For answers to tasks 29-32, use a separate sheet. First write down the number of the task (29, 30, etc.), and then the answer to it. Write your answers clearly and legibly.

IMPACT OF ALCOHOL ON THE HUMAN BODY

Alcohol (ethyl alcohol) destroys the physical and mental health person. It acts on the nervous system, disrupting the regulation of all organ systems, and changes human behavior.

From the stomach, alcohol enters the bloodstream after 2 minutes and is distributed throughout the body. It is known that disruption nervous system and internal organs are related to the concentration of alcohol in the blood.

At a concentration of alcohol in the blood of 0.04%, the cells of the cerebral cortex are affected. A person loses the ability to control his body and behavior.

The processes of excitation in the cerebral cortex begin to predominate over the processes of inhibition. A person loses restraint and modesty. He says and does things he would never say or do while sober.

At a blood alcohol concentration of 0.1%, the deeper parts of the brain are inhibited. A staggering gait appears, movements become uncertain, fussy. The ability of a person to auditory and visual perception is weakened. Impaired eye movement leads to the fact that objects begin to double. Due to the loss of control over the work of the muscles of the tongue, speech becomes difficult.

A blood alcohol concentration of 0.2% affects areas of the brain that control a person's emotional behavior. At the same time, base instincts are awakened, sudden aggressiveness appears.

With a blood alcohol concentration of 0.3%, a person does not understand what he sees and hears. Blood alcohol content of 0.4% leads to loss of consciousness, involuntary emptying occurs Bladder. There is no sensitivity. At a concentration of 0.6-0.7% death occurs.

Alcohol is the cause of many misfortunes: car accidents, injuries and injuries, loss of working capacity and family, loss of spiritual needs, will and human appearance. More than 50% of crimes are committed while intoxicated. Alcohol is excreted from the body only after 2 days, so people who drink half a liter of beer or wine a day do not get out of a state of chronic alcohol poisoning. As a result of the frequent use of alcoholic beverages, alcoholism develops.

Alcoholism is a disease characterized by an unbridled craving for alcohol, mental and physical disorders, and personality degradation.

The definition of youth beer alcoholism was given by the first Chancellor of Germany, Bismarck: "From beer, people become lazy, stupid and powerless." Boys and girls should remember that beer contains an excess of carbohydrates and disrupts metabolism, which leads to obesity. Beer contains plant analogues of female sex hormones, which in men causes atrophy of the genital and growth of the mammary glands and indifference to the opposite sex. People suffering from alcoholism neglect their children, family, responsibilities, friends in order to satisfy their harmful need for alcohol. Their children are paying for the alcoholism of their parents. Most congenital deformities, mental abnormalities, physical and mental development is the result of parental alcoholism.

1) Why does drinking beer cause atrophy of the sex glands, growth of the mammary glands and indifference to the opposite sex in men?

2) Is it possible to die from drinking alcohol?

3) What is the cause of most congenital deformities, mental abnormalities, retardation in physical and mental development?

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The correct answer must contain the following elements:

1) Beer contains plant analogues of female sex hormones, which lead to such consequences.

2) Yes. With a concentration of alcohol in the blood of 0.6-0.7%, death occurs. Possible death from car accidents, injuries and injuries received while intoxicated.

3) In most cases, the cause is the alcohol abuse of the parents.

Using the table "Maximum life expectancy different types vertebrates, answer the questions and complete the task.

1) Which of the mammals in the table has the longest lifespan?

2) Which bird will live the longest in the zoo?

3) Does the lifespan of an animal depend on its size?

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The correct answer contains the following elements:

1 person

3) Depends. The larger the animal, the longer it lives.

When choosing, keep in mind that Natalia drinks tea with one spoonful of sugar and loves waffle cones.

In your answer, indicate the calorie content of dinner with four meals a day, ordered dishes that should not be repeated, their energy value, which should not exceed the recommended calorie content of dinner, and the amount of carbohydrates in it.

In the course of evolution there was a process of complication of the blood system. From the moment the heart appeared, the number of its chambers increases, and the vessels departing from it differentiate. A three-chambered heart gives organisms a number of advantages over a simpler organ. Animals have a higher vital energy.

Complication of the structure of the heart

In the lancelet, the anterior part of the abdominal vessel pulsates.

In fish, the heart already consists of one atrium and one ventricle.

Who has a three chambered heart? In amphibians, the atrium has two parts, which open into the ventricle with a common opening.

It is also characteristic of reptiles. Already in lizards, snakes, turtles and crocodiles, each atrium has an independent opening that opens into the ventricle. The holes have valves. Reptiles, like amphibians, have a single ventricle, but it is separated by an incomplete septum that grows from bottom to top.

Birds and animals that feed their young with milk have two atria and the same number of ventricles. Both the atria and ventricles are completely separated from each other.

From the list above, it can be seen that a three-chambered heart is characteristic of amphibians and reptiles. However, the device still differs not only among the classes of these animals, but also between genera. So, in crocodiles, the partition between rear parts almost full heart. Despite this fact, crocodiles remain cold-blooded animals, because blood containing a large percentage of carbon dioxide enters the main arterial trunk. Mixed blood flows through the vessels leading to the body.

Outgrowths in the ventricle of the heart as the beginning of the formation of a septum

Those who have a three-chambered heart have small and large circles of blood circulation. It raises general level life. Moreover, who has a three-chambered heart, there is a tendency to form outgrowths in the ventricle. The frog already has numerous protrusions, which significantly separates the arterial blood and the one in which great content carbon dioxide. However, tadpoles have only one circle of blood circulation.

The structure of the three-chambered frog heart

Amphibians have a three-chambered heart.

The ventricle has thick walls. The atria communicate with the ventricle through a common opening. The right atrium is larger in volume. It receives blood from the whole body, which has given away the element of oxidation. Blood flows from the lungs to the left side of the heart. The sinus venosus is connected to the right atrium. It pumps blood to the heart. On the right side is the arterial cone. It is also present in lower fish. Includes a number of valves. Serves to pump blood into the vessels. In amphibians, the cone is divided by a septum into two sections.

Scheme of the movement of blood in the heart of a frog

Blood with a high content of carbon dioxide, mixed with saturated oxygen, goes to the right atrium, and only enriched with an element for oxidation enters the left atrium. The atria contract simultaneously. The blood passes into the single ventricle. Here, outgrowths prevent strong mixing of blood. The arterial cone departs to the right of the ventricle, so blood containing large quantity carbon dioxide. It fills the pulmonary arteries. The cone has a spiral valve. With increased blood pressure, it shifts, opening the opening of the aortic arches. Mixed blood rushes here from the middle part of the ventricle. Further, blood pressure increases even more, and the spiral valve opens the mouths of the carotid arteries that go to the head. Blood flows into the carotid arteries, as the rest of the vessels are already filled.

The circulatory system of lizards and other reptiles

In lizards and snakes, the two circulations are not completely separated. But the degree of their separation is higher than that of amphibians. Two aortic arches are preserved. There is a wall in the ventricle, but it does not completely divide into two halves. It is believed that the heart of crocodiles has four chambers. Although the hole between the ventricles is still preserved.

Thus, with a three-chambered heart, they have greater mobility compared to fish. They can go to land, where they feel great. Evolutionarily increased vital activity.

Individuals with a three- and four-chambered heart always have two circles of blood circulation, which also greatly increases the mobility of organisms. And for terrestrial vertebrates, this is necessary in conditions where it is much harder to hold the body than in aquatic environment. In the presence of two circles of blood circulation, the blood carrying oxygen goes under sufficient pressure, as it passes through the heart again. And it does not mix with venous.

Some frogs come out of hiding in early spring when the snow hasn't melted yet. One of the first to appear in middle lane grass frogs.

Those with a three-chambered heart have greater mobility in cold conditions than other cold-blooded representatives.

"Ancient reptiles" - Has a long tail with a diamond-shaped extension at the end. Seymouria occupies an intermediate position between amphibians and the most ancient reptiles. The legs are weak and short with claws that hold onto trees and rocks. groups of dinosaurs. Brontosaurus and Diplodocus had long neck to get juicy foliage on tall trees, while Iguanodon and Anatosaurus stood up on strong hind limbs when eating.

"Yellowbelly" - Presentation on the topic: yellowbell (Pseudopus apodus). ? Ananyeva N. B., Bor L. Ya., Darevsky I. S., Orlov N. L. Five-language dictionary of animal names. External Description. Relatives of the yellowbell are slender armored spindles from the genus Ophisaurus. Reaction to a person. historical fact. In captivity, they quickly get used to taking food from their hands.

"Class reptiles" - In lizards, the skin sheds in pieces. The eyes are scaly. general characteristics class of reptiles. What is the role of amphibians in nature. In the water - ichthyosaurs and plesiosaurs. zoo quiz. . IN digestive system the stomach and caecum are expressed. External structure LIZARDS. - Why is the frog's skin covered not with water, but with mucus?

"Reptiles" - Reptiles. Sea leatherback turtle Giant turtle (length up to 2 m and weight up to 600 kg). Anaconda From the family of boas, reaches a length of 10-12 m. Reptiles Similarity of reptiles with other animals Features reptiles The most ancient reptiles Reptiles are giants.

"The internal structure of reptiles" - Venous blood. What is the feature respiratory system lizards? Determine which diagram of the structure of the heart belongs to a fish, a frog, a lizard. Digestion of proteins. Name the features internal structure chameleon lizards? Right atrium. There is an tensile ligament in front of the jaw. What are the similarities and differences between a frog skeleton and a lizard skeleton?

"Squads of reptiles" - Squad Lizards Squad. Hence the name - "reptiles" - covered with scales. Reptile class. Most of them live on land. Squad Crocodiles. habitats. Reptile skeleton. Detachment Beakheads. Reptiles are land animals. The external structure of reptiles. Origin of Reptiles.

In total there are 17 presentations in the topic

congenital heart defects may be related to:

1. atrial rupture septa in the region of the oval fossa, which in the embryo is a hole.

In the process of formation, the heart goes through the stages of a two-chamber, three-chamber, three-chamber with an incomplete interventricular septum and a four-chamber heart.

A person has a pathology - two-chambered heart. It is associated with cardiac arrest at the stage of two chambers (heterochrony). Only one vessel leaves the heart - the arterial trunk.

2. Stage of the three-chambered heart:

The atrium is divided by a septum. Between the atria remains an oval hole, which closes after birth. In humans, developmental pathology (1:1000) associated with an atrial septal defect (heterochrony) is common.

・Sometimes observed complete absence interatrial septum with one common atrium. In violation of the development of the interventricular septum (non-closure), a three-chambered heart occurs.

Stage of a three-chambered heart with an incomplete interventricular septum. The ventricular bud is divided by the interventricular septum.

The interventricular septum is incomplete and there is a hole in it during embryogenesis, which closes on the 6-7th week. A person has a developmental anomaly associated with a ventricular septal defect (heterochrony). A rare defect is its complete absence.

3. In humans, there are anomalies in the development of the heart associated with its incorrect location. For example, ectopia of the heart (heterotopia) - the location of the heart outside the chest cavity, dextrocardia (heterotopia) - the location of the heart on the right, cervical ectopia hearts are incompatible with life.

4. Heart valve defects (mitral, tricuspid)

Malformations associated with impaired development of arterial arches and vascular system

1. The right aortic arch is the most common anomaly of the arches. During development, the left arc of the fourth pair is reduced.

2. Aortic ring - both the right and left arches of the fourth pair are preserved (persistence). They compress the esophagus and trachea, which are located between them (heterochrony).

3. Vascular transposition (impaired differentiation primary embryonic stem). Pathology is associated with a violation of the location of the vessels: the aortic arch departs from the right ventricle, the pulmonary arteries - from the left (heterotopia).

4. Open arterial, or botallian duct (persistence). The commissure connecting the fourth and sixth pairs of arterial arches (left arch and pulmonary artery) is preserved. As a result, blood flow in the lungs increases, pulmonary congestion and heart failure (heterochrony) develop.

5. Open sleep duct. The commissure remains between the third and fourth pairs of arterial arches (carotid artery and aortic arch). As a result, blood flow to the brain increases (heterochrony).

6. At a certain stage of development, the embryo has one common arterial trunk, which is then divided by a spiral septum into the aorta and pulmonary trunk. If the septum does not develop, then this common trunk is preserved, which leads to a mixture of arterial and venous blood. Such deformities lead to death.

7. Stenosis of the aorta or pulmonary trunk (Tetralogy of Fallot)

Venous system. In the development of large human veins, recapitulation is observed

1. In most mammals, only the right vena cava is preserved. In humans, a developmental anomaly is the presence of accessory left superior vena cava .

In this case, the formation of atavistic malformations is possible. Among the malformations of the venous bed persistence of the two superior vena cava. If both of them flow into the right atrium, the anomaly is not clinically manifested. When the left vena cava flows into the left atrium, venous blood is discharged into the systemic circulation. Sometimes both vena cava flow into the left atrium. Such a vice is incompatible with life. These anomalies occur with a frequency of 1 % from all congenital malformations of the cardiovascular system.

2. From the back of the body, venous blood is collected along the inferior vena cava, into which unpaired veins (rudiments of the posterior cardinal veins) flow. These veins are unique to mammals. A rare defect is atresia (absence) of the inferior vena cava (blood flow is through unpaired or unpaired superior vena cava).

3. Lack of hepatic portal system

If a frog came to you for advice, should he change his three-chambered heart to a four-chambered or two-chambered (removing the septum between the atria), what would you advise him?

The frog should be advised to keep its three-chambered heart. A two-chambered heart would be disadvantageous for a frog for the following reasons. With a three-chambered heart, blood carrying oxygen from the lungs enters the left atrium. Venous blood from muscles, internal organs, etc., enters the right atrium (blood from the skin also enters there). With simultaneous contraction of the atria, blood enters the single ventricle of the frog, but mixes little in it, since the ventricle contains a number of partitions and resembles a sponge in its structure. As a result, in the right half of the ventricle there is mixed blood, rather poor in oxygen, and in the left half - rich in oxygen. The analogue of the aorta (arterial cone) departs from the right side of the ventricle. In the cone is a special so-called spiral valve. Vessels carrying blood to the lungs and skin depart from the initial part of the cone; then the vessels go to the body and to the limbs; vessels carrying blood to the brain and sensory organs located on the head go even further. When the ventricle begins to contract, the pressure in it is still low, the spiral valve opens only the opening of the vessel going to the lungs and skin, and blood from the right half of the ventricle, poor in oxygen, begins to flow there. As the ventricle contracts, the pressure in it increases, and the spiral valve opens the opening of the next vessel; the body and internal organs receive blood richer in oxygen. Finally, when the pressure still rises, the entrances to the carotid arteries will open, carrying blood to the head. The most oxygenated blood will flow there from the left side of the ventricle, as far as possible from the arterial cone. This blood only to a small extent enters other vessels, which were previously filled with previous portions of blood.
Thus, despite the presence of only one ventricle, the frog has a system for the expedient distribution of blood, enriched with oxygen to varying degrees, between the lungs, internal organs and brain. If the septum between the atria is removed and the heart is made two-chambered, then the blood coming from the lungs and venous blood will mix in this common atrium, which will significantly impair the functioning of the circulatory system. The same mixed blood will enter the lungs as the brain. The efficiency of the lungs will decrease, the frog will receive less oxygen on average, and its activity level should also decrease. The brain will especially suffer, which will begin to receive blood that is much poorer in oxygen.
Consider now the question of a four-chambered heart. It is easy to imagine that in animals with a four-chambered heart, all the blood coming from the body must pass through the lungs, from where it returns to the second atrium. If the pulmonary vessels of a mammal or bird are blocked, then all blood flow will stop. Frogs spend a significant part of their lives in the water, in particular, they hibernate there. While under water, a frog with a three-chambered heart can reduce the lumen of the pulmonary vessels and thereby reduce the flow of blood through inactive lungs; at the same time, the blood ejected from the ventricle into the pulmonary artery enters mainly into the skin and returns to the right atrium.
If the frog's heart were four-chambered and its pulmonary circulation would be completely isolated, then this would be disadvantageous. The frog would have to pump all the blood through the inactive lungs all winter, spending on this a noticeable amount of energy, which cannot be replenished in winter, and therefore, it would be necessary to accumulate additional reserves before hibernation. Thus, a three-chambered heart is indeed the most suitable for a frog with its amphibious lifestyle and important role skin respiration.