In his era, the main threats to the national economy were no longer considered the competition of foreign goods, but unemployment and economic depression. To cope with these threats, the government was encouraged to actively regulate economic activity by distributing government orders and subsidies, regulating the money market, and even direct administrative control over competition.

Keynes's concept was a response to the Great Depression of 1929-1933, the worst economic crisis in the history of the market economy. To combat this crisis, governments different countries(especially the administration of F. Roosevelt in the United States) began to apply Keynesian measures even before Keynes published the "General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money" 177. In the last third of the XX century. the influence of Keynesianism began to wane, the "neoclassical renaissance" began. Neoclassicists proposed methods of dealing with threats to national economic interests, sharply different from Keynesian ones. However, they accepted the general approach proposed by Keynesians to understanding these interests, according to which there are macroeconomic problems (unemployment, low growth rates, inflation), the severity of which is dictated mainly by the internal development of the national economy. Therefore, the Keynesian paradigm of national economic security continued to dominate during the period of dominance of neoclassical economic theory.

It was during the struggle against the Great Depression that the very concept of "national economic security" was born.

It appeared in 1934, when US President F.D. Roosevelt, implementing the "New Deal" program, formed the Federal Committee on Economic Security.117

The neoclassicists only changed the hierarchy of threats to national economic security. The threat of unemployment has receded into the background. Ensuring high rates of economic growth of the national economy by curbing inflation and maintaining the high competitiveness of national business on a global scale began to be considered paramount.

At the end of the twentieth century. neoclassical economic theory entered a period of crisis. Institutionalism is currently claiming the role of the main economic theory - an economic theory that focuses on spontaneously emerging and consciously constructed "rules of the game" (institutions). If Keynesians and neoclassicists focused on the problems of developed countries, then institutionalists again, as before

F. List, began to actively study the problems of countries of catching-up development. In understanding the problems of national economic security of these countries, institutionalists were able to propose a new approach. In its most concentrated form, it is reflected in the works of the Peruvian neo-institutionalist economist Hernando de Soto. The high scale of the informal economy (production of ordinary goods and services without official registration) and corruption are considered one of the main problems of the Third World countries. E. de Soto believed that the main reason for the mass informal economic activity and corruption was the ineffectiveness of protecting property rights. In developing countries, he pointed out, “the prosperity of a company depends less on how well it performs and more on the costs imposed on it by law.

An entrepreneur who is better at manipulating these costs or connections with officials is more successful than one who is only concerned with production. ”178

So, the main threat to the development of national business (and thus to national economic interests) is not “market failures” (as Keynesians believed), but “government failures”.

The Swedish institutionalist economist G. Myrdal, summarizing the experience of the modernization of the Third World countries, denounced in the 1960s. corruption as one of the main obstacles to economic development. This position is shared by many modern researchers countries of catching-up development (including Russia). They blame corruption for the following negative economic consequences:

Funds accumulated through bribes often leave the active economic turnover and settle in the form of real estate, treasures, savings (moreover, in foreign banks);

Entrepreneurs are forced to spend time on dialogue with deliberately picky officials, even if they manage to avoid bribes;

Inefficient projects are supported, inflated estimates are financed, ineffective contractors are selected;

Corruption encourages the creation of an excessive number of instructions in order to then “help” to comply with them for an additional fee;

Qualified personnel who do not morally accept the system of bribes are leaving the civil service;

Obstacles arise for the implementation of the state's macroeconomic policy, since the corrupt lower and middle levels of the management system distort the information transmitted to the government and subordinate the implementation of the intended goals to their own interests;

Corruption distorts the structure of government spending, because corrupt politicians and officials tend to channel state resources into areas of activity where strict control is impossible and where the possibility of extorting bribes is higher;

Costs for entrepreneurs are increasing (especially for small firms that are more vulnerable to ransomware). Bribes become a kind of additional taxation;

As a result, corruption and bureaucratic red tape in the preparation of business documents slow down investments (especially foreign ones). So, developed in the 1990s. By the American economist Paolo Mauro, the model allowed him to conclude that an increase in "bureaucratic efficiency" (an index close to the Corruption Perception Index calculated by Transparency International) by 2.4 points reduces the country's economic growth rate by about 0.5% 179. However, there is still no clear negative correlation between the level of corruption and the level of economic development. This connection is noticeable as general pattern, from which there are exceptions.

The negative impact of corruption on socio-political processes can be traced in the following:

Social injustice is growing in the form of unfair competition between firms and unjustified redistribution of citizens' incomes. After all, an ineffective firm or even a criminal organization can give a larger bribe. As a result, the incomes of bribe-givers and bribe-takers grow, while the income of law-abiding citizens decreases;

Corruption in the tax collection system allows the rich to evade them and puts the tax burden on the shoulders of the poorer citizens;

Corruption in the highest echelons of power, becoming public, undermines their credibility and, as a result, calls into question their legitimacy;

Corrupt management personnel are psychologically not ready to compromise their personal interests for the sake of the development of society;

Corruption discredits justice, since the one who has more money and fewer moral self-prohibitions turns out to be right;

Corruption threatens democracy by depriving the population of the moral incentive to participate in elections;

The anti-corruption slogan can legitimize the turn towards dictatorship and the rejection of market reforms;

Corruption in the apparatus responsible for law enforcement (army, police, courts) allows organized crime to expand its “predatory” activities in the private sector, and even create a symbiosis of organized crime and these organizations;

Corrupt regimes never enjoy the "love" of citizens, and therefore they are politically unstable. The reputation of the Soviet nomenklatura as a corrupt community largely legitimized the overthrow of the Soviet regime.

Since, however, in post-Soviet Russia the Soviet level of corruption was many times surpassed, this led to the low authority of the B.N. Yeltsin in the eyes of most Russians.

Thus, according to institutionalists, the main threats to national economic interests are administrative barriers that provoke corruption - “bad” laws and / or poor implementation of “good” laws. The main measures to contain these threats, therefore, should be the adoption of new laws, the content of which would correspond to the norms of economic democracy, and control over the proper implementation of these laws.

The three main paradigms of national economic security — Cameralist-Left Radical, Keynesian and Institutional — do not reject each other, but rather complement each other. Real or potential threats to the national economy of each country can be created both by foreign competitors (according to F. List), and "failures

market "(according to J.M. Keynes), and" failures of the state "(according to E. de Soto). The task of national policy is to concentrate on repelling objectively the most dangerous threats, without wasting limited resources to counter absolutely

all threats. For developed countries in modern conditions the Keynesian paradigm is most relevant, for countries of catching up development (including Russia) - left-radical and, especially, institutional.

From the point of view of the modern institutional approach, the following two components of economic security are most important:

First, the legislation governing the sphere of economic relations must correspond to national economic interests in a market

farms, i.e. ensure freedom of entrepreneurial activity in the production of normal (not prohibited by law) goods and services;

Secondly, the behavior of subjects of law in the field of production, exchange, distribution and consumption of material and spiritual benefits must comply with the established legal requirements.

The purpose of ensuring these two conditions is to minimize administrative barriers hindering the effective development of entrepreneurship and to create a “rule of law” regime.

It should be emphasized that the absence of the rule of law does not at all mean the absence of the law as such. It's just that the law in these cases, as a rule, is used by bureaucrats and connected entrepreneurs to derive personal benefits from the situation.

The analysis led American economists to the conclusion that there are influential groups of agents in Russian society who are not interested in supporting the rule of law and adhere to the ideology “why create, if it is easier to steal” (words of Boris Berezovsky). The absence of the rule of law, high administrative barriers led to the formation of an economy operating on the principle of the so-called plundering hand: the state stands above the law and uses power not for the purposes of developing the economy and increasing the welfare of society, but for realizing the goals of specific individuals who represent this power. The struggle against the "robbing hand", for the "rule of law" should be considered the main direction of the struggle for the national economic security of Russia.

Thus, the official doctrine of Russia's national security needs a qualitative update. It should be pointed out that socio-economic efficiency is more important than defense capability (more precisely, defense capability has value, first of all, as a condition for the effective development of the economy and society). It is necessary to clearly realize that at the present stage, the main threat to the effective development of the national economy is administrative barriers that impede the development of legal business and stimulate the shadow economy. Accordingly, the main goal of the struggle for national security should be to ensure the "rule of law" in the economy.

An obligatory component of the updated doctrine of Russia's national economic security should be a qualitative change in the set of indicators of the state of national economic security. First of all, the number of priority indicators should include characteristics of the degree of development of shadow economic relations: the higher these indicators, the lower the level of economic security of Russia.

These indicators should be those that are already actively used by researchers of shadow economic relations. These include, for example:

The frequency / severity of corruption and other indicators of corruption relations;

The share of informal employment among the economically active population;

Share of shadow income in national income;

The share of illegal migrants among migrants in general;

The share of counterfeit products in consumer goods markets; and etc.

The introduction of the struggle for the "rule of law" among the main priorities of the doctrine of national security of the Russian Federation could become a landmark event in the fight against corruption and other types of shadow economic activity. Until now, the fight against them is developing to a large extent in the regime of periodic "campaigns", when the suppression of illegal activities is perceived as an instrument of political struggle between political and economic elites. As a result, there is a renewal of the composition of the elites rather than a change in the rules of their activities. If the fight against corruption is declared a long-term priority for strengthening national security, this will have a strong impact on improving the "rules of the game" in economic activity.

2.2 The Impact of Corruption on Russia's Economic Security

The strongest negative impact of corruption on economic security is expressed in the formation of organized economic crime, which, in turn, is formed into a whole system of organizations that receive income through illegal activities. Historically, with the emergence of the Russian Federation as a state, in the period of the 90s, the active formation of the state apparatus and the business community began, which used, among other things, corrupt methods during their formation. Because of this, economic crime goes hand in hand with the state apparatus and entrepreneurship.

Corruption and organized crime in the Russian Federation should not be put on a par with similar phenomena in other countries. Abroad, organized crime is considered to be illegal formations of professional criminals who are engaged in outlawed economic activities (drugs, pornography, weapons). In the Russian Federation, however, such a stratum of criminals is by no means central to the “pantheon” of economic crime. In our state, the most developed elite economic (or white-collar) crime is a number of officials, businessmen and politicians who systematically, as part of their economic activities, systematically try to circumvent the law: to evade taxes, monopolize a highly profitable industry, and appropriate budget funds.

The level of economic crime has shown an unusually high growth in the period from the 1990s to the 2010s, remaining the most serious threat to the life of the state.

The terms "corruption" and "organized crime" in official documents Of the Russian Federation are used in the same synonymous series. In order to combat these phenomena, there is a certain set of measures that are implemented by the same law enforcement agencies and units.

If we talk about the role of corruption for organized crime, then it seems necessary to define the fact that corruption is only a small part of the means used by criminal gangs. It is also necessary to understand that even a large number of bribes of data to a certain official is not always evidence of organized criminal activity. Not to mention the fact that certain organized criminal groups can exist without any corruption ties. Although this greatly complicates the functioning of such formations, it only speaks of the mutual influence of these phenomena on each other.

The creation and strengthening of corrupt relations with the state apparatus is the most important interest for organized crime, since it creates the most favorable conditions for carrying out illegal activities, at the same time, corrupt officials are interested in the resources of organized crime, both financial and organizational. Based on this, we can conclude that the growth of corruption leads to a proportional increase in organized crime. Corruption is one of the most necessary conditions for organized crime to flourish.

If we analyze how the subjects of criminal organized formations use the resources of corruption, then it consists in:

· Providing good cover on the part of state bodies for the illegal activities of organized criminal associations;

· Introduction and strengthening of its position in the legal sector of the economy;

· Development of its influence on the most monetary spheres of social life;

· Creation of a system in which it is possible to evade responsibility provided for by law;

· Using the opportunities of the authorities to eliminate their competitors;

In order to achieve their goal, representatives of organized crime resort to the following methods: bribery of employees of power structures, financial investments in election campaigns in favor of specific political figures or parties, promotion of their accomplices to certain positions in the spheres of the state apparatus.

At this point in time, the most successful criminal formations resort to the following steps:

· Buy back shares of enterprises.

· Apply legal bankruptcy procedures or other means of change of ownership and management.

· Or they force business owners to voluntarily cooperate with the necessary commercial enterprises.

In order to carry out these actions, organized criminal groups often resort to using representatives of the authorities. It should also be understood that in the past ten years, there has been a slightly different tendency for organized crime to use corruption resources: in an easy way to achieve their own goals, it was the usual bribe to an official, but now, criminal groups prefer to personally penetrate into power or promote their representatives to power structures.

Analyzing corruption and organized crime, the conclusion suggests itself that the anti-corruption system is designed in such a way that under the “wheels” of law enforcement agencies on the issue of corruption, the bulk of the population falls on the poor, while the wealthy groups of the population remain practically inviolable. The recent corruption scandals associated with the highest echelons of power in the Russian Federation clearly illustrate this situation. For example, the case of ex-minister Ulyukaev, who received a bribe of $ 2 billion (currently under house arrest). Such cases, when the judicial system is quite loyal to the representatives of the political elite, are quite frequent (for example, the case of Serdyukov and Vasilyeva). At the same time, the judiciary is categorically ruthless towards less influential groups of the population who have committed smaller thefts.

Considering all of the above, certain conclusions can be drawn:

1. Corruption and organized crime should be understood as phenomena directly related to each other, which have a mutual influence on each other. Corruption allows organized crime not only to exist, but also to significantly strengthen its position. Modern organized crime pursues not only economic, but also political goals in the process of its activities.

Corruption for organized crime performs the following functions, expressed in:

· Formation of defense mechanisms of organized criminal associations;

The quality of the most effective means to achieve the main tasks of organized criminal groups;

· Legalization of organized crime: it allows organized crime groups to acquire legal social status.

2. Established corrupt ties for organized crime groups and ties with corrupt civil servants is the most effective model in terms of achieving maximum results and safe functioning of the two indicated phenomena. OCGs are interested in creating their own lobby in state structures, and corrupt officials are interested in using the resources of organized criminal groups.

3. The main task of organized crime is to extract super-profits. Because of this, organized criminal groups try to penetrate into economic relations based on a corrupt model.

Therefore, bribery and corruption is the most important detail in the activities of any organized criminal group, which also have their place in the legal business sector. It should be understood that organized economic crime is not able to function most widely without bribery of those involved in power structures.

In cases where corrupt transactions occur where the government acts as a buyer or contractor, the mechanism of their occurrence can be characterized as follows:

· An interested enterprise can bribe an official in order for the latter to submit him to the tender and reduce the number of its participants;

· The company can pay for the provision of inside information;

· Using bribery, you can force an official to arrange a tender in such a way that the company that committed the bribery is the most suitable candidate according to the terms of the tender;

· Having won the tender, the company, having made a bribery, can raise prices or get certain concessions.

The most common problems to prevent corruption risks:

· The complexity of the wording of the term corruption in the legal framework. Corruption should not be interpreted solely as a corruption offense (giving, receiving bribes). Corruption, among other things, should reflect the broader meaning of the concept, when corruption can be understood as other various illegal relations between corrupt officials, which are of an indirect (or hidden) corruption nature;

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FEDERAL STATE BUDGET EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION

HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION

"RUSSIAN LEGAL ACADEMY

MINISTRY OF JUSTICE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION "

Sredne-Volga (SARANSK) BRANCH

Faculty of Law

Department of State and Legal Disciplines

CourseworkWork

on the topic: " Corruptcrimehowa threatnationalsecurity"

E.A. Efimkina, SVF PONB 2012 group, c / o

Designation of term paper

Specialty - 030503

"Legal support of national security"

Saransk 2015

Content

• Introduction
• Conclusion
• List of sources used

Introduction

Relevance themes... Corruption, as one of the most pernicious phenomena for any state, has become for Russia today the main obstacle to political, economic and spiritual revival, has turned into a real threat to the country's national security. The corruption factor has become the norm in politics, economy and public life in Russia - this negative social phenomenon no longer threatens these spheres, but is an integral part of them. Thus, the intensification of corruption relations necessitated the study of such a negative and dangerous phenomenon for society.

It should be noted that the Concept of National Security of the Russian Federation states that "the main areas of protection of the constitutional order of Russia are. Efforts aimed at combating crime and corruption. Russia is extremely interested in drastically limiting the economic and socio-political basis of these social systems of measures for effective protection of the individual, society and state from criminal encroachments. "

Degree scientific elaboration... This is not to say that the problems of corruption are poorly developed; moreover, practically all problems in the literature have been posed and resolved in one way or another.

Scientific works and manuals investigating aspects of complicity were developed by many authors: Abalkin L.I., Baranov A.N., Vaganyan G., Guriev S., Zhilina I.Yu., Zakharov N.L., Maksimov S.V., Myslovsky E.N., Bogdanov I.Ya., Gaukhman L., Polosin N.V. and etc.

Cspruce course work is the study of issues related to corruption crime as a threat to the national security of Russia, as well as the formation, based on the data obtained, of its own position on these issues, aimed at making its contribution to solving the issues of combating corruption crime in the modern conditions of state development.

To achieve the above goal, it was necessary to solve several tasks:

consider the phenomenon of corruption from the point of view of the theoretical basis;

identify controversial issues in the activities of the state aimed at combating corruption in Russia;

to investigate the problems of corruption impact on national security in a modern state.

Object research has made public relations related to corruption as a national security problem.

Subject the study revealed corruption itself as a factor influencing the national security of Russia.

Methods scientific research... The study is based on general scientific and special methods: systems approach, analysis and synthesis, scientific abstraction method, deduction method, induction method, logical-historical approach, economic and mathematical modeling. The dissertation consistently implements political science analysis in the unity of the fundamental principles and conceptual-categorical apparatus of political science, philosophy, economics.

Scientific novelty research... The scientific novelty of the course work lies in the formulation and awareness of corruption as a dangerous social phenomenon for the security of the state from the standpoint of political science analysis; identifying the essence and content of the phenomenon of corruption at various social levels, including the state; the study of corruption not only as an economic "mechanism" that regulates the market, but also as a complex socio-historical phenomenon that determines all spheres of relations in Russian society; identifying trends in the development of corruption in modern conditions, constituting a threat to the national security of the country; substantiation of priority directions for optimizing anti-corruption policy in Russia, including in the interests of ensuring national security.

Practical and theoretical significance. Practical significance The study is that the carried out political science analysis of corruption in Russia and its impact on the national security of the Russian state allows us to note that the proposed research hypothesis as a whole has been confirmed. The conclusions and recommendations formulated in the work can contribute, first, to making adjustments to the policy pursued at the state level to combat corruption, lobbying, and protectionism; secondly, the research results can be used for scientific purposes in the framework of further development of the problems of combating corruption at various levels and in various spheres of public life.

Structure course work consists of an introduction, three chapters, a conclusion and a list of sources used.

corruption anti-corruption legislation russia

1. Theoretical foundations of the study of corruption

1.1 Essence, causes and content of corruption

Today, the topic of corruption in the conditions of modern market relations and the building of the rule of law is undoubtedly relevant. And this is not surprising, because the scale of this phenomenon is large enough to finally take the problem with full seriousness. Corruption is described in the media as a serious barrier to the healthy development of society, a social evil that requires intervention and elimination. But an effective fight against this negative phenomenon is impossible without a sufficiently complete and accurate knowledge of its essence, the specific conditions of occurrence and consequences.

One cannot but agree that it is corruption relations, on the one hand, that provoke the further spread and intensification of criminal tensions in the country, and, on the other hand, weaken the ability of the state and society to effectively respond to this process. It has long been confirmed that criminal corruption undermines the foundations of state power, deforms public consciousness, and imposes a heavy material burden on Russians.

Corruption began to seriously threaten the rule of law, democracy and human rights, undermine trust in government, the principles of governance, equality and social justice, impede competition, hinder economic development and threaten the stability of democratic institutions and the moral foundations of society.

There is also a clear relationship between corruption and bribery and criminal structures, because no criminal structure can exist without corrupting officials of various ranks to achieve their goals. The formed criminal communities have relied on bribery of officials of different levels of government, local government, financial, control and auditing bodies, which greatly complicates the identification of the crimes they have committed. The statement is quite accurate that if ordinary crime attacks society, acting against its institutions, including the state, organized crime in this offensive tries to rely on the institutions of the state and society, to use them for their own purposes. The facts of the illegal allocation, receipt and use of preferential loans, the flow of capital into the shadow economy and foreign banks, and the laundering of money obtained by criminal means have become widespread. These actions are inevitably accompanied by all sorts of mercenary abuse of office, significant amounts of bribes.

Corruption is by no means a new phenomenon in the life of society; it has a long history and is inherent in literally all states.

The term "corruption" comes from the Latin word "corrumpere" - to bribe. It acquired its modern significance in Europe in the 15th-16th centuries. At the international level, the term received its normative consolidation in the resolution "Practical Measures to Combat Corruption" prepared by the Secretariat of the 8th UN Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenses, held in Havana in August-September 1990. ethical (moral), disciplinary, administrative and criminal nature, expressed in the illegal use of his official position by the subject of corrupt activities. "

One of the factors in the prevalence of corruption is the complexity of the structure of government bodies, the presence of many bureaucratic procedures generated by the officials themselves, and the absence of external and internal organizational control over the activities of the apparatus of government bodies. The situation is aggravated by the fact that there is no comprehensive accounting and control over the performance of civil servants, a clear distribution of competence, there is a duplication and combination of functional duties.

The consequence of this is excessive slowness, red tape associated with both organizational shortcomings and low professional competence of the personnel. It is sometimes very difficult to draw the line between organizational confusion and the stimulation of corrupt behavior among citizens. Corruption is engendered by an unjustifiably large number of prohibitions, licensing procedures and the absence of a mechanism and legal basis for protecting the interests of citizens involved in the activities of state authorities.

Organizational factors of corruption include an imbalance in the rights and responsibilities of civil servants, instability of the official position, widespread administrative discretion, a clear discrepancy between the potential for the redistribution of property and low pay for civil servants.

There are many reasons for the alarming corruption situation in Russia, but among them the most important are the following:

weakness of the supreme state power. For 10 years now, the country has not only lacked social, but also political consensus;

lack of a national development strategy and a policy of “minimizing the state”;

"emancipation" of the bureaucracy.

Corruption is not only self-replicating, but also heterogeneous and transformative. In this regard, the adoption of a separate federal law on combating corruption and the shadow economy seems to us an inadequate tool for highly effective combating corruption. In addition, it is important to take into account such a political and psychological aspect of the idea of ​​a special anti-corruption law as the legal perpetuation of corruption as an integral part of Russian reality. Recognition of the impossibility of completely eradicating corruption does not give the state the right to limit itself only to declaring the socially negative nature of corruption and punishing corrupt officials. Russian society needs a clear and viable political doctrine of combating corruption and the shadow economy that meets the stated ambitious goals of the socio-economic development of Russia - the Concept of the State Policy against Corruption and the Shadow Economy in Russia, approved by the decree of the President of the Russian Federation (the policy of decriminalizing the Russian economy). So, in order to fight corruption and the shadow economy, we propose the following key solutions:

political will and public political decision;

a stage-by-stage program (set by the normative) to cover the categories of civil servants with new measures to combat corruption;

the creation of a federal executive body to manage the civil service (with the functions of a special service to combat corruption);

voluntary "cap" (voluntary restriction of part of the constitutional rights of civil servants);

rigid formalization of the activities of civil servants;

development and introduction of a personnel history mechanism for civil servants;

introduction of a parliamentary procedure for checking draft laws for corruption;

tougher penalties.

The fundamental ones are: political will and public political decision. It is necessary at the level of the political leadership of the country to systematically deal with this phenomenon, and not only to designate its existence. The way out of the logical trap consists in a step-by-step predetermined regulatory program that will gradually cover different categories of civil servants and political officials. And in a voluntary "cap" - limiting some of the constitutional rights of representatives of leading positions in the state service of the Russian Federation. Let us dwell on the last of the proposed solutions in more detail. Studies show that the most vulnerable from a corruption point of view among various categories of officials are senior positions in the civil service.

1.2 Corruption as an object of political science research

In recent years, practically no document characterizing the socio-economic and political situation in modern Russia, as well as the state of affairs with crime, is complete without mentioning corruption. However, the very concept of "corruption" does not yet have a legislative definition and is sometimes used with different content.

The deformation of life orientations in a significant part of Russians, especially among adolescents and youth, has led to the fact that certain forms of immoral, antisocial and criminal behavior have become recognized as socially approved, convictions, criminal prosecution, parasitism, and drug addiction are not considered shameful. In the minds of many people, the value of productive work as a source of well-being and the main means of personal self-realization has been lost. Criminally significant deformations of the spiritual and moral sphere are largely associated with the abuse of freedom of speech in the media, the propaganda of violence and the cult of profit at any cost. As a result, Russian citizens, like the government itself, operate in an ethical and moral vacuum.

Over the past seven years, statehood in Russia has been largely lost. The political system has formed an entrenched elite, united by corruption and mutual guarantee, which is in no way interested in the transparency of this political system or in the state and economy based on the law.

The criminalization of the economy and the corruption of the public sector are two sides of the coin. How can political functionaries and government officials decriminalize the economy when many of them are corrupt and "tied" with criminal structures? Corruption is both a cause and a consequence of the state's weakness as the bearer of state power and the guarantor of the social well-being of society.

The growth of a cancerous tumor - corruption - is inevitable if the current Constitution has not endowed the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation with the rights of control over the executive power and the judicial system of Russia. In the State Duma, only relatively recently, a Commission began to work to verify the facts of the participation of officials of the state authorities of the Russian Federation and state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in corruption activities, which are not denounced by law with the necessary rights, but still has an impact on the fight against the evil of crime.

According to the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the President of our state has tremendous power, but has not yet effectively shown the ability to use it to reduce criminality in society and ensure the rights of Russians.

The President of the Russian Federation used the fight against corruption as a means to discredit officials he disliked, and subsequently to maintain his image of an incorruptible person (on the eve of the 1996 presidential elections), but did not essentially solve the problem of combating corruption and did not even sign the Federal Law three times. " On the fight against corruption ". At the same time, it is necessary to note the "nepotism", which, following his example, found fertile ground in the bodies of state executive power.

Since December 1993, when the Constitution of the Russian Federation was adopted, the executive power has become very strong, but the Government of the Russian Federation did not set, and did not solve the problems of political stability of society, its economic and social improvement and well-being. By this time, “clan politics” had already taken root in the Government of the Russian Federation and became a characteristic feature of the executive branch, which in itself is fertile ground for the growth of corruption.

The National Security Concept of the Russian Federation, approved by the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of December 17, 1997 No. 1300, notes the weakening of legal control over the situation in the country, the merging of the executive and legislative authorities with criminal structures, their penetration into the sphere of management of the banking business, large-scale industries, trade organizations and commodity-producing networks. “The underworld essentially challenged the state, entering into extensive competition with it. Therefore, the fight against crime is not only legal, but also political in nature.” , how:

receiving for their official activity or in connection with it, for patronage or connivance in the service of illegal remuneration in the form of money, other material values ​​and services, including in a veiled form by paying illegal bonuses, commissions, clearly inflated fees, payment to the official himself or members of his family, allegedly performing work, traveling abroad under a business pretext, acquiring real estate abroad, opening accounts for them in foreign banks, issuing interest-free long-term loans, etc.

Thus, corruption in Russia has developed over several centuries, which was due to:

firstly, the socio-economic transformations in the country;

secondly, by changing the control system;

thirdly, the state's anti-corruption policy.

Historically, the people associate power with its abuse; that is why Russia is characterized by the psychological readiness of the majority of the population to bribe employees. In addition, it is simply ridiculous to talk about the inevitability of punishment for a corruption offense in our country. Of course, it is very difficult to judge what the real number of cases of giving - receiving a bribe is, but it can be assumed that official statistics record an extremely small part of them. And if not everyone who has committed an offense in this category is punished, then this generates "an extremely low subjectively perceived risk of being held accountable for committing a corrupt act," and, accordingly, predetermines the development of bribe - corruption of employees and other selfish abuses of power.

These are, in our opinion, the main reasons for the development of corruption in the control and supervisory bodies of the executive power of the Russian Federation.

2. Countering corruption as a threat to the national security of Russia from the state

2.1 Activities of the Federation Council in the fight against corruption

Almost four years have passed since the announcement by the President of Russia D.A. Medvedev a large-scale fight against corruption. During this time, a lot has been done: the basic Federal Law of the Russian Federation of December 25, 2008 No. 273-FZ "On Combating Corruption", anti-corruption norms of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation and the Code of the Russian Federation on administrative offenses; special changes were made to federal legislation on issues of state and municipal service, parliamentary activity and many others; the country has formed and is implementing the National Anti-Corruption Plan.

The Federation Council has never stood aside from solving the problems associated with the fight against this negative social phenomenon. Over the past three years, the Commission of the Council of Legislators has been actively working on legislative support for combating corruption, which was headed by Deputy Chairman of the Federation Council Yu.L. Vorobiev. She worked effectively on practical issues. The Commission has published five volumes of legislative, reference, informational material on combating corruption that is very useful for employees of law enforcement agencies and public authorities. A lot of events were held with visits to the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. In addition, serious analytical work has been done to study the regulatory legal acts of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in this area.

Therefore, the novelties proposed by the President of the Russian Federation recently, including the three-year period for studying the potential income of officials, should not create any problems in the Federation Council, since all the necessary information is already in the personal file of each member of the Federation Council.

With the election of Valentina Ivanovna Matvienko to the post of Chairman of the Federation Council of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation, organizational and staff changes were made in the structure of the committees and commissions of the chamber. Today, anti-corruption issues belong to the powers of the Committee on Constitutional Legislation, Legal and Judicial Issues, Development of Civil Society, within which a subcommittee on anti-corruption has been created.

In recent years, the fight against corruption has become a popular media topic in our country. It is discussed by everyone, even those who have nothing to do with this problem or understand little about it. On the one hand, it is good that a lot of attention is paid to such a topic, but it still needs to be done professionally.

I would like to see the participation of, first of all, those of our state bodies and federal structures that work in this direction: legislators, the Ministry of Justice, the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the prosecutor's office, the Investigative Committee, the judiciary, scientists. It is important that they give verified and professionally prepared proposals and recommendations on how to improve the fight against this dangerous phenomenon, adopt high-quality legal acts regulating relations in the field of combating corruption.

Along with a theoretical study, we need to determine the scale of this phenomenon. A stable practice has developed to classify economic crimes as corruption. Hence, its scale varies many times, even in the comments of top officials. Thus, according to the assessment of the interdepartmental working group on the suppression of illegal financial transactions, with reference to the Bank of Russia and Rosfinmonitoring, from 84 billion dollars, or about 2.5 trillion. rubles of net capital outflow in 2011 with signs of bribery and money laundering abroad about 1 trillion. rubles. The Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia calls the amount of about 5 trillion. rubles or almost 10% of GDP, which we lost as a result of the withdrawal of capital from the country, money laundering, cashing in funds, etc. The Ministry of Internal Affairs also calculated that since the announcement of the fight against corruption in 2008, the average amount of a bribe in Russia has grown to 300 thousand rubles. By the end of January 2012, the Central Bank and the Ministry of Economic Development cannot come to a common opinion - 11 or 17 billion dollars were exported from the country. In March 2012, the Bank of Russia agreed with the amount of $ 13.5 billion taken out of the country in January and $ 9 billion in February. The Ministry of Economic Development insists on its data, including for 11 billion dollars - for February 2012.

In total, 12 349 cases of bribery were registered in 2011. It should be noted that since 2010, there has been a downward trend in the number of revealed facts of bribery. Thus, in comparison with 2010, the decrease in the registered facts of commercial bribery amounted to 11%, receiving a bribe - 10.3%, giving a bribe - 6.1%.

According to the Constitution of the Russian Federation, no one can be found guilty, except by a court verdict. Against the background of these revealed huge sums and the established amount of offenses, the dispassionate figures of judicial statistics look absolute dissonance: more than 60% of those convicted for taking a bribe in 2011 were caught in amounts of up to 10 thousand rubles. In 23% of criminal cases with convictions, the amount of bribes ranged from 10 to 50 thousand rubles. And only 30 people in the country were convicted of taking bribes in the amount of more than 1 million rubles (2%).

It is quite obvious that the picture looks quite different in the public mind. What we see from the results of the work of law enforcement agencies and the judicial system of the Russian Federation, and what actually worries society, what makes the President of the Russian Federation D.M. Medvedev, and the Chairman of the Government of Russia V.V. Putin, to raise the question that corruption has become a national threat is a phenomenon of a different order.

You can talk a lot about how many corrupt officials were detained, what are the volumes of bribes they received, what are the amounts of kickbacks. However, I believe that the main thing in the fight against corruption, the crown of this difficult work, is the conviction of the court against the bribe-taker. If there is judgment in a criminal case, there are also positive results in the fight against corruption.

In recent years, a lot has been done, as mentioned above, but nevertheless it should be noted that of the developed, civilized, legal, democratic countries, Russia is apparently the only state that does not yet have a code of parliamentary ethics. Earlier there were attempts to develop and adopt this kind of legal document, but so far they have not been crowned with success. Currently, the subcommittee on combating corruption in the Federation Council is working on this issue.

We also need to work very seriously with the criminal legislation. This year, at a meeting of the presidium of the Association of Lawyers of Russia, its chairman P.V. Krasheninnikov announced the need to create a new version of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. I fully support him. In my opinion, the Criminal Code of Russia should be revised as soon as possible, because the current code contains many legal relations, the protection of which is not required today. Over the past decades, not a single criminal case has been initiated under some articles of the criminal law.

And vice versa, if we take corruption-related issues, then, it seems to me, they need to be described in much more detail. There are such legislative proposals in the Federation Council. They only need to be implemented promptly.

I would like to draw your attention to one more question. Today, in almost all ministries and departments of the Russian Federation, the most vulnerable positions have been identified and their lists have been compiled. However, no one has heard about the statements of our civil servants holding bribe-prone positions, about the attempts to bribe them. Here we again run into the perennial Russian problem. In our time, the idea expressed in the 19th century by the Russian writer and talented administrator M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin: "The severity of Russian laws is mitigated by the non-binding nature of their implementation."

Undoubtedly, the decision to approve the National Anti-Corruption Plan for 2012-2013 was the movement forward in the fight against corruption. Now we need to do everything for its successful implementation.

In conclusion, I would like to recall the words of V.V. Putin: "The fight against corruption must become a truly national affair," because the challenge posed by corruption not only to the prestige and image of the country, but also to our national security is too serious and dangerous for the state.

2.2 Prospective directions for the development of anti-corruption legislation

Measures to improve anti-corruption legislation are discussed during meetings of the Anti-Corruption Council under the President of the Russian Federation. This advisory body was established by the Decree of the President of Russia dated May 19, 2008.

At the meeting of the Council on January 13, 2011, the following tasks were set, requiring legal support:

establish the responsibility of officials for the inaccuracy of the information provided;

to expand the format of participation of civil society institutions in anti-corruption activities;

provide anti-corruption support for international projects that are being implemented in Russia, such as the Olympic and Paralympic Games in Sochi, the Universiade in Kazan, the World Cup, and the APEC summit.

the results of the implementation of the National Anti-Corruption Plan for 2010-2011;

the draft Concept of interaction between public authorities, local self-government bodies and civil society institutions in the field of combating corruption for the period up to 2014, prepared by the Ministry of Justice of Russia.

It is important that at the meeting of the Council a draft federal law was considered, establishing a system of control over the large expenditures of persons holding public positions of the Russian Federation, some positions of the federal civil service, and other public officials, as well as over the compliance of the expenses of these persons with their declared income.

The National Anti-Corruption Plan for 2012-2013 was also approved, which provides for the development of a draft federal law on public control. This draft law will determine the powers of civil society institutions to exercise public control over the activities of federal executive bodies, government bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local government bodies.

It should be noted that the conceptual prospects of legislative support for anti-corruption activities were discussed during the parliamentary hearings in the Federation Council on the topic "Problems and prospects for the formation of a single anti-corruption legal space in the Russian Federation" in May 2010.

During the event, the following was noted:

monitoring of anti-corruption legislation and the practice of applying the Federal Law "On Combating Corruption" showed that the legal framework in the field of combating corruption needs to be improved, both in terms of clarifying certain norms of anti-corruption laws and the development of new institutions;

the development and adoption of federal laws "On Normative Legal Acts of the Russian Federation" and "On the Procedure for Adopting Federal Constitutional Laws and Federal Laws" could contribute to improving the quality of federal laws as a measure of countering corruption.

At present, the state and all civil society in Russia are clearly aware of the detrimental effect of corruption factors on the Russian economy, production and business. It is clear that corruption across the country has transformed into a systemic problem, which urgently needs to be countered with a systemic response. Moreover, of the entire set of tasks and problems existing at the moment in the socio-economic and political spheres, none of them brings as much material damage, as well as colossal moral harm, as corruption. Corruption poses a real and very serious threat to the normal functioning of the state as a whole, significantly hinders economic development, erodes public confidence in the government, the rule of law, democracy, human rights and social justice.

Today, there is a painstaking development of legislative conceptual approaches to a large-scale fight against this social evil. Within the framework of the National Plan for Combating Corruption in the Russian Federation, the legal and organizational framework for combating corruption has been formed and is functioning. A serious anti-corruption potential is laid down in the Strategy for the Development of Russia until 2020.

In drawing a conclusion, it should be noted that it will not be easy to implement such plans. Ideal states do not exist, and corruption is a very tenacious phenomenon. However, it is not only possible, but also vital to contain the scale of corruption. It is necessary to create an atmosphere of intolerance around corrupt officials, such an atmosphere when taking bribes will become not only unprofitable, but also fraught with far-reaching consequences in social and other contexts.

Among the most important tasks of the state anti-corruption policy is a radical change in public consciousness. An atmosphere of tough rejection of corruption should be formed in society. This can be achieved by systematically improving anti-corruption legislation, raising the culture of the population, achieving maximum transparency of procedures for the provision of public services, as well as constant preventive and preventive work of all government bodies and civil society institutions.

3. Characteristics of the problem of corruption in modern Russia

The state of affairs with corruption in Russia is largely due to moral decay in society, which is especially contrasted in government bodies. This was a consequence of the transition to a new social and economic system, which was unjustified in its transience, which was in no way supported by the so necessary legal framework and not only ineffective, but also largely negative activities of the executive branch. Yes, we got a market, but this is a market dominated by corruption, which has become part of the mentality of Russian citizens.

Society condemns the enrichment of a small handful of members of the elite, being convinced, and not without reason, that all their wealth was acquired in a dishonest, illegal way. Everyday "minor" corruption is perceived as an integral part of social reality, but not as a crime directed against the entire society. The deformation of life orientations in a significant part of Russians, especially among adolescents and youth, has led to the fact that certain forms of immoral, antisocial and criminal behavior have become recognized as socially approved, convictions, criminal prosecution, parasitism, and drug addiction are not considered shameful. In the minds of many people, the value of productive work as a source of well-being and the main means of personal self-realization has been lost.

Criminally significant deformations of the spiritual and moral sphere are largely associated with the abuse of freedom of speech in the media, the propaganda of violence and the cult of profit at any cost. As a result, Russian citizens, like the government itself, operate in an ethical and moral vacuum. The new system gradually slipped into political arbitrariness and the spread of corruption unprecedented in Russia.

High government officials have gradually created a new political system in which concepts such as the rule of law and the public good are secondary to the desire to retain power and dispose of state wealth.

Over the past seven years, statehood in Russia has been largely lost. The political system has formed an entrenched elite, united by corruption and mutual guarantee, which is in no way interested in the transparency of this political system or in the state and economy based on the law. The criminalization of the economy and the corruption of the public sector are two sides of the coin. How can political functionaries and government officials decriminalize the economy when many of them are corrupt and "tied" with criminal structures? Corruption is both a cause and a consequence of the state's weakness as the bearer of state power and the guarantor of the social well-being of society.

Despite the fact that parliamentary inquiries, official statements were made about the abuses and corrupt activities of officials, other offenses, there was a willingness to submit documents, not only a proper investigation was not carried out, but there was a suppression of the problem. The commission faced large-scale corruption activities of officials at all levels of government, and if only the inaction of law enforcement agencies.

In order to enhance the resolution of problems related to corruption in this region, a special InterdepartmentalworkinggruNSna(IWG). November 19, 1998 . CommissionStateDuma at its meeting considered the issue " O criminogenic situations v Novorossiysk and dratgih ports Azov-Black Sea coasts Kuban" , with the invitation of the heads of the relevant ministries and law enforcement agencies, journalists of the central media. Unfortunately, the work of the Commission has not received and does not receive proper coverage in the press and on television, as well as the work of the IWG. Despite the fact that his work IWG began to conduct in October 1998, 136 criminal cases were initiated in the cities and seaports of the Azov-Black Sea coast, in which 155 people are brought to criminal responsibility, of which 41 people. arrested, 25 arrested in accordance with Article 122 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of the RSFSR, with 58 people. undertaken recognizance not to leave. 171 crimes are being investigated on the basis of the initiated criminal cases. This contributed to the achievement of a positive economic effect. So, in the city of Novorossiysk, the amount of tax receipts for November 1998 was: to the federal budget - 210%, to the regional budget - 113%, to the local budget - 168.4%. During the period of the IWG's work, 25,372,480 rubles were additionally credited to the budget, material assets were seized in the amount of 13,551,500 rubles, in foreign currency - 70,000 dollars.

Pending in Commissions there are currently no less relevant materials on corruption in the Kursk, Rostov and Volgograd regions, in Nizhny Novgorod, in the Komi Republic and other subjects RussianFedewalkie-talkies.

Law enforcement agencies, which are subjects of the law of operational-search activity, were not oriented and could not timely acquire strong operational positions in the areas of criminalized economic structures, which, on the contrary, were strengthened due to the influx of morally and financially dissatisfied professionals dismissed from the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the FSB, intelligence, prosecutor's office.

Practically, there is no training of specialists in law enforcement agencies who would understand the nature of corruption and could fight it in modern conditions.

A characteristic feature of corruption crime is its highest latency. Expert assessments of specialists of the size of the detected cases of bribery in relation to their actual level ranges from 0.1 to 2%.

V ConceptsnationalsecurityRussianFederation approved by the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of December 17, 1997 No. 1300, there is a weakening of legal control over the situation in the country, the merging of the executive and legislative authorities with criminal structures, their penetration into the sphere of management of the banking business, large-scale industries, trade organizations and commodity-producing networks. " Criminal peace, on essentially threw call to the state, joining with him v extensive show jumpingntion .

For the Russian administrative apparatus, regardless of the hierarchical level, such new manifestations of corruption have become characteristic as:

combination of positions in commercial structures controlled by a state or municipal employee or interested in cooperation with him;

organization of commercial structures by officials using their status, participation in the management of these structures, providing them with a privileged position;

the use of an official position in the process of privatization of state enterprises in order to acquire them into private ownership or take possession of a significant number of shares by the official himself, persons close to him or other private persons in whose interests the official acts;

illegal transfer from mercenary or other motives to commercial organizations of finance and loans intended for national needs;

use of advantages not provided for by legal acts in obtaining loans, loans, purchasing securities, real estate and other property;

use for personal or group purposes of premises provided for official activities, means of transport and communication, electronic computers, funds and other state or municipal property;

receiving for their official activity or in connection with it, for patronage or connivance in the service of illegal remuneration in the form of money, other material values ​​and services, including in a veiled form by paying illegal bonuses, commissions, clearly inflated fees, payment to the official himself or members of his family, allegedly performing work, traveling abroad under a business pretext, acquiring real estate abroad, opening accounts for them in foreign banks, issuing interest-free long-term loans, etc. ...

Extensive and varied criminological information testifies to the widespread " bureaucratic racketeering" when registering charters and other constituent documents of the organizations being created, licensing the relevant activities, processing customs documents, obtaining loans, etc.

A characteristic feature of corruption crime is its close relationship with organized crime. Here we just encounter a situation of direct and complete bribery or total bribery, when representatives of organized crime, criminal authorities establish close ties with government officials of various ranks, take them for maintenance, as it were, "buy up at the root", believing that at the right time , in an appropriate situation, a corrupt representative of government and administration will act as the bribe-givers expect. Operational data from the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the FSB of Russia indicate that officials in government bodies provide assistance to every tenth organized criminal group, of which there are about eight thousand in Russia.

It is clear that the main subjects of corruption are the owners of large criminal capital, who through corruption in government bodies solve three main tasks for them: increasing capital, ensuring their power and their own security, and they succeed.

There is every reason to believe that Russia is experiencing not only an economic crisis, but a crisis of law and order.

It should be noted that the struggle around these laws was of a political nature. And we must clearly understand that these laws are elements of anti-corruption policy, therefore, the banking system opposed them, where “dirty money” and organized crime that extracts this “dirty money” are “laundered”. ...

Acting Criminal the codeRussianFederation gives grounds to classify as corruption crimes such as fraud, embezzlement and embezzlement committed with the use of official position, abuse of official powers, illegal participation in entrepreneurial activity, official forgery, obstruction of legal business activities, restriction of competition and a number of other crimes committed by government officials or employees of local authorities self-government using their official position (in the broadest sense of the word) for selfish, other personal or group purposes.

In 1998, the State Duma Commission for Verifying the Facts of the Participation of Officials of the State Power Bodies of the Russian Federation and State Power Bodies of the Subjects of the Russian Federation in Corruption was undergoing a stage of formation: simultaneously with the solution of personnel and organizational issues, conceptual foundations, forms and methods of work were developed within the constitutional framework. the activities of the supreme legislative body of power and the status of the Commission itself determined by it.

The beginning of the intensive activity of the Commission of the State Duma of the Russian Federation was somewhat ahead of the explosion of public attention to the problems of corruption and their wide discussion at the international level in Strasbourg and, to some extent, probably influenced the adoption of certain decisions by the President and the Government of the Russian Federation.

At present, the Commission has accepted for the production of more than 30 materials covering a wide range of problems of the entire vertical of state power, starting with the verification of materials about the corruption of the highest official in the state: the transfer of Berezovsky to Boris Yeltsin. shares of ORT, the presence of an account of Yeltsin B.N. in a London bank and real estate abroad, as well as against officials of the FAPSI, the Ministry of Railways of the State Company "Rosvooruzhenie" - and ending with the investigation of materials of corruption in territorial entities with a wide geography.

One of the most important factors in combating corruption is the effective use of information resources, and, first of all, the mass media. However, one cannot but take into account that the "independent" media were the first to switch to the "market" mechanism of popularity, and the interaction of state authorities with them is very difficult today.

Thus, it is very important for the creation of a rule-of-law state that all its citizens have equal rights to protect themselves from illegal or criminal encroachments from whoever they come from: from the president of the country, legislative deputies, law enforcement officials or judges. It has become a transnational phenomenon that has a significant negative impact on society and the economy of all countries of the world. Eradication and prevention of corruption is the responsibility of every modern democratic rule of law and national civil society.

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