Quotes from ancient Greek philosophers about life. Philosophical statements about life. Philosophical statements about love

Smart thoughts come only when stupid things have already been done.

Only those who make absurd attempts can achieve the impossible. Albert Einstein

Good friends, good books, and a sleeping conscience are the ideal life. Mark Twain

You cannot go back in time and change your start, but you can start now and change your finish.

Upon closer examination, it generally becomes clear to me that those changes that seem to come with the passage of time are essentially no changes: only my view of things changes. (Franz Kafka)

And although there is a great temptation to go along two roads at once, you cannot play with the same deck of cards with both the devil and God ...

Appreciate those with whom you can be yourself.
Without masks, omissions and ambitions.
And take care of them, they are sent to you by fate.
After all, there are only a few of them in your life.

For an affirmative answer, only one word is enough - "yes". All other words are designed to say no. Don Aminado

Ask the person: "What is happiness?" and you will find out what he lacks the most.

If you want to understand life, then stop believing what they say and write, but observe and feel. Anton Chekhov

There is nothing in the world more destructive, unbearable than inaction and waiting.

Make your dreams come true, work on ideas. Those who laughed at you before will begin to envy.

Records exist in order to break them.

You don't need to waste time, but invest in it.

The history of mankind is the history of a fairly small number of people who believed in themselves.

Brought yourself to the edge? Do you see no reason to live anymore? So, you are already close ... Close to the decision to reach the bottom, to push off from it and forever decide to be happy .. So do not be afraid of the bottom - use it….

If you are honest and straightforward, people will deceive you; be honest and frank anyway.

A person rarely succeeds in anything if his occupation does not give him joy. Dale Carnegie

If at least one flowering branch remains in your soul, a singing bird will always sit on it. (Eastern wisdom)

One of the laws of life says that as soon as one door closes, another opens. But the whole trouble is that we look at the locked door and do not pay attention to the opened one. André Gide

Don't judge a person until you speak to him in person, because all you hear is hearsay. Michael Jackson.

First they ignore you, then they laugh at you, then they fight with you, then you win. Mahatma Gandhi

Human life splits into two halves: during the first half, they strive forward to the second, and during the second, back to the first.

If you are not doing anything yourself, how can you be helped? You can only drive a moving car

All will be. Only when you decide to do it.

In this world you can search for everything except love and death ... They themselves will find you when the time comes.

Inner contentment in spite of the surrounding world of suffering is a very valuable asset. Sridhar Maharaj

Start now living the life that you would like to see it at the end. Marcus Aurelius

We must live every day as at the last moment. We don't have a rehearsal - we have life. We do not start it from Monday - we live today.

Every moment of life is another opportunity.

A year later, you will look at the world with different eyes, and even this tree that grows near your house will seem different to you.

You don't have to look for happiness - you have to be. Osho

Almost every success story I know began with a person lying supine, defeated by failure. Jim Rohn

Each long way starts with one, from the first step.

No one is better than you. No one is smarter than you. They just started earlier. Brian Tracy

The one who runs is falling. The one who crawls does not fall. Pliny the Elder

It is enough just to understand that you are living in the future, and you will immediately find yourself there.

I choose to live, not exist. James alan hetfield

When you appreciate what you have, and not live in search of ideals, then you will truly become happy ..

Only those who are worse than us think badly of us, and those who are better than us are simply not up to us. Omar Khayyam

Sometimes one call separates us from happiness ... One conversation ... One confession ...

By admitting his weakness, a person becomes strong. Onre Balzac

The one who humbles his spirit is stronger than the one who conquers cities.

When a chance comes up, you have to grab it. And when you grabbed, achieved success - enjoy. Feel the joy. And let everyone around you suck a hose because they were goats when they did not give you a penny. And then go away. Beautiful. And leave everyone in shock.

Never be discouraged. And if you have already fallen into despair, then continue to work in despair.

The decisive step forward is the result of a good kick from behind!

In Russia, you have to be either famous or rich in order to be treated the same way as anyone in Europe is treated. Konstantin Raikin

It all depends only on your attitude. (Chuck Norris)

No amount of reasoning is able to show a person the path that he does not want to see Romain Rolland

What you believe in becomes your world. Richard Matheson

It's good where we are not. We are no longer in the past, and therefore it seems beautiful. Anton Chekhov

The rich get richer because they learn to cope with financial hardships. They see them as an opportunity to learn, grow, develop and get rich.

Everyone has their own hell - it doesn't have to be fire and tar! Our hell is a wasted life! Where Dreams May Come

It doesn't matter how much you work, the main thing is the result.

Only mom has the most affectionate hands, the most gentle smile and the most loving heart ...

Winners in life always think in the spirit: I can, I want, I am. Losers, on the other hand, focus their scattered thoughts on what they could have, could do, or cannot do. In other words, the winners always take responsibility upon themselves, and the losers blame circumstances or other people for their failures. Denise Waitley.

Life is a mountain you go up slowly, you go down quickly. Guy de Maupassant

People are so afraid to take a step towards a new life that they are ready to close their eyes to everything that does not suit them. But it's even worse: to wake up one day and realize that everything is not right, not that, not that next ... Bernard Shaw

Friendship and trust are not bought or sold.

Always, at every minute of your life, even when you are absolutely happy, have one mindset in relation to the people around you: - In any case, I will do what I want, with or without you.

In the world, only one can choose between loneliness and vulgarity. Arthur Schopenhauer

One has only to look at things differently, and life will flow in a different direction.

Iron spoke so to the magnet: most of all I hate you because you attract, not having enough strength to drag with you! Friedrich Nietzsche

Know how to live when life becomes unbearable. N. Ostrovsky

The picture you see in your mind will eventually become your life.

"The first half of your life you ask yourself what you are capable of, but the second - and who needs it?"

It's never too late to set a new goal or find a new dream.

Control your destiny, or someone else will.

to see beauty in the ugly,
to see the floods of rivers in the streams ...
who knows how to be happy in everyday life,
he really happy man! E. Asadov

The sage was asked:

How many types of friendship are there?

Four, he replied.
Friends are like food - you need them every day.
There are friends, like medicine, you look for them when you feel bad.
There are friends, like a disease, they themselves are looking for you.
But there are friends like the air - they are not visible, but they are always with you.

I will become the person I want to become if I believe that I will become. Gandhi

Open your heart and listen to what it dreams of. Follow your dream, because only through someone who is not ashamed of himself will the glory of the Lord manifest. Paulo Coelho

To be refuted is nothing to fear; one should fear something else - to be misunderstood. Immanuel Kant

Be realistic - demand the impossible! Che Guevara

Don't put off your plans if it's raining outside.
Don't give up on your dreams if people don't believe in you.
Go contrary to nature, people. You are a person. You are strong.
And remember - there are no unattainable goals - there is a high coefficient of laziness, a lack of ingenuity and a stock of excuses.

Either you create the world, or the world creates you. Jack Nicholson

I love it when people smile just like that. For example, you go on a bus and see a person looking out the window or texting and smiling. It feels so good in my soul. And I myself want to smile.

Philosophy is not wisdom itself, but love of wisdom.
Augustine

Philosophy is the mother of all sciences.
Cicero

Philosophy is the processing of concepts.
Johann Friedrich Herbart

Philosophy easily wins victory over disasters, both past and future, but disasters in cash conquer it.
Francois de La Rochefoucauld

The philosophy of one century is common sense next.
Henry Ward Beecher

Philosophy does not give a picture of reality.
Ludwig Wittgenstein

Philosophy is when you take something so simple that it doesn't seem worth talking about it, and you come to something so paradoxical that it is simply impossible to believe in it.
Bertrand Russell

Philosophy: illegible answers to intractable questions.
Henry Brooks Adams

Philosophy, in fact, does not assert anything, but asserts it in very incomprehensible words.
"Pshekruj"

Philosophy should be effective: its striving and goal should be the improvement of man.
Victor Hugo

Philosophy deals with problems of two kinds: solvable, which are all trivial, and nontrivial, which are all unsolvable.
Stefan Kanfer

Philosophy is the echo of words thrown into the well of meaning.
Sergey Fedin

Philosophy does not yield invaluable results, but the study of philosophy yields invaluable results.
Tadeusz Kotarbinski

The love of wisdom is called philosophy.
Cicero

Philosophies mean as much as philosophers do. How more greatness in a person, the more truth is in his philosophy.
Albert Camus

The goal of philosophy is the logical clarification of thoughts.
Ludwig Wittgenstein

There has never been a philosopher who could patiently endure a toothache.
William Shakespeare

Philosophy is not something secondary, but basic.
Seneca

Philosophy is the medicine of the soul.
Cicero

According to Plato's reasoning, man was created for philosophy; according to Bacon, philosophy was created for people.
Thomas Macaulay

O philosophy, leader of life! .. You gave birth to cities, you called scattered people into the community of life.
Cicero

The philosopher, being a responsible thinker, keeps his distance from both atheism and faith.
Paul Ricoeur

There is no other reason for a person to philosophize other than striving for bliss.
Aurelius Augustine

All philosophies are ultimately absurd, but some are more absurd than others.
Samuel Butler

The very name of philosophy evokes enough hatred.
Seneca

All philosophers are sages in their maxim and fools in their behavior.
Benjamin Franklin

When the listener does not understand the speaker, and the speaker does not know what he means, this is philosophy.
Voltaire

Philosophers will always have two worlds on which they build their theories: the world of their imagination, where everything is plausible and everything is untrue, and the natural world, where everything is true and everything is implausible.
Antoine de Rivarol

Philosophers say a lot of bad things about clergy, clergymen say a lot of bad things about philosophers; but philosophers never killed clergy, and the clergy killed many philosophers.
Denis Diderot

Perpetual questions are usually given temporary answers.
Leszek Kumor

Clarity is the politeness of philosophy.
Luc de Vauvenargue

Paradox, not common sense, is a philosophical manifestation.
Gilles Deleuze

Science is what you know, philosophy is what you don’t know.
Bertrand Russell

Minerva's owl takes off only at dusk.
Hegel

Not cry, not laugh, but understand.
Benedict Spinoza

Philosophers are superior to other people in that if laws are destroyed, philosophers will live as before.
Aristippus

What was philosophy becomes philology.
Lucius Annay Seneca Jr.

The philosopher is obliged to doubt, doubt and doubt, and it is then to ask when no one asks, at the risk of becoming a laughing stock to the crowd.
Lev Shestov

Some words, the origin of which has managed to be forgotten, have turned from servants into masters, and now concepts are being selected for them, a suitable content is being looked for - in order to at least somewhere attach these impoverished, but proud aristocrats.
Karol Izhikovsky

The thoughts of a philosopher are like stars, they do not give light, because they are too sublime.
Francis Bacon

A philosophy that can teach a person to be completely happy while experiencing unbearable pain is much better than a philosophy that alleviates pain ... A philosophy that fights greed is much better than a philosophy that develops laws on the protection of property.
Thomas Macaulay

To scoff at philosophy is to truly philosophize.
Pascal Blaise

The philosophers' joke is so moderate that it cannot be distinguished from serious reasoning.
Vovenargue

Philosophy - modern shape shamelessness.
Albert Camus

Bad philosophers can have some influence in society, good ones never.
Bertrand Russell

Augustine the Blessed Aurelius - Christian theologian and philosopher, the most influential preacher, bishop of Hippo. One of the Fathers christian church, founder of Augustinism. The founder of the Christian philosophy of history. The Christian Neoplatonism of Augustine dominated Western European philosophy and Catholic theology until the 13th century, when it was replaced by the Christian Aristotelianism of Albertus Magnus and Thomas Aquinas. Some of the information about Augustine goes back to his autobiographical Confessions. His most famous theological and philosophical work is “On the City of God”. Through Manichaeism, skepticism and neo-Platonism he came to Christianity, whose teaching on the Fall and pardon made a strong impression on him. In particular, he defends the doctrine of predestination: a person is predetermined by God to be bliss or a curse, but this was done by Him on the foresight of human free choice - striving for bliss, or rejection of it. The human history that Augustine sets out in his book "On the City of God", "the first world history", in his understanding, is a struggle between two hostile kingdoms - the kingdom of the adherents of everything earthly, the enemies of God, that is, the secular world, and the kingdom of God. At the same time, he identifies the Kingdom of God, in accordance with its earthly form of existence, with the Roman Church. Augustine teaches about the self-confidence of human consciousness and the cognitive power of love. At the creation of the world, God laid in the material world in embryo the forms of all things, from which they then independently develop.

Adam Smith baptized and possibly born on June 5, 1723, Kirkcaldy, Scotland, Great Britain - July 17, 1790, Edinburgh, Scotland, Great Britain - Scottish economist, philosopher-ethicist; one of the founders of modern economic theory.

Alfred North Whitehead is a British mathematician, logician, philosopher who, together with Bertrand Russell, wrote the fundamental work "Principia Mathematica", which formed the basis of logicism and type theory. After the First World War, he taught at Harvard University, developed his own Platonic doctrine with elements of Bergsonianism.

Anacharsis is a Scythian, the son of King Gnur, brother of King Saul and Caduite. He arrived at the time of Solon in Athens, where he met with Solon himself and with another noble Scythian, Toksar, who was known in Athens as a doctor and sage, and later traveled to other Greek cities. Diodorus Siculus and Diogenes Laertius indicate that he, together with other sages, visited the Lydian king Croesus, whom the Persians considered an adviser on Scythia. Anacharsis became famous as a sage, philosopher and supporter of moderation in everything, he was ranked among the seven sages and many rational sayings and inventions were attributed to him. There are more than 50 sayings of Anacharsis on various topics: reflections on human behavior; about relationships between people; on the protection of their own dignity; about envy; about the meaning of language; about navigation; about gymnastics; about politics and social order; about the guilt and harm of drunkenness, etc. Ten "cynical" letters of Anacharsis are known: to the Lydian king Croesus, the Athenians, Solon, the tyrant Hipparchus, Medoc, Annon, the king's son, Tereus - the cruel ruler of Thrace, Frazilochus. These letters, bearing the name of Anacharsis, according to scientists, date back to the III-I centuries. BC NS. and adhere to a tradition that idealized "natural", "barbaric" peoples and was filled with a sharp social content under the influence of cynicism. According to legend, Anacharsis invented the anchor, improved potter's wheel and sail.

Henri Bergson is one of the most significant philosophers of the 20th century, a representative of intuitionism and philosophy of life. Winner of the 1927 Nobel Prize in Literature "in recognition of his rich and lively ideas, and the excellent skill with which they were presented."

Metropolitan Antony - Bishop of Russia Orthodox Church, Metropolitan of Surozh. Philosopher, preacher. Author of numerous books and articles on different languages about spiritual life and Orthodox spirituality.

Aristippus (c. 435 - c. 355 BC) - an ancient Greek philosopher from Cyrene in North Africa, the founder of the Cyrene, or hedonic, school, student and friend of Socrates, with a sophistic bias. Among his students was his daughter Areta. According to him, knowledge is based only on perceptions, the causes of which, however, are unknowable. The perceptions of other people are also inaccessible to us, we can only rely on their statements. Aristippus' eudemonia is not a concomitant phenomenon in the discovery of ability, as Socrates understood it, but the consciousness of self-control in pleasure: the sage enjoys pleasure without succumbing to being possessed by it. You shouldn't grumble about the past or be afraid of the future. In thinking, as in actions, one should attach importance only to the present. Only we can freely dispose of them.

Aristotel is an ancient Greek philosopher. Disciple of Plato. From 343 BC NS. - educator of Alexander the Great. In 335/4 BC. NS. founded by Lyceum. Naturalist of the Classical Period. The most influential dialectician of antiquity; the founder of formal logic. He created a conceptual apparatus that still permeates the philosophical vocabulary and the style of scientific thinking itself. Aristotle was the first thinker who created a comprehensive system of philosophy, covering all spheres of human development: sociology, philosophy, politics, logic, physics. His views on ontology had a serious impact on the subsequent development of human thought. The metaphysical teaching of Aristotle was adopted by Thomas Aquinas and developed by the scholastic method.

Artur Schopenhauer is a German philosopher. One of the most famous thinkers of irrationalism, misanthrope. He gravitated towards German romanticism, was fond of mysticism, highly appreciated the main works of Immanuel Kant, calling them "the most important phenomenon that philosophy has known for two millennia", appreciated the philosophical ideas of Buddhism, the Upanishads, as well as Epictetus, Cicero and others. He criticized his contemporaries Hegel and Fichte. He called the existing world, in contrast to the sophistic, as he expressed, the fabrications of Leibniz - "the worst possible world", for which he received the nickname "philosopher of pessimism." The main philosophical work - "The World as Will and Representation", commenting and popularizing which Schopenhauer was engaged until his death. Schopenhauer's metaphysical analysis of the will, his views on human motivation and desires, and aphoristic writing style influenced many famous thinkers, including Friedrich Nietzsche, Richard Wagner, Ludwig Wittgenstein, Erwin Schrödinger, Albert Einstein, Sigmund Freud, Otto Rank, Tolstoy and Jorge Luis Borges.

Bertran Arthur William Russell is a British philosopher, social activist and mathematician. Russell is known for his work in defense of pacifism, atheism, as well as liberalism and leftist political currents, and made invaluable contributions to mathematical logic, the history of philosophy and the theory of knowledge. Less well known are his works on aesthetics, pedagogy, and sociology. Russell is considered one of the main founders of English neo-realism as well as neo-positivism. In 1950 he received the Nobel Prize in Literature. Andrei Esterling, a member of the Swedish Academy, described the scientist as "one of the most brilliant representatives of rationalism and humanism, a fearless fighter for freedom of speech and freedom of thought in the West." The American philosopher Irwin Edman highly appreciated Russell's works, even compared him with Voltaire, emphasizing that he, like his famous compatriots, philosophers of the old times, is a master of English prose. In editorial notes to the memorial collection "Bertrand Russell - Philosopher of the Century", it was noted that Russell's contribution to mathematical logic was the most significant and fundamental since the time of Aristotle.

Victor Emil Frankl is an Austrian psychiatrist, psychologist and neurologist, a former prisoner of a Nazi concentration camp. Frankl is the creator of logotherapy, a method of existential psychoanalysis that became the basis of the Third Vienna School of Psychotherapy.

Vladimir Vasilyevich Mironov - Russian philosopher, Doctor of Philosophy, Professor (1998), Honored Professor of Lomonosov Moscow State University (2009), Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences (May 29, 2008), Head of the Department of Ontology and Theory of Knowledge of the Faculty of Philosophy, Moscow State University V. Lomonosov (since 1998), Dean of the Faculty of Philosophy, Lomonosov Moscow State University (since 1998, re-elected in June 2003 in June 2008 in June 2013). In 2001-2008, he worked as Vice-Rector of the University: Head of the Department of Academic Policy of Moscow State University (until 2006), Head of the Office for Academic Planning and Methodological Support of Educational Activities of Moscow State University (from 2006 to 2008). Laureate of the Lomonosov Prize, 2nd degree (2008).

Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky - Russian and Soviet naturalist, thinker and public figure of the XX century. Academician of the Imperial St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, one of the founders and the first president of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences. The founder of many scientific schools. One of the representatives of Russian cosmism; creator of the science of biogeochemistry. His interests included geology and crystallography, mineralogy and geochemistry, organizational activities in science and social activity, radiogeology and biology, biogeochemistry and philosophy. Laureate of the Stalin Prize, 1st degree.

Voltaire (birth name François-Marie Arouet, French François Marie Arouet; Voltaire - anagram "Arouet le j (eune)" - "Arouet junior" (Latin spelling - AROVETLI) - one of the largest French philosophers-educators of the XVIII century: poet , prose writer, satirist, tragedian, historian, publicist, human rights activist.

Heraclitus of Ephesus (544-483 BC) - ancient Greek philosopher. Founder of the first historical or original form of dialectics. Heraclitus was known as the Dark or Dark, and his philosophical system contrasted with the ideas of Democritus, which was noticed by subsequent generations. His only work, from which only a few dozen excerpts have survived, is the book "On Nature", which consisted of three parts ("On Nature", "On the State", "On God").

Herodotus of Halicarnassus is an ancient Greek historian, the author of the first full-scale historical treatise - "History" - describing the Greco-Persian wars and customs of many contemporary peoples. As ancient Greek poetry begins for us with Homer, so practically historiography begins with Herodotus; its predecessors are called logographers. Herodotus' works had great value for ancient culture... Cicero called him "the father of history." Herodotus is an extremely important source on the history of Great Scythia, including dozens of ancient peoples on the territory of modern Ukraine and Russia.

Gotfried Wilhelm Leibniz is a German philosopher, logician, mathematician, mechanic, physicist, lawyer, historian, diplomat, inventor and linguist. Founder and first president of the Berlin Academy of Sciences, foreign member of the French Academy of Sciences. Major scientific achievements: Leibniz, independently of Newton, created mathematical analysis - differential and integral calculus based on infinitesimal. Leibniz created combinatorics as a science; only in the whole history of mathematics he worked equally freely with both continuous and discrete. He laid the foundations for mathematical logic. Described binary system reckoning with numbers 0 and 1, on which modern computer technology is based. In mechanics, he introduced the concept of "manpower" and formulated the law of conservation of energy. In psychology, he put forward the concept of unconsciously "small perceptions" and developed the doctrine of unconscious mental life. Leibniz is also the finalizer of the philosophy of the 17th century and the predecessor of German classical philosophy, the creator of a philosophical system called monadology. He developed the doctrine of analysis and synthesis, for the first time formulated the law of sufficient reason; Leibniz is also the author of the modern formulation of the law of identity; he introduced the term "model", wrote about the possibility of machine modeling of the functions of the human brain. Leibniz expressed the idea of converting some types of energy into others, formulated one of the most important variational principles of physics - "the principle of least action" - and made a number of discoveries in special branches of physics.

David Emile Durkheim - French sociologist and philosopher, founder of the French sociological school and structural and functional analysis. Along with Karl Marx and Max Weber, he is considered the founder of sociology as an independent science. The integrity and cohesion of societies in the conditions of modernity, devoid of traditional and religious ties, was the main research interest of Durkheim. The first major work of a sociologist, On the Division of Social Labor, was published in 1893, and two years later he published his Rules of the Sociological Method. Then he became the first professor of sociology at the first sociological faculty in France. In 1897 he presented the monograph "Suicide", where he conducted a comparative analysis of the statistics of suicide in Catholic and Protestant societies. this work, which laid the foundation for modern social research, made it possible to finally separate sociology from psychology and political philosophy. In 1898, Durkheim founded the journal L'Année Sociologique. Finally, in his 1912 book, Elementary Forms of Religious Life, Durkheim presented his theory of religion, based on a comparison of the social and cultural life of Aboriginal people and contemporaries.

Dalai Lama XIV (Ngagwang Lovzang Tentszin Gyamtskho, Tib. བསྟན་ འཛིན་ རྒྱ་མཚོ་) is the spiritual leader of the Buddhists of Tibet, Mongolia, Buryatia, Tuva, Kalmykia and other regions. Nobel Peace Prize Laureate (1989). In 2006 he was awarded the highest award of the USA - the Gold Medal of the Congress. Until April 27, 2011, he also headed the Tibetan government in exile (he was replaced by Lobsang Sangay).

Dajian Hui-neng, sometimes Hui-neng, Huinen, Hoi-neng - the patriarch of Chinese Ch'an Buddhism, one of the most important figures in the tradition. Hui-neng was the sixth and last general patriarch of Ch'an. In Japanese tradition, Hui-neng is known as Daikan Eno.

Denis Diderot is a French writer, philosopher, educator and playwright who founded the "Encyclopedia, or Explanatory Dictionary of Sciences, Arts and Crafts." Foreign honorary member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. Together with Voltaire, Rousseau, Montesquieu, D'Alembert and other encyclopedists, Diderot was the ideologue of the third estate and the creator of those ideas of the Enlightenment Age that prepared the minds for the French Revolution. Diderot died of an illness of the gastrointestinal tract in Paris on July 31, 1784.

Gibran Khalil Gibran, Arab. جبران خليل جبران, eng. Khalil or Kahlil Gibran, Gibran Khalil Gibran is a Lebanese and American philosopher, artist, poet and writer. Prominent Arab writer and philosopher of the 20th century. The book The Prophet, which glorified Gibran Khalil Gibran, is the pinnacle of the poet's philosophy. Translated into over 100 languages. In 1895 Gibran Khalil Gibran emigrated to the USA with his mother, brother and sisters. Lived in Boston.

Jiddu Krishnamurti is an Indian philosopher. He was a renowned speaker on philosophical and spiritual topics. These included: the psychological revolution, the nature of consciousness, meditation, relationships between people, the achievement of positive changes in society. He repeatedly emphasized the need for a revolution in the consciousness of each individual person and especially emphasized that such changes cannot be achieved with the help of external forces - be it religion, politics or society. Jiddu Krishnamurti was born in colonial India to a strictly vegetarian Telugu-speaking Brahmin family. V early adolescence when his family lived in the city of Madras near the headquarters of the Theosophical Society, he was noticed by the renowned occultist and high-ranking Theosophist Charles Webster Leadbeater. Leadbeater and Annie Besant, the leaders of the Theosophical Society at that time, took the boy under guardianship and raised him for many years, believing that Krishnamurti was the very "guide" they expected for the World Teacher. Subsequently, Krishnamurti lost faith in Theosophy and liquidated the organization created to support him, the Order of the Star of the East.

John Locke is a British educator and philosopher, a representative of empiricism and liberalism. Contributed to the spread of sensationalism. His ideas have had a huge impact on the development of epistemology and political philosophy. He is widely recognized as one of the most influential Enlightenment thinkers and theorists of liberalism. Locke's letters influenced Voltaire and Rousseau, many Scottish Enlightenment thinkers and American revolutionaries. Its influence is also reflected in the American Declaration of Independence. Locke's theoretical constructions were also noted by later philosophers such as David Hume and Immanuel Kant. Locke was the first thinker to reveal personality through the continuity of consciousness. He also postulated that the mind is a "blank slate", that is, contrary to Cartesian philosophy, Locke argued that humans are born without innate ideas, and that knowledge is instead determined only by sensory experience.

John Stuart Mill is a British philosopher, economist and politician. He made a significant contribution to social science, political science and political economy. Made a fundamental contribution to the philosophy of liberalism. He defended the concept of individual freedom as opposed to unlimited state control. He was a supporter of the ethical doctrine of utilitarianism. It is believed that Mill was the most prominent English-speaking philosopher of the 19th century. For several years he was a member of the British Parliament.

Giordano Bruno (Italian Giordano Bruno; real name Filippo, nickname - Bruno Nolanets; 1548, Nola near Naples - February 17, 1600, Rome) - Italian Dominican monk, philosopher and poet, representative of pantheism. As a Catholic monk, Giordano Bruno developed Neoplatonism in the spirit of Renaissance naturalism, trying to give a philosophical interpretation of Copernicus' teachings in this vein. Bruno expressed a number of guesses that were ahead of the epoch and were justified only by subsequent astronomical discoveries: that the stars are distant suns, that there were planets unknown in his time within our solar system, that in the Universe there are countless bodies similar to ours. The sun. Bruno was not the first to think about the plurality of worlds and the infinity of the Universe: before him, such ideas were put forward by the ancient atomists, Epicureans, Nikolai Kuzansky. Was convicted catholic church as a heretic and sentenced by the secular court of Rome to death by burning. In 1889, almost three centuries later, a monument was erected in his honor at the site of Giordano Bruno's execution.

Daniel Clement Dennett is an American philosopher and cognitive scientist whose research lies in the philosophy of mind, philosophy of science, and philosophy of biology. Professor of Philosophy and Co-Director of the Center for Cognitive Research, Tufts University. Dennett is also a prominent critic of religion and a member of the Brights movement.

Elena Petrovna Blavatskaya - Russian noblewoman, US citizen, religious philosopher of the theosophical trend, writer, publicist, occultist and spiritualist, traveler. Blavatsky declared herself the chosen one of some "great spiritual principle", as well as a disciple of the brotherhood of Tibetan mahatmas, who were declared to her as "keepers of secret knowledge", and began to preach the author's version of Theosophy. In 1875, in New York, together with Colonel H. S. Olcott and lawyer W.C. Judge, she founded the Theosophical Society, which set itself the task of studying all philosophical and religious teachings without exception in order to reveal the truth in them, which, according to Blavatsky and her adherents, will help to reveal the supersensible powers of man, to comprehend the mysterious phenomena in nature. One of the main goals of the society was declared "to form the nucleus of the Universal Brotherhood without distinction of race, color, sex, caste and creed." Later, the headquarters of the society moved to India in the city of Adyar, near Madras.

Jean William Fritz Piaget is a Swiss psychologist and philosopher, known for his work on the study of the psychology of children, the creator of the theory of cognitive development. The founder of the Geneva School of Genetic Psychology, and later J. Piaget developed his approach to the science of the nature of cognition - genetic epistemology.

Gilles Deleuze is a French post-structuralist philosopher who, together with the psychoanalyst Felix Guattari, wrote the famous anti-Oedipus treatise. Deleuze and Guattari introduced the terms "rhizome", "schizoanalysis", "body without organs" into the philosophical lexicon.

Georges Bataille - French philosopher and leftist writer who researched and interpreted the irrational public life, developed the category of "sacred". His literary works filled with "blasphemy, pictures of temptation by evil, self-destructive erotic experience."

Ivan Aleksandrovich Ilyin is a Russian philosopher, writer and publicist, a supporter of the White movement and a consistent critic of the communist regime in Russia, an ideologist of the Russian All-Military Union. In emigration he became a supporter of the so-called. monarchists-"undecided", gravitated towards the intellectual tradition of the Slavophiles and until his death remained an opponent of communism and Bolshevism. Ilyin's views strongly influenced the worldview of other Russian intellectuals of the conservative trend of the 20th century, including, for example, Alexander Solzhenitsyn.

Johann Gottlieb Fichte is a German philosopher. One of the representatives of German classical philosophy and the founders of a group of trends in philosophy known as subjective idealism, which developed from the theoretical and ethical works of Immanuel Kant. Fichte is often perceived as a figure whose philosophical ideas served as a bridge between the ideas of Kant and the German idealist Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel. Just like Descartes and Kant, the problem of objectivity and consciousness served as a motive for his philosophical reflections. Fichte also wrote works on political philosophy, and because of this he is perceived by some philosophers as the father of German nationalism.

Karl Heinrich Marx is a German philosopher, sociologist, economist, writer, political journalist, public figure. His works formed dialectical and historical materialism in philosophy, in economics - the theory of surplus value, in politics - the theory of class struggle. These directions became the basis of the communist and socialist movement and ideology, receiving the name "Marxism". Author of such works as "The Communist Party Manifesto", "Capital". Some of his works were written in collaboration with like-minded fellow Friedrich Engels.

Sir Karl Raimund Popper is an Austrian and British philosopher and sociologist. One of the most influential philosophers of science in the 20th century. Popper is best known for his writings on the philosophy of science, as well as social and political philosophy, in which he criticized the classical notion of the scientific method, and also vigorously defended the principles of democracy and social criticism, which he proposed to adhere to in order to make possible the prosperity of an open society. K. Popper is the founder of the philosophical concept of critical rationalism. He described his position as follows: “I can be wrong, and you can be right; make an effort, and we may come closer to the truth. "

Carneades is a Greek philosopher, founder of a new, or third, Academy. Came to Athens in 185/180 BC. NS. Studied dialectics. His mentor in this area was the Stoic Diogenes of Babylon. Later, Carnead moved to the position of the skeptical Academy. Developed extreme skepticism and denied knowledge and the possibility of definitive proof. As the first theorist of the concept of probability, he distinguishes three degrees of it: representations are probable only for the one who adheres to them; representations are credible and not disputed by those concerned; the views are absolutely indisputable. As part of the famous Athenian embassy, together with the stoic Diogenes of Babylon and the peripatetic, Critolaus visited Rome in 155 BC. NS. Carneades expounded his philosophical views orally, so the content of his views was preserved in the works of other thinkers - Cicero, Eusebius. Also, the popularization of the skepticism of Carnead was facilitated by the literary activity of his students - Klitomakh, Harmad, whose numerous works have not survived, but there are numerous references to them.

Galen is a Roman physician, surgeon and philosopher. Galen made a significant contribution to the understanding of many scientific disciplines, including anatomy, physiology, pathology, pharmacology, and neurology, as well as philosophy and logic. The common spelling of the name as Claudius Galen appears only in the Renaissance and is not recorded in the manuscripts; it is believed that this is an erroneous decoding of the abbreviation Cl. The son of a wealthy architect, Galen received an excellent education, traveled extensively, collecting a lot of medical information. Having settled in Rome, he healed the Roman nobility, eventually becoming the personal physician of several Roman emperors. His theories have dominated European medicine for 1300 years. His anatomy, based on the dissection of monkeys and pigs, was used until Andreas Vesalius' On the Structure of the Human Body appeared in 1543; ", In which he described the role of the heart in blood circulation. Medical students studied Galen until the 19th century inclusive. His theory that the brain controls movement with the help of the nervous system is still relevant today.

Confucius is an ancient thinker and philosopher of China. His teachings had a profound impact on the life of China and East Asia, becoming the basis of the philosophical system known as Confucianism. The real name is Kun Qiu, but in literature it is often called Kun-Tzu, Kun Fu-Tzu, or simply Tzu - "Teacher". Already at the age of a little over 20 years old, he became famous as the first professional teacher of the Celestial Empire. Before the victory of Legism, the Confucius school was only one of many directions in the intellectual life of the Warring States, during the period known as the Hundred Schools. And only after the fall of Qin, the revived Confucianism reached the status of state ideology, which remained until the beginning of the 20th century, only temporarily giving way to Buddhism and Taoism. This naturally led to the exaltation of the figure of Confucius and even its inclusion in the religious pantheon.

Lao Tzu (Old Child, Wise Old Man) - ancient Chinese philosopher of the 6th-5th centuries BC. e., which is credited with the authorship of the classic Taoist philosophical treatise "Tao Te Ching". Within the framework of modern historical science, the historicity of Lao Tzu is questioned, nevertheless, in the scientific literature he is often still defined as the founder of Taoism. In the religious and philosophical teachings of most Taoist schools, Lao Tzu is traditionally revered as a deity - one of the Three Pure.

Lev Evdokimovich Balashov - Russian philosopher, professor of Moscow state university engineering ecology, teaches also at the Russian Academy of Economics. G.V. Plekhanova, Candidate of Philosophical Sciences. graduated from the Faculty of Philosophy of Moscow State University in 1969, where he defended his Ph.D. thesis on the topic "Cognitive and practical functions of the category" quality "", prepared for the defense of a doctoral dissertation on the topic "Categorical picture of the world."

Lucius Anneus Seneca, Seneca the Younger, or simply Seneca - Roman Stoic philosopher, poet and statesman. Educator of Nero and one of the largest representatives of stoicism. Son of Lucius Anneas Seneca the Elder and Helvia. Younger brother of Junius Gallio. Belonged to the class of horsemen.

Ludwig Josef Johann Wittgenstein is an Austrian philosopher and logician, a representative of analytical philosophy and one of the brightest thinkers of the 20th century. He put forward a program for constructing an artificial "ideal" language, the prototype of which is the language of mathematical logic. He understood philosophy as "criticism of language." He developed the doctrine of logical atomism, which is a projection of the structure of knowledge on the structure of the world.

Marcus Portius Cato is an ancient Roman politician, great-grandson of Marcus Porcius Cato the Elder. Legate in 67 BC e., military tribune in 67-66 BC. B.C., quaestor in 64 B.C. e., plebeian tribune in 62 BC. e., a quaestor with the powers of a propraetor in 58-56 BC. e., praetor in 54 BC. NS. He remained the informal political and ideological leader of the majority in the Roman Senate from the late 60s BC. NS. and until the civil war of Pompey and Caesar. For his contemporaries, he was best known as an example of strict morals, a supporter of republican ideas, the leader of the aristocracy in the Senate, a principled opponent of Caesar and a prominent Stoic philosopher. After suicide in the besieged by Caesar, Utica became a symbol of the defenders of the republican system.

Donassien Alphonse François de Sade, who went down in history as the Marquis de Sade, is a French aristocrat, writer and philosopher. He was a preacher absolute freedom which would not be limited by morality, religion or law. He considered the satisfaction of the aspirations of the individual to be the main value of life. In his name, sexual satisfaction obtained by inflicting pain and / or humiliation on another person is called "sadism".

Martin Heidegger is a German philosopher. He created the doctrine of Being as the fundamental and indefinable, but all part of the element of the universe. The call of Being can be heard on the paths of purifying personal existence from the depersonalizing illusions of everyday life or on the paths of comprehending the essence of language. He is also known for the peculiar poetry of his texts and the use of dialectal German in serious works.

Michel Paul Foucault is a French philosopher, cultural theorist and historian. He created the first department of psychoanalysis in France, was a teacher of psychology at the Higher Normal School and at the University of Lille, headed the department of the history of thought systems at the College de France. He worked in cultural representations of France in Poland, Germany and Sweden. Is one of the most prominent representatives antipsychiatry. Foucault's books on the social sciences, medicine, prisons, madness and sexuality made him one of the most influential thinkers of the 20th century.

Moshe bin Maimon, called Moses Maimonides, also known as Abu Imran Musa ibn Maimun ibn Abd-Allah al-Kurdubi al-Yahudi / Abu Imran Musa bin Maimun bin Abdullah al-Qurtubi al-Israili, or simply Musa bin Maimun, or Rambam, in Russian literature he is also known as Moses of Egypt - an outstanding Jewish philosopher and theologian - Talmudist, rabbi, doctor and versatile scientist of his era, codifier of the laws of the Torah. The spiritual leader of religious Jewry both of his own generation and of subsequent centuries.

Maurice Polidor Marie Bernard Maeterlinck is a Belgian writer, playwright and philosopher. He wrote in French. Laureate of the Nobel Prize in Literature for 1911. Author of the philosophical play-parable "The Blue Bird", dedicated to the eternal search by man for the eternal symbol of happiness and cognition of life - the Blue Bird. Maeterlinck's works reflect the soul's attempts to achieve understanding and love.

Nick Bostrom is a philosopher, professor at Oxford University, known for his work on the anthropic principle. Received a PhD from the London School of Economics. In addition to numerous articles for academic and popular publications, Bostrom appears frequently in the media, where he discusses issues related to transhumanism: cloning, artificial intelligence, mind uploading, cryonics, nanotechnology, and simulated reality. In 1998, Bostrom, along with David Pearce, co-founded the World Association of Transhumanists. In 2004, he founded the Institute for Ethics and New Technologies with James Hedges. In 2005, he was appointed director of the Oxford-based Institute for the Future of Humanity.

Niccolò Machiavelli - Italian thinker, philosopher, writer, politician - served in Florence as secretary of the second chancellery, was responsible for diplomatic relations of the republic, author of military theoretical works. He advocated a strong state power, for the strengthening of which he allowed the use of any means, which he expressed in the famous work "Sovereign", published in 1532.

Nikolai Kuzansky, Nikolai Kuzanets, Kuzanus, real name Nikolai Krebs - cardinal, the largest German thinker of the 15th century, philosopher, theologian, scientist, mathematician, church and political figure. Belongs to the first German humanists during the transition from the late Middle Ages to the early modern times. Nikolay Kuzansky played a big role in church politics especially in the debate about church reform... At the Basel Council, he initially supported the position of the conciliarists, who demanded a limitation of the powers of the Pope. However, he subsequently went over to the papal side, which eventually prevailed. With his diplomatic skills, he skillfully promoted the interests of the Pope and made a brilliant career as a cardinal, papal legate, prince-bishop of Brixen and vicar general of the papal region. In Brixen, he faced strong opposition from the local aristocracy and authorities, which he could not resist. As a philosopher, Nikolai Kuzansky took the position of Neoplatonism, the ideas of which he drew from both ancient and medieval sources. The basis of his philosophy was the concept of combining opposites in the One, where all visible contradictions between incompatible ones are resolved. Metaphysically and theologically, he believed that God is One. In the field of theory of state and politics, he also professed the idea of unity. The most important goal, he considered the widest possible embodiment of peace and harmony, regardless of objective differences of opinion. In his philosophy, he developed an idea of religious tolerance, unusual for his time. Actively discussing Islam, he recognized some truthfulness and a right to exist for this religion.

Abram Noam Chomsky is an American linguist, political publicist, philosopher and theorist. Institutional professor of linguistics at MIT, author of a classification of formal languages called the Chomsky hierarchy.

Giyasaddin Abu al-Fath Omar ibn Ibrahim al-Khayyam Nishapuri is a Persian poet, philosopher, mathematician, astronomer, astrologer. Omar Khayyam is famous all over the world for his quatrains "rubai". In algebra, he constructed a classification of cubic equations and gave their solutions using conic sections. In Iran, Omar Khayyam is also known for creating a more accurate calendar than the European one, which has been officially used since the 11th century.

Chandra Mohan Jein, since the early seventies is better known as Bhagwan Shri Rajneesh, and later as Osho - an Indian spiritual leader and mystic, attributed by some researchers to neo-Hinduism, the inspirer of the neo-Orientalist and religious-cultural movement of Rajneesh. A preacher of a new sannyas, expressed in immersion in the world without attachment to it, life affirmation, rejection of the ego and meditation and leading to total liberation and enlightenment. Criticism of socialism, Mahatma Gandhi and traditional religions made Osho a controversial figure during his lifetime. In addition, he defended freedom of sexual relations, in some cases arranged sexual meditation practices, for which he earned the nickname "sex guru". Some researchers call him the "scandal guru."

Pyotr Yakovlevich Chaadaev is a Russian philosopher and publicist who was declared a madman by the government for his works, in which he sharply criticized the reality of Russian life. His works were banned from publication in imperial Russia. In 1829-1831 he created his main work - "Philosophical Letters". The publication of the first of them in the Teleskop magazine in 1836 caused a sharp discontent with the authorities because of the bitter indignation expressed in it at the excommunication of Russia from the “world education of the human race”, spiritual stagnation, preventing the fulfillment of the historical mission foreseen from above. The magazine was closed, the publisher Nadezhdin was exiled, and Chaadaev was declared insane.

Plato (ancient Greek Πλάτων, between 429 and 427 BC, Athens - 347 BC, ibid.) - ancient Greek philosopher, student of Socrates, teacher of Aristotle. Plato is the first philosopher whose writings are not preserved in short passages quoted by others, but in full.

Prodic of Julida on Keos Island is an ancient Greek philosopher. One of the older sophists of the time of Socrates, the younger contemporary of Protagoras. He arrived in Athens as an ambassador from the island of Keos, and became known as an orator and teacher. Plato treats him with more respect than other sophists, and in some dialogues of Plato's Socrates, a friend Prodicus appears. Prodic in his curriculum attaches great importance to linguistics and ethics. The content of one of his speeches "Hercules at the Crossroads" is still known. He also presented a theory of the origin of religion.

Protagoras is an ancient Greek philosopher. One of the older sophists. He gained fame thanks to his teaching activities during his many years of travel. While in Athens, among others, he communicated with Pericles and Euripides.

Pierre Bourdieu - French sociologist and philosopher, one of the most influential sociologists of the second half of the twentieth century: 358: 319. His sociology is highly regarded in terms of both theory and empirical research:

Pierre Teilhard de Chardin - French philosopher and theologian, Jesuit priest, one of the founders of the theory of the noosphere. Made significant contributions to paleontology, anthropology, philosophy and Catholic theology; created a kind of synthesis of the Catholic Christian tradition and the modern theory of cosmic evolution. He did not leave behind him either a school or direct students, but he founded a new trend in science - Teilhardism.

Raymond Claude Ferdinand Aron is an outstanding French philosopher, political scientist, sociologist and publicist, the founder of the critical philosophy of history, one of the creators and main theorists of the concept of deideologization, as well as theories of “mondialization” and a unified industrial society. Liberal. He believed that the state is obliged to create laws that ensure freedom, pluralism and equality of citizens, as well as to ensure their implementation. Winner of the Alexis Tocqueville Prize for Humanism.

Ralph Waldo Emerson - American essayist, poet, philosopher, pastor, public figure; one of the most prominent thinkers and writers in the United States. In his essay "Nature" was the first to express and formulate the philosophy of transcendentalism.

Robert Maynard Piersig is an American writer and philosopher best known for his book Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Care (1974), which has sold over five million copies worldwide.

Socrates is an ancient Greek philosopher whose teaching marks a turn in philosophy - from the consideration of nature and the world to the consideration of man. His activity is a turning point in ancient philosophy. By his method of concept analysis and identification positive qualities man with his knowledge, he directed the attention of philosophers to the importance of the human person. Socrates is called the first philosopher in the proper sense of the word. In the person of Socrates, philosophizing thinking for the first time turns to itself, exploring its own principles and techniques. Representatives of the Greek branch of Patristics drew direct analogies between Socrates and Christ. Socrates was the son of the stonecutter Sophronisk and the midwife Fenaretha, he had a mother's brother Patroclus. He was married to a woman named Xantippa. "Socrates' interlocutors sought his company not in order to become orators ... but to become noble people and perform well their duties in relation to family, servants, relatives, friends, Fatherland, fellow citizens." Socrates believed that noble people would be able to govern the state without the participation of philosophers, but, defending the truth, he was often forced to take an active part in the public life of Athens. He participated in the Peloponnesian War - he fought at Potidea, at Delia, at Amphipolis. He defended strategists condemned to death from the unfair trial of the demos, including the son of his friends Pericles and Aspazia. He was the mentor of the Athenian politician and commander Alcibiades, saved his life in battle, but refused to accept Alcibiades' love in gratitude, since he considered bodily love only a consequence of the inability to restrain the impulses of the base side of the human soul.

Thomas Hobbes is an English materialist philosopher, one of the founders of the theory of social contract and the theory of state sovereignty. Known for ideas spreading in disciplines such as ethics, theology, physics, geometry and history.

Francesco Guicciardini is an outstanding Italian political thinker and historian during the High Renaissance. Hailing from a wealthy and distinguished family, Guicciardini studied at the universities of Ferrara and Padua. Younger contemporary of Machiavelli, in his youth he turned to the study of the past hometown- Florence. In the History of Florence, he recounted the events from the Chompi revolt of 1378 to 1509, when this essay was written, which was published only in 1859. Guicciardini subjected evolution to a thorough analysis political system- from popolan democracy to the tyranny of the Medici - having come to the conclusion that the optimal form of government for Florence would be an oligarchy, "the rule of the best." Political predilections did not prevent him, however, from accurately assessing the hidden springs of the state life of the Florentine Republic, to see behind the changes in the structure of power the struggle of the selfish interests of individual groups and influential persons from the social elite. Unlike Machiavelli, his friend, whom, however, he often criticized, Guicciardini was not inclined to justify the system of autocracy under any circumstances - he remained faithful to republican principles, albeit aristocratic in color, and in his other works, in particular in dialogue " On the management of Florence. "

Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche is a German thinker, classical philologist, composer, creator of a distinctive philosophical doctrine, which is emphatically non-academic and, in part, therefore, is widespread, extending far beyond the scientific and philosophical community. The fundamental concept of Nietzsche includes special criteria for assessing reality, which cast doubt on the basic principles of existing forms of morality, religion, culture and socio-political relations and were subsequently reflected in the philosophy of life. Being presented in an aphoristic manner, most of Nietzsche's works defy unambiguous interpretation and cause a lot of controversy.

Francis Bacon; January 22, 1561 - April 9, 1626 - English philosopher, historian, politician, founder of empiricism. In 1584, at the age of 23, he was elected to parliament. Since 1617, Lord Keeper of the Seal, then - Lord Chancellor; Baron of Verulam and Viscount of St. Albans. In 1621 he was brought to trial on charges of bribery, convicted and removed from all posts. Later he was pardoned by the king, but did not return to public service and devoted the last years of his life to scientific and literary work. Bacon began his professional career as a lawyer, but later became widely known as a philosopher advocate and defender of the scientific revolution. His works are the foundation and popularization of inductive methodology. scientific research, often called the Bacon method. Induction receives knowledge from the surrounding world through experiment, observation and hypothesis testing. In the context of their time, such methods were used by alchemists. Bacon outlined his approach to the problems of science in the treatise "New Organon", published in 1620. In this treatise, he proclaimed the goal of science to increase the power of man over nature, which he defined as a soulless material, the purpose of which is to be used by man.

Sri Nisargadatta Maharaj - Indian guru, teacher of advaita, belonged to the navnatha sampradaya lineage. One of the representatives of the 20th century school of metaphysics of nonduality, Sri Nisargadatta, with his direct and minimalist explanation of nonduality, is considered the most famous advaita teacher since Raman Maharshi. In 1973, his most famous and widely translated book, I Am That, was published, translating Nisargadatta's conversations into English brought him worldwide recognition and followers. Some of the most famous students of Nisargadatta are Ramesh Balsekar, psychologist Stephen Wolinsky.

Emmanuel Mounier is a French personalist philosopher. In 1924-1927 he received his philosophical education at the University of Grenoble and at the Sorbonne. Then he taught philosophy at lyceums. From 1932 until his death he published the magazine "Esprit" (in 1941-1944 the magazine was banned the occupying authorities). Member of the Resistance movement.

Anthony Ashley Cooper Shaftesbury - English philosopher, writer and politician, educator. 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury. Author of works collected in three volumes"Characteristics of people, morals, opinions, times", dedicated to ethical, aesthetic, religious and political issues.

Epictetus (ancient Greek Έπίκτητος; c. 50, Hierapolis, Phrygia - 138, Nicopolis, Epirus) - ancient Greek philosopher; slave in Rome, then a freedman; founded a philosophical school in Nikopol. Lectures of the Stoic Muzonius Rufus were held in Rome, among the listeners was Epaphroditus, the master of Epictetus, accompanied by his slave. He preached the ideas of stoicism: the main task of philosophy is to teach to distinguish between what is in our power to do and what is not. Everything outside of us, the corporeal, the external world is beyond our control. Not these things themselves, but only our ideas about them make us happy or unhappy; but our thoughts, aspirations, and, consequently, our happiness are subject to us. All people are slaves of one God, and a person's entire life must be in connection with God, which makes a person able to courageously resist the vicissitudes of life. Epictetus himself did not write treatises. Excerpts from his teachings, known as Conversations and Guidelines, have been preserved in the records of his pupil Arrian. The latter text was especially popular: it was translated into Latin, and was repeatedly commented on by philosophers and theologians.

Epicurus (Greek Επίκουρος; 342/341 BC, Samos - 271/270 BC, Athens) is an ancient Greek philosopher, founder of Epicureanism in Athens. Of the 300 works believed to have been written by Epicurus, only fragments have survived. Among the sources of knowledge about this philosopher is the essay of Diogenes Laertius "On the life, teachings and sayings of famous philosophers" and "On the nature of things" by Lucretius Cara.

Yakov Semyonovich Druskin (1901-1980) - Soviet philosopher, writer, mathematician, art critic. Father - Semyon Lvovich Druskin (1869-1934), doctor, Socialist-Revolutionary, native of Vilna; mother - Elena Savelievna Druskina (1872-1963). Born in Rostov-on-Don, where his father was a practicing physician and member of the trusteeship of the Talmud-torus of the Main Synagogue. In 1920-1930 - a member of the esoteric communities of poets, writers and philosophers "Chinari" and OBERIU, the author of the famous "Diaries" about literary life Russia in the 20s and 30s. Thanks to him, many works of "plane trees" and "oberiuts" were preserved and published. Brother - musicologist Mikhail Semyonovich Druskin, sister - Lidia Semyonovna Druskina (1911-2005), physicist, candidate of physical and mathematical sciences, publisher of most of his older brother's posthumous publications.

Our life is a consequence of our thoughts; it is born in our heart, it is created by our thought. If a person speaks and acts with a kind thought, joy follows him like a shadow that never leaves.

Dhammapada

Anything that changes our lives is not an accident. It is in ourselves and waits only for an external reason for expression by action.

Alexander Sergeevich Grin

Life is not suffering or pleasure, but a matter that we are obliged to do and honestly bring it to the end.

Alexis Tocqueville

Strive not to achieve success, but to ensure that your life has meaning.

Albert Einstein


The riddle of God (part 1)	The riddle of God (part 2)	The riddle of God (part 3)

To see all things in God, to make a movement towards the ideal out of your life, to live by gratitude, concentration, meekness and courage: this is the amazing point of view of Marcus Aurelius.

Henri Amiel

Every life creates its own destiny.

Henri Amiel

Life is a moment. It cannot be lived first on a draft, and then rewrite it on a white paper.

Anton Pavlovich Chekhov

The vocation of every person in spiritual activity is in a constant search for the truth and meaning of life.

Anton Pavlovich Chekhov

The meaning of life is only in one thing - to fight.

Anton Pavlovich Chekhov

Life is an incessant birth, and you accept yourself as you become.

I am willing to fight for life. Fight for the truth. Everyone always fights for the truth, and there is no ambiguity in this.

It is not necessary to look at where a person was born, but what his morals are, not in what land, but according to what principles he decided to live his life.

Apuleius

Life - is a risk. Only when we get into risky situations, we continue to grow. And one of the most risky situations that we can dare to is the risk of falling in love, the risk of being vulnerable, the risk of allowing ourselves to open up to another person, without fear of pain or resentment.

Arianna Huffington

What is the sense of life? Serve others and do good.

Aristotle

Nobody has lived in the past, nobody will have to live in the future; the present is the form of life.

Arthur Schopenhauer

Remember: only this life has a price!

Aphorisms from the literary monuments of ancient Egypt

One must fear not death, but empty life.

Berthold Brecht

People seek pleasure, rushing from side to side, only because they feel the emptiness of their lives, but do not yet feel the emptiness of the new fun that attracts them.

Blaise Pascal

The moral qualities of a person should be judged not by his individual efforts, but by his daily life.

Blaise Pascal

No, apparently, death explains nothing. Only life gives people certain opportunities, which are realized by them or are wasted in vain; only life can withstand evil and injustice.

Vasily Bykov

Life is not about living, but about feeling that you are living.

Vasily Osipovich Klyuchevsky

Life is not a burden, but wings of creativity and joy; and if someone turns it into a burden, it is his own fault.

Vikenty Vikentievich Veresaev

Our life is a journey, an idea is a guide. There is no guide and everything stops. The goal is lost, and the strength is gone.

Whatever we strive for, whatever the particular tasks that we set for ourselves, in the last count we strive for one thing: for completeness and completeness ... We strive to become ourselves an eternal, complete, and all-embracing life.

Victor Frankl

Finding your way, finding out your place in life - that's all for a person, it means for him to become himself.

Vissarion Grigorievich Belinsky

Whoever wants to accept the meaning of life as an external authority ends up accepting the meaning of life as the nonsense of his own arbitrariness.

Vladimir Sergeevich Soloviev

A person can have two basic behaviors in life: he either rolls or climbs.

Vladimir Soloukhin

Only you have the power to change your life for the better, simply by intending to do so.

Eastern wisdom

This is the meaning of our stay on earth: to think and seek and listen to distant disappeared sounds, since behind them lies our true homeland.

Hermann Hesse

Life is a mountain: you go up slowly, you go down quickly.

Guy de Maupassant

Idleness and idleness entail corruption and ill health - on the contrary, the aspiration of the mind to something brings vigor, eternally aimed at strengthening life.

Hippocrates

One business, constantly and strictly performed, puts in order everything else in life, everything revolves around him.

Delacroix

Just as there is a disease of the body, there is also a disease of the way of life.

Democritus

There is no poetry in a serene and blissful life! It is necessary that something should turn the soul and burn the imagination.

Denis Vasilievich Davydov

It is impossible for the sake of life to lose the meaning of life.

Decimus Junius Juvenal

True Light is the one that emanates from within a person and reveals the secrets of the heart to the soul, making it happy and in harmony with life.

A person struggles to find life outside himself, not realizing that the life he is looking for is inside him.

A person who is limited in heart and thoughts tends to love what is limited in life. Someone with limited vision cannot see beyond one cubit length on the road on which he is walking, or on the wall on which he rests with his shoulder.

Those who illuminate the lives of others will not be left without light themselves.

James Matthew Barry

Look at every morning dawn as at the beginning of your life, and at every sunset as at the end of it. Let each of these short lives be marked by some kind of good deed, some victory over oneself, or some acquired knowledge.

John Ruskin

It's hard to live when you've done nothing to deserve your place in life.

Dmitry Vladimirovich Venevitinov

The completion of life, both short and long, is determined only by the purpose for which it is lived.

David Star Jordan

Our life is a struggle.

Euripides

You can't get honey without labor. There is no life without sorrow and adversity.

Debt is something that should be given to humanity, our loved ones, our neighbors, our family, and, above all, what we owe to all those who are poorer and more defenseless than us. This is our duty, and failure to fulfill it during our life makes us spiritually untenable and leads to a state of moral collapse in our future incarnation.

The honor of a man is not in the power of another; this honor is in himself and does not depend on public opinion; her protection is not a sword or a shield, but an honest and impeccable life, and a fight in such conditions will not yield in courage to any other fight.

Jean Jacques Rousseau

The cup of life is wonderful! What a foolishness to be indignant at her just because you see her bottom.

Jules Renan

Life is only red for those who strive for a constantly attainable, but never attainable goal.

Ivan Petrovich Pavlov

Two meanings in life - internal and external,
The outside has family, business, success;
And the inner - unclear and unearthly -
Everyone is responsible for everyone.

Igor Mironovich Guberman

He who can fill every moment with deep content will endlessly prolong his life.

Isolde Kurtz

Truly, there is nothing better in life than the help of a friend and mutual joy.

John Damascene

Everything that happens to us leaves this or that trace in our life. Everything participates in creating us as we are.

Life is a duty, even if it were an instant.

Only he is worthy of life and freedom, who every day goes to battle for them.

A person lives a real life if he is happy with someone else's happiness.

Life, like the waters of the sea, refreshes only when it ascends to heaven.

Johann Richter

Human life is like iron. If you use it in business, it will wear out, but if you do not use it, rust eats it up.

Cato the Elder

It is never too late to plant a tree: let the fruits not come to you, but the joy of life begins with the opening of the first bud of the planted plant.

Konstantin Georgievich Paustovsky

What is more precious - a glorious name or life? What's smarter - life or wealth? What is more painful - gaining or losing? This is why great addictions inevitably lead to great losses. And irrepressible accumulation turns into a huge loss. Know when to stop - and you won't have to experience shame. Know how to stop - and you will not face dangers and you will be able to live a long time.

Lao Tzu

Life should and can be a never-ending joy

The shortest expression of the meaning of life can be as follows: the world is moving and improving. the main task- to contribute to this movement, obey it and cooperate with it.

Salvation is not in rituals, sacraments, not in the confession of this or that faith, but in a clear understanding of the meaning of one's life.

I am sure that the meaning of life for each of us is simply to grow in love.

In nature, everything is wisely thought out and arranged, everyone must do his own thing, and in this wisdom is the highest justice of life.

Leonardo da Vinci

The good is not that life is long, but how to dispose of it: it can happen, and it often happens that a person who lives for a long time lives a little.