Repost from @voice4animals @TopRankRepost #toprankrepostMyth 3. fur animals are grown in comfortable conditions, and their death is painless. To obtain fur, animals are either caught in traps or raised on fur farms. . If we talk about hunting, then remember what an ordinary mousetrap looks like. Now imagine a trap. When an animal falls into a trap, steel teeth, with a death grip, slam on its paw (muzzle, tail, wing), crushing bones, muscles and causing unbearable pain. In a trap, an animal can spend several days in torment until the hunter returns for it. . On fur farms, animals are kept in a suspended cage with a slatted floor that cuts their paws. Such conditions are observed so that the feces fall to the ground. . These animals spend their whole lives in stench, crampedness and closeness. One cell is a structure of iron bars, its size does not exceed half a meter in length. And in such a cage contains at least two animals.

Various methods are used to slaughter animals. For example, passing current through the anus or genitals. Being fully conscious, animals die from heart attack. . Other methods of slaughter include gassing, injections of poison and paralyzing substances, fracture of the cervical vertebrae or skull, and strangulation. Sometimes the animals are slightly stunned and skinned while still alive. . In conditions wildlife minks live for about 10 years. On a fur farm, most of the animals are killed in the first year of life. And the females that give offspring and fertilizing males are kept for up to 3 years, after which the animal is slaughtered, because due to intensive feeding, its liver “sits down”. ————— Do you still consider yourself fashionable in animal furs? It is important to note that for Lately such brands as Michael Kors, Furla, DKNY, Gucci, Jimmy Choo, Versace, etc. refused furs? IN modern world, in which there are many ethical materials, fur and leather (products of killing animals) are no longer # fur coat # stop killing # fur coat # fur products # fur # fur sale # fur shop # buy a fur coat # buy a fur coat # winter # warm clothes # clothes # outerwear # fashion # warm # fur coat sale #fur coat sale #fur coat sale #mink #toto #snow queen #fur coats

Repost from @voice4animals @TopRankRepost #TopRankRepost Myth 3. Fur animals are raised in comfortable conditions and their death is painless.

To obtain fur, animals are either caught in traps or raised on fur farms. . If we talk about hunting, then remember what an ordinary mousetrap looks like. Now imagine a trap. When an animal falls into a trap, steel teeth, with a death grip, slam on its paw (muzzle, tail, wing), crushing bones, muscles and causing unbearable pain. In a trap, an animal can spend several days in torment until the hunter returns for it. . On fur farms, animals are kept in a suspended cage with a slatted floor that cuts their paws. Such conditions are observed so that the feces fall to the ground. . These animals spend their whole lives in stench, crampedness and closeness. One cage is a structure made of iron rods, its size does not exceed half a meter in length. And in such a cage contains at least two animals. . Various methods are used to slaughter animals. For example, passing current through the anus or genitals. Being fully conscious, the animals die of a heart attack. . Other methods of slaughter include gassing, injections of poison and paralyzing substances, fracture of the cervical vertebrae or skull, and strangulation. Sometimes the animals are slightly stunned and skinned while still alive. . In the wild, minks live for about 10 years. On a fur farm, most of the animals are killed in the first year of life. And the females that give offspring and fertilizing males are kept for up to 3 years, after which the animal is slaughtered, because due to intensive feeding, its liver “sits down”.
8212;———— Do you still consider yourself fashionable in animal furs? It is important to note that such brands as Michael Kors, Furla, DKNY, Gucci, Jimmy Choo, Versace, etc., have recently abandoned furs. In the modern world, in which there are many ethical materials, fur and leather (products of killing animals) are no longer available #warmly

In any zoo, monkeys are the most popular. If you stand and watch these animals, you will soon be convinced that the behavior of monkeys is very similar to ours.

Monkeys are large and small. The smallest monkey is the pygmy marmoset (Cebuella pygmaea), the length of its head and body is about 15 cm. The largest is the gorilla: it grows up to 1.85 m. The tail may be completely absent; however, some monkeys also have a tail that is longer than their body. For example, the body of a gulman (Presbytis entellus) is 50-70 cm long, and the tail is 65-100 cm. Its close relative, the golden-chocolate snub-nosed monkey, has a body length of 50-80, and the tail is up to 104 cm. The marmoset is not only the smallest, but and the lightest monkey; it weighs only 100 g. And the heaviest of the monkeys is the gorilla. An adult male gorilla can weigh up to 275 kg, that is, approximately 3000 times more than his little relative.

The brains of monkeys are well developed. Many have a round head or a forward muzzle. The eyes are directed forward; ears are most often similar to human ones. The facial muscles are well developed, so the monkeys have facial expressions. A particularly important feature in monkeys is their arms and legs, which they cleverly use. The tail often serves as another tool for grasping. Under the guidance of researchers, some monkeys even learn to perform complex actions - often requiring a certain understanding.

Monkeys live in pairs and in small or large groups. They can breed throughout the year. They usually have only one cub, which they raise for a long time. The maximum age of monkeys is from 10 to 40 years. Biologists divide monkeys into two large groups- on monkeys from the New and Old Worlds. Monkeys from the New World live exclusively in the Central and South America. These include about 50 species of medium size. They all live in trees and are active during the day. New World monkeys include durukuli (Aotus), uakari (Cacajao), saki (Pithecia), saimiri (Saimiri), woolly (Lagothrix), howler monkeys (Alouatta), capuchins (Cebus) and arachnids (Ateles). The largest of them is arachnid, reaching a length of more than 60 cm and having an almost meter long grasping tail.

Monkey gycap

Monkeys from the Old World are common in Africa and in southern regions Asia. In the extreme south of Spain lives the only barbary monkey in Europe. About 80 belong to the Old World monkeys. different types, among them rhesus macaques (M. mulatto.), baboons, hussar monkeys, langurs (Presbytis) and proboscis (Nasalis). Two more important groups belong to monkeys from the Old World: small great apes - gibbons and great great apes - orangutans, gorillas and chimpanzees. Along with monkeys from the New and Old Worlds, biologists also include semi-monkeys in this order. They represent a transitional stage between insectivorous mammals and apes proper.

living in Africa, South-East Asia and in Madagascar, lower primates, or semi-monkeys, form 6 families: blunt-like, lemurs, indrisids, bats, lorizids and tarsiers. The semi-monkeys include animals with such exotic names as maki, catta, sifaki, indri, loris, potto or galago. The smallest of the half-monkeys - mouse lemur, whose body length is 11 cm, weight 50 g. The largest is the indri, which, when it stands on its hind legs, reaches a height of 93 cm. Almost all semi-monkeys - forest dwellers, feed on plants. During the day they sleep, and at night they go in search of food; They have very large eyes and a highly developed sense of smell.

Gorillas, especially old males, inspire respect in any observer. However, despite their size and strength, they are peaceful inhabitants of the forests, feeding exclusively on plants. Animals are kept by families under the leadership of an old male with a silver stripe on his back. The day for gorillas begins with the fact that they immediately start eating after waking up and eat for 2-3 hours. Towards noon they settle down to sleep again, sometimes waking up to eat again. Toward evening, the gorillas again go in search of food. With the onset of twilight, the leader begins to build his nest for the night. Others follow his example. Unfortunately, the future of these large apes looks sad. How many gorillas are left in the forests, no one knows, estimates differ: some naturalists say that several hundred, others - several thousand.

Mandrill belongs to the monkey family, its close relatives are baboons. He lives in dense forests and roams there in groups consisting of one adult male and several females with cubs. The group can consist of 20 animals.

On the muzzle of the male mandrill, a bright red and blue pattern is noticeable. Such a motley muzzle is clearly visible among the dense trees. And it is important that all members of the group stick together.

Monkeys are medium-sized representatives of the Old World monkeys. They have a very long tail, a moderately elongated and rounded muzzle, and small and round ears. The coat is thick and long. Often sideburns or a beard are formed around the muzzle. There are 15 species of monkeys, and they all live in Africa. The most common species is the green monkey.

"Orangutan" means "forest man" in Malay. Orangutans were first described by Western researchers in early XVIII century. They arrived in Europe in 1776. However, about the life of orangutans in nature long time almost nothing was known. Everything has changed quite recently. Since the 1970s, extensive research programs have been carried out. The great ape roams the dense tropical forests of Asia and, unlike the gorilla and chimpanzee, lives alone.

frolic baby orangutan

With age, large growths in the form of rolls of fat grow on the cheeks of oratugpan males. The orangutan rarely descends from the trees. With the help of long arms, he deftly jumps from branch to branch. With the onset of evening twilight, he builds himself a large nest of leaves, and often with a roof from the rain, on a fork in the boughs. This sleeping nest is only used for one night. The next morning, the orangutan gets up and slowly moves on. Finding a tree with fruits, he climbs it and has lunch. Sometimes he settles down and takes a nap.

The existence of orangutans is under threat today. Forests in Indonesia are being cut down and the "forest man" is rapidly losing its habitat. If serious measures are not taken, then soon orangutans will remain only in zoos. Reserves settling in wet tropical forests, help protect many other species of animals and plants that are threatened with extinction.

Baboons are monkeys with a long muzzle, which justifies their name "dog-headed". They stay mainly on the ground and only in danger climb trees or rocks. Powerful fangs allow adult males to defend themselves from enemies. Even leopards are afraid of them.

For the time of sleep, baboons retire to the trees, and at dawn they descend again to search for food. They bypass their territory, doing 5-20 km per day. By evening, they again go to rest in the trees. If there are no trees, then they sleep on the eaves of sheer cliffs.

Baboons live in large herds of 40-80 individuals, but sometimes you can find a herd consisting of 200 individuals. The basis of the herd is females with cubs, an adult male looks after him. He tolerates growing males in his herd, but keeps them in obedience.

The largest of the baboons is the chakma, or bear baboon (Pargo ursinus). In this species, the body length of males reaches 1.15 m, and the weight is 30 kg. Chakma lives in South Africa.

Its close relative is the baboon hamadryas (P. hamadryas), which lives in Ethiopia, northern Somalia, northeastern Sudan and southwestern Arabia. In ancient times, hamadryas were also found in the Nile Valley. The ancient Egyptians highly revered him and dedicated him to the sun god Ra, and animal corpses were often mummified. Sexually mature males of hamadryas are decorated with sideburns and a silvery mantle (mantle) with a hair length of up to 25 cm. That is why they are sometimes called "cloaked baboons".

Chimpanzees belong to the family great apes, their closest relatives are the gorilla and the orangutan. Like both of these species, chimpanzees also live in the forest. They roam their territory in small groups. In the morning, the monkeys eat for two hours, then rest for half a day, and in the evening they again go in search of food. Chimpanzees spend the night in nests, which are built each time new ones.

Barbary monkey, or magot (Masas sylvanus)

Value	60-70 cm body length. Shoulder height 45-50 cm. Weight: females up to 12 kg; males up to 15 kg
signs	A bare, wrinkled face, reddish, thick whiskers on the cheeks, short ears. There is no tail. The fur is thick, long, light brown
Nutrition	Fruit, leaves, grass and roots; in addition, insects, worms, scorpions and small vertebrates
reproduction	Pregnancy 146-180 days; 1 cub, rarely 2; newborn weight about 450 g
habitats	Shrubs on rocks and hills at an altitude of 600-2000 m; Algiers, Morocco; in Europe it is found only in Gibraltar in southern Spain (presumably they were brought there)

Anthropological detective. Gods, people, monkeys... [with illustrations] Belov Alexander Ivanovich

WHO HAS LEGS LIKE HANDS?

But let us ask ourselves: are there any scientific grounds for considering an anthropomorphic creature as the ancestor of animals? Such grounds are given to us by the theory of biological entropy. Here are some excerpts from it.

In humans, the support of the body is the foot - a unique spring device, consisting of 26 bones and evenly distributing body weight over the entire sole. In four-legged animals, the foot is preserved, but the fulcrum falls on bent fingers - most of the foot and the heel hangs in the air. Getting on all fours and "walking" in this position in a cozy home environment, we can make sure that our legs rest only on the fingers and their bases (toes), while the heel hangs above the floor surface. Thus, the foot of tetrapods is not fully used, although as an anatomical organ it is present in their bodies. Such a strange discrepancy between the use and structure of the foot makes us think that the foot was originally created for upright walking, and was inherited from humans by four-legged animals and is not fully used by them! To this we add that monkeys have flat feet. People born with this defect know that it is impossible to convert a flat foot into an arched one, despite all the arch supports and the efforts of doctors. However, following the evolutionist doctrine, it would be logical to admit that the monkeys, who walk poorly on two short and crooked legs, also because of their flat feet, owned a unique secret conversion of a flat foot into an arched one?!

On the left - the structure of the skeleton of a horse and a man; on the right - the skeleton of a human leg and a four-legged beast; below - the feet of a baboon, a dog, a llama (from Brem).

In birds, bipedal dinosaurs, and other animals that have switched from quadruped to bipedalism for the second time, the foot is in the same position as in tetrapods: the legs of birds rest on the fingers, the heel hangs above the ground, and this despite their bipedality! It was the same with the bipedal dinosaurs, which roamed the earth like big chickens. A person can shrug his shoulders, but many four-legged people can no longer do this. In humans, the clavicles and shoulder blades are worn on the chest like a saddle. Thanks to this, exceptional mobility of the shoulder joint is achieved, and the arm can move in almost any direction. Thanks to this, a person moves and lifts weights; standing overcomes obstacles, for example, opens doors. The scapula behind and the clavicle in front rest on the dome chest, filled with air and serving as both a support and a shock absorber. The weight of the load is evenly distributed throughout the body due to the muscular corset, allowing you to maintain the balance that is so necessary in such cases. In this case, an ideal lever is created from the hand, resembling a crane boom, to which a ballast is attached.

Needless to say, this whole unique design can only be used in the vertical plane of the body - on all fours it loses all meaning. Quadrupeds do not have the slightest desire to carry anything, walking on two legs. Gradually, many of them atrophy the clavicles and the humeral process of the scapula. Hands lose their inherent mobility, turning into paws. If something needs to be moved, then quadrupeds do it with the help of their teeth, for example, this is how cats carry kittens. The rudimentary clavicles in some, and their absence in the rest of the four-legged animals, clearly shows that their distant ancestors were upright.

Similarly, the ulna and fibula begin to atrophy in tetrapods. These bones, along with other bones in the forearm and lower leg, are responsible for the rotation of the feet and hands. We can turn our palms and feet 180 degrees, a person needs this in order to take objects with his hands and keep the body in a state of balance on two legs. The four-legged worries are either to run quickly and jump, leaning on their paws, or quickly dig the ground, or claw someone. The one, the other, and the third require only strong uniform movements in one plane. Consequently, the ulna and fibula of a person become superfluous in them. For example, in a frog larva, two bones of the forearm are laid, well, just like in humans. In an adult frog, the ulna and radius are fused into one. This is evidence that the distant ancestors of the frog rotated their limbs for some reason, they probably did this not only out of curiosity. For some reason, the rudimentary limbs of the lobe-finned fish contain elements similar to the radius and ulna of the forearm, as well as to the small and large bones of the lower leg. This is a legacy from upright creatures!

All vertebrates retain the features of the human skeleton. On fig. - man, macaque, horse, wolf, cat, hare, ceratosaurus, bird, crocodile, frog, ichthyostega, lungfish. 1 - foot, 2 - knee, 3 - thigh, 4 - pelvis, 5 - spine, 6 - shoulder, 7 - elbow, 8 - hand, 9 - head.

The arms and legs of a person in the details of the structure are in many ways similar to each other, but they bend in different directions: at the elbows - towards the body, at the knees - away from the body. It seems that someone "attached" arms and legs to the human body, based on reasons of expediency. With the help of hands, we bring, for example, food to the mouth, various objects to the eyes. The legs vertically hold the body, while moving they push the body forward and up from the ground. Differences in the movements of the arms and legs in relation to the body are clearly explained by their mirror anatomy. These different functions are preserved only in the vertical position of the body. It is obvious that such a division of functions could arise only with a vertical position of the body. This can be argued because in quadrupedal animals the structure of the forelimbs corresponds to the arms, and the hind limbs to the legs of a person, just as the location of the head of a person corresponds to the location of the animal's head, and not its pelvis.

The arms bend up towards the head and the legs down away from the body. This is proof of the original upright posture of man.

Change in the angle of attachment of the spine to the skull from man to beast.

A four-legged animal, forced to support the body with all four limbs, is deprived of human anatomical and functional advantages. All four-legged animals have upper and lower limbs similar to humans, but use both front and hind limbs mainly for locomotion. It is quite obvious that the mirror structure of the limbs is more of a hindrance when moving on four points than a help! For example, how far will a car go if its front and rear wheels are spinning in opposite directions? When you got up on four points, you probably noticed that moving in this position is quite uncomfortable. The back is higher than the head because the legs are longer than the arms. You have to move faster with your hands so as not to fall. It is important that the knees of quadrupeds are almost always in a bent position. This is explained simply: the legs are shorter than the arms, and in order to keep the body horizontal, you have to bend your knees. This is also due to the fact that the legs rest on the toes, and not on the entire foot.

Quadrupeds run fast because the shoulder and hip of quadrupeds are reduced in size in relation to the proportions in the human body, while the foot and hand, on the contrary, are lengthened. This allows animals to acquire the perfect limb leverage, allowing them to run fast.

In addition, the “hands” of quadrupeds do not rest on the entire palm, like ours, but on the fingers, like the foot, so these animals maintain balance and speed of running. For example, in artiodactyls: tapirs, horses, rhinos, running on their fingertips, unnecessary fingers from the five-fingered set gradually atrophy. The horses have one finger left - the middle one, equipped with a hoof-nail. In artiodactyls: pigs, hippos, camels, cows, sheep, goats, yaks, giraffes, deer, elks, etc., two fingers are mainly preserved - the middle and ring fingers, the rest are rudimentary. They do not need to take anything with their “hands” and bring it to their eyes or mouth. In the "mouth" they have enough teeth to grab what interests them better than any hand. In this case, their "hands" experience a clear dysfunction in relation to their structure. In general, the anatomy of their limbs remains the same as in humans. So animals have to move on their fingers in order to somehow adapt to an unusual way of movement for themselves.

From this it follows that the tetrapods inherited the original structure of the limbs from the upright, while their hands began to function as legs, retaining all their former bones and joints.

If we look at our hands, we see that the five-fingered hand represents a perfect organ, ideally designed for manipulating objects. All the more surprising is the presence of a five-fingered hand in animals that do not use fingers for their intended purpose. If they still sometimes use them, then they do it differently than people, and for completely different purposes.

Sacramental questions, why animals need five and why humans and animals have five toes, can be answered if you look at the legs as a reflection of the hands, repeating them in almost all details. Many living creatures, from primitive frogs to humans, have five fingers on their limbs. Why do all these animals have such excess? To admit that they carried through millions of generations of their ancestors, five fingers that are largely useless for themselves, equipped with the required number of joints and phalanges, is to recognize a miracle. But Darwinists don't believe in miracles. Another assumption would be logical: a perfect five-fingered mechanism is the original attribute of a person, where the function of the hand corresponds to its anatomical structure. Already from man, he was inherited by animals!

Five-fingered limbs have been inherited by various animals from humans. The forelimbs of a frog, a lobe-finned fish, a stegocephalus, a man, a bear, a whale, the ancestors of horses, bat. 1 - humerus, 2 - ulna, 3 - radius.

According to the ideas common in physiology, an air stream passing through the nose helps to cool the working brain. High nose bridge provides a large area of contact between the air jet and the capillaries in the sinuses, and therefore, contributes to greater cooling of the brain, protecting it from overheating. The next two circumstances that the brain modern man only 10% loaded with work, and that among modern people we practically will not find a person with a high tolerance, they line up in one logical chain. Due to the fact that we think much less than our ancestors, the height of the bridge of the nose is reduced. There is no need to cool something that does not work so well! But even among the ancient Greeks, a high nose bridge was preserved. And we are hardly consoled that monkeys, and even more so primitive animals, completely lack a nose bridge. After all, no more than 2% of cells work in their brain, despite its much smaller size. Thus, monkey brains "descended" from human brains, and not vice versa!

And further. In humans, body temperature is 36.6 °C. In different mammals, the body temperature differs from the human one by several degrees. With the loss of constancy of the internal environment of the body (homeostasis), cold-blooded vertebrates - reptiles, amphibians, fish - lose the necessary body temperature. They try to regulate it through external influence. They are constantly looking for a habitat that would relieve excessive overheating of the body in the heat and, on the contrary, would warm it to the desired temperature when it is cold. This is due to the fact that the biochemical processes that take place in the body must proceed in strict temperature regime. From this we can conclude that the ancestors of cold-blooded animals were warm-blooded animals with a constant internal environment and a finely balanced metabolic system. To maintain the required temperature, animals that do not have clothes have to acquire wool. When they are hot, they are forced to breathe heavily, cooling their body by hyperventilation of the lungs; stick out your tongue like dogs, or get into the water like buffaloes. Of all living beings, the human body is the most delicately balanced in biophysical and biochemical parameters. This suggests that the human body was the basis for the "manufacture" of animal bodies.

Powerful neck muscles, absent in humans, are formed in animals due to the need to keep the head in a horizontal position facing forward, and not down. In such a horizontal position, the angle of attachment of the skull to the cervical spine gradually changes.

The jaws of tetrapods are extended, because there is no way to grab prey with their hands, they do it with their mouths. This is where natural selection did a great job: only those predators survived that acquired an elongated jaw with sharp fangs. Cats have shorter jaws because they use clawed feet to catch prey. And in dogs that do not, the muzzle is more elongated.

The hypothetical transformation of individual populations of ancient people, first into monkeys, and then into four-legged animals.

Brain dysfunction (what can you think about if you are already on all fours?) led to a compensatory increase in the length of the spinal cord responsible for reflex activity, and the appearance of a tail.

Men normally do not have any bone inside the penis. However, in rare cases, such a 4-5 cm bone appears, located between the urethra and the cavernous bodies. It is called os Priapi, probably in honor of Priapus, the Greek phallic deity, and is a rare soft tissue ossification. Among primitive peoples, to this day, the custom has been preserved, not relying on changeable nature, through a special incision in the urethra inside the penis, during sexual intercourse, to insert an "artificial" os Priapi, carved from ivory, wood, stone, etc. it is believed that this increases potency and enhances the pleasure of sexual intercourse. It is curious that in many animals (insectivores, bats, dogs, wolves, tigers, etc.) inside the penis there is a baculum bone (os penis). This bone facilitates the insertion of the glans penis into the vagina. So, for example, a lion during periods of readiness of a female makes up to 120 rounds of mating with her every half an hour! You can't do without the help of baculums. In many fossil predators, the baculum reached a length of one third of the length of the entire body!

Thus, comparing the structure of the bodies of animals and humans, we are once again convinced that the ancestors of animals were people. Passed from bipedal to quadrupedal walking! A man became an animal, standing on all fours and having previously been in the guise of a monkey! So let's make an effort so that this discovery does not plunge us into dust, and we will strengthen the most important asset of man - the mind, so that it does not leave our heads and you and I do not turn into monkeys or even worse - into dogs or rats!

It is known that babies are born underdeveloped and acquire a physiological norm only by the age of three. Full inclusion in public life happens even later. Only by the age of 25 does a person usually acquire the ability to live independently. A long period of physical and mental maturation is caused by the underdevelopment of the human embryo in the womb. All this allows us to hypothetically assume that if the human fetus developed in the womb not for 9, but, say, 12 months, then the newborn would be much more mentally developed. Let's think seriously, discarding the emotions and dogmas of mechanistic thinking: from whom did man “descend”? And we will do this not for the sake of empty curiosity, but solely for the sake of seeing in the future the vague contours of the future generation of people. Thus warning them of the danger of becoming bipedal monkeys!

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Science and life // Illustrations

The most important factor for the development human species became the ability of the brush to clench into a fist. Although even among the ancient hominids the thumb was opposed to the rest, it was hardly used: long fingers were more important, which helped to move from branch to branch. But already in Homo habilis, the structure of the hand was close to modern, and a skilled person made tools and other items related to the Olduvai culture. Meanwhile, our closest relatives - chimpanzees and bonobos - are still not able to clench their brush into a fist. Descending from the tree and straightening up, our ancestor found himself in new conditions of life and entered the struggle for it. It turned out that on the ground, strong fists are more important than paws that are comfortable for climbing trees.

Specialists from the University of Utah (USA) David Carrier and Michael Morgan decided to find out a seemingly obvious thing: how to beat more effectively - with a fist or an open palm? Ten men aged 22 to 55 who were engaged in boxing and martial arts were invited to participate in the experiment. They were asked to hit the punching bag different ways: top, bottom and side, using a clenched fist or an open hand.

Using sensors embedded in a punching bag, the researchers found that the force of a punch and an open palm is almost the same. However, when the hand is clenched into a fist, the contact area with the pear is smaller, and the impact force per unit area is 1.7 times greater.

In the second series of experiments, scientists tested how the fist protects the fragile bones of the hand. Participants had to slowly press a special device with a clenched fist, a "half-fist" without a thumb, and simply bent fingers that did not touch the palm. The experiment showed that when clenching the palm into a fist, the risk of injury is much less. Thus, in the course of evolution, the hands not only acquired the ability to perform more complex movements, but also became an important means of defense and attack.

It is interesting to mention the earlier hypothesis of Carrier and Morgan: in their opinion, bipedalism was a consequence of the fact that standing on two legs is more convenient to fight. It may seem that scientists want to show a person with a very aggressive appearance from the very beginning. The authors of the study do not deny this, stating that human evolution did not occur in greenhouse conditions, and aggression was natural.

“It seems to me that there is a rejection of this idea more among scientists than among the inhabitants. They don't want to accept that on some level we are inherently aggressive animals. Meanwhile, those who turn a blind eye to our natural qualities are doing us a disservice,” Professor Carrier comments on the results of his work.

Illustrations: 1. Is the fist the engine of evolution?
2. Comparative anatomy of the human hand (right) and chimpanzee (left).
3. The hand of a chimpanzee, at first glance, is very similar to a human.