Anti-tank mines are intended for mining the terrain against tanks and other mobile ground military equipment of the enemy. The TM-57 anti-tank mine is an anti-track mine, it consists of a metal case with a pressure cover, an explosive charge and a fuse. The mine can be used with push-action fuses - MV-57, MVZ-57 or the MVSh-57 pin fuse. The MV-57 fuse is used when installing a mine manually, it is transferred to the firing position by removing the safety pin and turning the screw. Fuse MVZ-57 is used when installing mines with a minelayer. Transferring it to the firing position is done by pressing a button. The deceleration mechanism of the fuse ensures its automatic transfer from a safe position to a combat position after 40 - 70 s. Fuse MVSH-57 is used to impart explosion resistance to a mine when exposed to a shock wave of an explosion. The TM-62 anti-tank mine is an anti-track one, depending on the material used, it consists of a metal (TM-62M), plastic (TM-62P) or wooden (TM-62D) body, an explosive charge, an intermediate detonator and a fuse.

To install anti-tank mines manually, you need to open a hole, install a mine in it, put the fuse in a firing position and disguise the mine. The fuse is screwed into the mine directly at the installation site.

The previously installed anti-tank mines should be removed and neutralized in the following order: make sure that the mine is installed in the retrievable position, remove the masking layer from the mine, unscrew the fuse from the mine, transfer it from combat position into the transport and screw it into the mine, remove the mine from the installation site, clean it of soil and inspect it for damage.

Anti-personnel mines are designed to mine the terrain against enemy personnel. According to the destructive effect, they are divided into high-explosive and fragmentation, according to the principle of actuation on mines of push or pull action. Most anti-personnel mines are used with MUV and MUV-2 fuses.

Mine PDM-6M - high-explosive, push action, consists of a wooden case, explosive charge (200-gram TNT stick), fuse MUV or MUV-2 with a T-shaped combat pin and fuse MD-2 or MD-5M. Principle of operation: when you press the mine cover, it goes down and pulls out the detonator pin, which leads to its operation and the mine explosion. A mine with an open lid and a TNT block inserted into it is installed in a hole dug in the ground so that the mine cover protrudes 1-2 cm above the ground surface.Then a fuse is inserted into the mine, the cover is closed and the mine is masked. Removal of the safety check from the fuse is carried out after the completion of all operations to install the mine. The designers have foreseen that the mine fuse does not work with an effort of less than 1 kg. But if this effort is within 1 ... 12 kg, a mine explosion is guaranteed.

Mine PMN - high-explosive, push action, consists of a plastic case, explosive charge, push device, trigger firing mechanism and fuse MD-9. Principle of operation: when you press the mine, the cover and the stem are lowered, the lug of the stem comes out of engagement with the striker, the latter is released and, under the action of the mainspring, pricks the fuse, which exploding causes the mine to explode.

The installation of the mine is carried out in the following sequence: the plug is unscrewed, the fuse is inserted into the mine, the plug is wrapped back; a hole is torn off in the size of a mine so that the mine installed in it rises 1 - 2 cm above the surface of the ground; without pressing on the mine cover, a safety check is pulled out, after removing it from the MUV-2 fuse, the cutter, under the action of the mainspring, cuts the metal element and the fuse goes into a firing position (the cutting time is at least 2.5 minutes, which ensures the safe installation of the mine).
Then the mine should be installed in the hole and carefully, without pressing on the mine, mask it.

In winter, with a snow depth of up to 10 cm, PMD-6M and PMN mines are installed on the ground, and at greater depths - on packed snow and masked with a layer of snow no more than 6 cm thick. installation.

So, an enemy infantryman stepped on a mine, the explosion put him out of action. Another came, a third. In general, each enemy soldier has his own mine. Is it possible to increase the effectiveness of the defeat of manpower? It is possible using fragmentation mines.

Mine POMZ-2M - fragmentation, circular defeat, consists of a cast-iron body, explosive charge of the MUV-2 fuse with an MD-5M fuse and an R-shaped combat check. In addition, the set of each mine includes two or three pegs, a carabiner with a wire length of 0.5 m and a wire rope. The principle of operation of the mine: when the tension wire is pulled, the combat pin is pulled out of the fuse, the striker is released and, under the action of the mainspring, pricks the fuse, which, exploding, causes the mine to explode. The mine body is crushed into fragments, which scatter in radial directions, hitting the enemy's manpower.

The mine is installed with one or two branches of the guy wire. To install a mine with one branch of a wire tie, it is necessary to hammer in a peg so that it rises above the ground surface by 12-15 cm, fasten the tie to it and stretch it towards the mine installation; at the mine installation site, hammer in an installation peg with an elevation of 5 - 7 cm above the ground; put a combat stick into the body of the mine with the ignition socket inside the mine and plant the body of the mine with the checker on the mounting peg; connect the fuse MUV-2 with the fuse and screw it into the upper opening of the mine body, hook the fuse with a carabiner on the combat pin and, making sure that the pin is securely held, pull the safety pin out of the fuse MUV-2.

To install a mine with two branches of a wire tie, it is necessary to drive two spikes into the ground at a distance of about 8 m from one another, tie the ends of the wire tie to them at a height of 5 - 8 cm; against the middle of the stretch wire, stepping back 1 m from it towards the enemy, hammer in the adjusting stick and put on it a mine body with a 75-gram TNT block; fold a loop in the middle of the stretch wire and, after trying on the length of a piece of wire, tie a carabiner to it. All subsequent operations are similar to those for installing a mine with one branch of the wire tie. It is prohibited to remove and neutralize the POMZ-2M mine with the MUV-2 fuse.

Mine OZM-4 - fragmentation, jumping out, circular defeat, supplied in a set, which consists of an incompletely equipped mine, a special fuse, an unloaded MUV-2 fuse, a wire rope with a carabiner wound on a coil, and two wooden pegs. Principle of operation: the mine is triggered by the tension of the stretch wire pulling the pin out of the MUV-2 fuse. When the fuse is triggered, the primer-igniter is pierced and the beam of fire is transmitted through the tube to the expelling charge. Under the action of an expelling charge (15 g), the bottom of the mine is torn off at the place of the threaded connection and the mine is thrown to a height equal to the length of the tension cable (0.6 - 0.8 m). When the cable is pulled, the drummer compresses the mainspring and, releases, pricks the detonator cap of the fuse. The detonation of the fuse causes an explosion of the explosive charge of the mine. The body of the mine is crushed into fragments, which, scattering, inflict defeat.

The procedure for installing a mine: open a hole 16 - 17 cm deep and install a mine in it; unscrew the stopper with a bow, insert the fuse into the mine and screw the stopper back; fill the space around the mine with soil and compact the soil; drive a peg 15 - 20 cm high from the ground at a distance of 0.5 m of the hole; hook a wire tie on the shackle of the plug with a carabiner and stretch it, passing it through the slot on the end of the hammered peg; at the end of the stretch wire, drive in the second peg, tying the stretch wire to it with a slight slack; unscrew the cap from the nipple and screw it onto the plug; screw the fuse MUV-2 onto the nipple; unfasten the carbine from the cork shackle and disguise the mine; hook the carbine into the ring of the fuse's combat check; pull out the safety pin.

OZM-4 mines with a MUV-2 fuse are prohibited to remove and neutralize, they are destroyed at the installation site.

Basic data of anti-personnel mines Indicators PDM-6M PMN POMZ-2M OZM-4 Total weight, g 490 550 1200 5000 Explosive mass, g 200 200 75 170 Mine dimensions, mm diameter (length) 200x90 110 60 90 height 50 53 107 167 Push Pull in action Actuation force, H 60 - 280 80 - 250 5 - 13 5 - 13 Radius of continuous damage, m Local 4 13 Body material Wood Plastic Metal

When installing and neutralizing anti-tank and anti-personnel mines, it is prohibited to:
throw mines, subject them to blows, stack them and destroy them by incineration, open the hulls of mines and remove explosives from them, insert and remove fuses, fuses, detonator caps from mines using force or impact, neutralize and remove mines with damaged fuses, remove frozen into the ground (ice) and ice-covered mines, store, transport and transfer mines, blasting caps, fuses, and fuses together and without appropriate sealing.

The mine hides in the ground, and at the right moment it jumps up and turns out to be at the most advantageous height for defeat

The period of World War II between the end of hostilities in Poland (early October 1939) and the capture of Denmark and Norway by Germany (April 1940) is usually called the "strange", "sedentary" or "flower" war, hinting that this during that time, there was virtually no war. To enhance the impression in modern historical journalism, they talk about the friendly relations between soldiers on different sides of the front line. To the extent that on weekends they allegedly played football on a no-man's-land, and only leaflets rained down on the enemy's heads from planes.

Mustached mines

In reality, the war was going on, and not a flower war at all. For example, on October 14, 1939, the Germans sink the British battleship Royal Oak right in the parking lot at Scapa Flow. On December 13, the German cruiser Admiral Graf Spee perishes in a naval battle at La Plata. On March 28, 1940, the Allied Supreme Council decides to mine Norwegian territorial waters. The situation on the land front was not blissfully quiet either. The French occupied their fortifications on the Maginot Line, and the Germans on the Siegfried Line (West Val). Then the French attacked and on September 13 occupied several areas. German territory between Saarbrücken and the Palatinate Forest.

During these battles, French scouts noticed the strange ability of the Germans in the pitch darkness to determine the location of reconnaissance groups and send fragmentation shells there with absolute accuracy. And the guns of the Germans were somehow strange. There were no flashes, no sounds of shots were heard, only a click, pop and burst. And each time several French soldiers were killed or wounded by shrapnel.

The allies had no idea that they were faced with a German novelty in the field mine weapons- Sprengmine 35 (S.Mi.35) anti-personnel jumping round shrapnel mine. The Germans did not need to track down enemy scouts and wait until they got into the zone of artillery fire. The mines did it for them. It is enough to step on the tendrils of the S.Mi.Z.35 fuse hiding in the grass or catch your foot on a thin wire stretched to the ANZ 29 fuse screwed into the mine, as after four and a half seconds the powder charge threw the mine a meter and a half up. Exploding, she threw a bundle of shrapnel and fragments of her hull around her. There was about four and a half kilograms of metal in the mine, and most of the weight was made up of round shrapnel bullets, and there were about 365 of them in the mine. At least half of the soldiers who found themselves at a distance of 15-20 meters from the mine at the time of its explosion were either wounded or killed.

Deadly frogs

The German S.Mi.35 mine became the ancestor of a whole category of anti-personnel mines, and the category is the most effective. There are, in general, only four such categories - high-explosive pressure mines (striking with the force of an explosion), fragmentation mines, fragmentation bouncing and directional fragmentation mines.

A push-action anti-personnel high-explosive mine kills or injures one soldier. A shrapnel mine, placed on the ground or on a peg, strikes several soldiers. Its effectiveness is higher, however, half of the mine fragments located on the surface of the earth uselessly go into the ground. The solution to this problem lies, as they say, in plain sight - the mine must be raised above the ground. But then she loses her main dignity - invisibility.

Jumping fragmentation mines, or, in the soldier's jargon, "frog mines", became the optimal solution. Until the moment of operation, such a mine hides in the ground and does not reveal its presence in any way (except perhaps the antennae of the push fuse and the tensioned wire of the tension fuse), and at the right moment it jumps up and turns out to be at the most advantageous height for destruction.

Actually, the very idea of ​​a jumping mine was born during the First World War. The Kaiser's army used the so-called S-mine.

Before you (left) is a drawing from the German instruction of those times. The S-mine was a metal can (called a projectile) filled with 500 grams of explosives. Between the walls of the can and the explosives, shrapnel was placed, covered with cement mortar. A tube ran through the center of the can, to the top of which a fuse was screwed. A stationary drummer was placed on the wooden bottom of this can. A long chain (about one and a half meters) was attached to the bottom of the tube, its other end was attached to the bottom of a metal cylinder with a dead bottom (the so-called mortar). At the bottom of the mortar was a bag of gunpowder. In addition to gunpowder, an electric igniter was also placed in the bag, the wires from which went outside.

These mines were dug into the ground in front of the barbed wire, and the wires from them were pulled into the trench. When the enemy soldiers approached, the miner closed the ends of the wires to the galvanic battery and the electric igniter set fire to the powder charge, which threw the projectile up. As soon as the projectile rose to a height equal to the length of the chain, the chain pulled down the tube with the fuse. The fuse hit the drummer, an explosion occurred, and the shrapnel flew to the sides.

S-mines belonged to the category of so-called barrage mines. Their effectiveness was relatively low - primarily due to the fact that it is sometimes difficult to determine from the trench whether the enemy soldiers are in the affected area or not. In addition, long wires (50 meters or more) were difficult to bury to a sufficient depth so that they would not be damaged by bursts of enemy shells or accidental bullets; imperfect insulation of wires often led to failures; the infantrymen did not always have galvanic batteries or other current sources at their disposal.

After the end of the war, the minds of military analysts, generals and weapons designers were completely occupied with the three novelties of the past battles. First of all, these are airplanes with light hand Italian general Douai was credited with the ability to almost single-handedly win future wars. Then these are the tanks that suggested a way out of the positional deadlock of the world war. And finally - chemical weapon, who was credited with the ability to solve all the problems of the destruction of enemy soldiers.

The mines were forgotten. Everyone except the Germans. Deprived of the right to have aircraft, tanks and chemical weapons under the Treaty of Versailles, German generals were looking for ways to revive military power of his country, without formally violating Versailles, which strictly stipulated even the number of cannons and machine guns that a defeated empire was allowed to have. One of the ways to bypass the restrictions turned out to be mines, which the Allies did not think to include in the peace treaty.

Soon after Hitler came to power, active development of an anti-personnel mine began, which in 1935 was adopted by the Wehrmacht under the name Sprengmine 35 (S.Mi.35). This designation can be translated as “Jumping mine mod. 1935 ".

Its design was based on the idea of ​​the S-mine, but it was already a completely different type of mine. First of all, it was not controlled by wires, and the miner did not need to sit in a trench and look out for the approaching enemy infantry. S.Mi.35 itself determined the most advantageous moment of its operation. However, it would be more accurate to say that the moment of explosion of such a mine is determined by the victim herself, stepping on a push action fuse or unwittingly pulling out the safety pin of a tension fuse, catching on a wire.

The S.Mi.35 mine was used more and more widely by the Wehrmacht on the Eastern Front, especially since the late autumn of 1941, when the Red Army's counterattacks became more and more tangible, and the number of personnel of the German divisions was noticeably reduced.

Our mines are the largest in the world

It cannot be said that the Soviet Union did not pay attention to the high destructive capabilities of jumping mines. By the beginning of the war, the Red Army had an OZM-152 jumping out mine. However, it was a very heavy and bulky device weighing more than 50 kilograms and about 62 centimeters long. This mine was blown up from the electricity control panel. It was possible to install a mine with a tension fuse. However, the process of installing the mine took too long and required a lot of work. At the same time, the OZM-152 did not have a significant advantage in hitting targets compared to the compact German mine- its power was excessive. It was difficult to expect such a dense concentration of enemy soldiers during the battle that the OZM-152 could show greater efficiency than the German mine.

During the war in the USSR, a universal UVK ejection chamber was developed, which was screwed onto the projectile instead of its standard fuse. The projectile from the UVK was buried in the ground with the bow down. When an electrical pulse was applied to the chamber, an explosion of a powder charge threw the projectile to a height of 30 to 90 cm, after which the projectile exploded.

In 1944, the Germans improved their mine and released it under the designation S.Mi. 44. The new model differed from its predecessor with the S.Mi. Z.44, which could be used both as a tension and as a push. In addition, the mine projectile was detonated with a cable, one end of which was fastened in the mine glass, and the other - for the pin of the second fuse placed in the projectile.

Treacherous jumpers

After the end of World War II, the German bouncing mine was appreciated in all countries; her numerous imitations appeared. In the USSR, mines OZM-3, OZM-4 were adopted, somewhat smaller in size and simpler in design. They did not contain shrapnel, and the target was hit by fragments of a massive cast-iron hull.

Somewhat later, in 1972, one of the most powerful mines in this class appeared - the Soviet OZM-72, which has a radius of destruction of about 30 meters. It is worth talking about this mine in more detail. Repeating in many ways the design of the German Sprengmine 35, this mine is in many ways more perfect. The shrapnel in it is not placed between two cylinders, but outside along the walls of the projectile and is held in place due to the fact that it is filled with hardened epoxy resin. Several fuses have been developed for this mine. Among them is MVE-72, a distinctive feature of which is a very thin, invisible visually tension wire (in contrast to the rather thick and noticeable one in the previous model). This wire, about 15 meters long, does not need to be hung on pegs - it simply unwinds on the ground and rests on the blades of grass. In order for a mine to explode, it is not at all necessary to pull this wire. It breaks off when a force of only about 300-400 g is applied, that is, it is easier to break it than ordinary sewing thread.

But the most terrible is the OZM-72 mine as part of the NVU-P explosive device. This device is an electronic unit buried in the ground and equipped with a seismic target sensor, or, more simply, a simple device that records the shaking of the ground from human steps. Five OZM-72 mines were buried around the electronic unit within a radius of 15 meters. When a person approaches, the unit determines the direction of movement and the distance to the target and, at the most advantageous moment, issues a command to one of the mines to detonate. There is no salvation for the victim. A comrade who rushed to help the wounded man will be hit by the next mine. The same will happen if the victim tries to crawl out of the affected area. The next mine will finish him off.

Something can be done only after the last, fifth mine explodes. But this is also provided for by the creators of the NVU-P. Instead of the last mine, another set of NVU-P can be attached to the device. After the last mine of one set is triggered, the second set will turn on, to which, instead of the fifth mine, you can also attach a third set, and so on ad infinitum. The device does not react to the movement of tanks, cars and other equipment.

Creeping enemy

In many countries of the world, dozens of samples of jumping mines have been developed: from the simplest to the "intelligent" ones, which not only know how to distinguish the movement of a person from the movement of an animal or a machine, but are also able to distinguish their soldier from a stranger and react accordingly.

Moreover, there is information that creeping mines have been developed, which keep in touch with each other, determine unaffected places in the minefield and move accordingly to the desired points. It is curious that such developments are being carried out in the countries that initiated the creation of the Ottawa Convention on the Banning of Anti-Personnel Mines. The argument of the creators is simple - these are not mines, these are ammunition of a completely different type, and the convention does not apply to them.

Appointment and performance characteristics anti-personnel mines (PMD-6M, PMN, PMN-2, PMN-3, PMN-4, PFM-1S (PFM-1), OZM-3)

In addition, the shock wave of a sufficiently large explosive charge deprives a person of consciousness, the high temperature of the explosive gases can cause significant burns to the lower extremities.

The mine can be installed both on the ground and in the ground, in the snow, manually or unfolded by means of mechanization (trailed mine spreaders PMR-1, PMR-2, but in all cases, the transfer of the mine to the firing position is carried out manually.

The life of the mine is limited by the service life of the wooden hull. When it is destroyed from decay, the pressure cover may not squeeze the combat pin out of the fuse and the explosion will not occur. The mine is not equipped with a self-liquidator. It has no elements of anti-handling and non-disposal, however, the very high sensitivity of the MUV series fuse makes mine disposal extremely dangerous. In addition, a surprise mine can be installed under the mine, which makes the extraction or disposal of the mine impossible.

The mine consists of a wooden case, a 200-gram TNT block, an MUV series fuse with a "T" -shaped pin, an MD-2 fuse.

PMD-6M

	anti-personnel high-explosive push action
Body weight (without explosives)
Body height
Target sensor dimensions (push cover)
Sensitivity
	from -60 to - + 60 degrees

The degree of safety of installing a mine depends on the type of fuse of the MUV series.

For example, when using fuses MUV-2, MUV-3, from the moment of pulling out the safety check until the moment of setting the fuse to the combat platoon, depending on the temperature environment passes from 3 minutes (at +40 degrees) to 59 hours (at -40 degrees).

The older version of the mine under the PMD-6 index differs from the PMD-6M in that there was no leaf spring on the underside of the cover, increasing the actuation force from 1-17 kg to 6-28 kg.

Currently, the PMD-6M mine is not produced, it is not listed in the troop supply timesheets, however, all its components except the wooden hull are listed in the timesheets as mine explosive property and are widely used in other mines, subversive business.

And the production of wooden hulls can be organized in a matter of days or even hours directly in the engineer battalion.

Therefore, this mine has not been removed from the armament of the army.

Antipersonnel high-explosive mine of push action.

Designed to disable enemy personnel.

The defeat of a person is inflicted by the destruction of the lower part of the leg (foot) during the explosion of a mine charge at the moment of stepping on the pressure cover of the mine with a foot.

Usually, when a mine explodes, the foot of the leg with which the enemy soldier stepped on the mine is completely detached, and, depending on the distance, the second leg from the explosion site, it can also be significantly damaged or not be damaged at all. In addition, the shock wave of a sufficiently large explosive charge deprives a person of consciousness, the high temperature of the explosive gases can cause significant burns to the lower extremities.

Death can occur from painful shock, blood loss in case of untimely provision of first aid.

The mine can be installed both on the ground and in the ground, in the snow, manually or unfolded by means of mechanization (trailed mine spreaders PMR-1, PMR-2, trailed minelayers PMZ-4), but in all cases, the transfer of the mine to the firing position is carried out manually.

The life of the mine is not limited. The mine is not equipped with a self-liquidator. It has no elements of anti-handling and non-handling.

The mine has a fuse, which is part of the mine's design. Fuse type MD-9.

The performance characteristics of the mine

Placing a mine is safe enough. From the moment of pulling out the safety check until the moment the fuse is put on a combat platoon, depending on the ambient temperature, it takes from 3 minutes. (at +40 degrees) up to 59 hours (at -40 degrees).

In a combat stop, mines can be equipped with fuses and transported in a standard capping, finally equipped.

Later, in order to reduce the time for transferring a mine to a combat position in winter conditions, a special device called SVP was developed, which was screwed in instead of a plug that covers a metal element.

When installing a mine in the hole, the SVP lid was unscrewed, it hung on a cord going to the grating fuse. It was necessary to pull this string and the operation of the pyrotechnic heater began. Then, in the usual manner, the safety pin was pulled out by the ring and the mine was camouflaged. The heater raised the temperature in the area of ​​the metal element to 30-40 degrees, as a result of which the metal element was cut within 2-3 minutes. However, the use of SVPs was allowed only at temperatures below -10 degrees, otherwise the heating could be excessive and the transfer of the mine to a combat position could occur prematurely.

This mine has become as popular in the world as the Soviet Kalashnikov assault rifle, due to its simplicity and safety in handling, reliability and ability to maintain its combat qualities. long years... She is often known under the slang name "black widow" due to the fact that a person who stepped on this mine has very little chance of surviving.

Antipersonnel high-explosive mine of push action.

Designed to disable enemy personnel.

Usually, when a mine explodes, the foot of the leg with which the enemy soldier stepped on the mine is completely detached, and, depending on the distance, the second leg from the explosion site, it can also be significantly damaged or not be damaged at all.

The mine can be installed both on the ground and in the ground, in the snow, manually or unfolded by means of mechanization (trailed mine spreaders PMR-1, PMR-2, PMR-3, trailed minelayers PMZ-4), but in all cases the transfer of the mine into the firing position is carried out manually.

The life of the mine is not limited. The mine is not equipped with a self-liquidator. It has no elements of anti-handling and non-disposal, but the design features exclude the reverse transfer of the mine from a combat to a safe position. Therefore, the mine belongs to the category of non-disposable.

The performance characteristics of PMN-2

Placing a mine is safe enough. From the moment of pulling out the safety check until the moment the fuse is put on a combat platoon, it takes from 2 minutes (at +40 degrees) to 10 minutes (at -40 degrees).

The use of a mixture of TNT (40%) and RDX (60%) as a charge instead of pure TNT somewhat increases the damaging effect, bringing it closer to the PMN mine (200 g of TNT), although in general the PMN-2 power is about one and a half times lower than at PMN.

The advantage of the PMN-2 mine over the PMN is, first of all, that the long-range cocking mechanism works on the principle of pneumatics, rather than cutting a metal element with a string. This ensures high stability of the time of transferring the mine to the firing position of 2-10 minutes, i.e. almost does not depend on the ambient temperature (the time of long-range cocking of the PMN mine at low temperatures reached 59 hours, i.e. two and a half days).

The second advantage of PMN-2 is that no preliminary actions are required when preparing a mine for use (inspection, unscrewing a plug, inserting a fuse, etc.) and there are no elements that need to be completed with a mine (fuse). This ensures high safety and the ability to use a mine for low-skilled soldiers.

A somewhat coarse target sensor and its modified shape (in the idea of ​​a black cross) exclude accidental operation of a mine during short-term dynamic loads, somewhat reduce the sensitivity of a mine to explosive demining means (by about 8-12%).

No preparatory actions mines are not required before using. To transfer the mine into a firing position, you just need to sharply turn the safety pin (curly brace of white metal) clockwise or counterclockwise to cut the safety copper wire and pull the pin out of the sleeve. From this moment, after 2-10 minutes, the mine will be transferred to a combat position. The reverse process is not possible.

Externally, the PMN-3 mine is very similar to the PMN-2 mine.

Antipersonnel high-explosive mine of push action.

Designed to disable enemy personnel.

The defeat of a person is caused by the destruction of the lower part of the leg (foot) during the explosion of the mine charge at the moment the foot steps on the target sensor (black cross-shaped protrusion on the upper plane) of the mine.

Usually, when a mine explodes, the foot of the leg with which the enemy soldier stepped on the mine is completely detached, and, depending on the distance, the second leg from the explosion site, it can also be significantly damaged or not be damaged at all.

In addition, the shock wave of a sufficiently large explosive charge deprives a person of consciousness, the high temperature of the explosive gases can cause significant burns to the lower extremities. Death can occur from painful shock, blood loss in case of untimely provision of first aid.

The mine can be installed both on the ground and in the ground, in the snow, manually or unfolded by means of mechanization (trailed mine spreaders PMR-1, PMR-2, PMR-3, trailed minelayers PMZ-4, helicopter mining system VSM), but in all cases, the transfer of the mine to the firing position is carried out manually.

The tightness of the mine allows it to be used in water-saturated and swampy soils. Placing mines under water (coastal strip of water obstacles, fords) is not allowed due to its buoyancy.

The term of the mine's combat operation, which is pre-installed, can be 12 hours, 1, 2, 4, 8 days after which the mine is self-destructed by detonation.

The mine is non-removable and non-disarming. Non-harmlessness is ensured by the fact that a voltage drop in the power source causes a mine explosion, which occurs when you try to remove the power source (7-RC 53 U battery), short circuit it, malfunction, or when you try to break the integrity of the mine's electronic circuit. Non-removability is ensured by the presence of an inclined target sensor. In this case, an explosion occurs when the position of the mine changes by more than 30 degrees (regardless of the position of the mine in which it was at the time of bringing it into a combat position).

The mine has a fuse and fuse, which are part of the mine design.

The performance characteristics of PMN-3

Placing a mine is safe enough. It takes 7-10 minutes from the moment the safety check is pulled out until the fuse is put on the combat platoon.

Before using the mine, it is necessary to check the serviceability of the current source, install it in its regular place and set the time of the mine's combat operation by unscrewing the top cover of the mine.

The long-range cocking mechanism does not work on the principle of pneumatics, as was the case with the PMN-2 mine, but due to the work of the electronic circuit. This ensures high stability of the time of bringing into a combat position, regardless of external factors.

However, due to the need to set the time of combat work in advance, the PMN-3 mine lost the advantage that the PMN-2 mine possessed, namely, that the old mine did not require any preliminary actions in preparation for use (inspection, unscrewing the plug, inserting the fuse, etc.) and there are no elements that need to be completed with a mine (fuse, power source). This ensured high safety and the ability to use a mine for low-skilled soldiers.

The PMN-3 mine requires a higher qualification from the miner, but its advantage is that it does not require subsequent demining of the terrain and it is possible to establish operational minefields, which then do not interfere with the maneuver of their troops.

This is where the different tactics of using mines PMN-2 and PMN-3 arise. Although they look very similar in appearance, these mines are completely different.

A somewhat coarse target sensor and its modified one exclude accidental operation of the mine during short-term dynamic loads, somewhat reduce the sensitivity of the mine to explosive demining means (by about 8-12%).

Antipersonnel high-explosive mine of push action.

Designed to disable enemy personnel.

The defeat of a person is caused by the destruction of the lower part of the leg (foot) during the explosion of the mine charge at the moment the foot steps on the target sensor (the entire upper plane of the mine).

Usually, when a mine explodes, the foot of the leg with which the enemy soldier stepped on the mine is almost completely destroyed, and, depending on the distance, the second leg from the explosion site, it may also be damaged or not be damaged at all. Death can occur from painful shock, blood loss in case of untimely provision of first aid.

The mine can be installed both on the ground and in the ground, in the snow only manually.

The tightness of the mine allows it to be used in water-saturated and swampy soils. Placing mines under water (coastal strip of water obstacles, fords) is not allowed due to its buoyancy.

The life of the mine is not limited.

The mine is not equipped with a self-liquidator. It has no elements of anti-handling and non-disposal, but the design features exclude the reverse transfer of the mine from a combat to a safe position. Therefore, the mine belongs to the category of non-disposable.

The mine has a fuse and fuse, which are part of the mine design.

The performance characteristics of the PMN-4 mine

Placing a mine is safe enough. From the moment of pulling out the safety check until the moment the fuse is put on a combat platoon from 1 minute (at + 40 degrees) to 40 minutes (at -40 degrees).

The use of a mixture of TNT (40%) and RDX (60%) instead of pure TNT as a charge slightly increases the damaging effect, although the mine has almost four times less power than the PMN and half that of PNM-2.

The long-range cocking mechanism of the PMN-4 mine is hydromechanical and works on the principle of squeezing out a thick gel (liquid rubber) through calibrated holes, after the safety pin is removed along with the locking bracket. This provides a sufficiently high stability of the time for transferring the mine to the firing position 1-40 minutes, i.e. much less dependent on the ambient temperature than the PMN mine, although somewhat more than the PMN-2 mine.

When working with the PMN-4 mine (as well as with the PMN-2 mine), no preliminary actions are required in preparing it for use (inspection, unscrewing the plug, inserting a fuse, etc.) and there are no elements that need to be completed with the mine (fuse). This ensures high safety and the ability to use a mine for low-skilled soldiers.

No preparatory actions are required before using the mine. To transfer the mine into a firing position, you just need to pull out the safety pin and remove the locking bracket. From this moment, the process of transferring the mine to a combat position begins. The reverse process is not possible.

Antipersonnel high-explosive mine of push action, installed by means of remote mining.

Designed to disable enemy personnel.

A person is injured due to an injury to the foot of a leg during the explosion of a mine charge at the moment of stepping on the target sensor, which is the entire area of ​​a semi-soft polyethylene container with a liquid explosive.

When a mine explodes, the foot of the foot, with which the enemy soldier stepped on the mine, receives significant wounds.

Usually, after a mine detonation, an amputation of the foot is required and the soldier, becoming disabled, turns out to be completely unsuitable for military service... Death is possible due to large blood loss in case of untimely delivery medical care, however, the percentage of deaths is no more than 2-5% of those affected.

The so-called "mine shoes", supposedly protecting against mines of this type, are ineffective.

An anti-mine suit, quite widely known from television footage, protects the sapper quite reliably from these mines if the explosion occurred at a distance of about a meter or more from a person, for example, at the time of removing a mine from a place with a shovel, shovel or similar tool.

When a soldier steps on the area of ​​the target sensor, the liquid explosive, playing the role of a hydraulic fluid, begins to squeeze out into the area of ​​the MVDM-type fuse (VGM-572) and makes it work.

The mine can be installed on the ground only by means of remote mining such as PKM-1, VSM, UMZ, UGMZ. Possible options for equipping artillery shells or missile systems with these mines salvo fire... The possibility of setting mines manually is not provided.

The mine exists in two versions: PFM-1 and PFM-1C. The first version of the mine does not have a self-destruction device, the second is equipped with a device that ensures the self-destruction of the mine by detonation after 1-40 hours from the moment of installation (the time of self-destruction depends on the ambient temperature). Outwardly, these two types of mines differ only in that there is a clearly distinguishable letter "C" on the wing of the PFM-1S mine.

The mines are placed in a universal cassette made of aluminum alloy. There are four types of mine cassette loadouts:

Cassette KSF-1. Contains 72 mines of the PFM-1 type. Mine throw range up to 35 meters.

Cassette KSF-1C. Contains 64 mines of the PFM-1C type. Mine throw range up to 35 meters.

Cassette KSF-1S-0.5. Contains 36 antipersonnel high-explosive mines PFM-1 and 36 antipersonnel high-explosive mines PFM-1S. Throwing range min 30-35m.

KSF-1S-0.5SK. Contains 36 antipersonnel high-explosive mines PFM-1 and 36 antipersonnel high-explosive mines PFM-1S. Differs from KSF-1S-0.5 in stabilized range of mines and more uniform distribution in the dispersion ellipse. Throwing range min 30-35m.

All types of cassettes are absolutely identical in outward appearance, characteristics and differ only in marking. Cassette diameter 14 cm, length 48 cm, cassette weight 9-9.4 kg. Inside the cassette there are mines, a powder expelling charge and an EKV-30M electro-capsule sleeve.

Currently, the production of cassettes of types KSF-1, KSF-1S-0.5 and KSF-1S-0.5SK has been discontinued and their stocks are being destroyed due to the fact that Russia, in accordance with the Geneva Protocol, has undertaken to abandon the use of mines that do not have self-destruction devices ...

The cassettes are placed in the appropriate carrier (PKM-1, VSM, UMP, UGMZ). The mines are fired with an electrical impulse supplied from the control panel.

Mines are scattered in a dispersion ellipse measuring 18-20 by 8-10 meters and distributed randomly. The mine has a wing in order to ensure an even distribution over the area of ​​the ellipse.

The performance characteristics of the PFM-1S mine

The mine is non-removable and non-disarming. Shelf life is 10 years, but according to some reports, liquid VV VS-6D is characterized by increased aggressiveness and toxicity. In case of insufficient sealing, it penetrates to the details of the fuse, causing the destruction of the latter, as a result of which the explosion of mines in the cartridge is possible.

Specialists of ZAO NPO Ecodem (established by the Russian Ammunition Agency represented by the FSUE GNPP Basalt, the Federal Association “Double Technologies” and the RF Ministry of Defense represented by the 15th DM Karbyshev Central Research Institute of the Russian Ministry of Defense) have developed a method for disposing of mine cassettes. This is the so-called method of cementation, which consists in the introduction special composition into the free volume of the cassette in which the PFM-1 mines are placed.

Filling free cavities and hardening, the composition seals hazardous areas leakage of liquid explosive, which is part of the charge of these mines, protects the structural elements from displacement.

Antipersonnel fragmentation mine of circular defeat jumping out of double action.

It can be used as a mine of tension action, as a controlled one, or simultaneously both a tension action and a controlled one.

Designed to disable enemy personnel.

Defeat to a person (or several at the same time) is inflicted by fragments of the mine body when it is detonated at a height of 40-140 cm from the surface of the earth after tossing it with a powder expelling charge, which is triggered at the moment when an enemy soldier, catching his foot on a wire rope, involuntarily pulls out the fuse pin , or an electrical impulse will be sent from the control panel to the expelling charge igniter.

The mine is installed manually in the ground, and if it is impossible to install it in the ground, on the ground (in this case, the mine is tied to a peg driven into the ground).

The life of the mine is not limited. The mine is not equipped with a self-liquidator.

It has no elements of anti-handling and non-disposal, however, the very high sensitivity of the MUV fuse (if used) makes mine disposal extremely dangerous. It can be set for non-handling using the MC-3 surprise mine or homemade surprise mines.

The mine consists of a cast-iron case with an explosive charge placed in it, an expelling powder charge, a retarder and a fuse. The mine is completed with a fuse of the MUV series with a "P" -shaped pin, two wooden pegs and a piece of wire 6 m long on a wooden spool.

To ensure the possibility of using a mine in a controlled version, an additional electric igniter is introduced into the expelling charge, the wires from which are brought out through a special plug.

The performance characteristics of the mine

	anti-personnel fragmentation bouncing circular defeat
Explosive mass (TNT)
Body height
Target sensor length (one way)
Sensitivity
Radius of solid damage
Undermining height
Application temperature range	from -60 to +60 degrees

The degree of safety of installing a mine depends on the type of fuse of the MUV series. For example, when using fuses MUV-2, MUV-3, from the moment the safety check is pulled out until the fuse is put on a combat platoon, depending on the ambient temperature, it takes from 3 minutes (at +40 degrees) to 59 hours (at -40 degrees. ).

Currently, the OZM-3 mine is not produced, but there is a certain amount in long-term storage warehouses.

Engineering training. Anti-personnel mines Russian army(part 1)

Armament

Brief performance characteristics, the order of installation in an uncontrolled version and neutralization.

Anti-personnel mines are intended for mining the terrain against enemy personnel. According to the method of causing harm, they are divided:

• high-explosive (inflicted defeat by the force of an explosion - separation of limbs, destruction of the human body, etc.)
• fragmentation (they inflict damage with fragments of their hull or ready-made lethal elements (balls, rollers, arrows). Moreover, depending on the shape of the affected area, such mines are divided into mines of circular destruction and mines of directed destruction
• cumulative (inflicted damage with a cumulative jet)

Anti-personnel high-explosive mines PMN, PMN-2 and PMN-3

Antipersonnel high-explosive pressurized mines. Designed to disable enemy personnel.
The defeat of a person is inflicted by the destruction of the lower part of the leg (foot) during the explosion of a mine charge at the moment of stepping on the pressure cover of the mine with a foot. Usually, when a mine explodes, the foot of the leg with which the enemy soldier stepped on the mine is completely detached, and, depending on the distance, the second leg from the explosion site, it can also be significantly damaged or not be damaged at all.
In addition, the shock wave of a sufficiently large explosive charge deprives a person of consciousness, the high temperature of the explosive gases can cause significant burns to the lower extremities. Death can occur from painful shock, blood loss in case of untimely provision of first aid.

Mina PMN

Frame- plastic
Weight- 550 gr.
- 200 gr.
Diameter- 11 cm.
Height- 5.3 cm.
Target sensor diameter- 10cm.
Sensitivity- 8 - 25 kg.
Application temperature range:-40 - +50 deg.

Device

The PMN mine consists of a body, an explosive charge, a pressure device, a trigger, a percussion mechanism and an MD - 9 fuse.

The mine body is plastic, it has two channels inside: vertical and horizontal.
The explosive charge is a special TNT stick, fixed in the body with varnish.
The pressure device (cover) of the mine consists of a rubber cap and a plastic shield. The rubber cap is put on the body and fixed to it with a metal tape.
The trigger is mounted in a vertical channel of the body and consists of a plastic rod, a spring and a split ring. The stock has a window with a lug. When a mine is triggered, a drummer passes through the window. The combat protrusion keeps the drummer on a combat platoon after cutting the metal element. In the assembled mine, the stem is pressed upward by the spring to the split ring.

The percussion mechanism is located in the horizontal channel of the body. It is assembled into a separate unit and has a temporary fuse. The percussion mechanism consists of a bushing, a striker with a cutter in the form of a loop of a steel string, secured with an insert, a mainspring of a metal element, a safety pin with a ring, a cap with a rubber gasket, sealing the junction of the percussion mechanism with the mine body.
The PMN mines manufactured before 1965 have a different cutter design. It is made in the form of a piece of steel string, fixed in a metal frame at the end of the striker rod.

In the assembled percussion mechanism, the mainspring is compressed, the striker rod passes through the bushing and is held in it by a safety pin. The piece of metal fits into the slot in the bushing in the cutter loop.

The MD - 9 fuse is located in the horizontal channel of the body from the side opposite to the percussion mechanism. The fuse consists of a plastic sleeve, a tetrile checker weighing 6.5 g and an M-1 prick-action detonator cap, fixed in a socket, checkers on varnish. The tetrile block acts as a transfer charge. The MD-9 fuse is fixed in the mine with a plug with a rubber gasket.

Preparation and installation of PMN mines

To prepare a mine for installation, you must:

• unscrew the cap from the bushing of the impact mechanism and check the serviceability and presence of a metal element
• screw the cap back on
• unscrew the plug
• install the MD-9 fuse in the mine and screw the plug until it stops

The preparation of mines can be carried out in a sheltered place immediately before leaving for mining. Prepared mines (equipped with MD-9 fuses) are transferred to the place of installation in duffel bags.
In summer conditions (with thawed ground) mines are installed in the ground with the lid elevation 1-2 cm above the ground surface and masked with local material (grass, leaves, ground, etc.). In winter (if there is a loose snow cover), mines are set in the snow, masked by snow with a layer of 3-5 cm.
Mines are installed in hard packed snow (ice) in the same way as in the ground.
In frozen and very hard (rocky) soil, mines are placed on the surface of the soil and masked with local materials.

To install a mine in the ground (hard snow), you must:

• dig a hole in the size of a mine with a depth of 3.5-4 cm
• install the mine in the hole and, holding it by the hand on the cap, without pressing on the cover, pull out the safety pin and tighten the cap by hand
• disguise mine

Installing a mine in loose snow is as follows:

• next to the installation site, make a depression 8-10 cm in the snow
• pull out the safety pin, without pressing on the mine cover, and with the effort of your hand, turn the cap
• holding by the cap, set the mine under the snow, through the side wall of the recess without disturbing the layer of snow above the mine
• to disguise a depression in the snow through which the mine was placed, without breaking the snow cover near the mine

Mina PMN-2

Main tactical and technical characteristics:

Weight- 0.4 kg
Explosive weight (TG-40)- 0.1 kg
Diameter- 20 mm
Height- 54 mm
Fuse type- Mechanical built-in with a long-range cocking mechanism
Long-range cocking mechanism type- Pneumatic
Cocking time- 30 - 300 s
Actuation force- 5 - 25 kgf
- from -40 to +50? С

Device and principle of operation

Mine PMN-2 consists of a body, a charge, a pressure sensor and a built-in fuse with a pneumatic long-range cocking mechanism.
The body is plastic, has cavities for placing a charge and a long-range cocking mechanism, one vertical and two horizontal channels for accommodating fuse mechanisms. The case is closed from above with a lid.
The charge (TG-40) has an additional detonator (tetryl) weighing 4.5 g.
The push-on sensor consists of a spring-loaded rod located in the vertical channel of the body, and a cross resting on it, closed with a rubber cap, fixed on top of the body with a union nut.

The built-in safety-type fuse provides a rupture of the fire chain of the mine in the transport position, cocking into the firing position with a slowdown of 30-300 s and the explosion of the mine charge when you press it in the firing position. The fuse consists of a pneumatic long-range cocking mechanism, a spring-loaded engine with a detonator cap, and a drummer with a mainspring. The long-range cocking mechanism consists of a bellows spring-loaded bushing with a diaphragm. The bushing holds the engine in the transport position with its teeth. In the transport position, the detonator cap is retracted from the striker and the additional detonator, the bellows is filled with air. The bushing is guided in the lower position, compresses the spring and is held in this position by a rod connected by a lock with a safety check, which is fixed with a shear pin. The striker compresses the mainspring, passes through a hole in the rod and is held on the cocked by the engine.
When the safety pin is turned, the shear pin is cut, and when the safety pin is pulled out, the stem moves, freeing the bushing. In this case, the sleeve is lifted up by the spring. The bellows is compressed, and air is squeezed out of it through the hole in the diaphragm. After 30 - 300 s, the tooth of the bushing releases the engine, which, under the action of the spring, enters the firing position and is held by the protrusion of the rod. The detonator capsule is still retracted from the striker.

When you press the mine, the cross pushes the stem. The stem goes down and releases the slide. The engine moves forward under the action of a spring and closes the firing target, a detonator cap - an additional detonator. The striker, under the action of the mainspring, pricks the detonator cap, which explodes and causes the explosion of an additional detonator and a mine charge.

Installation procedure

PMN-2 mines are installed:

• in summer - in the ground or on the ground with masking with soil or vegetation
• in winter - on the surface of the ground or in snow with snow masking

Mines are installed in hard packed snow in the same way as in the ground.
To install a mine in the ground manually, you must:

• open a hole in the diameter of a mine 3-4 cm deep
• install a mine in the hole
• turn the safety pin and pull it out of the mine
• disguise mine

In winter, with a snow cover of up to 10 cm, a mine is placed on the surface of the ground. If the snow cover is more than 10 cm, the mine is placed in the snow. Through the hole pressed into the snow with a foot, after removing the safety pin, the mine is slipped under the snow so that the masking layer of snow above the mine is no more than 5 cm. The hole is masked by loose snow.

Mina PMN-3

Mine PMN-3 is intended for the device of anti-personnel obstacles, self-destructing at a given time, as well as for the device of mines - traps and mines of delayed action.

Basic tactical and technical characteristics

Mine type- anti-personnel high-explosive push action with self-destruction
Type of mechanisms for long-range cocking and self-destruction- electronic
Long-range cocking time- 8.5 ± 1.5 min.
Self-liquidation time- adjustable: 0.5; 1; 2; 4; 8, days
Unrecoverable element- triggered when the mine is tilted at an angle of more than 90 °
Trigger force of the push target sensor- from 50 to 250 N
Application temperature range- from -30 to +50 С
Weight,
mines- 0.6 kg.
explosive charge- 0.08 kg.

The fundamental structure of the mine

Mine PMN - 3 consists of a body with a built-in electromechanical fuse, explosive charge and a current source.
The mine body is plastic. It has a socket (4) for a current source (15) and a compartment with a removable cover (20) for an explosive charge (28).

Removing the cover 20 from the compartment is done using a green nylon tape. A light indicator is located on the side surface of the case. Next to the self-destruct time switch knob there is a marking of the mine self-destruct time, and on the side of the mine base there is a current source outline with “+” and “-” signs.
The built-in electromechanical fuse consists of an activation unit with a safety check, a pressure target sensor closed with a rubber cap, an anti-removal element (inclined target sensor), an electronic unit with a light indicator for a time switch, self-destruct, and a safety-actuating mechanism (PIM).

The switching unit consists of a spring-loaded rod with a plate and contacts. In the transport position of the mine, the rod is held by a safety pin installed in the slot in the rod. For the convenience of removing the check, it is equipped with a red nylon ribbon.
The push-on target sensor consists of a spring-loaded cross with a screw and a contact. The rubber cap that covers the cross is fixed on top of the mine body with a cover and a union nut.
An inclined target sensor (ball closure) ensures that the mine is triggered when it is tilted at an angle of more than 90 °.

The electronic unit is a printed circuit board with radio elements placed on it and performs the functions of a long-range cocking mechanism, an indication unit, a non-neutralization device, an actuator and a self-destruction mechanism. It provides the time for long-range cocking and the transfer of the mine to the firing position, as well as its operation when the power source is removed or at the end of the set self-destruction time.

The indicator light, intermittently glowing for 4.5 ± 1.5 minutes after removing the safety check, signals the connection of the current source and the serviceability of the electronic unit.

The self-destruct time switch allows by turning the knob to set one of five positions of the mine self-destruct time (0.5; 1; 2; 4; 8 days).
Safety - an actuator, two-ignition safety type, electric igniters (EV-1) and (EV-2), type NH-PCh-A, engine, contacts, striker and detonator cap 21 (MG-8T). In the transport position of the mine, the engine, restraining itself from moving with a shear check, provides a break in the fire chain of the mine. When the EV-1 electric igniter is triggered, the engine moves, cuts the pin and closes the contacts of the EV-2 electric igniter triggering circuit. The EV-2 electric igniter is triggered, the striker pricks the MG-8T detonator cap, which explodes and transfers the detonation to an additional detonator and a charge, an explosive mine.

The charge is made of pressed explosive A-1X-1 and has an additional detonator made of explosive teng weighing 1.1 g.
The power source is located in a special socket, which is closed with a plug.

The principle of operation of the PMN-3 mine

When the safety check of the switching unit is removed, the current source is connected to the display unit and the long-range charging mechanism, the indicator light starts to glow intermittently and glows for 4.5 ± 1.5 minutes, and then goes out. At the end of the long-range cocking time (8.5 ± 1.5 minutes after removing the safety pin), the current source is connected to the self-destruct mechanism, the actuator and the non-neutralization device. Mina enters a combat position.

When the pressure sensor of the target (when stepping on the mine) or the inclined sensor of the target (when the mine is tilted at an angle of more than 90 °) is acted on, the actuator, the safety-actuator and the explosion of the mine charge are triggered. A mine explosion also occurs when a non-neutralization device is triggered when an attempt is made to neutralize a mine by removing a power source or the self-destruction mechanism is triggered at the end of the set self-destruction time.

The procedure for installing mines PMN-3

PMN-3 mines are installed manually:

• in summer - into the ground with a masking layer of soil up to 2 cm thick or on the ground with masking by vegetation
• in winter - on the surface of the ground or in the snow, camouflaged with snow. Mines are installed in hard packed snow in the same way as in the ground

Before installation, you must:

• open the package
• inspect the mine and make sure that there is a safety check, check if there are any mechanical damages on the mine body
• set the self-destruct time switch to the required position
• check and set in mine the source, current

To check and install the power source, you must:

• connect a 1.6 kΩ resistor and a voltmeter in parallel with the current source, while the voltage shown by the device must be at least 8.75 V
• if the voltage is less than 8.75 V, one or two times for a short time (no more than 1 s) short-circuit the positive and negative terminals of the current source
• re-check the battery voltage, if it is less than 8.75 V, replace the battery
• unscrew the plug of the socket for the power supply
• insert the power source into the socket, as shown on the base of the mine body
• screw in the plug

Install a mine in the ground for what:

• open a hole in the diameter of a mine with a depth of 3 - 4 cm
• remove the cover from the charge compartment with a green tape
• holding the mine with one hand and directing it with the compartment under the charge away from you, remove the safety pin
• by the intermittent glow of the indicator light, make sure that the mine is in good working order
• install a charge in the mine and close the compartment with a lid
• install the mine in the hole with the push sensor up
• disguise the mine and, no later than 3 minutes after removing the safety check, move away from the mine installation site

In winter, with a snow cover of up to 10 cm, a mine is placed on the surface of the ground. If the snow cover is more than 10 cm, the mine is placed in the snow so that the camouflage layer of snow above the mine is no more than 5 cm. After the mine is placed, the safety check is handed over to the commander.

POMZ-2 and POMZ-2M anti-personnel fragmentation mines

Antipersonnel fragmentation mine of tension action. Designed to disable enemy personnel. The defeat of a person (or several at the same time) is inflicted by fragments of the mine body when it is detonated at the moment when an enemy soldier, catching his foot on a wire rope, involuntarily pulls out the fuse pin.

Basic tactical and technical characteristics:

Frame- cast iron
Body weight (without explosives)- 1.5 kg.
Explosive mass (TNT)- 75 gr.
Diameter- 6 cm.
Body height- 13 cm.
Target sensor length (one way)- 4 m.
Sensitivity- 1 - 17 kg.
Radius of solid damage- 4m.
Application temperature range- from -60 to +60 deg.

Installation procedure

Mines POMZ-2M and POMZ-2 are recommended to be installed in areas with vegetation (grass, small bushes, etc.), which ensures their good camouflage. When laying mines in woods and tall grass, keep in mind that the mines can be triggered by branches and snowballs falling from trees onto the guy wire. Therefore, the place for installing the mine should be chosen so as to exclude, as far as possible, the operation of the mine from falling branches, snow and lodging of grass.
When installing mines in forests and bushes, it is not recommended to tie the guy wires to small trees and shrubs, as they sway in the wind, which can cause mines to be triggered.
Mine POMZ-2 (POMZ-2M) can be installed with one or two branches of the wire extension.

Placing a mine with one branch of a guy wire

To install a mine with one branch of the guy wire, you must:

• hammer the stretching peg into the ground so that its height above the ground surface is 12-15 cm
• peg the end of the guy wire
• stretch the guy wire towards the mine installation site
• at the mine installation site, hammer in the installation peg so that its height above the ground surface is 5-7 cm (the distance between the stretching peg and the installation peg should be no more than 5 m)
• push the paper wrapper with a sharpened wire against the ignition socket in the 75 g TNT stick
• put a TNT stick into the mine body with the ignition socket in the direction of the hole for the fuse
• plant the body of the mine on a mounting peg driven into the ground until the lower end of the mine stops in the widened part of the peg
measure the length of the stretch wire with a carabiner and a short wire and tie the carabiner at the required length to the stretch wire, the excess length of the stretch wire breaks off or is bitten off with nippers
• connect the fuse body MUV-2 (MUV-3 or MUV) with the corresponding fuse (when equipping the mine with the MUV fuse, it is used with a safety pin or pin in the upper rod hole, and the MUV fuse of the old issue - with an additional safety tube put on the rod)
• screw the fuse with the MD-5M fuse into the POMZ-2M mine or insert the fuse into the POMZ-2 mine
• hook the carbine into the ring of the P-shaped combat pin
• disguise the mine by bending grass, branches, etc.
• making sure that the combat pin is securely held in the fuse, pull out the safety pin from the MUV-2 (MUV-3) fuse or the pin from the MUV fuse (for the old MUV fuse, additionally remove the safety tube from the stem)

Placing a mine with two branches of a guy wire

To install a mine with two branches of a wire line, you must:

• hammer in the ground two pegs of the stretch marks at a distance of about 8 m from each other
• tie the ends of the wire to the hammered pegs with a slack of 5-8cm (the wire must hang freely to the ground)
• against the middle of the wire rope, stepping back from it towards the enemy 1m, hammer in the mounting peg and put on it the mine body with the TNT block inserted into it
• roll a loop in the middle of the stretch wire
• after trying on the length of a piece of wire, tie the carabiner to the loop on the wire
• perform all the remaining operations in the same way as when installing a mine with one branch of the guy wire

When installing mines on frozen ground without snow cover and with a thin layer of snow (up to 15 cm), the holes for the pegs are punched in the ground using a crowbar. With a snow cover of more than 15 cm, the pegs are frozen into the compacted snow. When laying mines in forests and bushes, in anticipation of snow drifts, mines can be tied to thick trees or installed on stakes at the height of a person's chest.

Clearing mines

It is prohibited to neutralize mines PMN, PMN-2 and PMN-3.

Placed mines are destroyed by explosions of explosive charges weighing 0.2 kg, laid next to the mine.

Also, mines are destroyed by multiple minefield trawls with tanks and towed rollers or tanks without trawls (tracks).
Reliable actuation of mines when passing tanks is provided only on flat terrain.

Neutralization of POMZ-2 and POMZ-2M mines installed with a MUV-2 or MUV-3 fuse is prohibited.
They are destroyed on site by trawling with crampons thrown onto the guy wires from the shelter.

To neutralize POMZ-2 or POMZ-2M mines installed with an MUV fuse, you must:

• having found a mine, make sure that the combat pin is securely held in the fuse (the pin must be inserted all the way; if the fuse pin has moved from its place and is held in the drummer rod only by the end, it is prohibited to neutralize the mine: such a mine is destroyed by trawling with a cat)
• insert a safety pin or pin into the upper hole of the fuse rod (for an old release fuse, put a safety tube on the rod first)
• cut the guy wire or unhook the carabiner from the pin
• remove the fuse from the mine, unscrew the fuse and put it in a pencil case (miner's bag)
Engineering training. Anti-personnel mines of the Russian army (part 2).

Brief performance characteristics, the order of installation in uncontrolled and controlled versions and neutralization.

[ all articles ]

It is impossible without minefields modern war... An anti-personnel mine is a reliable means of incapacitating enemy soldiers, in addition, with their help, you can create areas of terrain that are completely impassable for infantry. For the first time they started talking about mines in the XIV-XV centuries, then they were stone-throwing land mines.

That entails the loss of a limb in the explosion of the TS50 or the death of a person if the PMN exploded. Later high-explosive mines are focused precisely on incapacitating a person. It is believed that the injury of one person requires his delivery to a sanitary point, therefore, the delay of the enemy and the weakening of his forces by 1-2 people additionally.

Mines of this type are destroyed only by detonation, the extraction of anti-personnel landmines, which are quite often installed on "non-handling" is a very dangerous activity. So, for example, the possibility of non-retrieval of mines of the PMN type can be duplicated by the installation of a surprise mines of the MS type next to it or under it.

Characteristics of PMN, TS50 and M14

Options	PMN (USSR-Russia)	TS50 (Italy)	M14 (USA)
Weight, gr	550	200	130
Explosive weight, gr	200	52	30
Overall dimensions, mm	53x110	90x48	40x56
Target sensor, mm	100	48	38

PMD-6

Separately, it is worth noting the Soviet anti-personnel mine PMD-6, its feature in the simplicity of the device. The mine is a wooden box with a hinged top cover, a TNT block weighing 200 grams is installed in it. into which a fuse type MUV with a T-shaped pin is screwed.

When the mass acts on the mine cover, the side wall squeezes out the T-shaped pin and the fuse is triggered. Ammunition of this type can be mass-produced in any carpentry workshop; to complete them, only fuses and TNT sticks are enough. standard type... The same mine, but with a sealed body, had the name MKF.

PMP

According to the principle of economy, a PMP mine was also created, which is pistol cartridge 7.62 mm TT, in the barrel, the cartridge itself is spring-loaded, when pressure is applied to the target sensor, the hollow upper part of the cylinder cuts off the pin, the cartridge, under the action of the spring, falls down onto the sting of the striker, after which a shot is fired at the enemy's foot. If necessary, the cartridge can be replaced with any other.

The peculiarity of wounding with such a mine is that not only a bullet acts on the foot, powder gases and dirty fragments of shoes and soil get into the wound channel.

This subsequently leads to gangrene. This reliably incapacitates the enemy, in addition, it requires several people to deliver him to the dressing station.

PFM-1

The anti-steep mine PFM-1 of high-explosive action is spread by dropping from aircraft or dispersing from MLRS cluster shells. The PFM is known as "Petal".

Liquid explosives are used as explosives, the power of the explosion is enough to concussion a limb even without a wound.

Shrapnel anti-personnel mines: device, methods of use

The fragmentation mines are activated both by direct impact, on a network of stretch marks around the installed ammunition, and remotely using a radio fuse. Mines differ in their action.

POMZ-2

The simplest version of the fragmentation mine is POMZ-2 and POMZ-2M. This is a cast-iron shirt with a finished notch, inside which a standard 75 g drill block is inserted. In the lower part of the body there is a hole for a peg, on top there is a glass for placing a tension fuse MUV with a P-shaped pin.

The principle of operation of the fuse is similar to that of the UZRGM fuse, but without a retarder. The fuse is triggered instantly. Currently, POMZ is not produced, but, like PMD, it is possible to organize the production of casings of this type of ammunition in a matter of days at any foundry.

MON

Anti-personnel mines of the USSR of the MON series are best known in modern world, in fact, it is an analogue of the American "Claymore", but with Soviet additions. The body is bent to direct the sheaf of debris in the desired direction; the body has simplified sights and mustache legs for its installation. Depending on the range of damage, there are:

• MON-50, hitting range 50 meters (actually 25-30);
• MON-90, a greatly enlarged and inconvenient version of MON-50;
• MON-100, a directional mine, designed to destroy at a distance of up to 100 meters. But given its weight and dimensions (basin 23 centimeters in diameter, weight 5 kg), it is not the most favorite item of miners;
• MON-200, a monster in a mine kingdom, a circumference of 45 cm, weight 25 kg. How to mask such a basin during installation, probably, no one except the designers of this masterpiece.

Defeat due to the debris of the hull and ready-made striking elements placed in the hull. Two types of striking elements are used - ball-like and roller-like fragments.

Balls - 540, rollers 485 on MON-50. It is installed with the curved part towards the enemy. Mines of this series can be installed using a radio fuse, or use conventional tension fuses.

OZM-72 or simply "Witch"

A fragmentation mine of an obstacle, this is how this abbreviation stands. When detonated, ready-made submunitions emit a noise similar to a whistle, hence the name. These ammunition was developed on the basis of German springmins or simply "frogs".

When the fuse is triggered, the expelling charge is first detonated, the hull takes off to a height of up to 1.5 meters above the ground, and only after that the main charge is triggered. A hail of shrapnel falls all around, the OZM body contains 2,400 ready-made striking elements. OZM-4 is more, currently not produced.

Characteristics of OZM-72 and OZM-4

Also known are enlarged versions of OZM-160 and OZM-152, which are used in a controlled version. A 152 mm OFZ and a 160 mm mortar mine are used as a warhead for these ammunition.

Manual installation antipersonnel mines of this type are extremely time-consuming, since their placement requires digging a well of decent depth.

Anti-personnel mines of the Russian army

POM-2

Anti-personnel fragmentation mine cassette installation, also used for manual installation. The device is similar to the OZM, but also has an expelling charge. Staging is carried out from cassettes, stabilization in flight is carried out due to perforated stabilizer flaps.

Manual installation only POM-2R. The weight of the mine is 1.5 kg, the mass of explosives is 140 grams, the destruction by fragments of the metal body and ready-made striking elements of two types. Similar to MON-50.

FOB, replacement for "The Witch"

To replace the OZM-72, a new anti-personnel fragmentation ammunition was developed, an analogue of the American M86, which seems to be not a mine.

The steel of the case was changed to plastic, striking elements in the form of flat rings with a stack of teeth stacked in the case around the explosive charge.

The expelling charge was transferred, this achieved the vertical position of the hull when lifting above the ground. The lifting height has significantly decreased 0.4-0.6 meters. The weight of the PHB is 2.3 kg, the mass of the explosive is 510 g.

Surprise mines like MC and ML

Mines designed specifically for trapping sappers and the curious. All types of fuses are used. Contact, non-contact, vibration and electrical induction triggered by the mine detector.

Mina ML-7

Used to set sapper ammunition to the "anti-handling" position. The weight is only 100 grams, with a charge mass of 40. The type of target sensor is unloading, in other words, for triggering it is enough to remove a load with a mass of at least 300 grams from the sensor.

It is quite simple to use surprises, it is enough to put the cocked ML-7 under the OZM or TM-57 hull, after the long-range platoon time has expired, the fuse goes into combat platoon and when the cargo is removed from the target sensor, there will be an explosion, from which, most likely, the mine being removed will also detonate ...

MS-5, mine cigarette case

One of the rare booby traps imitating a specific item. Weight 660 g, explosive weight - 110 g. Unloading type target sensor, reaction to opening a cigarette case or opening its lid.

ML-2 or MS-6M, trap for a sapper

Mines of this type have a fuse that responds to the operation of the electromagnetic inductor of the metal detector, no further than 30 cm. The second version of the MS-6Shch, with a contact target sensor. Weight 4.4 kg, with an electric induction fuse 8.4 kg. Explosive weight - 1.2 kg.

It is used to organize mine protection of strong points and to mine anti-tank minefields of particular importance.
The only option for dealing with mines of this type is one. Pick up nothing from the ground, even a box of matches or an empty store.

Conclusion

Mine is a defensive weapon, but extremely dangerous. Unlike bullets and shells, a mine can lie on a combat platoon for ten years, waiting in the wings. For this reason, the restriction on the development of this type of ammunition was adopted in Ottawa in December 1997.

But even this, as we saw, the number of mines in the world has not reduced. But at the same time, mines are now being improved, including those with self-destruction systems, no one wants to have such a dangerous enemy in their land.

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