Participation of citizens in the life of society. Participation of citizens in political life

The life of its citizens largely depends on the policy pursued by the state, so they are interested in participating in it, expressing their opinion. The right to participate in political life is a sign of a developed society that makes sure that all its members can freely pursue their interests. Let's figure out what it includes and how it manifests itself.

Forms of participation of citizens in political life

Constitution Russian Federation enshrines the right of all citizens of our country to participate in political life. They can do this both independently and through their representatives. Let's consider these situations.

elections and referenda

These are forms of participation, when each person can directly take part in public affairs, contribute to the solution of issues that are important for the whole country.

All adult capable citizens (that is, from the age of 18) can participate in elections and referendums. No discrimination is allowed for:

race;
nationality;
gender;
age;
position in society;
education.

Suffrage is not only universal, but also equal and secret, that is, one voter can cast only one vote, and do it secretly from other people.

public service

People holding positions in central and local governments can directly exercise power, thereby influencing the life and functioning of society.

What have we learned?

The participation of citizens in political life is necessary so that each person can express his opinion, draw the attention of the state to the most actual problems to influence the process of government decision-making. It can be implemented in different forms. For example, citizens can participate in elections, referendums, rallies, apply to the authorities. They can also influence the government through their representatives, that is, political parties.

Remember: What is the role of politics in society?What does the word "citizen" mean? What are the rights and obligations of a Russian citizen?

Consider: Can the average citizen influence politics? Who can participate in the management of state affairs? Why do people need political freedoms?

We have already said that depending on the policy pursued by the state, people live worse or better. Therefore, all sectors of society are interested in public policy took into account their interests. Politics is an area of common interests, public life.

Opinions.

Public opinion researchers proposed to answer the question: “What is needed in order for you personally to participate more actively in public and political activity? Most of all there were such answers: “Confidence that this activity will bring a positive result”; “The desire to help people, including those in a difficult situation”; “The desire to protect the violated rights of one’s own, one’s loved ones”; "The ability to influence the actions of the authorities, the adoption of important decisions."

What are the possibilities of a citizen to influence the adoption of political decisions by the government? The Constitution of the Russian Federation in Article 32 establishes that citizens of the Russian Federation have the right to participate in the management of state affairs, both directly and through their representatives.

Elections, referenda.

Governance of the state requires a comprehensive knowledge of the situation in the country, high professionalism in the adoption of laws. Therefore, citizens entrust this work to their representatives in the legislature. Citizens have the right to decide who exactly will represent their interests in the process of legislative activity.They make this decision in the elections.When voting for this or that party, this or that candidate, voters give preference to pre-election statements, programs that best suit their interests. Thus, they determine the direction of the legislative activity of senior officials.

Suffrage is universal. This means that it belongs to all citizens over the age of 18, regardless of their social status, sex, nationality, religion, education, place of residence. The exception is persons held in places of deprivation of liberty by a court verdict, as well as those recognized in judicial order incapacitated, i.e., not capable of fully exercising their rights due to their mental, mental state. Universal suffrage is a sign of democracy. (Recall from the course of history whether suffrage is always in our country and foreign countries was common.)

Suffrage is equal to: each elector has only one vote.

Elections in the Russian Federation are straight: President, deputies State Duma and the legislative bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation are directly elected by citizens. (Recall that in the United States, for example, citizens elect electors, and then the electors elect the President. Such elections are called multistage elections.) The President of the Russian Federation is elected for a period of 6 years, the State Duma - for a period of 5 years.

Elections in our country are held bysecret ballot:the will of the voter takes place in special booths, and other persons do not know for whom this voter voted.

Every citizen, according to the Constitution of the Russian Federation, has the right to be elected to the bodies state power and local governments. An exception is established for those persons who cannot participate in elections. True, the age limit for election to government bodies may be higher (21 years for election as a deputy of the State Duma and 35 years, as well as residence in the Russian Federation for at least 10 years - for election as President of the Russian Federation). This right means that every citizen can become a candidate for election, but the citizens will choose the most worthy of the candidates of their own free will.

Citizens take a direct part in the management of the affairs of the state and referendum. This is the name of the nationwide vote on draft laws and other issues of national importance. The current Constitution of the Russian Federation was adopted at a referendum on December 12, 1993. The same principles apply in the conduct of a referendum as in the election of deputies. Elections and referenda are the most mass form participation of citizens in the management of state affairs.

The right to equal access to public service.

The public service is professional activity to ensure the execution of the powers of state bodies. On the public service there are officials (civil servants) holding positions in the central and local apparatus government controlled, in the judiciary and some other bodies.

According to the Constitution, citizens of the Russian Federation have the right to equal access to public service. This means that every citizen can hold any public position without restrictions depending on race, nationality, gender, social origin, property status, place of residence, attitude to religion, beliefs, membership in public associations. This does not mean that any citizen who wishes can work, for example, in a ministry, regional administration, etc. There is a system of competitions: requirements for vocational training, a certain procedure for appointment to public office.

Citizens of Russia also have the right to participate in the implementation, or, as lawyers say, in the administration, of justice. This right can be exercised by holding positions in the court (with the appropriate education, work experience, etc.), as well as by participating in justice as a juror.

Appeals to authorities.

In addition to the above, there are other ways and means to encourage the authorities to respond quickly to the economic, social, political needs of citizens.

One of these ways is the right to apply personally, as well as to send collective appeals to state bodies and local governments. Among these appeals, some concern the individual interests of citizens (the roof is leaking, and the housing office does not make repairs, etc.). This may be a complaint, i.e. an appeal, of a citizen demanding the restoration of a right violated by an action (or inaction) individuals, organizations, state or self-government bodies (as in the above example). This may be a statement, i.e. an appeal, of a citizen with a request to exercise his right (for example, to receive a pension). It can also be a proposal, that is, a type of appeal that is not associated with a violation of the rights of citizens, but which raises questions about improving the activities of a state body, about the need and ways to solve a particular social problem. Obviously, the proposals, like certain statements, go beyond the scope of individual interest and concern the solution of issues of broad social significance. Appeals to the authorities can be sent by any person (including minors and foreigners), as well as by a group of persons, a public organization.

The laws of the Russian Federation establish strict deadlines for resolving issues raised in citizens' appeals. Civil servants who violate them, allowing red tape, may be held administratively liable.

Other ways of influencing power.

Citizens can also influence government policy through public associations, political parties, using freedom of assembly, freedom of speech to declare their demands to the authorities or to support certain political decisions.

To the number essential rights and freedoms of man and citizen belongs to the freedom of assembly, rallies, demonstrations.

Document.

From Article 31 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation:

"Citizens of the Russian Federation have the right to assemble peacefully, without weapons, to hold meetings, rallies and demonstrations, marches and pickets."

Citizens can meet to discuss any issues of common interest to them. Meetings can be held at the place of residence or work, in public buildings (buildings, stadiums), on the streets, squares. A mass meeting on topical, mostly political, issues is called rally. They often gather at rallies to protest against government policies, the actions of any political forces, or to support them. In speeches and with the help of posters, the participants of the rally express their point of view on the events taking place.

Let us pay attention to the fact that there is freedom to hold only peaceful meetings and demonstrations, i.e. only those that do not threaten violent actions against other citizens. The laws of each country impose some restrictions on freedom of assembly. The gathering of people with weapons (even homemade ones) poses a threat to the state and public safety, the danger of violating the rights and freedoms of others. The same threat is posed by rallies at which people are called for the violent overthrow of the constitutional order, racial and national hostility. Other restrictions are associated with the need to maintain public order: large crowds of people can interfere with the movement of transport, disturb the peace of citizens living nearby.

It is clear that we need a procedure for organizing meetings and rallies defined by law. IN different countries there is either a permissive or notification procedure for holding them, i.e. the organizers of the rally either send an application to the local authority that gives permission to hold the rally, or only notify (inform) about the place and time of its holding. But in all states (with any order of organization) the police have the right to use force against the participants of the rally if they violate the laws of the country. In these cases, if necessary, can be used special means(rubber batons, water cannons, tear gases).

Think about which procedure - permissive or notification - is more fully consistent with the observance of the rights and freedoms of all citizens.

All of the above also applies to street marches and demonstrations. Actually, the word "demonstration" means "march" or "rally", which provide an opportunity for mass expression of socio-political sentiments.

The meaning of freedom of speech.IN international documents on human rights states: “Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression”. No one has the right to prevent a person from adhering to his opinions. Everyone has the right to freely express their opinion. A person may seek, receive and impart information and ideas orally, in writing, or through print or artistic forms of expression. Moreover, he can do this regardless of state borders.

Document.

From Article 29 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation:

1. Everyone is guaranteed freedom of thought and speech...
5. Freedom guaranteed mass media. Censorship is prohibited."

For the real exercise of these rights and freedoms, it is necessary that political life proceed according to: people should be able to receive truthful and full information about the work of government bodies, the activities of political parties and leaders, about the situation in the country. After all, in order to have your own opinion about something, you need to know about it as accurately as possible.

In our country for a long time there was censorship. Special government agency browsing newspapers and magazines, literary works, movies, texts of radio programs intended for release. The censor who supervised could not authorize any publication. Some books and films could not reach readers and viewers for decades. Now there is no censorship. The fuller the guarantees of freedom of speech and the press, the stronger the democracy. It is very important that citizens have the right to apply to the press, to freely express their opinions and views in newspapers and magazines.

But freedom of speech and the press is not absolute. After all, if false information about a person is reported on the TV screen or in the newspaper, undermining his reputation,

it violates his rights. But, as we know, no one should use the rights and freedoms to infringe on the rights of other people. It may also be that the information reported from the TV screen or in the press sets some people against others, negatively affects their behavior, which often poses a threat to public order, health, morality of the population, and state security. Therefore, the law introduces some restrictions. Any propaganda for war is prohibited by law, and speeches in favor of national, racial or religious hatred, which constitute incitement to discrimination, hostility or violence, are also prohibited. Thus, the exercise of freedom of speech imposes a special responsibility. Those who use freedom to slander other people, disseminate false information, incite to violent actions may be prosecuted in accordance with the law.

The danger of political extremism.

As you may have noticed, political freedoms do not mean the possibility of irresponsible actions in the field of politics. Any political activity can be carried out only within the framework of laws and democratic traditions. However, some individuals, as well as public and religious associations or mass media, violate the established rules, resort to extreme measures in their activities that pose a threat to society, the state, and citizens. Such actions are usually called extremist (from Latin extremus - extreme). These in our country include the preparation and commission of actions aimed at forcibly changing the foundations of the constitutional order and violating the integrity of the Russian Federation; undermining the security of the Russian Federation; seizure or appropriation of power. Extremist actions are the creation of illegal armed formations and the implementation of terrorist activities. The laws of the Russian Federation recognize the incitement of racial, national or religious hatred, as well as social hatred associated with violence or calls for violence, as dangerous manifestations of extremism; humiliation of national dignity; implementation riots, hooligan actions and acts of vandalism based onideological, political, racial, national or religious hatred, as well as on the grounds of enmity against any social group. It is also propaganda of the exclusivity, superiority or inferiority of citizens on the basis of their attitude to religion, social, racial, national, religious or linguistic affiliation; propaganda and public demonstration of Nazi paraphernalia or symbols or similar to Nazi paraphernalia or symbols.

Countering extremism requires the cooperation of citizens with government bodies, public and religious associations in defense of civil rights and freedoms, maintaining law and order.

Is politics everyone's business?

Let's ask ourselves: do people want to get involved in politics? Are citizens interested in it? There is no single answer: some are interested, others are not.

Data.

In most European countries, as studies have shown, there are approximately equal numbers of people who are interested and not interested in politics. Studies conducted in our country also show that 48% of respondents show interest, 50% say they are not interested, and 2% found it difficult to answer. At the same time, the youngest and oldest citizens show less interest, and the middle age groups show a higher interest.

What, besides interest and desire, is necessary for participation in political life? Any business requires certain knowledge. Is it possible to imagine a doctor who does not know human anatomy and physiology, the science of diseases and methods of treatment? Or an engineer who does not know physics, mathematics, technology? It is clear that the first requirement for a person who wants to actively participate in political life is the political knowledge of the social structure, political system, government policy, various political organizations, major events our days. The study of history, the course of social science, the study of the laws of their republic, the speeches of outstanding politicians, books and articles by political scientists, reading newspapers and magazines, participating in public life. But knowledge alone is not enough. It is necessary to determine one's own attitude towards the positions of various political parties and other organizations. It is necessary to be able to independently navigate political information, collect and systematize material on a particular issue, and correctly evaluate it. All these skills can be developed through active involvement in social and political life. Beliefs and political views of a person, knowledge and skills, experience of his participation in public life characterize his political culture.

Test yourself

Police squads were sent to the rally, authorized by the authorities, to maintain order. During the rally, its excited participants trampled the lawns on the square and broke the fences.Who, in your opinion, should compensate for the damage: the organizers of the rally or the police? Justify your answer.
Do you agree with the following statement: “Freedom of the press is like a mirror reflecting the state and level of development of our democracy”? Justify your answer.
The reforms being carried out in Russia are assessed positively by some newspapers and negatively by others. Do you think this "discordance" is normal? Explain your point of view.
Explain how one person's use of freedom can infringe on the rights of another. Who should be responsible for the observance of the rights and freedoms of a citizen?
Explain why freedom of speech, assembly, association is recognized as a condition for the normal development of man and society.
Select from newspapers and magazines (possibly from the Internet) materials that illustrate the main ideas of this paragraph.

Read the text, make a plan on the topic. Submit your quarantine assignment.

Political participation- these are the actions of a citizen in order to influence the adoption and implementation of state decisions, the choice of representatives in government institutions. This concept characterizes the involvement of members of a given society in the political process.

The scope of possible participation is determined by political rights and freedoms. IN democratic society these include: the right to elect and be elected to public authorities, the right to participate in the management of state affairs directly and through their representatives; the right to join public organizations, including political parties; the right to hold rallies, demonstrations, marches and pickets; the right of access to public service; the right to appeal to government agencies.

Recall that the exercise of rights has boundaries (measures) and is regulated by laws, other regulations. Thus, the right of access to public service is limited to a certain register of public positions. The right to gather for meetings, demonstrations - indicating that they must be held peacefully, without weapons, after prior notification of the authorities - The organization and activities of political parties aimed at forcibly changing the foundations of the constitutional order, inciting social, racial, national, religious hatred etc.

Established regulatory restrictions, requirements and prohibitions are introduced in the interests of the security of the individual, society and the state, the protection of morality and public order.

Political participation can be indirect (representative) and direct (direct). Indirect participation is carried out through elected representatives. Direct participation is the impact of a citizen on power without intermediaries. It appears in the following forms:

the reaction of citizens (positive or negative) to impulses emanating from political system;
periodic participation in actions related to the election of representatives, with the transfer of decision-making powers to them;
participation of citizens in the activities of political parties, socio-political organizations and movements;
influence on political processes through appeals and letters, meetings with political figures;
direct actions of citizens (participation in rallies, pickets, etc.);
activity of political leaders.

The designated forms of political activity can be group, mass and individual. Thus, the average citizen who wants to influence politics usually joins a group, party or movement whose political positions coincide with or are close to his own. A party member, for example, being active in the affairs of his organization and election campaigns, has a constant and most effective impact on the authorities. (Explain why.)

Often, citizens, groups or collectives, outraged by the injustice of a state decision, demand its revision. They apply with petitions, letters and statements to the relevant authorities, on radio and television, in the editorial offices of newspapers and magazines. The problem acquires public resonance and forces the authorities, as already noted, to change or correct their decision.

No less effective can have and mass actions. For example, in Russia there are rallies of teachers, doctors, miners against late payment of wages, deteriorating working conditions or growing unemployment. Political scientists call these forms of protest, because they are people's negative reaction to the current situation in society.

The most developed and extremely important form of political participation is democratic elections. This is a necessary minimum of political activity guaranteed by constitutions. Within the framework of the institution of elections, each full-fledged citizen performs his individual action, voting for any party, any candidate or political leader. By adding his vote to the votes of other voters who have made the same choice, he directly affects the composition of people's representatives, and hence the political course. Therefore, participation in elections is a responsible matter. Here one should not succumb to first impressions and emotions, because there is a great danger of falling under the influence of populism. Populism (from Latin populus - people) is an activity whose goal is to ensure popularity among the masses at the cost of unfounded promises, demagogic slogans, appeals to the simplicity and clarity of the proposed measures. Election promises require a critical attitude.

Elections are closely related to referendums - voting on legislative or other issues. Thus, the Constitution of the Russian Federation was adopted at a national referendum.

Political participation can be permanent (membership in a party), periodic (participation in elections), one-time (appeal to authorities). Nevertheless, it is always directed, as we found out, to do something (change the situation, choose new composition legislature) or prevent something (deterioration of people's social conditions).

Unfortunately, in every society some groups of citizens shy away from participating in politics. Many of them believe that they are outside the political games. In practice, however, such a position, called absenteeism, strengthens a certain political line and can cause damage to the state. For example, non-attendance at elections can disrupt them and thereby paralyze the most important parts of the political system. Citizens who boycott elections sometimes become involved in political processes, especially conflict situations when their interests are affected. But political participation can cause disappointment, because it is far from always effective. Much here depends on whether political action is rational or irrational. The first is conscious and planned actions, with an understanding of goals and means. The second is actions motivated mainly emotional state people (irritation, indifference, etc.), impressions of ongoing events. In this connection special meaning acquires the normativity of political behavior, i.e., compliance with political rules and norms. Thus, even a sanctioned and organized rally can have unpredictable consequences if its participants act mostly irrationally and against the rules (permit hooligan antics, insult opponents, desecrate state symbols). Violent, extremist forms of behavior, a variety of which is terrorism, are extremely dangerous. (What are its goals, essence and consequences? If there are difficulties, refer to task 3.)

We emphasize that violence and enmity give rise only to violence and enmity. The alternative to this is civil consent. IN Lately new mechanisms of political communication between people are being formed: public control over the observance of political norms, forecasting the consequences of political actions, and a constructive dialogue of political forces. This requires participants political process new democratic political culture.

Political participation in the general sense is group or private actions aimed at influencing power, whatever level it may be. On the present stage this phenomenon is considered as complex and multidimensional. It includes a large number of techniques to influence power. Participation of citizens in the degree of activity depends on factors of social, psychological, cultural-historical, economic and other nature. The individual realizes it when he enters into a formal, orderly relationship with different groups or with other people.

There are three types of political participation:

the unconscious (non-free), that is, that which is based on coercion, custom, or spontaneous action;
conscious, but also not free, when a person is forced to meaningfully follow some kind of regulations, norms;
conscious and at the same time free, that is, the individual is able to make a choice on his own, thereby expanding the limits of his own capabilities in the world of politics.

Sidney Verba and created their theoretical model of participation of the first type they call parokial, that is, one that is limited by elementary interests; the second type - subject, and the third - participatory. Also, these scientists identified transitional forms of activity, which combine the features of two bordering types.

Political participation and its forms are constantly evolving. Its old types are improved and new ones arise in the course of any socio-historical process of significance. This is especially true of transitional moments, for example, to a republic from a monarchy, to a multi-party system from the absence similar organizations, to independence from the position of the colony, to democracy from authoritarianism, etc. In the 18-19 centuries, against the backdrop of general modernization, there was an expansion of political participation by different groups and categories of the population.

Since the activity of people is determined by many factors, there is no single classification of its forms. One of them proposes to consider political participation in terms of the following indicators:

legitimate (elections, petitions, demonstrations and rallies agreed with the authorities) and illegitimate (terrorism, coup, uprising or other forms of disobedience of citizens);
institutionalized (participation in the work of the party, voting) and non-institutionalized (groups that have political goals and are not recognized by law, mass unrest);
local and nationwide.

Typology may have other options. But in any case, it must meet the following criteria:

Political participation must manifest itself in the form of a specific act, and not just at the level of emotions;

It must be voluntary (with the exception of military service, the payment of taxes, or a festive demonstration under totalitarianism);

Also, it must end with a real choice, that is, be not fictitious, but real.

Some scholars, including Lipset and Huntington, believe that the type of participation direct influence renders type political regime. For example, in a democratic system, it occurs voluntarily and autonomously. And participation is mobilized, forced, when the masses are involved only symbolically, to simulate support for the authorities. Some forms of activity can even distort the psychology of groups and individuals. Fascism and varieties of totalitarianism serve as clear evidence of this.

The political process involves various forms participation of citizens in the political life of society.

Active forms of participation:

- participation in elected bodies, such as presidential elections;
- mass actions, such as rallies, demonstrations, strikes, in which the masses are coordinated, dissatisfied with any actions of the government;
- single actions, notable enough to have political weight;
- participation in political parties and organizations, participation in the government of the country, in the adoption of laws;
- participation of citizens in surveys;
- appeals and complaints to higher structures of individuals or groups of citizens;
- lobbying activity;
- network participation - blogs, electronic newspapers, and other Internet resources.

Passive forms of participation:

- social apathy as a factor of citizens' distrust of the government and, accordingly, all non-participation in elections;
- ignoring social events, such as subbotniks, rallies and demonstrations, with an invitation or strong recommendation to come to these;
- not doing something, caused by dissatisfaction with some actions of the government. For example: a small payment provided to an individual, which he considers offensive to himself and does not go to receive it, they say, no thanks.

The basis of the form of participation of the population in the political life of society is the participation of the majority of citizens in elections, which are held regularly, after a certain time prescribed by law.

In democratic countries, elections are held on the basis of general and equal suffrage. For elections, constituencies are created so that each deputy is elected equal number residents or voters. And only then is real equality of suffrage ensured.

A very responsible political event is the nomination of candidates for elective office. An election campaign is organized to identify them and campaign for them. Candidates can be nominated by public organizations, parties or on their own initiative. Candidates from political parties, of course, have a real chance of being elected. The principles of democratic politics require that parties and candidates conduct an election campaign on an equal footing. It is not easy to implement this requirement in practice.

The election campaign ends the day before the voting, the procedure for which is strictly regulated by law. It must be secret. The voter alone in the booth fills out the ballot and must put it into the ballot box himself. Special attention given to the counting of votes. To avoid violations and fraud during the opening of the ballot box and the counting of votes, the presence of outside observers is allowed. The urns themselves are sealed.

Electoral votes are counted based on certain rules. The set of such rules is called the electoral system. The two most common electoral systems are the majority system (majority) and the proportional representation system.

1) Under the majoritarian system, the candidate who receives the majority of votes is considered elected, and it has two varieties: an absolute majority and a relative majority. Under the majority system of an absolute majority, the candidate wins, for whom 50% of the voters who took part in the elections voted. If the winner is not identified, a second round of elections is held, in which the two candidates who received the largest number of votes in the first round participate. Under a majoritarian system of relative majority, victory is given to the candidate who receives more votes than each of his rivals individually, even if he was supported by less than half of those who came to the polls.
2) Under a proportional system, each party puts up lists of candidates in elections. In accordance with them and the number of votes cast for a given party, the number of deputies is determined. This system allows even small parties to have their representatives in government. To prevent this from happening in the legislation of many countries, including Ukraine and Russia, a barrier clause is established, which does not allow those parties that receive less than 4-5% of the votes to get deputy powers.

The next form of political participation is the referendum. A referendum is the vote of the population on a foreign policy issue. In elections, voters determine which of the candidates will represent their interests in the legislature or take an elective office. In a referendum, they themselves decide on a constitutional or legislative issue put to a vote.

At present, the constitutions of many states provide for the possibility or obligation in a number of cases of holding referendums. The initiative to hold it is given to the head of state, parliament, public organizations, people. The most important issues of the political life of the country are submitted to a national referendum: the adoption of a constitution and amendments to it, a change in the form state structure or forms of government, the adoption of new or the abolition of existing laws, the entry of the country into international organization etc. The results of the referendum do not have legal effect, but the opinion of the people has tremendous political power and is accepted by the government and the president for execution. For example, when the Supreme Council of Russia failed to adopt a constitution, the president turned to the people. When preparing for a referendum, constituencies are not created. The decision is considered adopted, for which the majority of citizens who participated in the referendum voted. In order for a referendum to more accurately express the will of the people, it must be preceded by a broad and comprehensive discussion of the issue being put to the vote. A form of political participation of the people in government is also a plebiscite. Like a referendum, it is designed to determine the opinion of voters by voting. In the sphere of interstate relations, a plebiscite is used to poll the population about the belonging of the territory in which they live to a particular state. In internal political life, the plebiscite acts as one of the types of referendum on the issue of confidence in the head of state and the policy pursued by him. The demand for a plebiscite can come not only from the people dissatisfied political leadership but also from the management itself. Thus, a plebiscite is a direct expression of the will of the people. But history shows that the people can be deceived and with the help of them people can come to power, who then betray their interests. Depending on the level of economic and political culture, the mentality of the people of a given state, the political participation of the people in the life of society can lead either to the stability of political life or, conversely, to political conflicts and instability of the political system.