Siberian frog - Rana amurensis Boul. Siberian frog - Rana amurensis Excerpt characterizing the Siberian frog
Siberian frog- Rana amurensis Boulender, 1886
Order Tailless amphibians – Anura
Appearance.
The color varies from grayish-olive to grayish-brown. A well-defined dorsomedial stripe runs from the cloaca to eye level. The temporal spot is absent. The skin of the sides and thighs is lumpy and covered with red or maroon grains.
The ventral side is off-white or yellowish in color with well-defined red-orange marbling. The calcaneal tubercle is low. During the breeding season, the nuptial callus is well defined on the forelimbs of males, which has the following shape: the metacarpal part on the palmar side is divided into two lobules, and on the medial side it is whole.
Spreading.
From some sources it follows that the Siberian frog is found before Arctic Circle. According to other sources, in its spread to the north it reaches Turukhansk. There is evidence that it has not been found anywhere in the southern, middle subzones of the taiga.
The first Siberian frog on the bank of the Podkamennaya Tunguska River near the Chamba cordon was found on 06/04/2010, and on September 12, approximately in the same place, a dead individual of this species was found.
On the territory of the region it was noted in the vicinity of the village. Motygino (reserve "Motyginskoe multi-island"), on an artificial pond and in the floodplain of the river. Alezhinki, near the village. Mokrusha, lake Kananchul near the village. Ust-Kananchul, lake. Kungul near the village Novogorodka (Kana forest-steppe), on lakes Kurbatovskoye, Sosnovoe and Kopytovo, the oxbow river. Chulyma (Achinsk forest-steppe), a wetland in the vicinity of the village. Russian. Diptera - 63.1% - and Coleoptera - 14.4% are used as ball objects.
Number and limiting factors.
Unknown in the region, the average density in the Kansk forest-steppe was 314.1 individuals/ha, in Krasnoyarsk - 10, in Achinsk - 15.8. Regular fluctuations in the number of amphibians largely depend on temperature, humidity, activity of food items, the action of predators and anthropogenic influence. The decrease in the abundance of the species in habitats in the Krasnoyarsk Territory and adjacent territories is due to drainage and pollution of habitats, as well as other factors of anthropogenic origin.
Security measures.
Special measures to protect the species have not been developed in the region. First of all, it is necessary to study the spatial distribution and identify key habitat areas. Already today, on the lakes where the species lives, the protection regime should be strengthened, up to the creation of specialized micro-reserves.
Information sources. 1. Gorodilova, 2010; 2. Kuranova, 1998; 3. Bannikov et al., 1971; 4. Syroechkovsky, Rogacheva, 1980; 5. Syroechkovsky, Rogacheva, 1995; 6. V.Yu. Sopin – oral message; 7. Kuzmin, 1999; 8. Munkhboyar, 1973; 9. Shkatulova, 1978; 10. Krivosheev, 1966; 11. Kutenkov, 2009.
Compiled by: S.N. Gorodilova, A.A. Baranov. Photo: Svetlana Gorodilova, Krasnoyarsk, Russia.
Included in Red Book Krasnoyarsk Territory . In its 2000 edition it had category IV. Status: rare species, decreasing in number. IN Red Book of the Krasnoyarsk Territory in the 2011 edition, it was assigned category III and the status of “rare species”.
Appearance. Frogs of small and medium sizes; maximum body length 78 mm, usually 55-60 mm (smaller in Primorye than in Siberia). The head is relatively narrow, although its width is greater than its length; the muzzle is elongated and pointed. The dorsal-lateral folds are thin, light, forming a bend to the side eardrum. The hind limbs (tibia) are not long. If they are folded perpendicular to the axis of the body, then the ankle joints touch or slightly overlap each other. If the limb is extended along the body, the ankle joint reaches the eye. The swimming membrane is well developed. The inner calcaneal tubercle is small; its length ranges from 1/5 to 1/3, on average 1/4, of the length of the finger. Males do not have resonators. The callus on the first finger is semi-dismembered. The skin on the back and especially the sides is covered with numerous small tubercles-grains. The top is brown in different shades from light to dark, often carmine. Dark spots can merge in the form of strands. A characteristic light stripe runs along the middle of the back and head, with tubercles often located on the sides. There is a dark temporal spot. The underparts are painted in a characteristic blood-red color on a white or gray background, in the form of small or large spots, and sometimes covering almost the entire surface. In the south of Sakhalin, some individuals are greenish or grayish-yellow below. Red tones may also be visible on the sides, less often on the back. Very often the small grains are also colored red. There is no yellow-green spot where the sides and hips meet.
Spreading. Siberian-Far Eastern species. Its huge range covers almost all of Siberia and the Russian Far East, including Sakhalin, as well as northern Mongolia, northeastern China and Korea. In Siberia to the west the border of the range reaches Sverdlovsk region(about 64° E), north in Yakutia to 71° N. w. Formally, the species consists of 2 subspecies. Southwestern Korea is home to the smaller Korean frog, R. a. coreana Okada, 1927, which may be an independent species. The rest of the range is occupied by the nominate subspecies, R. a. amurensis Boulenger, 1886. For a long time The taxonomy of the species (especially nomenclatural issues) was confused, and the Siberian frog was combined into one species with the Far Eastern and Central Asian frogs.
Lifestyle. Inhabits forest and forest-steppe areas, being clearly flat view. Not known above 500 m above sea level (1200 m in Mongolia). Prefers open, moist habitats and gravitates towards bodies of water. It is found in floodplains and valleys of rivers and lakes, on alas in Yakutia, in wetlands (mari, hummocks), wet weinn-sedge and other meadows, among bushes, including on the sea coast. In damp places, frogs penetrate into forests, preferring sparse larch, alder-birch, and occasionally appearing in forests of other types. In the south of Sakhalin they live in forb meadows broadleaf forest, among low-growing bamboo thickets. Frogs can be found on the outskirts of villages and cities, in parks, agricultural fields (in hay meadows, vegetable gardens, field edges, etc.). Animals clearly avoid living on the slopes of hills, deep in forests. Occasionally, frogs are found along the banks of slightly brackish water bodies. Frogs, especially young ones, are active during the day, but are more often seen at dusk. On cold nights, activity shifts to daylight hours. In spring, frogs appear in the second or third ten days of April in Primorye and the south of Sakhalin, at the end of April - May in Transbaikalia, in the first ten days of May in Yakutia, when the weather is still very unstable. The air temperature at this time is 2-5° C and higher (lower at night). There may still be an ice crust and snow on the reservoirs. Typical breeding sites are swampy or flooded meadows, hummocks, puddles, ditches, pits, small oxbow rivers, ponds, small lakes, shallow areas of larger reservoirs. On Sakhalin, frogs also use semi-flowing water bodies and desalinated coastal lagoon-type lakes as spawning grounds (sometimes with brackish water). Some bodies of water have a sandy bottom or a large layer of silt, often with sparse or no vegetation. The Siberian frog often breeds in the same bodies of water as the Siberian salamander. The first to come to water bodies are males, who hide under the shore or in thickets of grass. Females arrive after 2-5 days. The voice of males is quiet, there are no loud concerts. Mating takes 4-6 hours and occurs on the surface of the water or underwater at the bottom of the reservoir. The female lays 270-4040 eggs at a depth of up to 30 cm (in Mongolia it is much deeper, at least 40 cm), usually attaching the clutch to aquatic plants. After swelling, the masonry floats. The diameter of the egg is 6-7 mm, the egg is 1.6-2.1 mm. Spawning is extended for Far East for 2-4 weeks, in Transbaikalia up to 2 months. Very often, caviar dies due to drying out of reservoirs. Early clutches (up to 70-80%) die from frost. Embryonic development lasts 7-16 days, larval development from a month to 84 days. In the south of Sakhalin, the entire subject-morphosis period is 73-104 days. Tadpoles after hatching are about 4-8 mm long. Before metamorphosis, the denticles on the oral disc are located in 3 rows above and below the beak. Fledglings appear in July - early August with a body length of 12 mm or more. The emergence of fingerlings from reservoirs takes almost a whole month. Sexual maturity occurs at the age of three years with a body length of 41-44 mm. The sex ratio is approximately equal. The maximum life expectancy in nature is at least 9 years. Frogs eat mainly terrestrial invertebrates: insects (beetles, butterfly caterpillars, orthoptera, dipterans, etc.), as well as spiders, earthworms, and occasionally aquatic mollusks. During the breeding season they hardly feed. Tadpoles can eat the corpses of their fellows. Some birds prey on frogs. Leeches attack egg laying; tadpoles are exterminated by the larvae of dragonflies, caddisflies and swimming beetles. Frogs leave for the winter at the end of September - beginning of November, young ones later than adults. They migrate to wintering areas at a distance of up to 3 km. They overwinter in ponds with stagnant water, at the bottom of wells. During the freeze a large number of individuals die. In the south of Sakhalin, the wintering period is 156-186 days.
Similar views. It differs from the Far Eastern and sharp-faced frogs, with which it coexists in the Far East or Siberia, in the graininess of the skin on the sides, the absence of resonators, color pattern, smaller internal calcaneal tubercle and other characteristics. It is isolated geographically from other brown frogs (grass frogs, quick frogs, Asia Minor and Central Asian frogs).
Siberian frog ( Rana chensinensis) inhabits Siberia, North-Eastern Kazakhstan, Northern Kyrgyzstan, the Far East and is found in Primorye, Amur region, Sakhalin, Shantar Islands.
In the west, the border of its distribution runs between 70 and 80 degrees east longitude. To the south it descends to Central China, to the north it reaches the tundra.
To the east of the Urals along the forest and forest-steppe belt, it seems to replace the grass and sharp-faced frogs. Like the latter, it is found in steppes and semi-deserts.
In most of its range, the Siberian frog is attached to floodplains, where it inhabits open low-lying swamps and marshy lake shores. On Sakhalin it lives in floodplain meadows and swamps, including tundra ones. IN southern parts The habitat is kept only near water bodies.
Active in the evening hours, often active during the day. The basis of food is insects. The Siberian frog goes to winter in late September - early October. It overwinters in the thickets of swampy reservoirs in wells and on land near the water in pits with rotting vegetation, in soil crevices, and in rodent burrows.
The Siberian frog appears in spring in March - early April. Vital for seven to eight months a year. Soon after waking up it begins to spawn. Mating season lasts from two weeks to a month. Males occasionally make quiet sounds. Mating takes place underwater.
The female lays 1000-1800 eggs, colored dark brown. The diameter of the egg is 1.7-2.3 mm, the eggs - 5-7 millimeters. The spawning grounds are reservoirs in the floodplains of rivers, shallow, slightly swampy, slowly flowing springs. Eggs are usually laid when the water temperature is 18 degrees Celsius.
Tadpoles hatch after 6-10 days, reaching a length of 7-12 mm. Tadpoles, already leading an active lifestyle, are dark gray on top with small spots and specks of brown color. On the underside, the tadpoles are single-colored, gray, and their body is very transparent.
By the end of development, the length of tadpoles ranges from 37 to 60 mm. They feed on phyto- and zooplankton and detritus. Feed of plant origin makes up 20-25%. The length of newly metamorphosed fingerlings is 13-17 millimeters.
The young frogs emerge on land in the last days of May. Development takes from 25 to 60 days. Over the course of a month, the size of the fingerlings increases by 7-10 millimeters and by the end of summer their length reaches 33 millimeters.
intermediate ranks
Rana amurensis Boulenger, 1886
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Siberian frog, or Amur frog(lat. Rana amurensis) - a species of the family of true frogs ( Ranidae).
Description
The back is grayish or gray-brown with small dark spots. The belly is white or white-yellowish with large, irregular, partially confluent blood-red spots. Red spots may alternate with dark spots, and a red pattern on the belly begins to form around the second year of life. Males differ from females by the presence of a dark nuptial callus on the first toe. The head is moderately sharp. The tibia is 1.75–2.4 times shorter than the body. The fingers are connected by membranes. The pupil is horizontal. The back of the tongue is free and forked.
Spreading
This frog lives in western and eastern Siberia, the Russian Far East, Korea, northern and central Mongolia and northeastern China. This is one of the most common amphibians of the Palearctic. It is found in coniferous, mixed and deciduous forests, penetrates the tundra and forest-steppe zone. This happens most often in open, damp places, such as wet meadows, swamps, overgrown banks of lakes, rivers, and open areas in the forest with abundant vegetation and woody debris. The connection with reservoirs (overgrown river valleys with ponds and lakes) is especially characteristic in the southern (forest-steppe and steppe) and northern regions. In the south of Primorsky Krai, this species avoids dense forests and is found mainly in damp meadows with deciduous trees or bushes in river valleys.
Lifestyle
Population density by large area reaches several hundreds and thousands of individuals per hectare. At the same time, on the northernmost and most southern regions throughout its range, the species forms dense but small groups in suitable locations, in which case the total abundance should be considered low. Hibernation occurs from early September - early November (usually October), in March - early June (usually April-May), depending on latitude. The frog overwinters in holes at the bottom of rivers and lakes, as well as in wells, usually in groups of up to several thousand individuals. Ground hibernation is more typical for southern regions. The maximum age is defined as 5–11 years in various regions.
Nutrition
Tadpoles eat mainly algae growing on underwater substrates, as well as higher plants, detritus and small aquatic invertebrates. Young frogs eat mainly terrestrial insects, sometimes aquatic arthropods. Adult frogs consume mainly terrestrial invertebrates and sometimes aquatic animals. The latter are especially important in the northern part of the frog's range.
Reproduction
The breeding season occurs from March–April, and in cold northern regions it can last until the first half of July. Reproduction occurs in small lakes, ponds, large puddles and swamps with standing water. There are no mating calls - the species belongs to the group of “mute” brown frogs. A clutch contains 250–4000 eggs, laid in one or two clumps. Metamorphosis occurs in June–August.
Notes
Links
- (English) . AmphibiaWeb. Archived from the original on May 16, 2012. Retrieved April 3, 2012.
Wikimedia Foundation.
2010.
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Siberian frog, or Amur frog(lat. Rana amurensis) - a species of the family of true frogs ( Ranidae).
Description
The back is grayish or gray-brown with small dark spots. The belly is white or white-yellowish with large, irregular, partially confluent blood-red spots. Red spots may alternate with dark spots, and a red pattern on the abdomen begins to form around the second year of life. Males differ from females by the presence of a dark nuptial callus on the first toe. The head is moderately sharp. The tibia is 1.75-2.4 times shorter than the body. The fingers are connected by membranes. The pupil is horizontal. The back of the tongue is free and forked.
Spreading
This frog lives in western and eastern Siberia, the Russian Far East, Korea, northern and central Mongolia and northeastern China. This is one of the most common amphibians of the Palearctic. It is found in coniferous, mixed and deciduous forests, penetrating into the tundra and forest-steppe zone. This occurs most often in open, damp places, such as wet meadows, swamps, overgrown banks of lakes, rivers, and open areas in forests with abundant vegetation and woody debris. The connection with reservoirs (overgrown river valleys with ponds and lakes) is especially characteristic in the southern (forest-steppe and steppe) and northern regions. In the south of Primorsky Krai, this species avoids dense forests and is found mainly in damp meadows with deciduous trees or shrubs in river valleys.
Lifestyle
The population density over a large area reaches several hundred and thousand individuals per hectare. However, in the northernmost and southernmost areas of its range, the species forms dense but small groups in suitable locations, in which case the overall abundance should be considered low. Hibernation occurs from early September - early November (usually October), in March - early June (usually April-May), depending on latitude. The frog overwinters in holes at the bottom of rivers and lakes, as well as in wells, usually in groups of up to several thousand individuals. Ground hibernation is more typical for the southern regions. The maximum age is defined as 5-11 years in various regions.
Nutrition
Tadpoles eat mainly algae growing on underwater substrates, as well as higher plants, detritus and small aquatic invertebrates. Young frogs eat mainly terrestrial insects, sometimes aquatic arthropods. Adult frogs consume mainly terrestrial invertebrates and sometimes aquatic animals. The latter are especially important in the northern part of the frog's range.
Reproduction
The breeding season occurs from March-April, and in cold northern regions it can last until the first half of July. Reproduction occurs in small lakes, ponds, large puddles and swamps with standing water. There are no mating calls - the species belongs to the group of “mute” brown frogs. The clutch contains 250-4000 eggs, laid in one or two clumps. Metamorphosis occurs in June-August.
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Notes
Links
- (English) . AmphibiaWeb. Retrieved April 3, 2012. .
An excerpt characterizing the Siberian frog
To my great relief, she didn't say anything that night. Perhaps she didn’t even know what to say. But the next morning the windows in my room were securely boarded up. Mom did not return to this incident for another two weeks, as if giving me time to comprehend “what she had done.” But this, of course, didn’t make it any easier for me. Dad was on a business trip at the time and I hoped with all my heart that maybe it would somehow “get over me” and everything would be forgotten before his arrival. But that was not the case... One fine morning, before leaving for work, my mother said that she wanted to talk to me. Well, naturally, for me there was no big secret- about what…Mom was, as always, affectionate and warm, but I felt with all my gut that this whole story was oppressing her and that she really didn’t know where to start. We talked for a very long time. I tried as best I could to explain to her how much all this meant to me and how scary it would be for me to lose it all... But it seems that this time I really scared her and my mother said that if I don’t want her to tell all this to her father when he returns home from a business trip, I have to promise that this will never happen again.
She did not understand that all these strange, wild “surprises” of mine do not at all happen according to my wishes and that I almost never know when one or the other will happen.... But, since my father’s opinion meant more to me than anything else, I I made a promise to my mother that I would not do anything like that, as far as of course it would depend on me. We decided on this.
Honestly, like all normal children, I went to school, did my homework, played with my “ordinary” friends... and immensely missed others, my extraordinary, sparkling “star friends”. School, unfortunately, also had its difficulties for me. I started going at the age of six, because during the test it turned out that I could go to grades 3-4, which, naturally, no one liked. My school friends thought that everything was too easy for me, and their mothers simply disliked me for some reason. And it turned out that at school I also spent almost all the time alone.
I had only one real school friend, a girl with whom we sat at the same desk for all twelve years. school years. But for some reason, relations with the other children did not improve. And not because I didn’t want it or because I didn’t try - on the contrary. I just always had a very strange feeling, as if we all lived at different poles... I almost never did my homework, or rather, I did, but it only took me a few minutes. My parents, of course, always checked everything, but since usually no mistakes were found, I had a lot of free time. I went to a music school (I learned to play the piano and sing), did drawing, embroidered, and read a lot. But still, I always had plenty of free time.
It was winter. All the neighborhood boys were skiing, because they were all older than me (and they were exactly mine at that time). best friends). And all I got was sledding, which, in my opinion, was only suitable for children. And, of course, I also really wanted to go skiing!..
Finally, I somehow managed to “get” my soft-hearted mother and she bought me the smallest miniature skis she could get. I was in seventh heaven!!! I immediately rushed to notify the neighboring boys and on the same day I was ready to check my new clothes. They usually went for a ride big mountain near the river, where there once was a princely castle. The slides there were very, very high, and in order to go down them, you needed at least some skills, which, unfortunately, I did not yet have at that moment...
But, naturally, I was not going to give in to anyone. When I finally, puffing and sweating (despite the 25 degree frost!), climbed up behind the others, I, frankly speaking, became very scared. Romas, one of the boys, asked if I would like to see how they would go down first, but I, naturally, said no... and chose the highest hill. This is where, as they say, “God punished me”..... I don’t remember exactly how I had the courage to push off and go down. But what I remember very well is the real horror of the wildly whistling wind in my ears and the picture of the trees approaching too quickly below... Luckily for me, I didn’t crash into a tree, but crashed with all my might onto a huge stump... My poor brand new skis flew into pieces splinters, and I escaped with a small bruise, which I didn’t even feel out of indignation. This is how my short, but very colorful, skiing “epic” ended tragically... True, much later, I really fell in love with skiing and rode for hours with my dad in winter forest, but I never liked slides anymore.
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