Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky was born in 1857 in the Russian village of Izhevskoye, Ryazan province, into the family of a Polish nobleman who served in the department of state property. In 1860 the Tsiolkovsky family moved to Ryazan. At the age of 9, Konstantin Tsiolkovsky fell ill with scarlet fever. As a result of complications after the illness, he partially lost his hearing. This event had a huge impact on his later life.

In 1868 the Tsiolkovsky family moved to Vyatka. At the age of 12, Konstantin entered the gymnasium, but he was not allowed to study, including because of poor hearing. To all this, in 1870, Tsiolkovsky's mother dies, which further closes the boy in himself. And 3 years after admission, he is expelled from the gymnasium for poor progress and bad behavior. He begins to educate himself. Books become the boy's only friends. Unlike gymnasium teachers, books generously endow him with knowledge and never make the slightest reproach. At the same time, Konstantin Tsiolkovsky joined the technical and scientific creativity.

And now, two years later, in 1873, the son's abilities become obvious to the father, and he decides to send the boy to Moscow to continue his education. In Moscow for 3 years he independently and successfully studied chemistry, physics, astronomy, higher mathematics, analytical geometry.

In 1876, Tsiolkovsky, at the age of 19, returned to Vyatka with a wealth of knowledge and technical ideas. It is from this moment that one can count the beginning of Tsiolkovsky's passion for aerodynamics.

In 1878 the Tsiolkovsky family returned to Ryazan.

In 1879, Konstantin Tsiolkovsky built the world's first centrifugal machine (the forerunner of modern centrifuges) and conducted experiments with various animals on it. The weight of the red cockroach was increased by 300 times, and the weight of the chicken by 10, without the slightest harm to them.

In 1880, Konstantin Tsiolkovsky passed the exams for the title of teacher of the county school and moved to Borovsk by appointment from the Ministry of Education for his first public position. In the same year, Tsiolkovsky marries Varvara Evgrafovna Sokolova. The young couple begins to live separately, and the young scientist continues physical experiments and technical creativity. Electric lightning flashes in Tsiolkovsky's house, thunder rumbles, bells ring, paper dolls dance.

At the same time, Tsiolkovsky independently developed the kinetic theory of gases and sent the manuscript to the Russian Physical and Chemical Society in St. Petersburg, founded shortly before by Mendeleev. And soon he receives an answer from Mendeleev: the kinetic theory of gases has already been discovered... 25 years ago. But even this seemingly failure brought Tsiolkovsky fame in the world of science. The Russian Physical and Chemical Society believed in the independence of Tsiolkovsky's developments and invited him to join this society.

Tsiolkovsky is increasingly involved in science and technology, finally choosing aerodynamics for himself, as a matter of life. From a practical point of view, he begins aerodynamics with attempts to create an all-metal balloon. But he fails to bring the matter to the realization of the project.

In 1891, in the proceedings of the Society of Natural Science Lovers, an article by Tsiolkovsky "The pressure of a liquid on a plane uniformly moving in it" was published.

In 1892, the Tsiolkovsky family moved to Kaluga in connection with the reassignment of Konstantin Eduardovich in the service.

At this time, Tsiolkovsky begins to write articles and just thoughts and stories. His fantastic story "On the Moon" is published. In 1894, the journal "Science and Life" published the work "Airplane or bird-like (aircraft) flying machine".

In 1897 Tsiolkovsky built a wind tunnel. This tube became the second in Russia (the first one was built in 1871 in St. Petersburg by engineer Pashkevich to study ballistics). Tsiolkovsky, on the other hand, became the first in the search for patterns of flight at low speeds. He became one of the founders of a new science - experimental aerodynamics.

On May 10, 1897, Tsiolkovsky deduced a formula that established the relationship between the speed of a rocket at any moment, the speed of the outflow of gases from a nozzle, the mass of the rocket and the mass of explosives. Having finished his mathematical notes, Tsiolkovsky mechanically set the date: May 10, 1897. Of course, he did not suspect for a second how much joy the discovery of yellowed and crumpled leaves would later bring to historians. After all, having written the date of the calculations, Tsiolkovsky, without knowing it, secured his primacy in matters of scientific space exploration.

In 1900, the Academy of Sciences decided to help Tsiolkovsky in conducting experiments on aerodynamics. Based on experiments, Tsiolkovsky derives a formula relating the required engine power to the aerodynamic drag coefficient and the lift coefficient. These works formed the basis of his work "Investigation of the World Spaces by Reactive Instruments", the first part of which was published in 1903 in the "Scientific Review". In this pioneering work, Tsiolkovsky completely proved the impossibility of going into space in a balloon or with the help of artillery piece, deduced the relationship between the weight of fuel and the weight of rocket structures to overcome the force of gravity, expressed the idea of ​​an onboard system of orientation to the Sun or other heavenly bodies, analyzed the behavior of a rocket outside the atmosphere, in a gravity-free environment. True, the result of the first publication was not at all what Tsiolkovsky expected. Neither compatriots nor foreign scientists evaluated these studies.

During the period from 1898 to 1902, Konstantin Eduardovich published 16 articles on aeronautics and aerodynamics.

In 1911, the "Bulletin of Aeronautics" published the second part of the work "Investigation of world spaces by jet instruments". In it, Tsiolkovsky calculates the work to overcome the force of gravity, the speed and time of flight. This time Tsiolkovsky's article made a lot of noise in scientific world. Tsiolkovsky made many friends in the world of science. In 1914, an addition to this work was published. This work is considered the most valuable work of Tsiolkovsky and consolidates his primacy in the study of space technology.

The socialist revolution in Russia changed Tsiolkovsky's life for the better. He welcomed the change in political life country. The figure of Tsiolkovsky fell to the court of the new leadership of the country. In 1921, the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR decides to grant Tsiolkovsky a personal pension.

In 1926, Tsiolkovsky's great work "Investigation of world spaces with reactive devices" was published.

Tsiolkovsky is considered one of the founders of the philosophical movement called "cosmism". During his life, Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky wrote more than 130 various articles and essays, and more than 80 manuscripts. Quite a few of them are on the same topics, while others are generally repeated. More or less original works out of more than 200 considered, there are about 130. At the same time, about 50 of them are philosophical and about philosophical, 15 are scientific, about 60 are technical, and 40 of them are on the topic of a metal airship, about 10 are scientifically popular and somewhere so many fantastic stories.

From about 1918, he began to write more and more philosophical works and turned to science less and less. The magazines mainly publish his old, slightly modified scientific and technical articles.

Throughout his life, Tsiolkovsky was almost obsessed with his metal airship, which he conceived at the age of 30. Throughout his life, in his writings, he tried to prove the possibility of creating such an airship. On May 3, 1925, there was a dispute at the Moscow Polytechnic Museum about the advisability of building the Tsiolkovsky airship. But the metal airship was never built.

Exactly 80 years ago, the great scientist Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky, a pioneer in the field of space exploration, passed away. He was born on September 5, 1857 in the village of Izhevskoye, located on the territory of the Ryazan province, died on September 19, 1935 in Kaluga. Unique historical figure- Russian and Soviet self-taught scientist, inventor and school teacher. He was the founder of theoretical astronautics. He substantiated the use of rockets for space flights, came to the conclusion that it was necessary to use " rocket trains"- prototypes of multi-stage rockets. Tsiolkovsky believed in the possibility of founding human settlements in space.

The father of Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, served in forestry (was a forester), and his mother, Maria Yumasheva, was from small estate nobles, and in accordance with the customs of those years, led household. In childhood, at the age of 10, the future famous scientist fell ill with scarlet fever and, as a result of complications of the disease, practically lost his hearing. He caught a cold and fell ill while sledding in the winter. What Tsiolkovsky later called "the saddest and darkest time of my life" has come. The boy's hearing loss deprived the child of a large number of children's amusements and impressions that were available to his peers. However, the compensation was the craving for creativity, invention, and craftsmanship. Even then, Konstantin began to make watches, toys, dolls on his own. Later, at the age of 14, the future scientist independently made lathe, and at the age of 15 he made his own balloon.


In early 1868, the Tsiolkovsky family moved from the village of Izhevskoye near Ryazan to the city of Vyatka (Kirov). Here Konstantin Tsiolkovsky begins his studies at the male Vyatka gymnasium. At the same time, it was quite difficult for him to study because of hearing problems. Surprisingly, hearing problems in the future did not prevent him from understanding music well. He even wrote the work "The Origin of Music and Its Essence", and the Tsiolkovsky family had a piano and a harmonium. In 1873, Tsiolkovsky was forced to stop studying at the gymnasium due to expulsion. At the same time, the lack of a complete school education did not prevent him from devoting his whole life to studies exact sciences. After the Vyatka gymnasium, Konstantin Tsiolkovsky never studied anywhere else, preferring to educate himself, in which he seriously succeeded.

At the age of 16, the young man went to conquer Moscow, where he spent several years, putting them on the altar of mechanics and the natural sciences. In fact, the father sent his son to enter the Higher technical school(today MSTU named after Bauman), having supplied him cover letter to his friend with a request for help to get settled in the capital. However, Konstantin Tsiolkovsky lost the letter, remembering only the address: Nemetskaya Street (today Bauman Street). When he reached this street, he rented a room in the laundress's flat.

For reasons unknown today, Tsiolkovsky never entered the school, but remained in Moscow, where he continued his self-education. At the same time, the future great scientist lived very modestly, literally on black bread and water. His father sent him to Moscow 10-15 rubles every month. Of this money, Konstantin spent very little on food. Later, he recalled that once every three days he went to the bakery, where he bought bread for 9 kopecks. Thus, he lived on 90 kopecks per month. To save money, Tsiolkovsky moved around the capital only on foot. All free cash he preferred to spend on buying books, chemicals for experiments and instruments. Every day from 10 a.m. to 3 p.m., he could be found in the Chertkovskaya public library - the only free library in the Russian capital of those years.

For three years in the library, Tsiolkovsky independently mastered the entire gymnasium program and most of the university one. So in the first year of his life in Moscow, he studied physics and the beginnings of mathematics. And then I comprehended higher algebra, differential and integral calculus, spherical and analytical geometry, astronomy, chemistry and mechanics, and all this on my own. He did not forget about simpler material, also reading journalism and fiction. He was actively engaged in the study of journals in which journalistic and science articles. He enthusiastically read the works of Shakespeare, Turgenev, Leo Tolstoy.

However, studying, eating and renting housing in the capital at some point became for young man unaffordable in terms of money. His father was not feeling well, was about to retire, and could no longer send him money. Therefore, Konstantin Tsiolkovsky returns to his father in Vyatka. He returned home weak, emaciated and with vision spoiled by excessive reading. After that, Tsiolkovsky began to wear glasses. The baggage of knowledge he received allowed him to engage in private teaching activities, he gave lessons in physics and mathematics. He never had a shortage of students. In his teaching work, he emphasized visual demonstration: he conducted numerous experiments in physics and made paper models of polyhedra in geometry, which his students liked and were well received.

In 1878, the Tsiolkovsky family returned to Ryazan, where in the fall of 1879 Konstantin successfully passed the exam for a county mathematics teacher at the First Provincial Gymnasium. As a "self-taught" he had to pass a "complete" exam - not only the subject itself, but also grammar, worship, catechism and other compulsory disciplines. Before that, Tsiolkovsky was not interested in these subjects, but he managed to a short time prepare and submit them. In 1880, he left Ryazan, having received a direction as a teacher of arithmetic and geometry in the Borovsk district school of the Kaluga province. The city of Borovsk was located at a distance of 100 kilometers from Moscow.

Namely, while working in Borovsk, he begins his scientific activity. In this city he lived and taught for 12 years, started a family, made friends, wrote and published his first scientific papers. At the same time, his contacts with the Russian scientific community. It all started with an incident. Tsiolkovsky independently developed the foundations of the kinetic theory of gases and sent the results to the Russian Physical and Chemical Society. The answer from Mendeleev upset him greatly, the famous Russian scientist noted in his letter that the kinetic theory of gases was discovered 25 years ago. However, the calculations made by Tsiolkovsky were appreciated. The reason for Konstantin Tsiolkovsky's ignorance was that he was self-taught, isolated from the scientific community and modern scientific literature. At the same time, the first failure did not stop him, and he continued his studies. During his life in Borovsk, he was admitted to the Russian Physical and Chemical Society, and his work "Mechanics of a Living Organism" received a favorable review from I.M. Sechenov.

Here in Borovsk, starting in 1884, he began to study the scientific substantiation of an all-metal balloon (airship), a hovercraft, a streamlined airplane, and a rocket for interplanetary travel. He also dabbled in literature. It was in Borovsk in 1887 that Tsiolkovsky wrote his first science fiction work - a short story "On the Moon". While living in Borovsk, he fell in love with skating and skiing. At the same time, the inquisitive mind of the inventor found application here. He came up with the idea of ​​riding on a frozen river with the help of an umbrella-“sail”, and soon, following the same principle, he created a sleigh with a sail. Later, in his autobiography, he wrote: “Peasants rode along the river, the horses were frightened by the rushing sail, the passers-by cursed with obscene voices, but due to my deafness, I did not know about this for a long time.”

In 1892, Konstantin Tsiolkovsky moved to Kaluga, where he again began work as a teacher of physics and mathematics, while doing astronautics and aeronautics. It was in Kaluga that he turned to a topic that was little studied at that time - the creation of aircraft heavier than air. Here in Kaluga, he created a tunnel in which he checked the aerodynamics of aircraft. In fact, we are talking about the first wind tunnel in our country. For these works, Konstantin Eduardovich asked for money from the Physico-Chemical Society, but the society did not send a penny for experiments. As a result, the self-taught scientist had to spend his own savings on research. At his own expense, he created and then carefully tested about 100 different models of aircraft. Soon, news of these experiments nevertheless forced the Physico-Chemical Society to allocate 470 rubles to the researcher, which he directed to the creation of an improved wind tunnel. And since 1896, Tsiolkovsky began to systematically study the theory of the movement of jet vehicles, proposing several schemes for long-range missiles and missiles intended for interplanetary travel.

Tsiolkovsky continued to work hard and fruitfully on the creation of a theory of jet aircraft flight, invents his own gas turbine engine, and was the first to propose the idea of ​​​​a landing gear that retracts at the bottom. He was also irresistibly attracted by the cosmos, he wrote a lot of scientific, journalistic and artistic materials on this subject. One of his fundamental works is "Research outer space with a jet engine.

The 20th century brought a lot of troubles to the scientist. In 1902, his youngest son Ignat committed suicide (he had four children in total: a daughter and three sons). And after 5 years, the Oka River overflowed its banks and flooded his house, destroying both the calculations and calculations that were in a single copy. unique cars scientist. It is curious, but the elements interfered with his work for the second time. In 1897, a fire destroyed the scientist's house, many of his models, drawings, manuscripts, a library, and all family property were also destroyed in the fire, with the exception of the only sewing machine that they managed to throw out the window. Konstantin Eduardovich expressed his thoughts and feelings on this subject in the manuscript "Prayer".

In general, the first years of the 20th century turned out to be the most difficult for him. Already after the Bolsheviks came to power, on June 5, 1919, the Council of the Russian Society of World Science Lovers accepted him into their ranks, appointing him a pension as a member of the scientific society. In fact, this saved the scientist from starvation during the years of devastation and civil war, since on June 30, 1919, the Socialist Academy of Sciences did not elect him into its ranks, practically leaving him without a livelihood. And in 1923, his second son, Alexander, took his own life.

At the same time, on November 17, 1919, Tsiolkovsky was arrested, after a search in his house he was taken to Lubyanka, where he was interrogated for several weeks. Luckily, someone from political leadership the country and the scientist were released. Only in 1921 did all Tsiolkovsky's research in the field of space receive recognition, and from the new authorities he received a lifetime allowance.

Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky passed away on September 19, 1935. During his life, he created more than 400 works on the theory of rocket science. The very next day after his death, a decree of the Soviet government was published on measures aimed at perpetuating the memory of the great Russian scientist and on the transfer of his scientific works to the Main Directorate of the Civil Air Fleet. In the future, by decision of the government, his work was transferred to the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, where a special commission was created to develop the works of Konstantin Tsiolkovsky. The commission distributed scientific papers written by scientists into various sections. The first volume included all of Tsiolkovsky's work on aerodynamics; the second volume is his scientific works on jet aircraft; the third volume - work on all-metal airships, as well as on increasing the energy of heat engines and various issues applied mechanics, on the use of tides and waves, watering deserts and cooling human dwellings in them and various inventions; the fourth volume includes works by Konstantin Tsiolkovsky on astronomy, biology, geophysics, the structure of matter and other problems; finally, the fifth volume was made up of biographical materials and correspondence of the scientist.

The main achievements of Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky:

Worked on the justification of the possibility of space travel;
- Created the first aerodynamic laboratory and wind tunnel in Russia. Created a methodology for studying the aerodynamic properties of aircraft;
- Created a model of an all-metal airship, designed a controlled balloon;
- Outlined a rigorous theory of jet propulsion, proved the need to use rockets for space travel;
- He proposed the launch of a rocket from an inclined guide, this principle was implemented in multiple launch rocket systems;
- He created his own scheme of a gas turbine engine.

Based on materials from open sources

Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky, an outstanding researcher, a prominent scientist in the field of aeronautics, aviation and astronautics, a true innovator in science, was born on September 5 (17), 1857 in the village of Izhevsky, Ryazan province, into the family of forester Eduard Ignatievich Tsiolkovsky. He grew up as a smart, inquisitive and impressionable child. Already in these years, the character of the future scientist was formed - independent, persistent and purposeful. "I think I got a connection strong will father with the talent of the mother, ”Tsiolkovsky later wrote.

At the age of 10, Tsiolkovsky suffered a great misfortune - he fell ill with scarlet fever and, as a result of complications, almost completely lost his hearing.

Outstanding ability, son's penchant for independent work and invention made my father think about his further education. Tsiolkovsky was 16 years old when his father decided to send him to Moscow to continue his studies. Three years of independent purposeful studies in the library of the Rumyantsev Museum enriched the young man with knowledge in the field of mathematics, physics and astronomy.

After returning from Moscow in the fall of 1879, Tsiolkovsky externally passed the exam at the Ryazan gymnasium for the title of teacher of county schools and three months later was assigned to the small town of Borovsk, Kaluga province. For 12 years Tsiolkovsky lived and worked in Borovsk, teaching arithmetic and geometry. There he married Varvara Evgrafovna Sokolova, who became his faithful assistant and adviser, mother of his seven children.

While teaching, Tsiolkovsky began to engage in scientific work. Already in 1883, he wrote the work "Free Space", in which he made an important conclusion about the possibility of using jet propulsion to move in world space.

Almost all his life Tsiolkovsky dealt with aeronautics a lot.

His first scientific work on aeronautics "Metal balloon, controlled" was published in 1892.

In the same year, in connection with the transfer of Tsiolkovsky to the Kaluga district school, the Tsiolkovsky family moved to Kaluga. For many years the family had to live in private apartments before they managed to purchase a small house on the outskirts of the city.

In 1903, the first article by Tsiolkovsky on rocket technology, "Investigation of world spaces with jet devices," appeared in the journal "Scientific Review" No. 5. In this work, the scientist for the first time for the real implementation of space flight proposed a project for a liquid rocket, substantiated the theory of its flight.

The first part of Tsiolkovsky's article "Investigation of the World Spaces with Reactive Devices" went unnoticed by the wide scientific community. The second part, published in the journal Aeronautics Bulletin, was published in 1911-1912 and caused a great resonance. Well-known popularizers of science and technology V.V. Ryumin, Ya.I. Perelman and N.A. Rynin engaged in the dissemination of Tsiolkovsky's space ideas, and eventually became his true friends. Tsiolkovsky was also greatly assisted by numerous Kaluga friends: V.I. Assonov, P.P. Canning, S.E. Eremeev, and later A.L. Chizhevsky and S.V. Shcherbakov. In 1914, Tsiolkovsky published a separate brochure "Supplement to the" Study of World Spaces with Reactive Devices ".

Scientific activity occupied all free time Tsiolkovsky, but for many years the main work was still a teacher's work. His lessons aroused students' interest, gave them practical skills and knowledge. Only in November 1921, at the age of 64, Tsiolkovsky left his teaching job.

After the Great October Socialist Revolution, his scientific activity was supported by the state. In 1918 Tsiolkovsky was elected a member of the Socialist Academy. In 1921, Tsiolkovsky was granted an increased personal pension.

The attention of the government to the scientific research work of the scientist contributed to the recognition of Tsiolkovsky's works and the growth of popularity.

In 1932, Tsiolkovsky turned 75 years old. This event was marked by ceremonial meetings in Moscow and Kaluga.

The government awarded the scientist with the Order of the Red Banner of Labor for "special merits in the field of inventions that have great value for the economic power and defense of the USSR. The award ceremony took place in the Kremlin on November 27, 1932. Accepting the order, Tsiolkovsky said: “I can thank the Government for this high award only with my work. Saying thank you doesn't make any sense."

The scientist set to work with renewed vigor, he still paid much attention to scientific work, propaganda scientific knowledge, led a large community service. Tsiolkovsky met with workers, scientists, collective farmers, often spoke to young people, and was a consultant for the science fiction film Space Flight.

In August 1935, Tsiolkovsky's health deteriorated sharply. On September 13, he dictated his will.

September 19, 1935 Tsiolkovsky died. He was buried in Kaluga in the Country Garden (now a park named after him).

Date of birth: September 17, 1857
Date of death: September 19, 1935
Place of birth: the village of Izhevskoe, Ryazan Province.

Konstantin Tsiolkovsky- Scientist and inventor. Tsiolkovsky Konstantin Eduardovich(Konstanty Ciołkowski) – pioneer in the field of space exploration, scientist. He is the "father" of modern astronautics. The first Russian scientist who became famous in the field of aeronautics and aeronautics. He believed in the possibility of founding human settlements in space.

Konstantin first saw the light on September 17, 1857 in a little-known village, which was located not far from Ryazan. Tsiolkovsky's father, served in forestry. Mother, Maria Yumasheva, was from small estate nobles, and in accordance with the customs of that time, she was engaged in housework.

At the beginning of 1868, she moved from the village to more Big City, Vyatka. Kostya began to study at the gymnasium. The boy found it difficult to study because he was deaf from scarlet fever. In 1873, the teenager stopped his studies due to expulsion. Absence schooling did not prevent him from doing the exact sciences all his life.

As a 16-year-old teenager, Konstantin goes to the capital. There he puts several years on the altar of natural sciences and mechanics. To be a full member of society, he uses a hearing aid. Studying, renting housing and eating in Moscow were unaffordable for a young man in terms of money. And in 1876, a young, well-educated scientist decides to return to the province, to his father.

In order to support himself, the young man moonlights with algebra and geometry lessons in private. The talented teacher did not experience a lack of students, because. performed excellently.

This experience was not in vain, because soon the scientist and his relatives moved to Ryazan. Here he finally receives a diploma, which allows him to start teaching in Borovsk.

The district school where Tsiolkovsky taught was far from St. Petersburg and Moscow, the centers of science. Despite this, Konstantin begins scientific work in the field of aerodynamics. He is the creator of the kinetic theory. The figures obtained as a result of the experiments, he sends to the Russian Phys.-Chem. society. Response letter from Mendeleev shocks him - it turns out that this discovery was already made a quarter of a century ago. But Konstantin's calculations were appreciated in St. Petersburg.

At the beginning of the 19th century, a promising scientist went to live in Kaluga. He teaches, continues to work in aero- and astronautics. It was here that he built a tunnel in which it was possible to test the aerodynamic features of the constructed vehicles. All this costs money, with a request for funding, Konstantin turns to the Phys-Chemical Society. Gets rejected and spends family savings on his job. The money was spent on the construction of about a hundred prototypes. Having learned about this, the Society allocates almost 500 rubles to the researcher. The scientist invested all this money in improving the properties of the tunnel.

Space irresistibly attracts Tsiolkovsky, he writes a lot. Starts fundamental work on "Exploration of outer space with the help of a jet engine."
The early 1900s brought a lot of trouble. In 1902, the scientist's son, Ignat, committed suicide. After 5 years, the Oka burst its banks, flooding the unique machines and calculations of the scientist that are in a single instance. The Physical Chemical Society remained indifferent to the works and problems of Konstantin Eduardovich, and did not allocate a penny for the continuation of the work.

After the advent of Soviet power, Tsiolkovsky received a financial allowance from the Russian Society of Lovers of World Studies. It came as a surprise to everyone that two years after the revolution, the scientist was arrested. By a lucky chance, someone from the top of the party stood up for him and the scientist was released.

In 1921, the space explorer finally receives the well-deserved recognition of the new authorities. He is given a life sentence.

In September 1935, Konstantin Eduardovich died of a malignant disease.

Achievements of Konstantin Tsiolkovsky:

More than 400 papers on the theory of rocket construction.
Seriously engaged in the study of real interstellar travel.
A balloon that can be controlled, an airship made of solid metal - the development of Tsiolkovsky.
Proved that only rockets are capable of comic travel.
Developed a rocket launch from an inclined level. This development was used in artillery mounts of the Katyusha type.
Offered new project gas turbine engine.

Dates of the biography of Konstantin Tsiolkovsky:

September 17, 1857 - was born in the Ryazan province.
In 1880 he married V. Sokolova in a church marriage.
In the period from 1880 to 1883 he published scientific works "The duration of the radiation of the Sun", "Mechanics like a changing organism", "Free space". He began teaching at the county school.
1896 began to investigate the dynamics of rockets.
In the period from 1909 to 1911, he received official patents related to the construction of airships in the countries of the Old and New Worlds and Russia.
1918 becomes a member of the Socialist Academy social sciences. Continues teaching at the Kaluga Unified Labor Soviet School.
1919 the commission does not accept the project of an airship for armament Soviet army. He wrote his autobiography "Fatum, fate, fate." He spent several weeks in prison, in the Lubyanka.
1929 met with a colleague in rocket science with Sergei Korolev.
On September 19, 1935, he died of a malignant disease.

Interesting facts of Konstantin Tsiolkovsky:

Inspired by the ideas of the great inventor, A. Belyaev wrote a novel in the science fiction genre called "Star of the CEC".
As a 14-year-old teenager, he made a lathe. A year later I made a balloon.
The only thing that survived the fire in Tsiolkovsky's house was a sewing machine.

Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky is an outstanding Russian scientist, inventor, naturalist, and philosopher. In 1883, he wrote the book "Free Space", in which he described the processes taking place in space, its properties. It was in this book that Konstantin Eduardovich first proposed the rocket principle of movement in a vacuum. But was the space surrounding Konstantin Eduardovich himself free for creativity and scientific research? Unfortunately no. Konstantin Tsiolkovsky was born in 1857, and at the age of 9 he almost completely lost his hearing after suffering from scarlet fever. When he entered the Vyatka gymnasium, there were problems with learning - the gymnasium student Tsiolkovsky could not meet the requirements educational institution, to fully assimilate the material, to pass exams. Children in every possible way treated a talented fellow student, subjected him to sophisticated bullying and ridicule. Konstantin Eduardovich later called this period "the saddest, darkest time of my life."

Konstantin was expelled from the gymnasium in the third year of study. Since that time, mistrust and bitterness have settled in his soul. But natural curiosity and craving for natural sciences didn't let him give up. Konstantin took up self-education, studied textbooks and monographs, conducted physical and chemical experiments at home. He had golden hands, and in early childhood he himself made toys, watches, skates. When the need arose for experimental studies, he managed to make a lathe, an astrolabe. Demonstrating remarkable design talent, Konstantin built a variety of self-propelled mechanisms, the springs for which he extracted from old ladies' crinolines.

For three years, first in Vyatka, then in the Chertkovskaya Public Library of Moscow, he mastered not only the program of the gymnasium, but a significant part of the university. Circumstances forced him to look for a livelihood, and Konstantin Eduardovich took up tutoring, and later teaching. This fact causes natural surprise: how did a person who is practically deaf, manage to succeed in teaching? The fact is that Tsiolkovsky widely used visual methods - he conducted experiments with students, made models geometric shapes and various aircraft.

However, the free space around the scientist continued to shrink. A fire and two floods destroyed the devices, devices, scientific notes, and calculations created by him. Konstantin Eduardovich, unable to communicate with other researchers and not being aware scientific works leading in the world, was doomed to "reinvent the wheel". Many of his discoveries have already been made by other scientists.

The articles sent by Tsiolkovsky to scientific publications were not published, the works were not published. Konstantin Eduardovich stopped hoping for recognition, but, nevertheless, continued his scientific activity. He was engaged in biomechanics, the theory of aeronautics, and even eugenics. He was ignored as a scientist, but appreciated as an educator. In 1892, Tsiolkovsky was transferred to Kaluga as a teacher at a district school.

The beginning of the 20th century was especially difficult for the scientist: the death of his sons, the lack of support from the scientific community, poverty, and arrest. Nevertheless, Konstantin Eduardovich did not leave research activities, wrote books, improved the model of a balloon with a metal shell. He used all his money to buy materials. But his most important works were devoted to astronautics and the theory of rocket propulsion.

Only after 1923 did the space surrounding the great scientist become more or less free. The Soviet authorities became interested in his work, publications and followers appeared. Many of Tsiolkovsky's ideas formed the basis modern theories space flights.

The famous Soviet writer A. Belyaev wrote a fantasy novel about space station under the name "Star of KEC". Have you already guessed what this abbreviation means? Quite right. These are the initial letters of the name Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky!