The entry of the USSR into the League of Nations. Didactic units In 1934, the USSR adopted an international organization
On September 18, 1934, the general meeting of the League of Nations adopted a resolution on the admission of the USSR to the League and the inclusion of its representative in its Council as a permanent member.
The League of Nations - an international organization that had the goal of developing cooperation between peoples and guaranteeing peace and security, was created after the First World War in 1919. The main bodies of the League of Nations were: Assembly (sessions of the Assembly were held annually in September and all members of the League participated in their work Nations), the Council of the League of Nations and a permanent secretariat headed by the Secretary General.
The official languages of the League of Nations were French and English.
The Charter of the League, developed by a special commission created at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919-1920, and included in the Versailles Peace Treaty of 1919 and others peace treaties who completed the first world war 1914-1918, was originally signed with 44 states, including 31 states that took part in the war on the side of the Entente or joined it, and 13 states that remained neutral during the war. The United States did not ratify the charter of the League of Nations and did not join its membership.
Since its inception, the League of Nations has been one of the centers where the anti-Soviet actions of the imperialist powers were planned and worked out. The Soviet government fought against attempts by the League of Nations to interfere in the internal affairs of the young Soviet Republic. Nevertheless, it actively participated in conferences and meetings on disarmament held under the auspices of the League of Nations. In the mid 1930s. due to the growing threat from Nazi Germany, fascist Italy and militaristic Japan, the governments of some states began to seek cooperation with the USSR both within the framework of the League of Nations and outside it.
On September 15, 1934, thirty delegates of the League of Nations addressed the Soviet government with a telegram, which contained an invitation to the USSR to join the League and "bring their valuable cooperation." The delegates of four other countries, through the usual diplomatic channels, announced their decision to vote for the adoption of Soviet Union. On the same day, the Soviet government responded by letter to the Chairman of the Assembly on the adoption of the proposal international cooperation in the interests of peace and readiness to become a member of the League.
On September 18, the question of the USSR's entry into the League of Nations was considered at a meeting of the Assembly. 39 members of the League voted for the admission of the USSR to the League of Nations, 3 (Holland, Portugal and Switzerland) voted against, 7 members abstained from voting. Not a single vote was cast against the inclusion of the USSR in the Council of the League, but representatives of ten countries abstained. Thus, the USSR was admitted to the League of Nations and became a permanent member of the Council.
Accepting the proposal to join the League of Nations, the People's Commissariat for Foreign Affairs of the USSR M. M. Litvinov noted that the USSR could not agree with all the decisions of the League of Nations and considered its Charter to be far from perfect. In particular, Articles 12 and 15 in some cases legalize war, while Article 23 does not provide for racial equality for all peoples. He said that the idea of uniting nations is quite understandable to the Soviet Union, since the USSR itself is the League of Nations, 185 nationalities live in it.
Card system for supplying the population January 1, 1929 - January 1, 1935On December 7, 1934, Decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR dated 07.12.1934 N 2684 "On the abolition of the rationing system for baked bread, flour and cereals and the system of merchandising industrial crops with bread" was issued, published in No.
It said:
Based on the successes achieved in the development of socialist Agriculture, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, in order to further improve the supply of workers and develop trade between town and countryside, decides:
From January 1, 1935, abolish the rationing system for baked bread, flour and cereals and expand everywhere the trade in baked bread, flour and cereals from state and cooperative stores on the following grounds:
I.
On the introduction of uniform state retail prices for bread and cereals.
In order to cancel the current high commercial and too low normalized retail prices for baked bread, flour and cereals, to establish uniform state retail prices for baked bread, flour and cereals from January 1, 1935 ...
***
The development of socialist industrialization, and later the socialist reconstruction of agriculture, gave rise to a number of new phenomena in commodity circulation and the state of money circulation. The scale of prices has changed, the level wages and other monetary incomes of the population, the purchasing power of the ruble has changed. These changes mainly took place during 1929–1935.
The growth of cities in connection with the industrialization of the country, rapid increase the number of industrial workers, as well as the need to provide bread to the peasant population of industrial crop regions, led to a significant increase in demand for bread and other foodstuffs, as well as for agricultural raw materials. Under the conditions of the predominance of small-scale commodity farming, characterized by low marketability, and the strongest resistance of the kulaks to state grain procurements, this increased demand could not but cause a significant increase in market prices, which posed a serious threat to the purchasing power of the ruble and real wages.
Workers and employees in 1928–1929 they also bought up to 25% of the products they needed on the private market. Meanwhile, the market prices of products rose sharply: in the year 1928/29 alone, they increased by almost 50%.
As long as the socialist sector of agriculture could not yet satisfy the need for consumer products, measures had to be taken to maintain real wages and provide the workers with bread according to low prices from government reserves. Such a measure was the introduction in 1929 of the card system.
This was a necessary measure, without which it was impossible to solve the immediate tasks of socialist construction. Protecting the ruble from depreciation, the card system at the same time limited the role and importance of money.
The rationed supply did not fully meet the needs of the urban population for food. Market resource utilization was still relatively high, while market prices continued to rise rapidly.
Under these conditions, in order to strengthen the ruble, it was necessary to ensure the further development of Soviet trade and the exclusion of capitalist elements from the sphere of trade.
In 1931, the private trader, whose share in 1929 accounted for 13.5% of the retail turnover, was completely ousted. At the same time, the contracting of marketable agricultural products is being widely developed - new form trade between town and country.
State commercial trade at elevated prices was a special form of Soviet trade, designed to improve the supply of the working people and to influence market prices in the direction of lowering them.
Commercial trade has been widely developed since 1933. Along with collective-farm trade, commercial trade was an important means of maintaining the purchasing power of the ruble. The decrease in prices in commercial trade, which was carried out in a systematic manner, led to a general decrease in prices on the collective farm market. Thus, by March 1934, market prices had fallen by more than 45% compared to the same month in 1933. Nevertheless, the prices of the collective farm market and commercial trade were significantly higher than the prices of closed trade.
By the end of 1934, large-scale mechanized production was established in agriculture. Collective farms and state farms occupied a dominant position in agriculture. Serious successes have been achieved in their organizational and economic strengthening. On this basis, the state received at its disposal, both through state deliveries and through purchases at increased prices, enough a large number of bread in order to fully ensure the supply of the population without cards in open Soviet trade at uniform prices. (Mukhin Yuri Stalin - the owner of the USSR)
Despite the complexity of the situation in Europe, Stalin's Soviet diplomacy continued to proceed in its policy from the possibility of uniting the efforts of the powers in the struggle for the moral legalization of Bolshevism and its advancement deep into Europe to counterbalance the threat of fascist aggression. The Soviet government was persistently looking for means to ensure collective security against Germany.
In September 1934, the Soviet Union accepted an invitation from 30 states to join the League of Nations. After Germany and Japan left the League of Nations, Stalin had certain opportunities to use the League as an instrument for spreading Bolshevism, on the one hand, for protection in the event of an attack from outside, while constantly propagating the ideas of peace and "exposing" the "provocateurs" of the war, on the other hand.
In the official statement of the Soviet representative M.M. Litvinov, it was emphasized that the USSR joined the League of Nations with the sole purpose and sole promise of world-wide cooperation with other peoples in the preservation of indivisible peace. “I know,” said Litvinov, that the League of Nations does not have at its disposal the means of completely abolishing wars. I am convinced, however, that with the firm will and friendly cooperation of all its members, quite a lot can be done this moment to minimize the chances of war. But this is a fairly honorable and noble task, the implementation of which will bring incalculable benefits to mankind.
The Soviet government did not stop working on this task during the entire period of its existence. From now on, it wants to unite its efforts with the efforts of other states represented in the League.
A possible enemy (most likely England) had to be opposed by an overwhelming combination of forces and in this way prevent the success of actions aimed at preparing and unleashing an attack. Special meaning in this they could have regional pacts of mutual assistance with the participation of a wide range of European states.
This point of view Soviet state was positively assessed primarily in France, which was traditionally threatened by Germany. The Soviet-French non-aggression pact, signed by the Herriot government on November 29, 1932, served as a good basis for further rapprochement between the two countries.
On October 31, 1933, Paul Boncourt raised the question of possible joint local countermeasures on the part of the USSR and France in the event that Germany's preparations for war were intensified. In December 1933, the People's Commissariat of Foreign Affairs of the USSR made proposals that provided that the USSR did not object to the conclusion within the framework of the League of Nations of a regional agreement on mutual protection against aggression from Germany; agrees to the participation in this agreement of Belgium, France, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia and Finland or some of these countries, but with the obligatory participation of France and Poland; Regardless of the circumstances, under an agreement on mutual protection, the parties to the agreement must undertake to provide each other with diplomatic, moral and, if possible, financial assistance also in cases of military attack not provided for by the agreement itself.
At that time, France stood on the threshold important events. On the evening of February 6, 1934, the French fascists, led by Colonel de la Roque and supported by the head of the Parisian police, Quiappe, took part in the streets of Paris. The cohesion and unity of the actions of the French left parties and workers' organizations doomed the actions of the fascists to failure. On February 12, a grandiose demonstration of proletarian solidarity was held in Paris. It served as an impetus for the development of a broad democratic movement in the country, which later culminated in the creation of a popular front.
In the new cabinet, which was the result of a compromise between the parties of the right and the center, the portfolio of Minister of Foreign Affairs was received by Louis Barth.
Louis Barthou, although he was a member of the right-wing party, was the spokesman for that foreign policy course, which was dictated by a sober consideration of the threat of Hitlerite aggression, the national interests of France.
According to Barthou, the defense of France against the fascist danger had to be based on the system of alliances concluded with Poland, Czechoslovakia, Rumania and Yugoslavia. He also tried to maintain Franco-English cooperation, fearing, however, that France, in the words of Clemenceau, would not be in the role of a horse, but England-in-role rider.
The anxiety of Barthou and his supporters about the growing threat from German militarism was confirmed by numerous facts.
In March 1934, the French government received additional information about the accelerated rearmament of Germany. The number of personnel of the German armed forces, the National Socialist Motorized Corps, the National Socialist Aviation Corps, the Labor Front and the Organization Todt, reached almost one million people. Expenses for the Reichswehr in 1934-1935. increased from 344.9 million to 574.5 million marks.
On April 17, 1934, the French government sent a note to Great Britain, in which it again raised the question of the security of France, which it did not separate from the security of other European states. "In fact," the note read, "the German government, without waiting for the results of the negotiations, wished to confront us with its decision to continue rearmament in all forms and to the extent that it determines at its own discretion, disregarding the terms of the Treaty of Versailles."
British diplomacy, while verbally supporting the idea of a system of collective security for Europe, actually helped the Nazis to frustrate the organization of such a system.
Under these conditions, the USSR and France jointly came out for the conclusion of an agreement on the collective repulse of Germany. During 1934, Soviet diplomacy was negotiating with France on the conclusion of the Eastern Pact. At the suggestion of Louis Barthou, the pact was to include Germany, the USSR, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Finland and Czechoslovakia. The parties to the pact, in the event of an attack on one of them, were supposed to automatically render the side on which the attack was made, military aid.
France took upon itself the guarantee of the fulfillment of the pact, without being a direct participant in it. It followed from this provision that if any of the parties to the pact refused to comply with the decision to help the country that was attacked, France would itself be obliged to act against the aggressor.
In May 1934, in response to the French proposals, the People's Commissariat of Foreign Affairs declared its readiness to discuss with France the question of signing a separate pact. After a series of conversations, by the end of June, the Franco-Soviet draft of the Eastern Pact was finalized.
On June 27, 1934, the draft Eastern Pact was handed over by the French government to the British. The project envisaged the conclusion of two agreements on mutual assistance, interconnected in single system:_ .Pact of Mutual Assistance between the USSR, Germany, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Estonia,_ .Finland,_ .Latvia,_ .Lithuania and the Franco-Soviet Mutual Assistance Pact.
Germany categorically refused to become a party to the pact. The fascist government asserted that it had a "fear of Soviet aggression", that "the pact served the cause of encircling Germany". Fear, it must be admitted, was very, very justified. The USSR militarized at a tremendous pace, purges and replacements continued in all sectors of society, and the propaganda of a "great unlimited power" was growing.
In an effort to enlist the support of England, Barthou visited London. However, in London he was met with a cold reception. French Ambassador Corbin said to Bart: "Your Excellency, the British will consider you a person that inspires some suspicion. The proposal to conclude a pact with Russia will be very badly received ..." The ambassador's words were completely justified. England stood firmly on its feet and could not fail to notice two potential aggressors in Europe.
On September 14, 1934, the government of Poland announced its refusal to take part in the Eastern Pact. Bartu's tour of the capitals of Eastern Europe was not successful. To a large extent, all this was due to the opposition of British diplomacy.
Describing the attitude of England towards the organization of a system of collective security in Europe, the Soviet embassy reported to the People's Commissariat of Foreign Affairs: "The British government has in fact always treated the Eastern Pact not benevolently ... The Eastern Pact should have greatly strengthened our international positions, secured our western border and facilitated our position on Far East... The Eastern Pact, which would inevitably have to cement all French ties in the East and to the strongest degree guarantee the security of France itself, would contribute to the extraordinary growth of French international power. That is why British diplomacy could not be enthusiastic about the Eastern Pact."
On June 19, 1934, the head of the Soviet diplomatic mission in London told Vansittart, Permanent Deputy British Foreign Minister, that public opinion /?!/ of the Soviet Union "attributes to England pushing not only Japan, but also Germany into war with us, and this only explains British resistance to the East European Pact.
The conclusion of an agreement on collective security in Europe, put forward by the USSR together with France, was thwarted by the efforts of Germany, Poland and England.
With this in mind, Stalinist diplomacy took effective measures to conclude an agreement on mutual assistance with France, as well as to improve relations with a number of neighboring countries.
June 9, 1934 were restored diplomatic relations between the USSR, Czechoslovakia and Romania.
Bibliography
Dobrokhotov S.V. (MAI) USSR in 1934.
In 1934 the USSR joined international organization which was called:
a) Security Council
c) Comintern
d) League of Nations
^ By the period of a radical change in the Great Patriotic War (1941- 1945) refers to:
b) Berlin operation
c) Liberation of Belarus
d) Moscow battle
The post-war period of history (1945-1953) includes:
b) philosophical ship
c) the Leningrad case
d) the case of M.N. Tukhachevsky
^ One of the main results of the formed industrialization carried out in the USSR in the late 1920s - 1930s was (-o, -a):
b) the creation of large-scale machine production
c) the introduction of universal labor service
d) establishment of cost accounting at enterprises
^ An international organization established by decision Yalta Conference heads of state of the anti-Hitler coalition (February 1945):
b) League of Nations
d) Comintern
^ The largest operation of the Red Army in the summer of 1944 was the Belorussian one, which had the code name:
b) Hurricane
c) Overloader
in 1937, a case was fabricated in which leading Soviet military leaders were accused of plotting against Stalin:
b) the case of doctors
c) Leningrad case
^ To the events of the foreign policy of the USSR in the 1930s. not applicable:
b) armed clash between the USSR and Japan near Lake Khasan
c) the Soviet-German non-aggression pact
d) participation in the Genoa Conference
The issue of opening a second front during the Second World War became the most important at the _________ conference:
b) Moscow
c) Yalta
d) Tehran
For the socio-political life of the USSR in 1945-1953. was (-o) characteristically (-o):
b) fight against cosmopolitanism
c) the beginning of the "thaw"
d) persecution of dissidents
^ By the mid 1920s. as a result of the introduction of a new economic policy:
b) the leasing of enterprises was prohibited
c) industry was nationalized
d) most of the small businesses went private
^ To the events of the foreign policy of the USSR in the 1920-1930s. applies to:
c) input Soviet troops to Czechoslovakia
d) Rapali Treaty
^ May 8, 1945 Act of unconditional surrender of Germany on behalf of Supreme Commander Marshal of the USSR signed:
b) A.M. Vasilevsky
c) K.K. Rokossovsky
d) I.Kh. Bagramyan
^ to the events of the period cold war" relate:
b) Korean War
c) Soviet-Polish war
d) the Soviet-German non-aggression pact
The venue for the conference of the heads of state of the anti-Hilerian coalition: the USSR, the USA, Great Britain in 1943 was the city:
b) Rapallo
d) Brest
One of the initiators of the transition from industry to territorial principle management in the late 1950s. was:
b) L.I. Brezhnev
c) M.S. Gorbachev
d) A.N. Kosygin
^ The counteroffensive of the Red Army near Moscow began
The events of post-war history (1945-1953) include:
b) preparation of the Marshall plan
c) the creation of the "Anti-Comintern Pact"
d) creation of the Entente
^ According to the Constitution of the USSR of 1936, supreme body state power was (-o) proclaimed (-o):
b) Supreme Soviet of the USSR
c) the Federal Assembly
d) Council of People's Commissars
to the foreign policy events of 1945-1953. not applicable:
b) rupture of relations with Yugoslavia
c) Korean War
d) formation of CMEA
The plan of the counteroffensive of the Soviet troops near Stalingrad had the code name:
c) Bagration
d) Rail War
In the "Leningrad case" was repressed:
b) S.M. Kirov
c) N.A. Voznesensky
d) A.A. Zhdanov
The USSR signed a non-aggression pact with Germany (Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact) in ____________ year:
The war plan of Nazi Germany against the USSR, approved in 1940, was called:
d) Barbarosa
^ One of the results of the socio-economic policy of the USSR in the post-war period (1945-1953) was:
b) creation of concessions
c) the introduction of surplus appropriation
d) carrying out price liberalization
The streak of diplomatic recognition of the USSR by the leading powers of the world began in _______:
^ First post-war years(1945-1950) in the USSR were:
b) an 8-hour working day and holidays were introduced
c) introduced cards for products
d) introduced pensions for collective farmers
^ To the characteristics of the Soviet foreign policy in 1933-1939 term applies:
b) appeasing the aggressor
c) collective security system
d) detente of international tension
^ One of the results of the Soviet-Finnish war of 1939-1940. was:
b) UN agency
c) recognition of the USSR by European countries
d) the conclusion of the Soviet-German non-aggression pact
^ Germany declared war on Russia:
in 1939-1940 the USSR included (-la) territories (-s):
b) Sudetenland
c) Manchuria
d) South Sakhalin
When World War II started
People's Commissar for foreign affairs in August 1939 was:
b) Sokolnikov
c) Litvinov
d) Molotov
Mass creation of collective farms, carried out in the late 1920s - early 1930s, accompanied by the liquidation of individual farms:
b) collectivization
c) creation of state farms
d) industrialization
What was meant by the concept of "fighting the fifth column" in the USSR:
b) the fight against German saboteurs during the Second World War
c) fight against separatism
When did the Great Patriotic War end?
What was included in the "four D" policy announced at the Potsdam Conference:
b) declaration
c) democratization
d) decolonization
Where was the second front opened in World War II?
b) the northern coast of France
c) on the Balkan Peninsula
Cross out the excess:
b) Yalta Conference
c) Tehran Conference
d) Conference of Independent African States
Highlight the excess:
b) republic
c) federation
d) absolutism
The system of transfer by the United States of America on loan or on lease of weapons, ammunition, strategic raw materials, food, various goods and services to countries - allies in the anti-Hitler coalition during the Second World War.
b) lend-lease
c) Atlantic charter
Select extra:
b) rehabilitation
c) repatriation
d) investment
One of the reasons for failure Soviet army at the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, This:
enemy resistance
b) the betrayal of General AA. Vlasov, who surrendered his army to the enemy
c) the incompetence of I.V. Stalin and the indecision of the high command
^ The name of the Soviet-German non-aggression pact of August 23, 1939, rooted in socio-political and historical literature:
b) Munich agreement
c) Riga peace treaty
d) treaty "On friendship and border"
The gap in prices for sold and bought goods of industry and agriculture, which characterizes the unequal exchange between town and countryside, between developed and developing countries in international trade:
b) price scissors
c) surplus
d) tax in kind
The process of creating large-scale machine production and on this basis the transition from an agrarian to an industrial society:
b) industrial revolution
c) scientific and technological progress
d) scientific and technological revolution
When did WWII start?
When did World War II end
What was not included in the "four D" policy announced at the Potsdam Conference:
b) denazification
c) decartelization
d) demarginalization
Cross out the excess:
b) Tehran Conference
c) Yalta conference,
d) United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
A term denoting the state of military-political confrontation of states and groups of states, in which an arms race is being waged, economic pressure measures are being applied, and military-strategic bridgeheads and bases are being organized:
b) cold war
c) globalization
d) intervention
Return of prisoners of war and civilians who found themselves outside its borders due to the war, as well as emigrants
b) rehabilitation
c) annexation
d) cartelization
Famine in the USSR in 1932-1933. was called:
b) an increase in funds for the development of health care, the conduct of a general educational revolution
c) an increase in funds for the implementation of a wide range of social rights of workers and employees proclaimed in the country in the 30s
^ How to explain the traditional backwardness of Russia from Europe?
b) long-term domination of serf relations
c) a system of despotism
^ Year of the entry of Soviet troops into Afghanistan:
b) 1979
c) 1985
d) 1977
VIII. USSR in 1953 - 1991 Russia at the end XX-early XXI century
b) The beginning of the development of virgin lands 1954
c) XX Congress of the CPSU 1956
d) Launch in the USSR of the first artificial satellite Lands 1957
e) The first manned flight into space in 1961
f) Caribbean Crisis of 1962
match events and dates
b) XX Congress of the CPSU 1956
c) Launch in the USSR of the first artificial Earth satellite 1957
d) Novocherkassk shooting 1962
e) Election of Khrushchev as First Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU 1953
What problems NOT belong to the period of Brezhnev's rule
b) lack of reforms,
c) restriction of democracy,
d) abuse of office
e) democratization of society
f) de-Stalinization
^ Match events and dates
b) attempted coup d'état (GKChP)
c) Yeltsin's decree on the dissolution of the Federal Assembly
As a result, the League of Nations organization appeared, designed to streamline the most pressing issues of international relations.
The idea of including the USSR in the League of Nations was periodically discussed by the members of the organization, but was considered a matter of the distant future. So, in December 1920, the members of the League supported the position of the representative of Switzerland, D. Mott, that Russia "is a people in a state of ferment", and its rulers show disrespect for the League and its members. Given the revolutionary events and subsequent civil war in Russia, this position seems to be fair. Italy, which will be established in the 30s. fascist regime, through her delegate Viviani outlined the position: free and democratic countries, united in the League, will wait for Russia to come to democratic transformations, "outside of which there is only anarchy and despotism." The ideas of the Bolsheviks about the world revolution and the establishment of the dictatorship of the proletariat only worsened relations with the League.
In the mid 20s. in European diplomacy, thoughts began to appear about Russia's entry into the League. The Chairman of the Assembly of the League, the Japanese K. Ishii, noted in 1923: “The League of Nations will not have of great importance until it includes America, Germany and Russia.” An interesting fact is that the beginning of the adjustment of their own positions coincided with the deployment in Russia of the New Economic Policy, which was based on commodity-money relations, that is, in fact, capitalism.
For its part, the USSR also gradually changed its diplomatic rhetoric in relation to the League - from sharply negative and even rude to critical only of certain principles of relations between the member states of the organization and articles of the Charter of the League. Despite the decrease in the degree of rejection of this organization by the USSR, the issue of entry was not resolved positively.
The Plenipotentiary of the USSR in France H. G. Rakovsky was sure: “The question of joining the League of Nations is a question of the correlation of forces. With their present distribution, the League of Nations is an organization that will tie us hand and foot, and where the capitalist states will dictate to us. The Politburo agreed with Rakovsky. In the existing in the 20s. international political situation, the USSR refused to join this organization.
The situation changed by the 1930s:
- In Germany, Italy and Japan, totalitarian regimes came to power.
- In the Versailles-Washington system, which functioned successfully after the First World War, economic, political and social problems accumulated to a critical threshold.
- The "revanchist" sentiments of the countries that lost the First World War affect the interests of many European states.
- Japan and Germany left the organization in 1933.
- There is no security system.
Germany's "revanchism" affected the interests of France, which, in order to strengthen its positions, offered the USSR to join the League of Nations.
As a result of the serious diplomatic work of France and the USSR, in an interview with a correspondent of one of the American newspapers on December 25, 1933, Mr.
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