What is the difference between the development of fish and amphibians. Question: What is the difference between the development of fish and amphibians? Ecology of amphibians

What is the difference between the development of fish and amphibians?

Answers:

Features amphibians. The shape of the body of a frog is very different from any fish. The difference is connected here with a fundamental difference in the mode of movement. For fish, the main organ of movement is its muscular tail, and the fins play only an auxiliary role. On the contrary, in the frog, in clear connection with its access to land, we see the limbs already in the form of fore and hind legs, having basically the same structure as in other terrestrial vertebrates, and equipped with fingers; limbs serve as the only organ of locomotion for the frog. Another external feature the frog turns out to be its bare skin - a sign that is very rare for fish, but characteristic of amphibians, which in the old days, unlike reptiles, were called naked reptiles. The skin of amphibians serves not only as a cover for the body, but also as an auxiliary respiratory organ. In the skeleton, the main changes, compared with fish, we find in the structure of the limbs and their belts, consisting, respectively, of the shoulder and pelvic girdle, bones of the shoulder and thigh, forearm and lower leg, hand and feet. There is a sacrum, on which the pelvic bones have received a strong articulation with the spine. Features in the structure internal organs associated with the transition to breathing atmospheric air: the frog has lungs in the form of a pair of thin-walled bladders and a double circulation circle with a three-chambered heart (fish have one circulation circle, the heart is two-chambered, and only venous blood flows through it).

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The head has a pair of nostrils for breathing. There are eyes, they can be protected by eyelids. There is a mouth. The skin is bare, moistened with mucus. Amphibians can breathe with their lungs as well as with their skin. Some species have gills.

The body temperature of these animals depends on the temperature environment, so they are active only in warm time. When the temperature drops, they immediately fall into a stupor. Meet in nature and poisonous individuals.

Amphibians reproduce like fish by laying eggs. The eggs are not protected by shells or skin, so amphibians usually breed in water. From the eggs of amphibians, a larva emerges, which looks very similar to a fish. Further development takes place in water with transformation - metamorphoses. Metamorphosis- this is a deep transformation of the structure of the body, transformation. Then future amphibians lose their gills, some individuals even their tail. Then they grow limbs and go to land in the form of an adult animal.

Amphibians feed exclusively on mobile living food. They destroy a huge number of insects and their larvae. They are found everywhere, excluding only too cold or hot zones of the Earth.

The most ancient and survived to our times due to their underground lifestyle are legless amphibians. There are about 150 species of them in nature. These include all tropical and very many aquatic worms. These amphibians are distinguished by their unusual structure body. These amphibians have a worm-like cylindrical body. The skin is naked, equipped with mucous poisonous glands. There are transverse rings, like earthworms. Animals do not have limbs or a tail. Their head is strong, small, imperceptibly passes into the body. With it, the worms lay their dungeons in the damp earth. In connection with the burrowing lifestyle, the eyes were under their skin. Amphibians find food using their sense of smell and touch. They eat snails, worms, larvae, insects. They lead a very hidden lifestyle, do not like sunlight. The most famous is the ringed worm (Fig. 2).

Rice. 2. Ringed worm ()

Unlike other amphibians, they lay their eggs on land. The female curls up around the laying of eggs and moistens it with her mucus, incubates.

The fish snake has small inconspicuous bony scales in the skin (Fig. 3).

Rice. 3. Fish snake ()

The Central American worm does not lay eggs, it immediately gives birth to live cubs.

Science knows about 350 species tailed amphibians. These animals look like lizards, only the skin is soft and completely devoid of scales. Tailed amphibians include newts, salamanders. These animals have an elongated spindle-shaped body, which imperceptibly passes into a long tail. Curving the tail to the right and left helps to move in the water. On land, amphibians move with the help of two pairs of underdeveloped limbs. The fingers may be webbed and devoid of claws.

Sirens have only forelimbs (Fig. 4).

Amphibians, constantly living in water, breathe with gills. There is a tongue in the mouth, its shape is diverse. Eat small teeth. Many caudates have the ability to grow a new one if they lose a tail or leg. Amphibians do not know how to chew, they swallow food whole. Amphibians grab everything that moves and do not take completely edible motionless food. Tailless amphibians feed on insects, grabbing them in motion with a long sticky tongue. Tailed birds feed on worms and arthropods.

Legless amphibians find food by touch or use the sense of smell. They feed on insect larvae and worms.

The Siberian salamander is one of the few amphibians that is not afraid to live in permafrost conditions (Fig. 5).

Rice. 5. Siberian salamander ()

The most well-known tailed amphibian is the triton (Fig. 6). They look like little dragons. Tritons love to hunt at night.

The fire salamander is famous for its bright color (Fig. 7). It is interesting that the shape, size, pattern on the body of salamanders is unique for each individual.

Rice. 7. Salamander ()

The axolotl looks like an adult larva (Fig. 8).

Rice. 8. Axolotl ()

In nature, there is the most numerous detachment of amphibians - these are tailless amphibians. There are about 3 thousand species of them. This is the most known to man detachment. These include toads, frogs, tree frogs, toads, and spadefoot. Their body is short and squat. The head is wide, without a neck, passes into the body. There is no tail. The skin is bare, moisturized with secrets. On the head are a pair of movable eyes. Amphibians use their eyesight to find prey. There are a pair of nostrils. The forelimbs are shorter than the hind ones. They have membranes that help them swim. On the ground, amphibians jump, they lead active image life. Small teeth and a sticky tongue that folds in the mouth help them catch prey.

The bullfrog is a predator (Fig. 9). She even attacks chickens and eats young ducklings. Her cry resembles the roar of a bull.

Rice. 9. Bullfrog ()

surinamese pipa famous for carrying tadpoles in cells on its back (Fig. 10). Adult frogs emerge from them.

Rice. 10. Surinam pipa ()

The hairy frog defends itself with sharp claws, like a cat's (Fig. 11).

Rice. 11. Hairy frog ()

The tiny Colombian frog (Fig. 12) fits in a teaspoon, and its poison is the most powerful of animal poisons.

Rice. 12. Colombian frog ()

Flying frogs deftly jump from trees, spreading their membranes (Fig. 13). This helps them stay in the air.

Rice. 13. Flying frogs ()

Amphibians play big role in human life. They destroy great amount insects, thereby benefiting agriculture. They also eat insects that carry disease. Amphibians are also used in medical laboratory research. Man even breeds amphibians as a pet. In some countries they are even eaten.

Bibliography

1. Samkova V.A., Romanova N.I. The world 1. - M.: Russian word.
2. Pleshakov A.A., Novitskaya M.Yu. The world around 1. - M .: Education.
3. Gin A.A., Faer S.A., Andrzheevskaya I.Yu. The world around 1. - M .: VITA-PRESS.

1. Worldofnature.ru ().
2. Floranimal.ru ().
3. Zoodrug.ru ().

Homework

1. Who are amphibians?
2. How do amphibians reproduce?
3. What are the three orders of amphibians? Describe each order of amphibians.
4. * Prepare a story about the most unusual and interesting, in your opinion, representative of the Amphibian class.

Fish and amphibians in the system biological classification are classes (or paraphyletic groups) included in a higher taxonomic group - a type of vertebrate (chordate) animals. How do amphibians differ from fish biologically? Consider the question, using the latest data of science.

Origin

To date, it has been established that life on Earth first arose in the ocean. The long evolution of the simplest organisms gradually led to the complication of their biological organization and, in the end, to the appearance of fish - vertebrates, whose life is completely connected with water bodies. As plants moved out of the ocean onto land, animals followed the food sources: first "vegetarians" and then predators. Fish, gradually changing, began to transform into creatures more adapted to life in shallow water and land adjacent to the coast - this is how amphibians appeared.

The difference between amphibians and fish is primarily that they have adapted to breathing outside the ocean. However, the close relationship with the reservoir forced the development of combined breathing: in addition to the lungs (like all land inhabitants), amphibians have additional organs breathing - gills, and some generally breathe with the help of skin(this is called skin breathing). However, a number of species have only lungs, such as toads, which live in drier environments than most amphibians.

Comparison

Taxonomically (that is, in the classification system), fish and amphibians are equivalent classes of vertebrates. As we have established, amphibians evolved from fish in the process of adapting to changing living conditions. However, they still have a large number of identical features of the structure, lifestyle and reproduction. What do they have in common?

Firstly, this is reproduction, which is carried out with the help of spawning. Of course, there are exceptions to this rule. There are viviparous fish (for example, some sharks) and viviparous amphibians (a number of species of toads and salamanders). However, reproduction by spawning occurs in both fish and amphibians much more often. Live birth is rather an exception to the rule.

Secondly, both are cold-blooded animals, therefore they are highly dependent on the ambient temperature: if the environment is more comfortable for fish - after all, the water does not cool below zero (they always have the opportunity to get away from the "advancing" ice to a depth), then amphibians are not so good. When the air temperature becomes too low for normal metabolism, they hibernate. Interestingly, almost all amphibians cannot live in salt water, while fish are ubiquitous. This is due to the peculiarities of skin respiration: through sensitive skin, dissolved in sea ​​water salt “draws” moisture from the animal’s body, which has a lower salinity, and it dies from dehydration - such a paradox! The exception is the South American toad-aga, which in the process of evolution has adapted to life in salt water.

Table

To summarize, what is the difference between amphibians and fish. In addition to the above, it can be added that spawning amphibians in the process of reproduction have a stage that fish do not have. This, for example, is well-known to all of us tadpoles - an intermediate link between the eggs and the adult frog. By the way, studying its development, biologists were able to observe a kind of mini-evolution of amphibians. Tadpoles are born with external gills and tails, but no legs. Gradually, they develop pulmonary breathing, the tail falls off and paws grow - and soon a full-fledged frog appears before us.

	Amphibians	Fish
Classification		Class included in the type of chordates
Nutrition		Herbivores, omnivores, carnivores
reproduction	Spawning, live birth. In tailless amphibians, there is a stage of development between the egg and the adult - tadpoles	Spawning, live birth
Lifestyle	Cold-blooded animals are highly dependent on ambient temperature. When lowered below the critical fall into hibernation. Can only live in fresh water(with extremely rare exceptions)	Cold-blooded animals. When the water temperature drops, their vital activity decreases, but they do not fall into hibernation. Different types fish have adapted to live in both salt and fresh water. There are species that can live in fresh water and in the sea.

Even in biology lessons, teachers talk about various representatives of the fauna. Among them are the first chordates and vertebrate inhabitants of our planet. These include fish and amphibians. Read about the similarities and differences between fish and frogs in the article.

Fish

Since ancient times, these inhabited all kinds of reservoirs. Evolution forced them to change, as a result of which the first amphibians came to land. Fish live almost everywhere. They are the largest superclass of primary chordates. In total, more than twenty thousand species of these animals are known to science.

Fish are cold-blooded representatives of the fauna. They strongly depend on the ambient temperature, the speed of their vital processes varies depending on the temperature conditions. IN winter time year, when the water cools to zero degrees and below, the fish simply descend to the bottom of the reservoir, because there is always a positive temperature.

Fish and frogs are essential components of many food chains. They not only eat other plant and animal organisms, but also become food for predators themselves. Many fish are prey for humans. Due to the fact that a huge number of these animals die as a result of fishing, some species of fish were listed in the Red Book or disappeared from the face of the Earth.

frogs

Amphibians are the first animals to walk on land. They can live both on land and in water. While fish live in both salt and fresh water, amphibians can only be found near rivers.

Fish and frogs have a number of similarities and differences. Amphibians have pronounced limbs that allow amphibians to jump high. Their skin is bare and covered in mucus. They have well-developed eyesight - this helps them notice prey from afar and subsequently catch it with a long sticky tongue. Frogs are cold-blooded animals, so the peak of their activity falls on the warm season. They are most often found in wetlands, moist forests and various reservoirs.

Similarities

Describing the similarity of fish and frogs, one cannot fail to say that they are similar not only externally, but also internally. This is manifested in the fact that newly hatched tadpoles resemble in shape small fish. In the adult state, their similarity is due to the fact that the heads of these representatives of the fauna smoothly pass into the body. The frog has a single neck vertebrae, while the back gill covers replace the neck in the fish.

In addition, both fish and frogs have a mouth opening and large eyes. This is one of the most obvious similarities in their external structure. As for the sinuses and nostrils, amphibians and fish have two pairs of them. True, two of the four nostrils of a frog are in its mouth, while all the nostrils of a fish are located on its head.

Fish and frogs have well-developed muscles. If u is associated with motor activity, then in fish - with swimming. The fact is that it is important for them to stay in the water and resist its flow. They have separate muscles that are responsible for the movements of their eyes, fins, and other parts of their body.

Both those and other representatives of the fauna lay eggs. At the same time, tadpoles are also chordates. Both representatives of the fauna are cold-blooded, which makes them dependent on the temperature around them.

Differences

As mentioned earlier, fish and frogs have both similarities and differences. They are both external and internal.

First of all, they lie in the structure of the skeleton. The frog has a neck vertebra, while the fish does not, and the amphibian skull has fewer bones. The head of the frog is movably connected to the body. Her spinal cord is protected by several arches. While fish have gills, amphibians do not have gill bones or their lids.

The muscular skeleton also differs in these representatives of the fauna. Due to the fact that the frog not only swims in water, but also moves on land, the muscles of its limbs are well developed. In addition, she can lower and raise her head. Amphibians can move in different directions, while the movements of fish are monotonous and somewhat similar to snakes. The difference between a frog and a fish lies in the structure of their eyes. The fact is that in a fish they are flat, and in an amphibian they are convex.

The body shape of these representatives of the fauna is very different. Firstly, the shape of the body of the fish is streamlined, which contributes to its high speed movement in the water. The skin of aquatic inhabitants is usually covered with scales, while the skin of amphibians is naked. This is one of the many differences between amphibians and fish.

Routing

Item

The world

Class

Program

UMK "Harmony"

Teacher

Mokina Svetlana Nailovna

Lesson topic

« Development of fish and amphibians.

Lesson type

a lesson in discovering new knowledge

The purpose of the lesson

Lesson objectives

Educational - form ideas about life cycles fish and amphibians;

Educational
- develop the ability to trace the sequence of development of fish and amphibians; educators - educate environmentally competent behavior in nature;

Planned learning outcomes, the formation of UUD:

Subject:

- to get acquainted with the stages of development of fish and amphibians;participate in a collective discussion of issues, observing the rules of speech behavior; talk about the topic under discussion, listen to the interlocutors.

Metasubject

Be able todetermine and formulate the goal in the lesson with the help of a teacher;plan your action in accordance with the task; make the necessary adjustments to the action after its completion, based on its assessment and taking into account the nature of the errors made( Regulatory UUD).

Be able to listen and understand the speech of others; express your thoughts orallyCommunicative UUD).

Be able tonavigate your knowledge system;carry out the analysis of objects;find answers to questions in the text, illustrations;convert information from one form to another: compose answers to questions(Cognitive UUD).

Personal UUD : apply business cooperation rules: compare different points vision; consider the opinion of another person; show patience and goodwill in the dispute (discussion), trust in the interlocutor (accomplice) of the activity.

Regulatory UUD : develop the ability to formulate and retain learning task, setting to find ways to resolve a problematic issue, the ability to control and evaluate their activities and the activities of a partner.

Cognitive UUD: develop the ability to identify and formulate problems, put forward hypotheses, build an algorithm to solve a selected problem.

Communicative UUD: develop the ability to work in pairs, carefullylisten and hear each other, negotiate among themselves, the ability to express their thoughts.

Forms of work

work in pairs, individual work

Basic concepts

Egg, larva, fry, tadpole.

Intersubject communications

Russian language

Resources

main

Poglazova O.T., Vorozheikina N.D., Shilin V.D. The world around 3 class part 2.

Poglazova O.T., Shilin V.D. The world. Workbook Grade 3 Part 2

additional

computer, TV, educational presentation,

Cards for working in pairs;

- tablets with the main concepts of the topic;

Hands for reflection.

Lesson stage

Teacher activity

Activity

students

Time

(in minutes)

Org. moment (stage of self-determination).

Purpose: greeting, creating a positive attitude to work.

The cheerful bell rang
Is everyone ready? All is ready!
We don't rest now
We are starting to work.

Try to be active
Answer, do not be shy!

Psychological mood of children.

1 min.

Updating knowledge, motivating students.

Target: Repetition of existing knowledge, activation of activities, motivation for subsequent work.

What topic did we work on last lesson?

Opened textbooks, repeat the topic of the lesson. Animal development

- Let's test your knowledge. Let's do the "Animal Development" test.

Test

1. The time of appearance of offspring in most animals

A) spring B) autumn C) winter D) summer

2. Mammals have babies

A) appear from eggs B) develop from eggsB) are born

D) there are several stages of transformations

3. Birds and reptiles have babies

A) emerge from eggsB) develop from eggs B) are born

D) several stages of transformation occur in development

4. What is in the yolk of an egg

A) shell

B) nutrients necessary for its growth and development

C) protein D) nothing5. What role does egg white play?

A) it contains the nutrients necessary for its growth and development B) there is an embryo in the protein.

B) noneD) protects the embryo from hitting the egg wall .

Open the observation diary and note the weather of today.

Animal development.

Children do the test

5 minutes.

Formulation of the problem

Target: Leading children to the formulation of the topic and setting the goal of the lesson.

In order to find out the topic of today's lesson, guess riddles.

In the water - alive

On land, it's dead. (fish)

Not a beast, not a bird

Afraid of everything.

Catch flies -

And splash into the water! (Frog)

- What is another name for frogs?

- Let's remember everything we know about fish and amphibians.

But for this we will make a cluster

Amphibians

Where do fish live?

part of life in water part on land

What is their skin covered with?

scales

skin is bare and wet

What do they breathe?

lungs and skin

What equipment do they have for swimming?

fins

paws

What do they eat?

varied diet

varied diet

How do they behave in winter?

Inactive. Burbot spawns.

They go into hibernation

Development

eggs - larvae - fry - fish

What do we still not know about these representatives? I'll give you a hint.

- people have a child;

at the fox - (fox cub);

in a cat - (kitten);

at the duck - (duckling) ?;

Guys, who was the frog in childhood? And the fish?

You see how many secrets nature gives us!

What problem do you think we will solve together today?

Fish

frog

Amphibians

Children fill the cluster

Definition of the topic and purpose of the lesson.

Formulate the topic of the lesson

The topic of our lesson: “Development of fish and amphibians”

What is our goal?

What are the objectives of the lesson?

“Development and reproduction of fish and amphibians”

Target : To get acquainted with the development of fish and amphibians. Find out the differences in their development.

Tasks:

1. Observe, consider, analyze, search for information, prove, work with a book.

Learning new material .

When the waters are free of ice in spring, fish spawning begins. Females of river, lake and marine fish they find shallow places with clean running water and spawn there.The timing of egg laying in fish is determined by temperature. Each species of fish has adapted to spawning only at a certain warming of the water.

Now we are with you and find out how the fish develops

Open the textbook on page 76, read about fish

Where does the development of fish begin?

What happens to the caviar?

And what happens to the larva?

Let's return to the cluster and make a chain of fish development: eggs - larvae - fry - fish

Amphibians breed in shallow, well-heated areas of water bodies (in ponds, in quiet backwaters of rivers, lakes and swamps). Female frogs and toads throw balls of eggs, very similar to fish eggs. In warm spring evenings, at the end of April and in May, loud croaking sounds are heard from the ponds. These "concerts" are arranged by male frogs to attract females.(Do you want to listen to such a concert?)

Read the text on page 77 in the textbook

How does the development of a frog begin?

What happens to her next?

How does a tadpole turn into a frog?

Let's go back to the cluster and make up the chain of development of amphibians:egg - larva (tadpole) - frog

frogs

Fish

(slide 2)

First, the female lays eggs on algae stalks.

From the eggs hatch - tiny tadpoles (Similar to fish larvae)

(slide 3)

From the eggs hatch - the larvae are small funny creatures with eyes and tails.

Soon, the tadpole's hind legs grow.

(Slide 4)

Malek grows, consuming the contents of the yolk sac (reserve nutrients)

Then the front ones grow, and the tadpole becomes like a frog with a tail.

Soon the gills disappear and the lungs develop.

(slide 5)

When the supply of nutrients in the bag is completely used up, the fry begin to feed.

Malek eats and grows.

After 2-3 months, the tail disappears, and our frog becomes quite an adult.

(slide 6)

Gradually, the fry grows and turns into an adult fish.

Fizminutka

Two girlfriends in the swamp
Two green frogs
Wash early in the morning
Rubbed with a towel.
They stomped their feet,
Hands clapped
Right, left leaning
And they returned back.
Here is the secret of health
To all friends - physical education hello!

Work in TVET p.22

Opened TPO and completed task No. 10

Swap notebooks. Upvote if everything is correct. Raise your hands who's got it right.

Work in pairs

You have yellow cards on your desks.

Put them in front of you and read carefully.

Now let's share our new knowledge with each other. What did you learn from your texts?

Text #1 .

An African fish takes care of its offspring in a very original way.tilapia : she carries eggs and fry in her mouth! The fry calmly swim around their mother, swallow something, wait ... But as soon as the slightest danger arises, the mother gives a signal, sharply moving her tail and trembling in a special way with her fins, and ... the fry immediately rush to the shelter of the mother's mouth.

Text#2

stickleback male building a nest for the female. When the nest is ready, the male drives the female there, who lays eggs there. The females swim away and the male guards the nest.

Text #3

Most frogs and toads lay their eggs in or near water and leave them unattended. Some lay few eggs and parents take care of them. surinamese pipa hatches eggs in skin cells. After about 80 days, small frogs pop out of these cells and begin to lead an independent life.

Text#4

tree frog builds a nest of leaves for caviar.The tadpoles crawl onto their father's back and he carries them to a built pond.

Text#5

Caring for offspring in amphibians, as a rule, is not particularly warm and attentive. Most often, after laying eggs, parents leave the reservoirs and leave their future offspring.The midwife toad is so named because of unique way caring for the offspring shown by the male. He wears calf "strings" wrapped around his hind legs. As the larvae develop, the male carries them into the water or lays them next to the water.

- Well done. Thank you.

Develop from eggs

Transforms into a larva

She turns into a baby

Children are listening

The development of a frog begins with an egg.

After one or two weeks, a frog larva appears from the egg - a tadpole

In the tadpole, limbs appear over time, gills soon disappear and lungs develop.

Summing up the lesson

Let's go back to the beginning of the lesson. - What was our goal?

What conclusion did they come to?

Learn about the development of fish and amphibians. Find out the differences in their development.

Reflection

familiarization of students with the development of fish and amphibians.

Compose a senquain?

Option 1 - slave, Option 2 - frog

Complete the sentences:

I found out…

I repeated...

It was interesting to me…

Green -I understood everything

Yellow - it was interesting, but not everything is clear

Red - nothing is clear and it was not interesting

Slave.

Slippery, smooth.

Swimming, diving, playing.

Breathes in water with gills.

Animal.

Frog.

Naked, wet.

Jumping, croaking, swimming.

Frogs are the first land animals.

Amphibians.

3 min

8

Homework

Page 76-77 paraphrase.