Iron ore. Types of iron ores - general characteristics of iron ore

Ore

Chipmunk ore- local, Siberian, the name of the banded lead-zinc ore from the polymetallic deposits of Eastern Transbaikalia. It is characterized by frequent alternation of thin strips of sulfide minerals and carbonates. It is formed by selective replacement of crystalline limestones and banded dolomites with sphalerite and galena.

Stone ore- consisting of boulders or fragments of a useful component (for example; brown iron ore, bauxite, phosphorite) and loose barren host rock.

Disseminated ore- consisting of a predominant, empty (enclosing) rock, in which ore minerals are more or less evenly distributed (interspersed) in the form of individual grains, clusters of grains and veinlets. Often, such blotches accompany along the edges large bodies solid ores, forming halos around them, and also form independent, often very large deposits, for example, deposits of porphyritic copper (Cu) ores. synonym: Scattered ore.

Ore galmeynaya- secondary zinc ore, consisting mainly of calamine and smithsonite. It is typical for the oxidation zone of zinc deposits in carbonate rocks.

Pea ore- a kind of legume ores.

Soddy ore- loose, sometimes cemented, partly porous formations, consisting of clay formations of limonite with an admixture of other hydrates of iron oxide (Fe) and a variable amount of iron compounds with phosphoric, humic and silicic acids. Soddy ore also includes sand and clay. It is formed by subsoil waters rising to the surface with the participation of microorganisms in swamps and wet meadows and represents the second horizon of marsh and meadow soils. Synonym: meadow ore.

Nodular ore- represented by ore nodules. It occurs among sedimentary iron (limonite), phosphorite and some other deposits.

Ore cockade (ringed)- with cockade texture. See the texture of the ores cockade

Complex ore- complex in composition ore, from which are extracted or can be economic benefit several metals or useful components are extracted, for example, copper-nickel ore, from which, in addition to nickel and copper, cobalt, platinum group metals, gold, silver, selenium, tellurium, sulfur can be extracted.

Meadow ore- a synonym for the term Soddy ore.

Ore is massive- a synonym for the term Solid ore.

Metal ore- ore, in which the useful component is any metalused by industry. Contrasted with non-metallic ores, such as phosphorus, barite, etc.

Mylonitized ore- crushed and finely ground ore, sometimes with a parallel texture. It is formed in crushing zones and along thrust and fault planes.

Mint ore- accumulations of small flat-shaped concretions of iron oxides or oxides of iron and manganese at the bottom of lakes; used as iron ore. Mint ores are confined to the lakes of the taiga zone in the areas of distribution of ancient eroded (destroyed) igneous rocks and wide development of flat-undulating relief with many swamps.

Lake ore- iron (limonite) ore deposited at the bottom of lakes. Similar to swamp ores. Distributed in the lakes of the northern part of Russia. See bean ore.

Oxidized ore- ore of the near-surface part (oxidation zone) of sulfide deposits, resulting from the oxidation of primary ores.

Oolitic ore- consisting of small rounded concentric-shelly and silt of radially radiant formations, the so-called. ooliths. Common Struct Type iron ores, in which ore minerals are silicates from the chlorite group (chamoisite, thuringite) or siderite, hematite, limonite, sometimes magnetite, often present together, sometimes with a predominance of one of these minerals. The oolitic composition is also characteristic of the ores of many bauxite deposits.

Sedimentary ferruginous ore- see Sedimentary ferruginous rock

Smallpox ore- a variety of disseminated magnetite ores in syenite rocks in the Urals. local term.

Ore primary- not subjected to later changes.

Ore recrystallized- undergone the transformation of the mineral composition, textures and structures during the processes of metamorphism without changing the chemical composition.

Polymetallic ore- containing lead, zinc and usually copper, and as permanent impurities silver, gold and often cadmium, indium, gallium and some other rare metals.

Banded ore- consisting of thin layers (bands) that differ significantly in composition, grain size or quantitative ratio of minerals.

Porphyry copper ore (or porphyry copper)- formation of sulfide disseminated and vein-disseminated copper and molybdenum-copper ores in highly silicified hypabyssal moderately acidic granitoid and subvolcanic porphyry intrusions and their enclosing effusive, tuffaceous and metasomatic rocks. Ores are represented by pyrite, chalcopyrite, chalcocite, more rarely bornite, fahlore, molybdenite. The copper content is usually low, on average 0.5-1%. In the absence or very low content of molybdenum, they are developed only in the zones of secondary sulfide enrichment, with a content of 0.8-1.5% copper. Elevated molybdenum content makes it possible to develop copper ores of the primary zone. In view of the large size of ore deposits, porphyritic ores are one of the main industrial types of copper and molybdenum ores.

Naturally alloyed ore- lateritic iron ore with a higher than usual content of nickel, cobalt, manganese, chromium and other metals, which give an increased quality - alloying - to cast iron smelted from such ores and its processing products (iron, steel).

Ore radioactive- contains metals of radioactive elements (uranium, radium, thorium)

Ore collapsible- from which manual disassembly or elementary enrichment (screening, washing, winnowing, etc.) can be used to isolate a useful component in a pure or highly concentrated form.

Scattered ore- a synonym for the term disseminated ore.

Ore ordinary- 1. Usual average ore of this deposit, 2. Ore as it comes from mine workings before ore sorting or beneficiation. 3. Ordinary ore as opposed to collapsible ore.

Sooty ore- finely dispersed loose masses of black color, consisting of secondary oxides (tenorite) and copper sulfides - covelline and chalcocite, formed in the zone of secondary sulfide enrichment, and representing rich copper ore.

Ore- pieces (ores) of ordinary rich ore that do not require enrichment.

Ore endogenous- see endogenous minerals (ores).

Some of the ore minerals

Beryl , Be 3 Al(SiO 3) 6
Chalcopyrite (copper pyrites), CuFeS 2

Literature

Geological dictionary, T. 1. - M .: Nedra, 1978. - S. 193-194.

Links

Definition of ore on the Mining Encyclopedia website

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Synonyms:

See what "Ore" is in other dictionaries:

The struggle and clash of homonyms did not always end with the elimination of one of them. In these cases, the inconvenience of homonymy was eliminated by the withering away of the corresponding word, its disappearance. The question of the reasons that caused the decay of some ... ... History of words

Dial. also in meaning. blood, arch. (Sub.), Ukrainian. ore ore; blood, blr. ore dirt, blood, Art. glory. road μέταλλον (Supr.), Bolg. ore ore, Serbohorv. ore - the same, Slovenian. ruda - the same, Czech, Slavic, Polish. ruda ore, c. puddle, n. puddles… … Etymological dictionary Russian language by Max Fasmer

1. ORE, s; ores; and. Natural mineral raw materials containing metals or their compounds. Zheleznaya r. Mednaya r. polymetallic ores. Percentage copper in ore. ◁ Rudny, oh, oh. R th fossils. R ye deposits. R ye galleries. R o… … encyclopedic Dictionary

Iron ore is the main raw material for the world metallurgical industry. The economy largely depends on the market for this mineral. different countries, therefore, the development of mines is given increased attention around the world.

Ore: definition and features

Ores are rocks that are used to process and extract the metals they contain. The types of these minerals differ in origin, chemical content, concentration of metals and impurities. The chemical composition of the ore contains various oxides, hydroxides and carbonic salts of iron.

Interesting! Ore has been in demand in the economy since ancient times. Archaeologists managed to find out that the manufacture of the first iron objects dates back to the 2nd century BC. BC. For the first time this material was used by the inhabitants of Mesopotamia.

Iron is a common chemical element in nature. Its content in the earth's crust is about 4.2%. But in its pure form, it is almost never found, most often in the form of compounds - in oxides, iron carbonates, salts, etc. Iron ore is a combination of minerals with a significant amount of iron. IN national economy economically justified is the use of ores containing more than 55% of this element.

What is made from ore

iron ore industry— the metallurgical industry, which specializes in the extraction and processing of iron ore. The main purpose of this material today is the production of iron and steel.

All products made from iron can be divided into groups:

Pig iron with high carbon concentration (above 2%).
Cast iron.
Steel ingots for the manufacture of rolled products, reinforced concrete and steel pipes.
Ferroalloys for steel smelting.

What is ore for?

The material is used for smelting iron and steel. Today there is practically no industrial sector that does without these materials.

Cast iron It is an alloy of carbon and iron with manganese, sulfur, silicon and phosphorus. Cast iron is produced in blast furnaces, where high temperatures ore is isolated from iron oxides. Almost 90% of the iron produced is marginal and is used in steel smelting.

Various technologies are used:

electron-beam smelting to obtain pure high-quality material;
vacuum processing;
electro-slag remelting;
steel refining (removal of harmful impurities).

The difference between steel and cast iron is the minimum concentration of impurities. For purification, oxidative smelting in open-hearth furnaces is used.

Steel of the High Quality smelted in induction electric furnaces with extremely high temperatures.

Ore differs in the concentration of the element contained in it. It is enriched (with a concentration of 55%) and poor (from 26%). Poor ores should be used in production only after enrichment.

By origin, the following types of ores are distinguished:

Magmatogenic (endogenous) - formed under the influence of high temperature;
Surface - the settled remains of the element at the bottom of sea basins;
Metamorphogenic - obtained under the influence of extreme high pressure.

The main compounds of minerals with iron content:

Hematite (red iron ore). The most valuable source of iron with an element content of 70% and with a minimum concentration of harmful impurities.
Magnetite. Chemical element with a metal content of 72% or more, it has high magnetic properties and is mined at magnetic iron ore.
Siderite (iron carbonate). noted great content waste rock, the iron itself in it is about 45-48%.
Brown ironstones. A group of aqueous oxides with a low percentage of iron, with impurities of manganese and phosphorus. An element with such properties is distinguished by good reducibility and porous structure.

The type of material depends on its composition and the content of additional impurities. The most common red iron ore with a high percentage of iron can be found in a different state - from very dense to dusty.

Brown ironstones have a loose, slightly porous structure of brown or yellowish color. Such an element often needs to be enriched, while it is easily processed into ore (high-quality cast iron is obtained from it).

Magnetic iron ore is dense and granular in structure and looks like crystals interspersed in the rock. The shade of the ore is a characteristic black-blue.

How ore is mined

Iron ore mining is a complex technical process that involves diving into the earth's interior in order to search for minerals. To date, there are two ways to extract ore: open and closed.

Open (quarry method) is the most common and safest option compared to closed technology. The method is relevant for those cases when there are no hard rocks in the working area, and there is no nearby settlements or engineering systems.

First, a quarry is dug out up to 350 meters deep, after which iron is collected and removed from the bottom by large machines. After mining, the material is transported by diesel locomotives to steel and iron factories.

Quarries are dug by excavators, but such a process takes a lot of time. As soon as the machine reaches the first layer of the mine, the material is submitted for examination to determine the percentage of iron content and the feasibility of further work (if the percentage is above 55%, work in this area continues).

Interesting! Compared with in a closed way mining in quarries costs half as much. This technology does not require the development of mines or the creation of tunnels. At the same time, the efficiency of work in open pits is several times higher, and material losses are five times less.

Closed mining method

Mine (closed) ore mining is used only if it is planned to preserve the integrity of the landscape in the area where ore deposits are being developed. This method is also relevant for work in highlands. In this case, a network of tunnels underground is created, which leads to additional costs- the construction of the mine itself and the complex transportation of metal to the surface. The main drawback is the high risk to the lives of workers, the mine can collapse and block access to the surface.

Where is the ore mined

The extraction of iron ore is one of the leading areas of the economic complex of the Russian Federation. But despite this, Russia's share in world ore production is only 5.6%. World reserves are about 160 billion tons. The volume of pure iron reaches 80 billion tons.

countries rich in ores

The distribution of fossils by country is as follows:

Russia - 18%;
Brazil - 18%;
Australia - 13%;
Ukraine - 11%;
China - 9%;
Canada - 8%;
USA - 7%;
other countries - 15%.

Significant deposits of iron ore are noted in Sweden (the cities of Falun and Gellivar). Found in America a large number of ore in Pennsylvania. In Norway, metal is mined in Persberg and Arendal.

Ores of Russia

The Kursk magnetic anomaly is a large iron ore deposit in the Russian Federation and in the world, in which the volume of crude metal reaches 30,000 million tons.

Interesting! Analysts note that the scale of mining at the KMA mines will continue until 2020, and then there will be a decline.

The mine area of the Kola Peninsula is 115,000 sq. km. Iron, nickel, copper ore, cobalt and apatite.

The Ural Mountains are also among the largest ore deposits in the Russian Federation. The main area of development is Kachkanar. The volume of ore minerals is 7000 million tons.

To a lesser extent, metal is mined in the West Siberian basin, in Khakassia, the Kerch basin, in Zabaikalsk and the Irkutsk region.

Man began to mine iron ore at the end of the 2nd millennium BC, having already determined for himself the advantages of iron over stone. Since that time, people began to distinguish between the types of iron ores, although they did not yet have the same names as today.

In nature, iron is one of the most common elements, and according to various sources, it is contained in the earth's crust from four to five percent. This is the fourth largest content after oxygen, silicon and aluminum.

Iron is not present in its pure form, it is found in greater or lesser amounts in different kind rocks Oh. And if, according to the calculations of specialists, it is expedient and economically profitable to extract iron from such a rock, it is called iron ore.

Over the past few centuries, during which steel and iron have been smelted very actively, iron ores have been depleted - after all, more and more metal is needed. For example, if in the 18th century, at the dawn of the industrial era, ores could contain 65% iron, now the content of 15 percent of the element in the ore is considered normal.

What is iron ore made of?

The composition of the ore includes ore and ore-forming minerals, various impurities and waste rock. The ratio of these components differs from field to field.

The ore material contains the main mass of iron, and the waste rock is mineral deposits containing very little or no iron.

Iron oxides, silicates, and carbonates are the most common ore minerals in iron ores.

Types of iron ore by iron content and location.

Low iron or separated iron ore, below 20%
Medium iron or sinter ore
Iron-containing mass or pellets - rocks with a high iron content, above 55%

Iron ores can be linear - that is, occurring in places of faults and bends earth's crust. They are the richest in iron and contain little phosphorus and sulfur.

Another type of iron ores is flat-like, which is contained on the surface of iron-bearing quartzites.

Red, brown, yellow, black iron ore.

The most common type of ore is red iron ore, which is formed by anhydrous iron oxide, hematite, which has chemical formula Fe2O3. Hematite contains very high percent iron (up to 70 percent) and few impurities, in particular sulfur and phosphorus.

Red iron ore can be in a different physical state - from dense to dusty.

Brown iron ore is an aqueous iron oxide Fe 2 O 3 *nH 2 O. The number n may vary depending on the base that makes up the ore. Most often it is limonites. Brown iron ore, unlike red ones, contains less iron - 25-50 percent. Their structure is loose, porous, and there are many other elements in the ore, among which are phosphorus and manganese. Brown iron ore contains a lot of adsorbed moisture, while the waste rock is clayey. This type of ore got its name because of the characteristic brown or yellowish color.

But despite the rather low iron content, due to the easy reducibility, it is easy to process such ore. They are often used to produce high-quality cast iron.

Brown iron ore most often needs enrichment.

Magnetic ores are those that are formed by magnetite, which is a magnetic iron oxide Fe 3 O 4. The name suggests that these ores have magnetic properties which are lost on heating.

Magnetic ironstones are less common than red ones. But iron in them can contain even more than 70 percent.

In its structure, it can be dense and granular, it can look like crystals interspersed in the rock. The color of magnetite is black-blue.

Another type of ore, which is called spar iron ore. Its ore-bearing component is iron carbonate with chemical composition FeCO 3 called siderite. Another name - clay iron ore - is if the ore contains a significant amount of clay.

Feldspar and clayey iron ore are less common in nature than other ores and contain relatively little iron and a lot of waste rock. Siderites can be transformed into brown iron ore under the influence of oxygen, moisture and precipitation. Therefore, the deposits look like this: in the upper layers it is brown iron ore, and in the lower layers it is spar iron ore.

In addition to the well-known oil and gas, there are other equally important minerals. These include ores that are mined for ferrous and by processing. The presence of ore deposits is the wealth of any country.

What are ores?

Each of natural sciences answers this question in its own way. Mineralogy defines ore as a set of minerals, the study of which is necessary to improve the extraction of the most valuable of them, and chemistry studies the elemental composition of ore in order to identify the qualitative and quantitative content of valuable metals in it.

Geology considers the question: "what are ores?" from the point of view of the expediency of their industrial use, since this science studies the structure and processes occurring in the bowels of the planet, the conditions for the formation of rocks and minerals, and the exploration of new mineral deposits. They are areas on the surface of the Earth where, due to geological processes enough mineral formations have accumulated for industrial use.

Ore formation

Thus, to the question: “what are ores?” The most complete answer is this. Ore is a rock with an industrial content of metals in it. Only in this case it has value. Metal ores are formed when the magma that contains their compounds cools. At the same time, they crystallize, distributing according to their atomic weight. The heaviest ones settle to the bottom of the magma and stand out in a separate layer. Other minerals form rocks, and the hydrothermal fluid left from the magma spreads through the voids. The elements contained in it, solidifying, form veins. Rocks that break down under the impact natural forces, are deposited at the bottom of water bodies, forming sedimentary deposits. Depending on the composition of rocks, various ores metals.

Iron ores

The types of these minerals vary greatly. What are ores, in particular, iron? If the ore contains enough industrial processing amount of metal, it is called iron. They differ in origin, chemical composition, as well as the content of metals and impurities that may be useful. As a rule, these are associated non-ferrous metals, for example, chromium or nickel, but there are also harmful ones - sulfur or phosphorus.

The chemical composition is represented by its various oxides, hydroxides or carbonic salts of iron oxide. The developed ores include red, brown and magnetic iron ore, as well as iron luster - they are considered the richest and contain more than 50% metal. The poor are those who useful composition less - 25%.

Composition of iron ore

Magnetic iron ore is iron oxide. It contains more than 70% pure metal, but in deposits it occurs together with and sometimes with zinc blende and other formations. is considered the best of the used ores. Iron shine also contains up to 70% iron. Red iron ore - iron oxide - one of the sources of extraction of pure metal. And brown analogues have up to 60% metal content and are found with impurities, sometimes harmful. They are hydrous iron oxide and accompany almost all iron ores. They are also convenient for the ease of mining and processing, but the metal obtained from this type of ore is of low quality.

According to the origin of iron ore deposits, they are divided into three large groups.

Endogenous, or magmatogenic. Their formation is due to geochemical processes that took place in the depths of the earth's crust, magmatic phenomena.
Exogenous, or surface, deposits were created as a result of processes occurring in the near-surface zone of the earth's crust, that is, at the bottom of lakes, rivers, and oceans.
Metamorphogenic deposits were formed at a sufficient depth from the earth's surface under the influence of high pressure and the same temperatures.

Iron ore reserves in the country

Russia is rich in various deposits. The largest in the world is containing almost 50% of all world reserves. In this region, it was noted already in the 18th century, but the development of deposits began only in the 30s of the last century. The ore reserves in this basin are high in pure metal, they are measured in billions of tons, and mining is carried out by an open or underground method.

The Bakchar iron ore deposit, which is one of the largest in the country and the world, was discovered in the 60s of the last century. The ore reserves in it with a concentration of pure iron up to 60% are about 30 billion tons.

In the Krasnoyarsk Territory there is the Abagasskoye deposit - with magnetite ores. It was discovered back in the 30s of the last century, but its development began only half a century later. In the Northern and Southern zones of the basin, mining is carried out by open-pit mining, and the exact amount of reserves is 73 million tons.

Discovered in 1856, the Abakan iron ore deposit is still active. At first, the development was carried out in an open way, and from the 60s of the XX century - by an underground method at a depth of up to 400 meters. The content of pure metal in the ore reaches 48%.

Nickel ores

What is nickel ores? Mineral formations that are used for the industrial production of this metal are called nickel ores. There are sulfide copper-nickel ores with a pure metal content of up to four percent and silicate nickel ores, the same indicator of which is up to 2.9%. The first type of deposits is usually of the igneous type, and silicate ores are found in the weathering crust.

The development of the nickel industry in Russia is associated with the development of their location in the Middle Urals in the middle 19th century. Almost 85% of sulphide deposits are concentrated in the Norilsk region. The deposits in Taimyr are the largest and most unique in the world in terms of richness of reserves and variety of minerals, they contain 56 elements of the periodic table. In terms of the quality of nickel ores, Russia is not inferior to other countries, the advantage is that they contain additional rare elements.

About ten percent of nickel resources are concentrated in sulfide deposits on the Kola Peninsula, and on the Middle and Southern Urals silicate deposits are being developed.

The ores of Russia are characterized by the quantity and variety necessary for industrial applications. However, at the same time, they are complex natural conditions production, uneven distribution on the territory of the country, discrepancy between the region where resources are located and the density of the population.

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Metal ores and their classification

metal ore is a mineral containing valuable metals in quantities that are beneficial for industrial processing.

Ferrous metals include iron, manganese, chromium, titanium, vanadium. Deposits of iron ore are classified as industrial with a metal content of at least several tens of millions of tons and a shallow occurrence of ore bodies. IN large deposits the iron content is estimated at hundreds of millions of tons. Most of the ore (in million tons) is mined in China (250), Brazil (185), Australia (more than 140), Russia (78), USA and India (60 each) and Ukraine (45).

Classification of ferrous metal ores:

b Hematite ores (red iron ore) are iron oxide with an iron content of 51 ... 66%, moisture - 1.6 ... 7%.

b Magnetite ores (magnetic iron ore) are complex oxides of iron. The iron content ranges from 50 ... 60%, moisture - 2 ... 12%.

b Brown iron ore - ores of iron hydroxide. The average iron content is 30-55%, moisture 8-18%.

b Iron pyrite (pyrite, sulfur pyrite) is a golden-yellow ore with a metallic sheen, contains up to 44% iron and up to 52% sulfur. ore metal non-ferrous deposit

Non-ferrous metals are divided into two main groups:

light (aluminum, magnesium, titanium);

heavy (copper, zinc, lead, nickel, cobalt).

Aluminum dominates among light non-ferrous metals in terms of production and consumption volumes. Russia has large reserves of non-ferrous metal ores. Their distinguishing feature is the extremely low interest the metal they contain. Therefore, the ores of almost all non-ferrous metals are enriched. The main reserves are located in the Urals, Western and Eastern Siberia, Far East and other regions of the country.

Classification of non-ferrous metal ores:

b Ferromanganese - an alloy containing more than 10% iron and less than 10% manganese

b Chrome ore contains 13-61% chromium, 4-25% aluminum, 7-24% iron, 10-32% magnesium and other components

b Bauxite ores contain 50-60% alumina, which contains up to 37% aluminum.

b Alumina - a product of bauxite processing, polydisperse powder white color, due to the high content of aluminum oxide is the main raw material for the aluminum industry.

Acquisition Methods useful element chemical way.

1. Concentration

Many ores contain unwanted materials such as clay and granite, also known as gangue. Thus, metal extraction is to remove this waste rock.

2. Method of underground leaching

The method of extracting a mineral by selective dissolution of its chemical reagents in the ore body in situ with extraction to the surface. PV is used for the extraction of non-ferrous metals.

3. Recovery

The extraction of metals in this way consists in the restoration of their ores to a metallic state. Metals that exist in nature as oxide ores can be reduced with carbon or carbon monoxide.

4. Electrolysis

Metals belonging to the upper part of the voltage range are usually recovered by electrolysis of their molten ores. These metals include aluminum, magnesium and sodium.

5. Refining

Purification of metals from impurities using electrolysis, when the crude metal is the anode, and the purified metal is deposited on the cathode.

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