KUK (Cook) James (November 27, 1728, the village of Marton, Yorkshire, England - February 14, 1779, the island of Hawaii), an English navigator who circumnavigated the Earth three times, the first Antarctic navigator, the discoverer of the east coast of Australia, New Zealand; captain of the highest rank (corresponds to the Russian captain-commander; 1775), member of the Royal Society (1776).

Childhood, youth and the beginning of a sailor's career

Born into the family of a day laborer, from the age of 7 he began to work with his father, at 13 he began attending school, where he learned to read and write, at 17 he was hired as an apprentice clerk to a merchant in a fishing village and saw the sea for the first time. In 1746 he entered a ship's cabin boy, carrying coal, then became an assistant to the captain; went to Holland, Norway and the Baltic ports, making time for self-education. In June 1755 he enlisted in the British navy as a sailor, and two years later he was sent to Canada as a navigator. In 1762-67, already in command of a ship, he surveyed the shores of the island of Newfoundland, explored its interior, compiled sailing directions for the northern part of the Gulf of St. Lawrence and the Gulf of Honduras. In 1768 he was promoted to lieutenant.

First circumnavigation

In 1768-71, Cook led an English expedition on the barque Endeavre, sent to the Pacific Ocean by the British Admiralty to identify southern mainland and annexation of new lands to the British Empire. After the discovery of four islands from the group of the Society, he passed through the "empty" ocean for more than 2.5 thousand km and on October 8, 1769 reached an unknown land, with high, snow-covered mountains. It was New Zealand. For more than 3 months, Cook sailed along its shores and made sure that these were two large islands separated by a strait, which later received his name. In the summer, Cook approached for the first time east coast Australia, which was declared a British possession (New South Wales), was the first to explore and map about 4 thousand km of its eastern coast and almost the entire (2300 km) of the Great Barrier Reef discovered by him. Cook passed through the Torres Strait to the island of Java and, rounding the Cape of Good Hope, returned home on July 13, 1771, having lost 31 people from tropical fever. Thanks to the diet he developed, none of the team had scurvy. Cook's first circumnavigation lasted a little over 3 years; he was awarded the rank of captain of the 1st rank.

Antarctic circumnavigation

The second expedition in 1772-75 on two ships - the sloop "Resolution" and the barge "Adventure" - was organized with the aim of searching for the southern mainland and exploring the islands of New Zealand and others. In January 1773, for the first time in the history of navigation, he crossed the Antarctic Circle (40 ° east longitude) and went beyond 66 ° south latitude. In the summer of 1773, twice more unsuccessfully, Cook tried to search for the southern mainland, reaching 71 ° 10 "south latitude. Despite the conviction that there was land near the pole, he abandoned subsequent attempts, considering it impossible due to the accumulation of ice to continue sailing south. In pacific ocean discovered (1774) islands New Caledonia, Norfolk and a number of atolls, and in the South Arctic - South Georgia and "Sandwich Land" (South Sandwich Islands). While sailing in Antarctic waters, he buried the legend of the giant inhabited Southern Continent (which was refuted by Bellingshausen and Lazarev). Cook was the first to meet and describe flat icebergs, which he called "ice islands".

Third voyage and the death of Cook

Expedition 1776-80 on two ships - "Resolution" and the sloop "Discovery" - was sent to search for the Northwest passage from the Pacific to the Atlantic along the coasts North America and conquering new lands. In the winter of 1777-78, Cook discovered 3 atolls from the Cook chain, 2 islands in the Line archipelago, 5 Hawaiian Islands. He passed along the northwestern coast of North America from 44 ° 20 "to 70 ° 44" north latitude and discovered Prince William, Cook, Bristol and Norton bays, continued the discovery of the St. ranges, confirming the presence of the Bering Strait between Asia and America. Bumping into solid ice, returned for the winter to the Hawaiian Islands, where he was killed in another fierce battle with the inhabitants.

Cook as a person and professional

Cook possessed outstanding abilities and "made himself" thanks to his great diligence, unbending will and purposefulness. "Strive and achieve" is the motto of his life; he went to the intended goal courageously, not afraid of difficulties and failures, without losing his presence of mind. Cook was married and had 6 children who died in early childhood. More than 20 geographical features are named after him, including three bays, two groups of islands and two straits.

It is enough for a modern person to order a ticket at the airport ticket office to move to the other end of the world. But it wasn't always like that. Only six centuries ago, the continents of the Western Hemisphere and many of the islands of the South Seas were missing from the maps. The golden period in the history of geographical discoveries fell on the 15th-19th centuries.

Thanks to the fearlessness of the Genoese Christopher Columbus, Russian officers Thaddeus Bellingshausen and Mikhail Lazarev discovered new continents - America and Antarctica, and in 1788 the existence of another continent, Australia, was finally proved. The fate of an English navy sailor who has been looking for the mysterious "Southern Land" for a long time is connected with the name of this country. So, the hero of our story is James Cook. The short biography of the navigator is very rich, eventful, and fascinating. Many still remember his discoveries from school. For those who have forgotten, or schoolchildren who are just beginning to explore the fascinating world of geography, it will be useful to at least briefly familiarize themselves with the information about the main milestones in the life of this brave man. So what did fate have in store for him?

James Cook: a short biography and what he discovered

On January 7, 1728, in the village of Marton Cleveland, Yorkshire, England, a son, James Cook, was born to a Scots farm laborer. WITH early years the boy showed his intelligence and curiosity. But the welfare of the family did not allow a good education. From adolescence, he began to help his father by working on the farm. The only chance to see the world was the job of a cabin boy on the trading brig-coal miner "Hercules". So, at the age of 18, a young man named James Cook began his maritime career, whose biography serves as an example for many sailors to follow.

Thanks to diligence and discipline, two years later he was transferred to the ship "Three Brothers". The sailor devoted his free time from the watch to the study of navigation, astronomy and geography. He was especially interested in the descriptions of the voyages of famous explorers. Working on a merchant ship, associated with the transportation of coal, was not interesting, he was attracted by unfamiliar countries.

Naval career

On June 17, 1755, James Cook, whose biography and discoveries were associated with service in the Royal Navy, took the first step towards his dream. He turned down the prospect of becoming captain of the merchant ship Friendship and went as a simple sailor to the warship Eagle. The experience gained while working with the Walker shipowners helped him to become a boatswain in the shortest possible time (in just a month!) and two years later Cook was appointed master. In 1758, James Cook, whose biography will henceforth resemble a map of sea expeditions, sets off on the first great voyage to the coast of North America.

But this was not an ordinary walk, but a raid on a warship during the Seven Years' War between England and France. The main goal of this struggle was the interception of overseas possessions. At that time, the colonies of the eternal rival of Britain exceeded the size of the overseas territories of England and Spain. Thanks to the knowledge of navigation and mapping abilities of James Cook, the fairway of the St. Lawrence River was laid, which helped the British win the struggle for Canadian lands.

First trip around the world

For such maritime powers as England, Spain, France, Portugal and Holland, the discovery of new lands was not the result of love for the unknown. These countries primarily pursued their own mercantile interests, the main of which was the replenishment of the state treasury through the development of gold deposits and other minerals. The British Admiralty, on the orders of the monarchy, sent naval vessels in search of unknown lands.

On August 26, 1768, the English sailing ship Endeavor left Plymouth and crossed the Atlantic. Rounding the coast of South America, he went through the Drake Strait into the waters of the Pacific Ocean. For 3 years of the first trip around the world, James Cook discovered that New Zealand consists of two islands, and the strait between them still bears the name of the discoverer. He also studied and mapped the east coast of Australia.

Second trip around the world

Less than a month after returning to his homeland, as James Cook, whose biography will henceforth be connected with the interests of the British Admiralty, again went on a sea expedition for the next three years. This time, the Resolution ship became his home, followed by another ship, the Adventure. The goal was the same as in the first journey: the discovery of new lands.

The route of the expedition ran past the coast of Africa to the southern latitudes, but the ships did not reach Antarctica due to a storm. During the wanderings in the waters of the Pacific Ocean, many archipelagos were discovered, and the size of the Adventure crew decreased by 8 people as a result of an attack by cannibal natives on one of the islands.

On the last journey

The third and last round-the-world expedition of the indefatigable Briton started in the summer of 1776. He was tasked with discovering a sea route that could lead to North America across the Atlantic and the Pacific Ocean. This time, James Cook had the flagship Resolution and the ship Discovery at his disposal. For six months they reached the shores of Tasmania. After passing along the coast of Tahiti, the ships went north.

On January 18, 1778, the islands now known as the Hawaiian Islands were discovered. But James Cook originally gave them a different name - Sandwich. From there, the ships reached their destination. From America, the expedition went to the Arctic, crossed the Arctic Circle. The sailboats could not pass through the ice of the Chukchi Sea, and therefore it was decided to return in a proven way.

On November 26, 1778, travelers moored at the Sandwich Islands, and almost three months later, James Cook and several crew members were treacherously killed by the natives. On February 22, 1779, the remains of Captain James Cook were delivered to the elements of the sea.

James Cook (\(1728\)–\(1779\)) - English navy, explorer, cartographer and discoverer, Fellow of the Royal Society and Captain of the Royal Navy. Led\(3\) expeditions to explore the oceans, all were around the world. During these expeditions he made a number of geographical discoveries.

First trip around the world J. Cook

Bark Endeavor

In \ (1769 \) the expedition barge Endeavor (Effort) left London in order to observe the passage of Venus through the Sun. Captain Cook was appointed its leader, who, together with the astronomer C. Green, was supposed to be engaged in research on the island of Tahiti. In January \ (1769 \) they rounded Cape Horn and reached the coast of Tahiti. Having landed astronomers on the island, Cook began to explore the archipelago and along the way discovered the Partnership Islands. Having set off in search of Novaya Zemlya, seen by Tasman in \(1642\), in October he approached the eastern shores of New Zealand. For more than three months, Cook sailed along its shores and made sure that these were two large islands separated by a strait (later named after him). The hostility of the locals did not allow him to penetrate deep into the islands.

Then he went to the shores of Australia. In \ (1770 \) he approached the unknown eastern coast of the Australian mainland (called New Holland at that time). By August of the same year, Cook reached its northern tip. He gave the name New South Wales to the entire east coast of the mainland, and declared Australia the property of England. Cook was the first to explore and map about \ (4 \) thousand km of its eastern coast and almost the entire (\ (2300 \) km) discovered by him Great Barrier Reef.

On the mainland, Cook saw strange animals from long legs and strong tail. These animals moved by jumping. When Cook asked the locals what these animals were called, they replied “we don’t understand,” which sounded like “kangaro” in the Aboriginal language. And so the name appeared - kangaroo.

Through the Torres Strait, Cook passed to the island of Java and, rounding the Cape of Good Hope, \ (13 \) July \ (1771 \) returned home, having lost a person due to tropical fever \ (31 \). Thanks to the diet he developed, none of the team had scurvy. Cook's first round-the-world voyage lasted a little over three years, after which he was awarded the rank of captain \ (I \) rank.

J. Cook's second round-the-world trip

During the first round the world expedition Cook failed to locate the large Southern Continent south of Australia. In order to finally find out whether this mainland exists or not, the British government equipped a new expedition under the command of Captain Cook, consisting of two ships - "Resolution" ("Decision") and "Adventure" ("Adventure").

The ships left England in \ (1772 \) g. Having reached the Cape of Good Hope, they headed south. Soon it got colder, they began to meet floating ice, there was fog. Having met a continuous ice field, Cook was forced to turn east. After numerous attempts to break through to the south, Cook turned north. He came to the firm conviction that the vast land at the South Pole does not exist. This erroneous conclusion was refuted only in the \(XIX\) century. Russian navigators Bellingshausen and Lazarev.

"Resolution" and "Adventure" in the Gulf of Matavai (Tahiti). Painting. \(1776\)

Floating in the Pacific Ocean, Cook again visited the island of Tahiti, which is part of the Society (Partnership) archipelago, discovered many new islands, including New Caledonia. Cook's second voyage lasted \(3\) years and \(18\) days.

J. Cook's third round-the-world trip

After some time, Cook accepted the offer to lead a new expedition, which was supposed to pass from the Pacific to the Atlantic along the coast of North America. In \ (1776 \) on the ship "Resolution" and the new ship "Discovery" ("Discovery"), he went on a third and last voyage.

For a long time ships sailed in the tropical Pacific Ocean. Several new islands were discovered there. Then Cook headed north. Soon the ships again noticed the land. They were unknown then Hawaiian Islands.

The islanders greeted the British friendly: they brought a lot of fruits, edible roots, drove pigs, helped the sailors pour barrels with fresh water and load them into boats. Scientists - members of the expedition - went deep into the islands for their research.

From the Hawaiian Islands, the ships headed east to the shores of America, and then went along them to the north. Coming out through the Bering Strait into the Arctic Ocean, they stumbled upon solid floating ice. Cook decided to return to the Hawaiian Islands for the winter. This time, the British did not get along with the local population and turned the Hawaiians against them. In a fierce battle, Captain Cook was killed.

"The Death of Captain Cook". Painting by Sean Linehan

The travels of James Cook gave a lot of new things for the development of Earth science. He penetrated further than his predecessors southern latitudes. Scientists-naturalists took part in his expeditions, collecting a variety of scientific material about the nature and population of the numerous islands he discovered. His voyages are valuable for development geographical science in that they improved their knowledge of southern parts Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans.

Sources:

Report on James Cook, a famous British navigator, the largest explorer of Oceania and the Antarctic seas, is described in this article.

He is one of the most famous explorers of the 18th century. The famous journeys of James Cook have helped to map little-known and rarely visited parts of Newfoundland, Australia, the east coast of Canada, New Zealand, North America, and the Indian, Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. The maps compiled by the navigator were the most accurate and were used until the middle of the 19th century.

A brief account of the traveler James Cook

The future British navigator James Cook was born in the small village of Marton on October 27, 1728 in the family of a simple farm laborer. In 1736 his family moved to Great Ayton, where the boy began to go to school. After studying at school for 5 years, the young man began working on the farm as a manager. At the age of 18, James was hired as a cabin boy on a merchant ship called the Hercules, and from that moment his fascinating career began. sea ​​life.

At first, Cook worked on ships that transported coal from England to Ireland and vice versa. He earned the fame of a good sailor, after the skipper, which allowed him to be hired on the warship "Aigle". And soon the young man for his discipline, ingenuity and excellent knowledge of shipbuilding received the title of boatswain. His work consisted in measuring the depth of rivers, compiling maps of the fairway and coasts.

James Cook's travels around the world

The British navigator made three trips around the world, during which grandiose discoveries were made. These are the most important days of the life of James Cook, thanks to them he entered the annals of history forever.

The first trip around the world - 1768 - 1771

In 1768, the English Admiralty decided to supply a scientific expedition to explore the Pacific Ocean and its coasts. This honor was awarded to the already experienced sailor and cartographer James Cook, who then turned exactly 40 years old. He led the ship Endeavor with a crew of 80 and 20 artillery pieces on board. Together with him, botanists, astronomers and doctors went on a journey. The Admiralty strictly ordered the captain of the ship not to enter into conflicts with the natives. Sailing from the port of Plymouth on August 26, 1768, the ship headed for the Tahiti archipelago. Moving south, the navigator discovered New Zealand, which he studied for half a year. Cook showed that it is divided into 2 parts. The expedition also approached the east coast of Australia.

The second trip around the world - 1772 - 1775.

In the second expedition, England has already supplied 2 ships - "Adventure" and "Resolution". Having sailed again from the port of Plymouth, a course was set for Cape Town, and then south. His expedition was the first in history to cross the Arctic Circle on January 17, 1773. Cook discovered the South Sandwich Islands, Norfolk, New Caledonia. Because of the ice, he was unable to find the notorious Southern Continent, so he came to the conclusion that it does not exist at all.

The third trip around the world - 1776 - 1779.

Two ships - "Discovery" and "Resolution" set off to explore new lands in the Pacific Ocean. Two years after the start of the expedition, the Hawaiian Islands were discovered. Having reached the Bering Strait, Cook returned back, as ice met on his way. The death of James Cook was rather stupid - the captain was killed on February 14, 1779 in a skirmish by the inhabitants of the Hawaiian Islands while stealing goods from his ship.

  • James Cook had no military or naval education. But this did not prevent him from making many grandiose discoveries in geography. He is self-taught, having learned the art of navigation, gaining the authority of an experienced sailor, captain and cartographer.
  • Interestingly, at the time of supplying the first expedition, the British government did not rely on James Cook at all, but on Alexander Dalrymple, the famous hydrograph. But he put forward too high demands, and the Admiralty, refusing his services, provided the leadership of the expedition to James Cook.
  • The navigator had a secret task during his travels: to enable scientists to observe the passage of Venus against the general background of the solar disk. And also Cook had to find the southern mainland, which was on the other side the globe.

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James Cook

James Cook (Eng. James Cook; October 27, 1728, Marton, Yorkshire, England - February 14, 1779, the island of Hawaii) - English navy, explorer, cartographer and discoverer, member of the Royal Society and captain of the Royal Navy. He led three expeditions to explore the oceans, all were around the world. During these expeditions he made a number of geographical discoveries. He explored and mapped little-known and rarely visited before him parts of Newfoundland and the east coast of Canada, Australia, New Zealand, the west coast of North America, the Pacific, Indian and Atlantic oceans. Thanks to the attention that Cook paid to cartography, many of the maps he compiled were unsurpassed in their accuracy and accuracy for many decades and served navigators until the second century. half of XIX century.
Cook was known for his tolerant and friendly attitude towards the indigenous people of the territories he visited. He made a kind of revolution in navigation, having learned how to successfully deal with such a dangerous and widespread disease at that time as scurvy. Mortality from it during his voyages was practically reduced to zero. A whole galaxy of famous sailors and explorers took part in his voyages, such as Joseph Banks, William Bly, George Vancouver, George Dixon, Johann Reinhold and Georg Forster.

Childhood and youth
James Cook was born on October 27, 1728 in the village of Marton (South Yorkshire). His father, a poor Scottish farmhand, had four children besides James. In 1736, the family moved to the village of Great Ayton, where Cook was sent to a local school (now turned into a museum). After five years of study, James Cook begins working on a farm under the supervision of his father, who by that time had received the position of manager. At the age of eighteen, he is hired as a cabin boy for the Walkers' Hercules collier. Thus begins the maritime life of James Cook.

Carier start
Cook began his career as a sailor as a simple cabin boy on the Hercules coal-burning brig, owned by shipowners John and Henry Walker, on the London-Newcastle route. Two years later, he was transferred to another Walker ship, the Three Brothers.

The testimony of Walker friends is known about how much time Cook spent reading books. He devoted his free time from work to the study of geography, navigation, mathematics, astronomy, and he was also interested in descriptions of sea expeditions. It is known that Cook left the Walkers for two years, which he spent in the Baltic and off the east coast of England, but returned at the request of the brothers as an assistant captain to the Friendship.

Three years later, in 1755, the Walkers offered him command of the Friendship, but Cook refused. Instead, on June 17, 1755, he signed up as a sailor in the Royal Navy and 8 days later he was assigned to the 60-gun ship Eagle. This fact in his biography perplexes some researchers - the reasons why Cook preferred the hard sailor's work to a captain's position in the merchant fleet are unknown. But a month after admission, Cook becomes a boatswain.

Soon the Seven Years' War (1756) began. The Eagle participated in the blockade of the coast of France. It is also known that in May 1757, near the island of Ouessant, the "Eagle" entered into battle with the French ship "Duke of Aquitaine" (displacement 1500 tons, 50 guns). During the pursuit and battle, the "Duke of Aquitaine" was captured. The Eagle was damaged in that battle and was forced to go to England for repairs.

Upon reaching two years of experience, in 1757, James Cook successfully passed the exam for a master (Eng. Sailing Master), and on October 27 he was assigned to the ship "Salebeus" under the command of Captain Craig. Cook was at that time twenty-nine years old. With the outbreak of the Seven Years' War, he was assigned to the 60-gun ship Pembroke. "Pembroke" participated in the blockade of the Bay of Biscay, then in February 1758 was sent to the North American coast (Canada).

Cook was given the most important task, which was of key importance for the capture of Quebec, to furnish the fairway of the section of the St. Lawrence River so that British ships could pass to Quebec. This task included not only drawing the fairway on the map, but also marking the navigable sections of the river with buoys. On the one hand, due to the extreme complexity of the fairway, the amount of work was very large, on the other hand, they had to work at night, under fire from French artillery, repelling night counterattacks, restoring buoys that the French managed to destroy. The successful work enriched Cook with cartographic experience, and was also one of the main reasons why the Admiralty ultimately chose him as his historical choice. Quebec was besieged, then taken. Cook did not take part in the hostilities directly. After the capture of Quebec, Cook was transferred as a master to the flagship Northumberland, which can be regarded as professional encouragement. By order of Admiral Colville, Cooke continued mapping the St. Lawrence River until 1762. Cook's charts were recommended for publication by Admiral Colville and were published in the North American Pilot of 1765. Cook returned to England in November 1762.

Shortly after returning from Canada, on December 21, 1762, Cooke married Elizabeth Butts. They had six children: James (1763-1794), Nathaniel (1764-1781), Elizabeth (1767-1771), Joseph (1768-1768), George (1772-1772) and Hugh (1776-1793). ). The family lived in London's East End. Little is known about Elizabeth's life after Cook's death. She lived after his death for another 56 years and died in December 1835 at the age of 93.

First circumnavigation of the world (1767-1771)

First (red), second ( green color) and third ( Blue colour) Cook's expedition
Expedition goals
The official goal of the expedition was to study the passage of Venus through the disk of the Sun. However, in secret orders received by Cook, he was ordered immediately after the completion of astronomical observations to go to the southern latitudes in search of the so-called Southern Continent (also known as Terra Incognita). Considering that there was a fierce struggle between the world powers for new colonies, the following assumption is very likely: astronomical observations served as a screen for the Admiralty to cover the search for new colonies. Also, the purpose of the expedition was to establish the shores of Australia, especially its east coast, which was completely unexplored.

The composition of the expedition
The following reasons can be distinguished that influenced the choice of the Admiralty in favor of Cook:

Cook was a sailor, and therefore subordinate to the Admiralty, which needed its own man as the head of the expedition. It was for this reason that Alexander Dalrymple, also claiming this title, was disadvantageous to the Admiralty.
Cook was not just a sailor, but an experienced sailor.
Even among experienced sailors, Cook stood out for his extensive experience in cartography and navigation, as evidenced by the successful work carried out to measure the fairway of the St. Lawrence River. This experience was confirmed by the directly acting admiral (Colville), who, recommending Cook's work for publication, characterized Cook as follows: “Knowing from experience the giftedness of Mr. enterprises of the same kind.
The expedition was allocated "Endeavor" - a small ship belonging to the class of so-called "coal miners" (so named due to the fact that ships of this class were mainly used to transport coal), with a characteristically shallow draft, converted specifically for the expedition.

The botanists were Carl Solander and Joseph Banks, a member of the Royal Society and its future president, who was also a very wealthy man. Artists - Alexander Buchan and Sidney Parkinson. Astronomer Green was supposed to make observations with Cook. The ship's doctor was Dr. Monkhouse.

Expedition progress

Reconstruction of Endeavour. Photo

Image of a New Zealand pirogue from Cook's journal, 1769, author unknown

Left to right: Daniel Solander, Joseph Banks, James Cook, John Hawksford and Lord Sandwich. Painting. Author - John Hamilton Mortimer, 1771
August 26, 1768 "Endeavor" left Plymouth and April 10, 1769 reached the coast of Tahiti. Fulfilling the orders of the Admiralty, prescribing "to maintain friendship with the natives by all means", Cook established strict discipline in the communication of the expedition members and the ship's crew with the natives. It was strictly forbidden to enter into conflicts with local residents, to use violence. The available cases of violation of this order were severely punished. Fresh food for the expedition was obtained through exchange for European goods. Such behavior of the British, albeit dictated by purely pragmatic considerations (it was simply unprofitable to arouse excessive self-hatred), was nonsense at that time - Europeans, as a rule, achieved their goals with the use of violence, robbing and killing natives (there were also cases of wanton murders) . For example, Wallis, a compatriot of Cook, who had visited Tahiti shortly before him, in response to a refusal to supply his ship with food free of charge, fired on Tahitian villages from naval artillery. But the peace-loving policy bore fruit - it was possible to establish good relations with the islanders, without which the observation of Venus would have been seriously difficult.

In order to ensure control over the coast, where observations were to be made, a fort was built, surrounded on three sides by a rampart, in some places - a palisade and a moat, protected by two cannons and six falconets, with a garrison of 45 people. On the morning of May 2, it was discovered that the only quadrant, without which the experiment was impossible, had been stolen. By the evening of the same day, the quadrant was found.

From June 7 to 9, the crew was busy with the ship's cruising. On July 9, shortly before sailing, soldiers deserted marines Clement Webb and Samuel Gibson. Faced with the unwillingness of the islanders to contribute to the capture of deserters, Cook took hostage all the most significant leaders of the district and put forward the return of the fugitives as a condition for their release. The leaders were released when, with the help of local residents, the soldiers were returned to the ship.

After making astronomical observations, Cook headed for the shores of New Zealand, taking with him a local leader named Tupia, who knew the nearby islands well and, in addition, could serve as an interpreter, and his servant Tiata. With the natives of New Zealand, despite the emphasized peacefulness of the British, it was not possible to establish good relations. The expedition had to participate in several skirmishes, during which the New Zealanders suffered some losses.

Continuing to move along the western coast, Cook found a bay very convenient for anchorage. In this bay, which he called Queen Charlotte Bay, Endeavor got up for repairs: the ship was pulled ashore and re-caulked. Here, on the shores of Queen Charlotte Bay, a discovery was made - rising to a hill, Cook saw the strait dividing New Zealand into two islands. This strait was named after him (Cook Strait or Cook Strait).
Image of a kangaroo, from the illustrations for the Endeavor sailing magazine
In April 1770, Cook approached the east coast of Australia. On the shore of the bay, in the waters of which the Endeavor stopped, the expedition managed to find many previously unknown plant species, so Cook called this bay the Botanical Bay. From Botany Bay, Cook headed northwest along the east coast of Australia.

On June 11, the ship ran aground, seriously damaging the hull. Thanks to the tide and measures taken to lighten the ship (spare parts of the rigging, ballast and guns were thrown overboard), Endeavor managed to be refloated. However, through the damaged side plating, the ship was quickly flooded with water. In order to block the flow of water, a canvas was brought under the hole, so the flow of outboard water was reduced to an acceptable level. Nevertheless, the Endeavor needed serious repairs, since in its current position, uninterrupted operation of pump installations was required to keep the ship afloat, not to mention the fact that it was simply dangerous to continue sailing with a huge hole in the side, barely covered by a sail. And Cook starts looking for a place where it would be safe to get up for repairs. After 6 days, such a place was found. The Endeavor was pulled ashore, the holes were patched up. It soon became clear that the ship was cut off from the sea by the Great Barrier Reef, thus the expedition was locked in a narrow strip of water between the Australian coast and the Reef, dotted with shoals and underwater rocks.

Rounding the Reef, had to go north 360 miles. We had to move slowly, constantly throwing the lot, we had to pump out the incoming water from the hold without stopping. In addition, scurvy began on the ship. But Cook continued to follow this path, ignoring the gaps that occasionally appear in the solid wall of the Reef. The fact is that the coast, gradually moving away from the Great Barrier Reef, could one day be inaccessible to observation from high seas, which did not suit Cook at all, who wanted to keep the Australian coast in front of his eyes. This perseverance paid off - continuing to follow between the Reef and the coast, Cook stumbled upon the strait between New Guinea and Australia (at that time they did not know whether New Guinea was an island or part of Australian mainland).

Cook sent a ship through this strait to Batavia (the old name for Jakarta). Malaria entered the ship in Indonesia. In Batavia, where the Endeavor arrived at the beginning of January, the disease assumed the character of an epidemic. Tupia and Tiatu also fell victim to malaria. The ship was immediately put in for repairs, immediately after which Cook left Batavia with its unhealthy climate. However, people continued to die.

On the island of Panaitan, dysentery was added to malaria, which from that moment became the main cause of death. When the Endeavor entered the port of Cape Town on March 14, there were 12 people on the ship capable of working. Losses in personnel were extremely high, only on the way from Batavia to Cape Town 22 team members died (mainly from dysentery), as well as several civilians, including astronomer Green. To make further navigation possible, the team was understaffed. On July 12, 1771, the expedition returned to England.

Results of the first expedition
The main stated goal - the observation of the passage of Venus through the solar disk - was completed, and the results of the experiment, despite the inaccuracies of measurements caused by the imperfection of the equipment of that time, were subsequently used (in conjunction with four more similar observations from other points on the planet) for a completely accurate calculation distance from the earth to the sun.

The second task - the discovery of the southern mainland - was not completed, and, as is now known, could not be completed by Cook during the first voyage. (The southern mainland was discovered by Russian sailors Thaddeus Bellingshausen and Mikhail Lazarev in 1820).

The expedition also proved that New Zealand is two independent islands separated by a narrow strait (Cook Strait), and not part of an unknown mainland, as was previously believed. It was possible to map several hundred miles of the east coast of Australia, until then completely unexplored. The strait between Australia and New Guinea was opened. Botanists have amassed a large collection of biological specimens.

Second circumnavigation of the world (1772-1774)
In 1772, the Admiralty began preparations for a second expedition to the Pacific.

Expedition goals
The specific goals that the Admiralty set for Cook's second expedition are unknown. It is only known that the tasks of the expedition included the continuation of the study of the southern seas. Quite definitely, Cook's persistent attempts to penetrate as far south as possible were aimed at finding the southern mainland. It is unlikely that Cook acted in this way on a personal initiative alone, so it seems very likely that the discovery of the southern mainland was one of the goals of the expedition, although nothing is known about such plans of the Admiralty.

The second expedition of J. Cook (1772-1775) was connected with geographical and political issues put on the agenda at the initial stage of European expansion into the seas of the southern hemisphere. The organization of the second expedition of Cook, made after returning to his homeland as a captain, was associated with the great activity that the French at that time showed in the southern seas. At least four French expeditions were sent in the late sixties in search of the southern mainland. They are associated with the names of Bougainville, Surville, Marion du Fresne, Kerguelen. The search for the southern mainland was also not caused by the French scientific interests. The initiative came from the merchant French East India Company, which, of course, cared only about its own enrichment; it was she who equipped the Surville expedition in the same way as in the first half of the 18th century - the Bouvet expedition, which Cook mentions. The results of these French expeditions (except for the Bougainville expedition) were not yet known in London, and therefore they were all the more worried. It was decided to send two ships (the French sent 2-3 ships together) and put Captain Cook at the head of a new expedition, whose successes made a huge impression in England. The Admiralty was in such a hurry with this matter that after compiling a detailed report on the first voyage, Cook was given only three weeks of rest (in December 1771) - after a three-year voyage.

Of course, the Royal Society had a hand in this - it was considered a semi-governmental organization and was a powerful force in society. Undoubtedly, Cook's own position was far from passive on this issue: like all great pioneers, once he tasted the joy and satisfaction of penetrating into the unknown, he would never rest until he again embarked on this path. There is no doubt that the leading geographers of the time, especially Alexander Dalrymple, who continued to believe in his idea of ​​the Southern Continent, would hasten the organization of a second expedition. But everyone understands that only the Lords of the Admiralty really made decisions. They thought of the possibility that Cook might actually stumble upon the mythical Southern Continent, or some other country or island hitherto undiscovered, and add it with his usual swiftness to the British crown; an intriguingly pleasant and not at all impossible thought, since south seas remained largely unknown. It is more likely that they told Cook that he must embark on another heroic journey of discovery - no matter which direction he takes - that will bring new trust, honor and glory to him and his country, and along with them, the Lords of the Admiralty. . In support of this point of view, it should be noted that on the second journey, the most terrible one ever undertaken, Cook received no special instructions. It may be noted in passing that no one would ever undertake such a voyage again, because when Cook completed it, at high latitudes southern ocean there is little left to discover. There is no doubt that Cook received carte blanche as to where he was to sail and what he was to do.

Cook himself describes his instructions in his own diaries thus:

On July 3, Resolution met with Adventure in the Plymouth Canal. The night before, we had a meeting in the waters of the canal with Lord Sandwich. On the yacht "Augusta", accompanied by the frigate "Glory" and the sloop "Azard", he made a detour of the Admiralty shipyards.
We saluted him with seventeen shots. Lord Sandwich and Sir Hugh Pelliser visited the Resolution and gave further, this time final proof of their concern for our safe departure. They wanted to see for themselves that the ship was equipped for long-distance navigation in full accordance with my requirements.

At Plymouth I received an instruction signed on June 25th. This instruction required me to take command of the Adventure, proceed immediately to the island of Madeira, stock up on wine there, and continue on my way to the Cape of Good Hope. Having replenished our stores there with everything necessary for further navigation, I was to go south in search of Cape Circoncincion, which, according to Bouvet, was located at 54 ° S. latitude. and 11°20′ E

Having discovered this cape, I had to establish whether it was part of the southern mainland (the existence of which had long been disputed by navigators and geographers) or the tip of a relatively small island.

In the first case, the newly discovered lands had to be examined in the most detailed way, bearing in mind the needs of navigational practice and trade and the significance of this kind of research for science. If these lands turned out to be inhabited, I had to determine the number of the native population, collect information about the character, manners and customs of the inhabitants and enter into friendly relations with them. For this purpose, it was necessary to generously distribute gifts and involve the natives in trading operations. Under all circumstances should be treated local residents caring and alert.

I was obliged to make every effort to discover new territories in the south, proceeding either east or west, at my own discretion. At the same time, it was necessary to keep to the highest latitudes and sail to south pole as long as our supplies, the health of the crew, and the condition of the ships themselves allow. Under any circumstances, it was necessary to have on board a reserve supply of food sufficient for a safe return to their homeland in England.

In the second case, if Cape Circonsincion were only part of the island, I had to determine its exact position. Then, whether I found it or not, I had to keep heading south while there was still hope for the discovery of the southern mainland. Then I was to take a course to the east and explore the unexplored parts of the southern hemisphere in search of as yet undiscovered lands.

Sailing at high latitudes, perhaps closer to the South Pole, I had to go around the globe, return to the Cape of Good Hope, and from there proceed to Speedhead.

I could, if navigation at high latitudes at an unfavorable season prove dangerous, temporarily return to a previously chosen point located to the north, to rest people and repair ships. However, the instructions demanded that from this point the ships, at the first opportunity, again head south. If the Resolution had died on the way, the voyage should have continued on the Adventure.

I gave a copy of this instruction to Captain Furneau for guidance and strict execution. In case of an unexpected separation of the ships, I determined the points for the next and subsequent meetings: the first meeting was to be held on the island of Madeira, the second - at Porto Praia on the island of Santiago, the third - at the Cape of Good Hope, the fourth - off the coast of New Zealand.

During our stay in Plymouth, the astronomers Wales and Bailey made observations on Drake Island to check the ship's chronometers. They determined that Drake Island lies at 50°21’30″N. and 4°20′ W The Greenwich meridian was taken by us as the initial one, and longitudes were subsequently counted from it both in the eastern and western hemispheres, up to 180°.

The composition of the expedition
The main candidates for the post of expedition leader were James Cook and Joseph Banks. It is known that in the course of preparations for the expedition, disagreements arose between the Admiralty and Banks, as a result of which Banks refused to participate in the expedition. James Cook became the leader of the expedition again.

The expedition allocated two ships - the Resolution with a displacement of 462 tons, which was assigned the role of flagship, and the Adventure, which had a displacement of 350 tons. The captain on the Resolution was Cook himself, on the Adventure was Tobias Furno. Lieutenants on the Resolution were: John Cooper, Richard Pickersgill and Charles Clerk.

Naturalists Johann Reinhold and Georg Forster (father and son), astronomers William Wells and William Bailey, artist William Hodges took part in the expedition.

Expedition progress

"Resolution" and "Adventure" in Matavai Bay (Tahiti). Painting.

"Resolution". Painting. Author - John Murray, 1907
On July 13, 1772, the ships left Plymouth. In Cape Town, where they arrived on October 30, 1772, the botanist Anders Sparrman joined the expedition. On November 22, the ships left Cape Town, heading south.

For two weeks, Cook searched for the so-called Circumcision Island, the land that Bouvet saw for the first time, but could not accurately determine its coordinates. Presumably the island was located approximately 1700 miles south of the Cape of Good Hope. The search turned up nothing, and Cook went further south.

On January 17, 1773, ships crossed (for the first time in history) the Antarctic Circle. February 8, 1773, during a storm, the ships were out of line of sight and lost each other. The actions of the captains after that were as follows.

Cook cruised for three days trying to find Adventure. The search was fruitless and Cook led the Resolution on a course to the southeast to the 60th parallel, then turned east and remained on this course until March 17th. After that, Cook headed for New Zealand. The expedition spent 6 weeks at the anchorage in Tumanny Bay, exploring this bay and recuperating, after which it moved to Charlotte Bay - a meeting point agreed in advance in case of loss.
Furneaux moved to the east coast of the island of Tasmania in order to establish whether Tasmania was part of the Australian mainland or independent island, however, he did not succeed in this, mistakenly deciding that Tasmania was part of Australia. Furneau then took the Adventure to the rendezvous point in Charlotte Bay.
On June 7, 1773, the ships left Charlotte Bay and headed west. During the winter months, Cook wanted to explore the little-studied areas of the Pacific Ocean adjacent to New Zealand. However, due to the exacerbation of scurvy at Adventure, which was caused by violations of the established diet, I had to visit Tahiti. In Tahiti, a large amount of fruit was included in the diet of the teams, thus it was possible to cure all scurvy patients.

After Tahiti, Cook visited the island of Huahine, where he managed to acquire about 300 pigs. Despite the fact that with the islanders and their leader were established great relationship, some members of the expedition were attacked by intruders on this island. So, on September 6, Sparman was robbed and beaten, and Cook himself was threatened with attack. On September 7, just before sailing, Omai, a resident of the nearby island of Ulletea, where Cook was going immediately after Huahine, joined the expedition.

Ulletea was seen in the evening of the same day. So many pigs have been bought on this island that they total, according to Cook's estimates, reached 400 goals. On Ulethea, Cook took with him another islander named Edideus.

The next islands Cook visited were Eua and Tongatabu, whose inhabitants so impressed Cook with their friendliness and trust that Cook named these islands, along with a third island located nearby, the Friendship Islands. This name, which subsequently lost its official status, is still used today.
Captain James Cook - traveler, explorer and cartographer on a New Zealand postage stamp, 1940,
Off the coast of New Zealand, where Cook went after the Friendship Islands, the ships got into a storm and parted again. After waiting out the storm in Cook Strait, the Resolution returned to Charlotte Bay, the agreed rendezvous point, but the Adventure was not there yet. During the three-week wait, the British witnessed scenes of cannibalism among the locals.

Without waiting for the Adventure, Cook moved south, leaving a note for Captain Furneaux on the shore. In it, Cook outlined the places he was going to visit after returning from the polar seas, and suggested that Furneau either try to meet or return to England. The Adventure arrived in Charlotte Bay a week after Cook's departure. On December 17, 1773, an emergency occurred - eight sailors, led by two boatswains, sent ashore for fresh vegetables, were killed and eaten by New Zealanders. Captain Furno decides (perhaps under the impression of what happened the day before) to return to England. The next day (December 18) Furneaux leaves New Zealand and heads for Cape Town. Having replenished the food supply and leaving Cook a note, Furno returns to England.

From Charlotte Bay, without waiting for Furno, Cook sets off for the polar waters and on December 21, 1773 crosses the Antarctic Circle for the second time. On January 30, 1774, when the Resolution reached 71° 10' S, the path was blocked by a solid field of pack ice. It was the southernmost point that Kuku managed to reach during all the time of his travels.

Having visited Easter Island (March 12, 1774), the Marquesas Islands (April 7, 1774), the "Resolution" on April 22, 1774 again approaches the shores of Tahiti. Here, Cook witnesses the preparation of the Tahitians for war with the inhabitants of the neighboring island of Moorea. The expedition was particularly impressed by the Tahitian navy, which is described in Cook's journal as follows:

The fleet consisted of 160 warships and 150 ships intended for the transport of provisions. Warships were 40 to 50 feet long. Above their bows are platforms where soldiers in full armor stood. The rowers sat below between the posts supporting the platforms, one person for each post. Thus, these platforms were adapted only for combat. Vessels for the delivery of food supplies are much smaller and lack platforms. Forty people sat on large ships, and eight on small ships. I calculated that there were 7,700 men employed in the Tahitian fleet, but many officers considered this figure to be an underestimate. All the ships were adorned with multicolored flags and presented a majestic spectacle such as we did not expect to see in these seas. In front was the admiral's ship, consisting of two large warships joined together. It was ridden by the commander of the fleet, Admiral Tovga, old man with a beautiful, courageous face.

After Tahiti, Cook visited the islands of Huahine and Raiatea, the Islands of Friendship. On the Fiji Islands, the expedition withstood several skirmishes with the natives. On the island of Tanna (Fiji Islands), food supplies were replenished.

On September 3, 1774, New Caledonia was discovered. On October 18, 1774, Cook anchored for the third time in Charlotte Bay and stayed there until November 10.

On November 10, 1774, the expedition headed east across the Pacific Ocean, reaching the Strait of Magellan on December 17. Already in Atlantic Ocean South Georgia was discovered, but this time it was not possible to reach Antarctica.

March 21, 1775 Cook returns to Cape Town for repairs, where he receives a note left to him by Captain Furneau. From Cape Town, the Resolution heads straight for England, and on July 30, 1775, enters Spithead.

Third circumnavigation of the world (1776-1779)
Expedition goals
The main goal set by the Admiralty for Cook's third expedition was the opening of the so-called Northwest Passage - a waterway that crosses the North American continent and connects the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.

The composition of the expedition
The expedition, as before, was allocated two ships - the flagship "Resolution" (displacement 462 tons, 32 guns), on which Cook made the second trip, and "Discovery" with a displacement of 350 tons, which had 26 guns. The captain on the Resolution was Cook himself, on the Discovery - Charles Clerk, who participated in Cook's first two expeditions. John Gore, James King, John Williamson were first, second and third mates on the Resolution respectively. On the Discovery, James Burney was the first mate and John Rickman was the second. John Webber worked as an artist on the expedition.

Expedition progress

Statue of James Cook, Vaimia, Fr. Kauai (Hawaii)

The inscription on reverse side Captain James Cook Memorial, Vaimia, Fr. Kauai (Hawaii)

Obelisk dedicated to James Cook in Carnel (a suburb of Sydney)
The ships left England separately: the Resolution left Plymouth on July 12, 1776, the Discovery on August 1. On the way to Cape Town, Cook visited the island of Tenerife. In Cape Town, where Cook arrived on October 17, the Resolution was put in for repairs due to the unsatisfactory condition of the side plating. The Discovery, which arrived in Cape Town on November 1, was also repaired.

On December 1, the ships left Cape Town. December 25 visited Kerguelen Island. On January 26, 1777, the ships approached Tasmania, where they replenished their supplies of water and firewood.

From New Zealand, the ships went to Tahiti, but due to headwinds, Cook was forced to change course and visit the Friendship Islands first. Cook arrived in Tahiti on August 12, 1777.

On December 7, 1777, the ships moved to the Northern Hemisphere, crossing the equator on December 22. Two days later, on December 24, Christmas Island was opened. While on this island, the expedition observed a solar eclipse.

On January 18, 1778, the Hawaiian Islands were discovered, named by Cook as the Sandwich Islands after one of the Lords of the Admiralty (this name did not stick).

The expedition stayed in Hawaii until February 2, recuperating and preparing for sailing in northern latitudes, then moved northeast, to the western coast of North America. On this way, the ships got into a storm and received partial damage (Resolution, in particular, lost the mizzen mast).

On March 30, 1778, the ships began to be repaired in the long and narrow Nootka Sound, which juts out from the Pacific Ocean into Vancouver Island.

On April 26, having completed repairs, they left Nootka Bay and headed north along the North American coast. Off the coast of Alaska, however, again had to make a stop for repairs, as the "Resolution" was leaking badly.

In early August, the ships passed through the Bering Strait, crossed the Arctic Circle and entered the Chukchi Sea. Here they came across a solid ice field. It was impossible to continue the road north, winter was approaching, so Cook turned the ships, intending to spend the winter in more southern latitudes.

On October 2, 1778, Cook reached the Aleutian Islands, where he met Russian industrialists, who provided him with their map for study. The Russian map turned out to be much more complete than Cook's map, it contained islands unknown to Cook, and the outlines of many lands, plotted by Cook only approximately, were displayed on it with a high degree detail and precision. It is known that Cook redrawn this map and named the strait separating Asia and America after Bering.

On October 24, 1778, the ships left the Aleutian Islands and reached the Hawaiian Islands on November 26, but a suitable anchorage for the ships was found only on January 16, 1779. The inhabitants of the islands - the Hawaiians - concentrated around the ships in in large numbers; Cook in his notes estimated their number at several thousand. Later it became known that the high interest and special attitude of the islanders to the expedition was explained by the fact that they mistook Cook for one of their gods. Good relations, established at first between the members of the expedition and the Hawaiians, however, began to deteriorate rapidly; every day the number of thefts committed by the Hawaiians increased, and the skirmishes that arose due to attempts to recover the stolen became hotter.

Sensing that the situation was heating up, Cook left the bay on February 4, but the storm that soon began caused serious damage to the Resolution's rigging and on February 10 the ships were forced to return for repairs (there was no other anchorage nearby). The sails and parts of the rigging were taken ashore for repairs. The attitude of the Hawaiians to the expedition had meanwhile become openly hostile. Many armed people appeared in the area. The number of thefts has increased. On February 13, pincers were stolen from the deck of the Resolution. An attempt to return them was unsuccessful and ended in an open clash.

The next day, February 14, the launch from the Resolution was stolen. In order to return the stolen property, Cook decided to take Kalaniopu, one of the local leaders, as a hostage. Having landed on the shore with a group of armed people, consisting of ten Marines led by Lieutenant Philips, he went to the leader's dwelling and invited him to the ship. Accepting the offer, Kalaniopa followed the British, but at the very shore he refused to go further, presumably succumbing to the persuasion of his wife. Meanwhile, several thousand Hawaiians had gathered on the shore, who surrounded Cook and his people, pushing them back to the water itself. A rumor spread among them that the British had killed several Hawaiians (Captain Clerk's diaries mention one native killed by Lieutenant Rickman's men shortly before the events described), and these rumors, as well as Cook's not entirely unambiguous behavior, pushed the crowd to start hostilities. In the ensuing battle, Cook himself and four sailors died, the rest managed to retreat to the ship. There are several conflicting eyewitness accounts of those events, and it is difficult to judge from them what really happened. With a sufficient degree of certainty, we can only say that a panic began among the British, the crew began to randomly retreat to the boats, and in this turmoil, Cook was killed by the Hawaiians (presumably by a blow to the back of the head with a spear).

From Lieutenant King's diary:

“Seeing that Cook fell, the Hawaiians let out a triumphant cry. His body was immediately dragged ashore, and the crowd surrounding him, greedily snatching the dagger from each other, began to inflict many wounds on him, since everyone wanted to take part in his destruction.

Thus, on the evening of February 14, 1779, Captain James Cook was killed by the inhabitants of the Hawaiian Islands. Captain Clerk emphasizes in his diaries: if Cook had abandoned defiant behavior in the face of a crowd of thousands and had not started shooting Hawaiians, the accident could have been avoided. According to Lieutenant Philips, the Hawaiians were not going to prevent the return of the British to the ship, let alone attack, and the large crowd that had gathered was explained by their concern for the fate of the king (not unreasonable, if we keep in mind the purpose for which Cook invited Kalaniop to the ship).

From the diaries of Captain Clerk:

Considering the whole matter as a whole, I firmly believe that it would not have been carried to extremes by the natives if Captain Cook had not made an attempt to punish a man surrounded by a crowd of islanders, relying entirely on the fact that, if necessary, the Marines could fire from muskets to disperse the natives. Such an opinion was undoubtedly based on extensive experience with various Indian peoples in various parts light, but the unfortunate events of today have shown that in this case this opinion turned out to be erroneous.

There is good reason to believe that the natives would not have gone so far if, unfortunately, Captain Cook had not fired at them: a few minutes before this they began to clear the way for the soldiers so that the latter could reach that place on the bank against which the boats were (I have already mentioned this), thus giving Captain Cook the opportunity to get away from them.

After Cook's death, the post of expedition leader passed to the captain of the Discovery, Charles Clerk. The clerk tried to get Cook's body released peacefully. Failing, he ordered military operation, during which the landing under the cover of cannons captured and burned to the ground coastal settlements and drove the Hawaiians into the mountains. After that, the Hawaiians delivered to the Resolution a basket with ten pounds of meat and a human head without a lower jaw. On February 22, 1779, Cook's remains were buried at sea. Captain Clerk died of tuberculosis, which he had been ill with throughout the voyage. The ships returned to England on October 7, 1780.

Expedition results
The main goal of the expedition - the discovery of the Northwest Passage - was not achieved. The Hawaiian Islands, Christmas Island and some other islands were discovered. He visited about 35 islands and cities

Interesting Facts
A command module was named after Endeavor, the first ship commanded by James Cook. spaceship Apollo 15. During his flight, the fourth landing of people on the moon was carried out. The same name was given to one of the "space shuttles".
Regarding the popular myth associated with the death of James Cook, the Russian poet and singer Vladimir Vysotsky wrote a playful song "One scientific riddle, or why the aborigines ate Cook."
In honor of the traveler, an archipelago in the Pacific Ocean was named; The archipelago received its name from the Russian navigator Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern, since Cook himself stayed on the islands of the Southern Group from 1773 to 1775.