Caliber 3 lines. Caliber. Pistol cartridge caliber. Relative stopping action. Ammo. Interchangeability of revolver cartridges

Interesting questions sometimes arise in the course of writing, and then discussing materials about weapons. This happened after my article on the standards for the protection of military personnel and law enforcement officers. To be honest, it was a little unexpected for me.

arose interesting conversation about , which was used during the tests. More precisely, about the calibers of this weapon. The fact is that the given data corresponded to the standards of the producing countries. That created some confusion in the perception of the material. The confusion caused precisely by the poor knowledge of the very concept of "caliber".

After some thought, I decided to correct my miscalculation. Indeed, even those who are professionally involved in small arms rarely think about the theoretical part. For what? There are our weapons, there are European ones, there are American ones. And this weapon is used with the appropriate cartridges. When using others, there are completely unnecessary delays and other troubles.

So, let's start with the basics. What is a caliber? Caliber is a numerical expression of the bore diameter measured between opposite fields. Everything seems to be clear. However, the existing this moment weapons do not always meet this definition. Why did it happen? The thing is that rifled weapons are used in the work of military personnel. This circumstance makes the standard definition conditional.

For the most part, the weapons meet the standard. But there are exceptions. Sizing is much less common. Simply put, the caliber is determined not by the field of the barrel, but from the depth of the groove to the opposite depth of the groove. But that's not all. Very rarely, but a third method of measuring caliber is also used. Along the rifling and the field of the trunk opposite to each other.

So the questions are quite correct. Although they arose already during the use of weapons. Cartridges of the same caliber "do not climb" or "dangle" in the barrel. But more on that below.

Now about the designation of calibers in various countries.

Many wondered about the famous Russian three-ruler. Why does this weapon have such a name? Fine rifle, 7.62 mm. Why a trilinear?

Blame adopted in tsarist Russia caliber measurement system. 1 line corresponded to 2.54 mm. The attentive reader has already seen where the legs grow from. That's right, English inch. 1" = 25.4 mm. But since the calibers small arms still smaller, it was divided into lines. 1" = 10 lines. And then simple arithmetic. 3 lines = 7.62 mm.

What I wrote above is a well-known fact. But this fact has a sequel. When discussing the Mosin rifle, another name for the caliber was also used: 30 points. Imagine: the "famous Russian thirty-point" ... Indeed, at that time this calibration system was also used.
1 inch = 10 lines = 100 dots = 25.4 mm.

But back to our days. We are more interested modern designations weapon calibers.

In most countries of the world, the caliber is expressed in the notation known to us. Millimeters. It can be either integer or fractional. Fractions are usually written to the second decimal place. 9mm pistol and 5.45mm automatic. This entry gives more precise definition caliber.

But the United Kingdom and the United States retained the caliber designation in inches. By the way, this also applies to other countries where the English system of measures has been preserved. Saved, though in a slightly modified form, and our "acquaintances" - the lines.

In the UK, calibers are measured in thousandths of an inch. The Americans have simplified the measurement a little. Get by with hundredths.

To fully understand this system, you still need to return to our beautiful three-ruler. Officially, according to British requirements, the caliber of this weapon was recorded as 0.3 (3 lines = 3 x 2.54 mm).

IN English designation this caliber would be written as 0.300. In the American - 0.30. Zero was removed for convenience, and today we have two calibers left: .30 and .300. But even this is not commonly used today. You don't need a dot either. Gauges today are simply 300 in the UK and 30 in the US. And for us, this is the well-known 7.62-mm caliber.

30 (US) = 300 (UK) = 7.62 mm (Russia).

So it looks more obvious. Now you, dear readers, can easily calculate the caliber of any weapon and transfer it to the measurement system that is familiar to you.

We multiply the American caliber 30 by 0.254 mm and get our 7.62. We multiply the English caliber 300 by 0.0254 and get the same result.

By the way, I had another question that tormented one of the readers. Why do Americans use a 5.6mm rifle Russian army automatic 5.45 mm? In principle, I already gave the answer at the beginning of the article. And this answer is in the method of measuring calibers. I'm not sure, but I think there was a willing person among those who liked to delve into weapons, who measured the bullet of our AK-74. Not when she's shot. And right in the cartridge. Surprise, but you shot with a caliber of 5.6 mm. This is the diameter of the bullet itself.

Caliber measurement Russian weapons follows the standard pattern. From field to opposite field. But if you measure the depth of the grooves, you get the desired 5.6 mm. But what I have just described does not apply to all bullets. There are many factors that "reduce" the caliber of a bullet to the caliber of a weapon. And they even make this caliber smaller than the caliber of the weapon. This is the amount of gunpowder in the ammunition, and the hardness of the bullet, and the number of rifling in the weapon, and the length of the leading part ... The barrel of the weapon is not rubber. Yes, and the wear of such a barrel is an order of magnitude higher.

I did not want to "climb" into the jungle. But if the need arises, I will open this side a little. modern weapons i.e. ammo. Today, most of the users of small arms (meaning rifled military weapon) are sure that the designation of the cartridge corresponds to the caliber. And alas, they are wrong.

The designation of the cartridge corresponds to the caliber of the weapon. No, the calibers of the cartridge and weapons are very close to each other, but they do not completely match.

American police officers use .38 caliber revolvers. Using the technique that I described above, you can easily calculate this caliber in millimeters. 9.65 mm! But such a caliber does not exist in principle. And the cartridges used by the police are nothing but ordinary 9mm cartridges! And such cartridges are used in weapons, the true caliber of which is only 8.83 mm.

And what is shown in Hollywood films, when a policeman gets especially powerful cartridges from a safe and proudly equips a drum with them, turns out to be, in the light of this article, complete nonsense. The cartridges used in these revolvers ".38 Special" are generally caliber 357!

By the way, the same thing is happening today with the Kalashnikov assault rifle, which is popular in the United States. Our cartridges and cartridges made in the USA, as they say, are two big differences. Both in equipment and in caliber (true) bullets. But more about that some other time.

In general, the current system for designating weapon calibers is as simple as it is complex. Today it is impossible to count primitively millimeters or inches. Existing weapons even the same caliber has different receivers. Cartridges for most rifles and machine guns are "their own". Unification, which was discussed quite recently, is becoming a thing of the past. Modern small arms are becoming highly specialized. The use of "foreign" cartridges can lead not only to the failure of the weapon, but also to more sad consequences.

Caliber of smoothbore hunting rifles.

Caliber for smoothbore hunting rifles old tradition measured by the number of round bullets that can be made from one English pound (453.6 g) of pure lead (4, 8, 10, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32).
In Russia, hunting rifles are produced in calibers 12, 16, 20, in the USA - 10, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28.
The most common calibers for smoothbore weapons are 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 28, 32.

Caliber rifled weapons

The calibers of rifled weapons are measured in whole, tenths and hundredths of a millimeter, for example 7.62 mm.

At the beginning of the 20th century in Russia, the caliber of a rifled firearms measured in fractions of an inch or "lines" (1 inch = 25.4 mm = 10 lines = 100 dots).
This is where the name "three-line" of the rifle of I. S. Mosin of the 1881 model came from - 3 lines or 7.62 mm.

In a number of English-speaking countries, the calibers of rifled long-barreled and short-barreled weapons are measured in hundredths and thousandths of an inch and are designated: caliber 30 (USA), caliber 300 (England), which when converted to the metric system in both cases means caliber 7.62 mm.

The gaps between the grooves are called fields.

Therefore, the caliber of a rifled weapon (bore diameter) can be measured as the distance either between two opposite fields in diameter (7.62 mm; 5.45 mm) or between rifling (7.92 mm; 5.6 mm).

So, if we compare the cartridge 9x18 mm PM and 9x17 mm "Browning" (the second number indicates the length of the sleeve), then, despite the same caliber, they have different bullet diameters.

The bullet diameter of the first cartridge is 9.2 mm, and the second - 9.0 mm.
Accordingly, the barrel diameters for these cartridges are 9.0 mm for the first, and 8.8 mm for the second.

Bullet diameter for rifled weapons.

The diameter of a bullet for a rifled weapon corresponds to the diameter of the bore, measured along the rifling (i.e., the larger diameter). In this case, the bullet has the ability to cut into the rifling and acquire a rotational motion.
In this case, a breakthrough of powder gases between the walls of the barrel and the bullet is not allowed.

In some cases, caliber designations, in addition to determining the diameter of the bullet (or barrel), can provide information about the length of the cartridge and its power.
So, among the designations of 9-mm cartridges there are such as .357, .38, .380.
These cartridges have a caliber of 9 mm, but differ in power or other parameters.

Caliber of rifled small arms

The most popular pistol calibers are:

577 (14.7 mm) - the largest of the series, the revolver "Eley" (Great Britain);

45 (11.4 mm) - the "national" US caliber, the most common in the Wild West. In 1911, the Colt M1911 automatic pistol of this caliber entered service with the army and navy and, repeatedly upgraded, served until 1985, when the US military switched to 9mm for the Beretta_92.

38; .357 (9mm) - currently considered optimal for hand weapons(less - the bullet is too "weak", more - the gun is too heavy).

25 (6.35 mm) - TOZ-8.

2.7 mm - the smallest of the serial ones, had a Hummingbird pistol of the Pieper system (Belgium).

Caliber of a smoothbore hunting weapon

For smoothbore hunting rifles, calibers are measured differently: caliber number means number of bullets, which can be cast from 1 English pound of lead (453.6 g). In this case, the bullets must be spherical, identical in mass and diameter, which is equal to the inner diameter of the barrel in its middle part. The smaller the barrel diameter, the greater the number of bullets. Thus twentieth gauge is less than sixteenth, A sixteenth less than twelfth.

Caliber designation	Designation variant	Barrel diameter, mm	Varieties
36	.410	10.4	-
32	.50	12.5	-
28	-	13.8	-
24	-	14.7	-
20	-	15.6 (15.5 magnum)	-
16	-	16.8	-
12	-	18.5 (18.2 magnum)	-
10	-	19.7	-
4	-	26.5	-

In the designation of cartridges for smoothbore weapons, as in the designation of cartridges for rifled weapons, it is customary to indicate the length of the sleeve, for example: 12/70 - a 12 gauge cartridge with a sleeve 70 mm long. Most common case lengths: 65, 70, 76 (magnum). Along with them there are: 60 and 89 (super magnum). The most widespread in Russia are hunting rifles of 12 gauge. There are (in descending order of prevalence) 16, 20, 36 (.410), 32, 28, and the distribution of caliber 36 (.410) is due solely to the release of Saiga carbines of the corresponding caliber.

The actual diameter of the bore of a given caliber in each country may differ from those indicated within certain limits. In addition, we should not forget that the shotgun barrel hunting weapon usually has different kind constrictions (chokes) through which not any bullet of its caliber can pass without damaging the barrel, so in many cases the bullets are made according to the diameter of the choke and are supplied with easily cut sealing belts, which are cut down when passing through the choke. It should be noted that the common caliber of signal pistols - 26.5 mm - is nothing more than the 4th hunting.

Caliber of Russian artillery, air bombs, torpedoes and rockets

In Europe the term artillery caliber appeared in 1546, when Hartmann from Nuremberg developed a device called the Hartmann scale. It was a prismatic tetrahedral ruler. Units of measurement (inches) were marked on one face, and the actual dimensions, depending on the weight in pounds, of iron, lead and stone cores, respectively, were applied to the other three.

Example(approximately):

1 face - mark lead 1 pound kernels - corresponds to 1.5 inches

2 edge - iron cores 1 f. - from 2.5

3 face - stone cores 1 f. - from 3

Thus, knowing either the size or weight of the projectile, it was easy to complete, and most importantly, manufacture ammunition. A similar system existed in the world for about 300 years.

In Russia, before Peter 1, there were no standards. IN early XVIII century, on behalf of Peter 1, Feldzeugmeister General Count Bruce, based on the Hartmann scale, developed a domestic caliber system. She divided the guns according to artillery weight projectile (cast iron core). The unit of measurement was the artillery pound, a cast-iron ball 2 inches in diameter and weighing 115 spools (about 490 grams). A scale was also created that correlated artillery weight with the diameter of the bore, that is, with what we now call the caliber. At the same time, it did not matter what types of shells the gun fired - buckshot, bombs, or anything else. Only the theoretical artillery weight was taken into account, which the gun could shoot with its size. This system was introduced by royal decree in the city and lasted for a century and a half.

Example:

3 pound gun, 3 pound gun - official name;

artillery weight 3 pounds- the main characteristic of the weapon.

2.8 inch scale- diameter of the bore, an auxiliary characteristic of the gun.

In practice, it was a small cannon, firing rounds weighing about 1.5 kg and having a caliber (in our understanding) of about 70 mm.

D. E. Kozlovsky in his book translates the Russian artillery weight into metric calibers:

3 pounds - 76 mm.

A special place in this system was occupied by explosive shells (bomb). Their weight was measured in poods (1 pood = 40 trade pounds = approx. 16.3 kg). This is due to the fact that the bombs were hollow, with explosives inside, that is, they were made of materials of different densities. In their production, it was much more convenient to operate with generally accepted weight units.

D. Kozlovsky leads the next. ratios:

1/4 pud - 120 mm

For bombs, a special weapon was intended - a bombard, or mortar. Her performance characteristics, combat missions and the calibration system allow us to talk about special form artillery. In practice, small bombards often fired ordinary cannonballs, and then the same gun had different calibers- general at 12 pounds and special at 10 pounds.

The introduction of calibers, among other things, has become a good financial incentive for soldiers and officers. So, in the “Book of the Charter of the Sea”, printed in St. Petersburg in 1720, in the chapter “On Rewarding”, the amounts of award payments for cannons taken from the enemy are given:

30-pound - 300 rubles

In the second half of the 19th century, with the introduction of rifled artillery, the scale was adjusted due to changes in the characteristics of the projectile, but the principle remained the same.

Interesting fact: Nowadays artillery pieces, calibrated by weight, are still in service. This is due to the fact that in the UK a similar system was maintained until the end of the Second World War. Upon its completion a large number of guns were sold and transferred to countries like that. called Third world. In the WB itself, 25-pound (87.6 mm) guns were in service until the end of the 70s. last century, and now remain in salute units.

In 1877, the inch system was introduced. At the same time, the former dimensions according to the "Bruce" scale to new system had nothing to do with it. True, the “Bryusov” scale and artillery weight remained for some time after 1877 due to the fact that many obsolete guns remained in the army.

Example:

Notes

The caliber of air bombs is measured in kilograms.

Caliber for smoothbore weapons

For smoothbore weapons, the caliber number means the whole number of spherical bullets that can be cast from 1 English pound of lead (453.59 g). In this case, the bullets must be spherical, identical in mass and diameter, which is equal to the inner diameter of the barrel in its middle part. The smaller the barrel diameter, the large quantity Bullets are made from a pound of lead. Thus, the twentieth gauge is less than the tenth, and the sixteenth is less than the twelfth.
You can also use the formula for determining the caliber (K) by the diameter of the barrel (D, cm):
In the designation of the caliber of cartridges for smoothbore weapons, it is customary to indicate the length of the sleeve, for example: 12/70 - a 12-gauge cartridge with a sleeve 70 mm long. Most common case lengths: 65, 70, 76mm (Magnum); along with them there are 60 and 89 mm (Super Magnum).

The length of the chambers of hunting smoothbore guns in millimeters is shown below

The actual diameter of the bore of a given caliber depends, firstly, on the specific manufacturer and, secondly, on drilling for a certain type of sleeve: metal, plastic or folder. For example, a 12-gauge barrel drilled for a folder or plastic sleeve has a bore diameter of 18.3 mm, while a barrel drilled for a metal one has a diameter of 19.4 mm. In addition, it should not be forgotten that the barrel of a shotgun hunting weapon usually has various types of chokes, through which not any bullet of its caliber can pass without damage to the barrel, so in many cases the body of the bullet is made according to the diameter of the choke and is equipped with centering belts that are easily crushed when passing through the choke.

It should be noted that the common caliber of 26.5 mm signal pistols is nothing more than the 4th hunting caliber.

Caliber for rifled weapons

Caliber for rifled weapons in fractions of inches (English system)

The caliber of rifled small arms in countries using the English system of measures is measured in fractions of an inch: in the USA - hundredths(0.01 inch), in the UK - in thousandths(0.001 inch).

In the entry, the zero of the integer part of the number and the designation of the unit of measurement (inch) are omitted, and a dot is used as the decimal separator. For example, .45, .450. In Russian texts, traditional English and American calibers are written in the same way (with a dot, not a comma, adopted in Russia as a decimal separator): caliber.45, caliber.450

IN colloquial speech only fractions of an inch are spoken: forty-five caliber, four hundred and fifty caliber.

In the West, for civilian cartridges, the name of the company or cartridge standard is usually added to the caliber: .45 Colt, .41 S&W, .38 Super, .357 Magnum, .220 Russian.

Caliber for rifled weapons in the metric system

In countries that use the metric system of measures (in particular, in Russia), the caliber is measured in millimeters; in the designation, the sleeve length is added through the multiplication sign: 9 × 18 mm.

It should be borne in mind that the length of the sleeve is not a characteristic of the caliber, but a characteristic of the cartridge. With the same caliber, cartridges can be of different lengths and have different length sleeves.

In the West, such a digital record is used mainly for army cartridges.

Caliber for rifled weapons in lines

In Russia until 1917 and in a number of other countries, the caliber was measured in lines. One line is equal to 1/10 inch (0.254 cm or 2.54 mm). IN modern speech the name “three-line” took root, which literally means a rifle of the 1891 model of the year (Mosin system) in three lines (i.e. 7.62 mm or, if you are interested, .30).

There are also more complex designations, for example, several designations of the same cartridge: nine millimeters, Browning, short; three hundred and eighty, auto; nine by seventeen. The given state of affairs is due to the fact that almost every arms company has its own patented cartridges of different characteristics, and a foreign cartridge accepted for service or civilian circulation receives a new designation

Comparison table of calibers

IN general case, calibers are converted assuming that 1 inch (1") equals 25.4 mm.
But it should be kept in mind that in different countries the caliber is measured in different ways (along the fields or the bottom of the grooves). In addition, the designation of the caliber of the cartridge can be conditional - for example, the cartridge .22LR and .222Rem actually have the same caliber, but radically differ in type (the first is rimfire, the second is central) and the size of the sleeve. Similarly, .38 and .357 cartridges have de facto the same bullet diameter, but the .357 magnum cartridge has a longer case (32mm vs. 29mm) and a more powerful powder charge.

The caliber of a cartridge or weapon is a numerical expression of the diameter at the barrel, which was measured between opposite fields. Such a standard definition became conditional with the advent of numerous types of rifled weapons.

Smoothbore weapons and their calibers

Right choice weapons and ammunition plays key role during the hunt. Russian hunters most often use smoothbore guns, which have a smooth inside of the bore.

smoothbore weapon appeared in 1498 in Germany. It is considered universal for hunting and self-defense. In Russia, they began to produce such guns in the 16th century. Our product has received its official name - a rifle.

Caliber designations

The caliber of the weapon is necessarily indicated on its body. Also, sometimes information about the size of the cartridge is placed on the sleeve.

In those countries where the English system of measures is used, the caliber of weapons and cartridges is indicated in inches. As a rule, it is written in both hundredths and thousandths of an inch. In our country, until 1917, it was customary to measure the caliber in lines. One line was equal to 0.1 inches or 0.254 centimeters. After the formation of the USSR, the calibers of weapons and cartridges began to be measured in millimeters.

The first digit indicated the diameter of the bore, and after the multiplication sign, the second digit, the length of the ammunition sleeve, was also noted. The last characteristic refers specifically to the cartridge, so with the same caliber it may not fit the weapon. In countries Western Europe, USA, Canada and other countries that are members of the NATO bloc, such marking is used only for army weapons.

For civilian ammunition in foreign states other designations apply, where the name of the manufacturer or the standard of the cartridge is attributed to the caliber. For example, 220 Russian or 38 Super.

Caliber classification

All cartridge calibers have their own classification. It looks like this:

To date civilians and military personnel are presented with numerous types small arms and ammunition of various sizes, including the caliber 45 indicated in the table (in mm - from 11.26 to 11.35). Such cartridges are used both in civilian and military combat weapons. To understand which main projectiles are used in modern world, they must be presented in the form of a table of cartridge calibers. It is reviewed below.

Russian designation of calibers in millimeters.	Designation in inches.	The inner diameter of the barrel of the weapon in millimeters.	Weapons of this caliber.
		from 5.42 to 5.6	MTs-3 pistol, TOZ-12 rifle, Ruger revolver.
		8.7 to 9.25	Beretta, Glock and GSh-18.
			Colt Double Eagle, Thompson and De Lisle carbine.
			AR-15, CAR-15, INSAS, Vektor R4 and AK102.
			Winchester model 70, Remington Model 700.
	30-06 Springfield		Browning M1919, M1 Garand, Johnson machine gun.

Small-caliber cartridge

So, we examined the table of weapon calibers. Most popular for rifled civilian weapons among novice hunters is .22 LR or 5.6 millimeters. It is used to shoot small animals, such as furry wild animals and rodents. These ammunition are widely used in sports.

5.6mm cartridges and weapons were first demonstrated by the J. Stevens Arm & Tool Company in late XIX century. Initially, they were intended for room shooting at paper targets. It is worth noting that the first 5.6 mm caliber cartridge was a piston, which was placed in a copper cup. There was also a small fraction falling in. In the future, various enterprises produced different variations of the cartridge with a bullet with a diameter of 5.6 mm. The length of the sleeve changed, as well as the options for filling the projectile for throwing. Today, there are several types of these ammunition:

.22 Winchester Magnum Rimfire.
.22 Short.
.22 Long.
.22 Long Rifle.

The last type is the most popular. It is equipped with a bullet weighing 2.6 grams. The initial speed of the projectile reaches 410 meters per second. Muzzle energy is about 190 J. The maximum range of guaranteed target destruction is 150 meters.

The popularity of the .22 LR cartridge is due to its high accuracy, quiet pop during firing, minimal recoil and low cost. Among the shortcomings, the following factors can be distinguished:

lack of stopping action;
small projectile power.

Cartridge 5.6 x 39

In the table of all calibers, a cartridge with a size of 5.6 x 39 mm is indicated. This is a hunting ammunition for rifles, which is of Soviet origin. You need to know that its length is 48.7 mm from the tip of the bullet to the bottom of the sleeve.

It was created in 1955 by designer M. Blum to kill large and medium-sized animals. The caliber 7.62 x 39 mm was taken as the basis. It is interesting to note that this cartridge was used only for hunting game.

There are two options for making this ammunition:

With a jacketed bullet. Weight - 2.8 grams. It's built to defeat fur animal.
With a semi-shell bullet, the mass of which is 3.5 grams. The cartridge is used for shooting at wolves and roe deer.

The main advantages of the cartridge are low price and high muzzle velocity. Among the shortcomings, many hunters note the poor workmanship and the rapid loss of bullet speed.

Popular pistol cartridge

The most massive pistol cartridge is the 9 mm Luger caliber ammunition, created in Germany in 1902. It was designed by Georg Luger to fire the Parabellum pistol. After 2 years, he was accepted into service. The first versions were produced in the form of a cone with a flat head. Later, a projectile with an animated head appeared. The bullet had a steel jacket and a lead core. After 1917, it was finalized, now it is varnished on the outside with tompac.

Sleeves for this caliber were produced from various metals: brass, steel, with and without copper coating. bullets exist different types, including plastic ones. The 9 x 19 caliber handgun cartridge is a general-purpose ammunition consisting of a jacket with a lead core inside.

Cartridges .45 caliber

According to the information from the above table, there are several types of .45 caliber (in mm 11.43). The most popular cartridges of this size are the .45 Automatic Colt Pistole (ACP) and .45 Colt. The first option is called the grandfather of all American pistols. The cartridge was designed by John Moses Browning for the 1905 pistol. After its commissioning, the device was immediately loved in the United States. It was used in the army, as well as in the police until 1985.

45 ACP has earned the love of many Americans due to its heavy 12.58 gram bullet and weak charge. With low speed and weak recoil, the bullet hits exactly on target. It has a strong stopping power. Ammunition is still used by the American police to this day.

Under this cartridge, the Colt M1911 pistol was created. Later, American designers came up with the Thompson and M3 submachine guns, which also used a 0.45-inch bullet. Such weapons were actively used in the First World War.

Since the .45 ACP caliber has a low muzzle velocity, several types of silent subsonic rifles were invented for it - including those equipped with silencers - for hidden shooting. Such weapons are necessary for special services and special forces.

The British used the .45 ACP cartridge for firing Webley-Scott pistols. Revolver cartridge .45 Colt invented in 1873. It was used when firing from the Single Action army revolver of the 1873 model. These weapons were supplied for horse artillery and cavalry. Despite the fact that the .45 Colt ammunition has not been used in the army for more than 100 years, it is in demand in hunting and civilian shooting galleries.

The cartridge has an unjacketed lead bullet. Its weight is 17.3 grams. The initial speed is about 260 m / s, and the muzzle energy is 570 J.

Cartridge .223 Remington

Of the cartridges of all calibers, the .223 Rem. or 5.56 x 45 mm, which has been actively used in NATO countries since 1980. During the creation of a new ammunition, the designers decided to take the .222 Remington cartridge as a basis.

Rifle caliber .222 Rem. was needed for small rifles, but later it turned out that its power was not enough to defeat enemy manpower. Then it appeared the new kind ammunition - .222 Remington Special. To avoid confusion, it was later renamed to .223 Rem. This rifle caliber was used to fire the famous AR-15 rifles. He is better known to the Russian-speaking public as the M-16.

The advantage of this cartridge is the high destructive power of the projectile, and the main disadvantage is the low initial velocity of the projectile.

Ammunition.243 Winchester

In addition to the .45 caliber, the .243 Win cartridge is indicated in the table in mm. The ammunition is especially popular among professional big game hunters. It is excellent at hitting targets such as antelopes, wild boars or deer.

The cartridge was invented in 1955 by the American company Winchester for high-precision sports shooting. The ammunition was high initial speed and weak returns.

Ammunition strongly fell in love with many Americans. In the future, it was widely used by shooters from Western Europe and Russia.

The advantages of such a cartridge are high speed and great power. The main disadvantage is the extremely high price compared to the prices set by competitors.

Cartridge.30-06 Sprg

Caliber 7.62 x 63 mm (.30-06 Springfield) is designed for rifle shooting. It was actively used american soldiers during the First and Second World Wars, as well as during the conflict in Korea.

The ammunition was adopted in 1906 for firing from M1 Garand rifles.

It is worth noting that the merits of the .30-06 Springfield cartridge were highly appreciated by Russian hunters who used it against large and medium-sized wild animals. Ammunition - thanks to the large sleeve and the large mass of powder in it - is very powerful, not giving the target a single chance of salvation. Due to the fact that this type of American-made ammunition is produced in Russia, it has a relatively low cost.