Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev (1803-1873) - Russian poet. Also known as a publicist and diplomat. Author of two collections of poems, holder of a number of the highest state titles and awards. Currently, Tyutchev's works are in without fail studied in several classes secondary school. The main thing in his work is nature, love, Motherland, philosophical reflections.

Short biography: young years and training

Fedor Ivanovich was born on November 23, 1803 (December 5, old style) in the Oryol province, in the Ovstug estate. Elementary education the future poet received at home, studying Latin and ancient Roman poetry. Childhood largely predetermined the life and work of Tyutchev.

As a child, Tyutchev was very fond of nature, according to his memoirs, "lived the same life with her." As was customary at that time, the boy had a private teacher, Semyon Yegorovich Raich, a translator, poet and just a person with a broad education. According to the memoirs of Semyon Yegorovich, it was impossible not to love the boy, the teacher became very attached to him. Young Tyutchev was calm, affectionate, talented. It was the teacher who engendered in his student a love for poetry, taught him to understand serious literature, encouraged creative impulses and the desire to write poetry on his own.

Fedor's father, Ivan Nikolaevich, was a gentle, calm, reasonable person, a real role model. His contemporaries called him a wonderful family man, good, loving father and husband.

The poet's mother was Ekaterina Lvovna Tolstaya, second cousin of Count F. P. Tolstoy, a famous sculptor. From her, young Fedor inherited dreaminess, a rich imagination. Subsequently, it was with the help of his mother that he would meet other great writers: L. N. and A. K. Tolstoy.

At the age of 15, Tyutchev entered Moscow University in the Department of Literature, which he graduated two years later with a Ph.D. in verbal sciences. From that moment began his service abroad, in the Russian embassy in Munich. During his service, the poet made a personal acquaintance with the German poet, publicist and critic Heinrich Heine, philosopher Friedrich Schelling.

In 1826 Tyutchev met Eleanor Peterson, his future wife. One of the interesting facts about Tyutchev: at the time of meeting the poet, the young woman had been a widow for a year, and she had four young sons. Therefore, Fedor and Eleanor had to hide their connection for several years. Subsequently, they became the parents of three daughters.

Interesting, that Tyutchev did not dedicate poems to his first wife; only one poem is known to be dedicated to her memory.

Despite the love for his wife, according to biographers, the poet had other connections. For example, in 1833, in the winter, Tyutchev met Baroness Ernestine von Pfeffel (Dernberg in his first marriage), became interested in a young widow, wrote poetry for her. To avoid scandal, the loving young diplomat had to be sent to Turin.

The poet's first wife, Eleanor, died in 1838. The steamer, on which the family sailed to Turin, was in distress, and this seriously crippled the health of the young woman. It was a great loss for the poet, he sincerely mourned. According to contemporaries, after spending the night at the tomb of his wife, the poet turned gray in just a few hours.

However, having endured the prescribed period of mourning, a year later he renewed his relationship with Ernestine Dernberg and subsequently married her. In this marriage, the poet also had children, a daughter and two sons.

In 1835 Fyodor Ivanovich received the rank of chamberlain. In 1839 he ceased his diplomatic activities, but remained abroad, where he spent great job, creating a positive image of Russia in the West - this was the main thing of this period of his life. All his undertakings in this area were supported by Emperor Nicholas I. In fact, he was officially allowed to speak independently in the press about political issues emerging between Russia and Europe.

The beginning of the literary path

In 1810-1820. The first poems of Fyodor Ivanovich were written. As expected, they were still youthful, bore the stamp of archaism, very reminiscent of the poetry of a bygone century. In 20-40 years. the poet turned to various forms both Russian lyrics and European romanticism. His poetry during this period becomes more original, original.

In 1836, a notebook with poems by Fyodor Ivanovich, then still unknown to anyone, came to Pushkin.

The poems were signed with only two letters: F. T. Alexander Sergeevich liked them so much that they were published in Sovremennik. But the name of Tyutchev became known only in the 50s, after another publication in Sovremennik, which was then led by Nekrasov.

In 1844, Tyutchev returned to Russia, and in 1848 he was offered the position of senior censor at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. At that time, a circle of Belinsky appeared, in which the poet takes an active part. Along with him there are such well-known writers like Turgenev, Goncharov, Nekrasov.

In total, he spent twenty-two years outside Russia. But all these years Russia appeared in his poems. It was “Fatherland and Poetry” that the young diplomat loved most of all, as he admitted in one of his letters. At this time, however, Tyutchev almost did not publish, and as a poet he was completely unknown in Russia.

Relations with E. A. Denisyeva

While working as a senior censor, visiting his eldest daughters, Ekaterina and Daria, at the institute, Fyodor Ivanovich met Elena Aleksandrovna Denisyeva. Despite a significant difference in age (the girl was the same age as his daughters!), They began a relationship that ended only with the death of Elena, and three children appeared. Elena had to sacrifice many for the sake of this connection: a career as a maid of honor, relationships with friends and a father. But, probably, she was happy with the poet. And he dedicated poems to her - even after fifteen years.

In 1864, Denisyeva died, and the poet did not even try to hide the pain of her loss in front of acquaintances and friends. He suffered from pangs of conscience: because he put his beloved in an ambiguous position, he did not fulfill his promise to publish a collection of poems dedicated to her. Another grief was the death of two children, Tyutchev and Denisyeva.

During this period, Tyutchev quickly advances in the service:

  • in 1857 he was appointed a real state councilor;
  • in 1858 - chairman of the Foreign Censorship Committee;
  • in 1865 - Privy Councillor.

Besides, the poet was awarded several orders.

Collections of poems

In 1854, under the editorship of I. S. Turgenev, the first collection of the poet's poems was published. The main themes of his work:

  • nature;
  • Love;
  • Motherland;
  • meaning of life.

In many verses, tender, reverent love for the Motherland, feelings for her fate are visible. Tyutchev's political position is also reflected in his work: the poet was a supporter of the ideas of pan-Slavism (in other words, that all Slavic peoples should unite under the rule of Russia), an opponent of the revolutionary way of solving problems.

In 1868, the second collection of the poet's lyrics was published, which, unfortunately, was no longer so popular.

All the lyrics of the poet - both landscape, and love, and philosophical - are necessarily imbued with reflections about what is the purpose of man, about the questions of being. It cannot be said that some of his poems are devoted only to nature and love: all the topics are intertwined with each other. Every poem of a poet- this, at least briefly, but necessarily a reflection on something, for which he was often called a poet-thinker. I. S. Turgenev noted how skillfully Tyutchev depicts various emotional experiences of a person.

Poems of recent years are more like a lyrical diary of life: here are confessions, reflections, and confessions.

In December 1872, Tyutchev fell ill: his eyesight deteriorated sharply, the left half of his body was paralyzed. On July 15, 1873, the poet died. He died in Tsarskoye Selo, and was buried in Novodevichy cemetery St. Petersburg. Over the course of his life, the poet wrote about 400 poems.

Interesting fact: in 1981, asteroid 9927 was discovered at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory, which was named after the poet - Tyutchev.

Russian poet, master of landscape, psychological, philosophical and patriotic lyrics, Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev comes from an ancient noble family. Future poet Born in the Oryol province, in the Ovstug family estate (today it is the territory of the Bryansk region), on November 23, 1803. According to the era, Tyutchev is practically a contemporary of Pushkin, and, according to biographers, it is Pushkin who owes his unexpected fame as a poet, since by the nature of his main activity he was not closely connected with the world of art.

Life and service

He spent most of his childhood in Moscow, where the family moved when Fedor was 7 years old. The boy studied at home, under the guidance of a home teacher, a famous poet and translator, Semyon Raich. The teacher instilled in the ward a love for literature, noted his gift for poetic creativity, but the parents predicted a more serious occupation for their son. Since Fyodor had a gift for languages ​​(from the age of 12 he knows Latin and translates ancient Roman verses), at the age of 14 he begins to attend lectures of language students at Moscow University. At the age of 15 he was enrolled in the course of the Verbal Department, joined the Society of Amateurs Russian literature. Linguistic education and a Ph.D. in verbal sciences allow Tyutchev to move in a career along a diplomatic line - at the beginning of 1822, Tyutchev enters the State Collegium of Foreign Affairs and almost forever becomes a diplomat official.

Tyutchev spends the next 23 years of his life in the service of the Russian diplomatic mission in Germany. Poetry writes and translates German authors exclusively "for the soul", with a literary career is almost in no way connected. Semyon Raich continues to keep in touch with his former student, he publishes several of Tyutchev's poems in his journal, but they do not find an enthusiastic response from the reading public. Contemporaries considered Tyutchev's lyrics somewhat old-fashioned, as it felt the sentimental influence of poets of the late 18th century. Meanwhile, today these first verses - " Summer evening”, “Insomnia”, “Vision” - are considered one of the most successful in Tyutchev’s lyrics, they testify to the poetic talent that has already taken place.

Poetic creativity

The first fame for Tyutchev was brought by Alexander Pushkin, in 1836. He selected 16 poems for publication in his collection, which no one famous author. There is evidence that Pushkin meant a young novice poet in the author and predicted his future in poetry, not suspecting that he had a solid experience.

The poetic source of Tyutchev's civic lyrics is his work - the diplomat is too well aware of the price of peaceful relations between countries, as he becomes a witness to the building of these relations. In 1848-49, the poet, having keenly felt the events political life, creates poems "Russian woman", "Reluctantly and timidly ..." and others.

Poetic source love lyrics- in many ways a tragic personal life. For the first time, Tyutchev marries at the age of 23, in 1826, Countess Eleanor Peterson. Tyutchev did not love, but respected his wife, and she idolized him like no one else. In a marriage that lasted 12 years, three daughters were born. Once on a trip, the family was in a disaster at sea - the spouses were rescued from icy water, and Eleanor caught a bad cold. After being ill for a year, his wife died.

Tyutchev remarried a year later to Ernestine Dernberg, in 1844 the family returned to Russia, where Tyutchev again began to climb career ladder- Ministry of Foreign Affairs, position of Privy Councilor. But he dedicated the real pearls of his work not to his wife, but to a girl, the same age as his first daughter, who was brought together by a fatal passion with a 50-year-old man. The poems “Oh, how deadly we love ...”, “She lay in oblivion all day ...” are dedicated to Elena Denisyeva and are folded into the so-called “Denisyev cycle”. The girl caught in connection with a married old man was rejected by both society and own family, she bore Tyutchev three children. Unfortunately, both Denisyeva and two of their children died of consumption in the same year.

In 1854, Tyutchev was first published as a separate collection, in an appendix to the issue of Sovremennik. Turgenev, Fet, Nekrasov begin to comment on his work.

Tyutchev, 62, retired. He thinks a lot, walks around the estate, writes a lot of landscape and philosophical lyrics, is published by Nekrasov in the collection Russian Minor Poets, gains fame and genuine recognition.

However, the poet is crushed by losses - in the 1860s his mother, brother, eldest son died, eldest daughter, children from Denisyeva and herself. At the end of his life, the poet philosophizes a lot, writes about the role Russian Empire in the world, about the possibility of building international relations on mutual respect, observance of religious laws.

The poet died after a serious stroke that affected the right half of the body on July 15, 1873. He died in Tsarskoye Selo, before his death, having managed to accidentally meet his first love, Amalia Lerchenfeld, and dedicate one of his most famous poems “I met you” to her.

Tyutchev's poetic heritage is usually divided into stages:

1810-20 - beginning creative way. In the lyrics, the influence of sentimentalists, classical poetry is obvious.

1820-30 - the formation of handwriting, the influence of romanticism is noted.

1850-73 - brilliant, polished political poems, deep philosophical lyrics, "Denisevsky cycle" - an example of love and intimate lyrics.

Fyodor Tyutchev is a famous Russian lyricist, poet-thinker, diplomat, conservative publicist, corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences since 1857, privy councillor.

Tyutchev wrote his works mainly in the direction of romanticism and pantheism. His poems are very popular both in Russia and around the world.

In his youth, Tyutchev read poetry all day long and, admiring their work.

In 1812, the Tyutchev family was forced to move to Yaroslavl, due to the beginning.

They remained in Yaroslavl until the Russian army finally expelled from their lands French army, headed by .

Thanks to his father's connections, the poet was enrolled in the board of foreign affairs as a provincial secretary. Later, Fedor Tyutchev becomes a freelance attaché of the Russian diplomatic mission.

IN given period biographies, he works in Munich, where he meets Heine and Schelling.

Creativity Tyutchev

In addition, he continues to compose poems, which he then publishes in Russian publications.

During the biography of 1820-1830. he wrote poems such as spring thunderstorm”, “How the ocean embraces the globe…”, “Fountain”, “Winter is not angry for nothing…” and others.

In 1836, 16 works by Tyutchev were published in the Sovremennik magazine under common name"Poems sent from Germany".

Thanks to this, Fedor Tyutchev acquires great popularity at home and abroad.

At the age of 45, he receives the position of senior censor. At this time, the lyric poet continues to write poems that are of great interest in society.


Amalia Lerchenfeld

However, the relationship between Tyutchev and Lerchenfeld did not reach the wedding. The girl chose to marry the wealthy Baron Krüdner.

The first wife in the biography of Tyutchev was Eleonora Fedorovna. In this marriage, they had 3 daughters: Anna, Daria and Ekaterina.

It is worth noting that Tyutchev was of little interest family life. Instead, he liked to spend free time in noisy companies in the society of the fairer sex.

Soon, at one of the social events, Tyutchev met Baroness Ernestine von Pfeffel. A romance began between them, which everyone immediately learned about.

When the poet's wife heard about this, she, unable to bear the shame, stabbed herself in the chest with a dagger. Luckily, there was a minor injury.


Tyutchev's first wife Eleonora (left) and his second wife Ernestine von Pfeffel (right)

Despite the incident and the condemnation in society, Fedor Ivanovich was never able to part with the baroness.

After the death of his wife, he immediately entered into marriage with Pfeffel.

However, having married the baroness, Tyutchev immediately began to cheat on her. During for long years he had a close relationship with Elena Denisyeva, whom we have already mentioned.

Death

IN last years Life Tyutchev lost many relatives and people dear to him.

In 1864, his mistress Elena, whom he considered his muse, passed away. Then his mother, brother and own daughter Maria.

All this had a negative impact on Tyutchev's condition. Six months before his death, the poet was paralyzed, as a result of which he was bedridden.

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev died on July 15, 1873 at the age of 69. The poet was buried in St. Petersburg at the cemetery of the Novodevichy Convent.

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Report on Fyodor Tyutchev, an eminent Russian poet of the nineteenth "golden" century of Russian poetry, can be long, because his fate is rich in events, feelings, reflections, creativity.

Childhood and youth of the future poet

Tyutchev was born into a noble family typical of that time, combining strict observance of Russian traditions with fashionable communication in French. It happened on the twenty-third of November 1803 in the estate of the village of Ovstug, located in the Oryol province. The parents of the future poet Ekaterina Tolstaya and Ivan Tyutchev were noble, intelligent and educated people. They wanted to see their children the same way.

In Moscow, where Fyodor spent his childhood and youth, Semyon Raich became his home teacher from the age of nine. The young talented philologist was an aspiring critic and poet, therefore he encouraged the poetic experiments of his pupil. At the age of twelve, Fyodor Tyutchev was already translating the works of Horace and composing poems. At fourteen he was elected a member of the Society of Lovers of Literature. A gifted boy from 1816 was a volunteer at Moscow University, in the fall of 1819 he was a student at the Faculty of Philology, and in 1821 he already graduated from it, having studied instead of three for two years.

Service in Munich

Having received his degree, after a few months he began to serve in the then prestigious College of Foreign Affairs, and in June 1822 he went to the German city of Munich. Fedor Ivanovich broke off contact with literature and devoted himself entirely to the diplomatic service. True, he did not stop writing poetry, but he did it for himself, without advertising them. He went on leave to his homeland only in 1825. Upon his return to duty in February 1826, he married Eleanor Peterson, becoming the guardian of her three children from a previous marriage. The Tyutchev family grew. 3 more daughters were born.

In Munich, fate brought him together with the poet Heine and the philosopher Schelling. Later, having made friends with a German romantic poet, Tyutchev was the first to translate his poetic works into his native language. He also continued to write his lyrical works. And in the spring of 1836 he handed them over to St. Petersburg, where they were published in Sovremennik, a published magazine. By the way, great poet was delighted with the richness of poetic colors, the depth of thought, the strength and freshness of Tyutchev's language.

Service in Germany lasted almost fifteen years. In the late spring of 1837, the diplomat and poet received leave and went to St. Petersburg for three months.

Life in Turin

But after the vacation, Tyutchev was destined to go to Turin. There he was appointed chargé d'affaires of the Russian mission and first secretary. In this Italian city he was expected life tragedy, death of wife Eleanor. A year later, his marriage to Mrs. Dernberg was the end of his career as a diplomat. Tyutchev was not forgiven for his unauthorized departure to Switzerland to perform a wedding ceremony with Ernestina.

The announcement of the release of the poet from his post was not long in coming. For two years he tried to return to the service, but to no avail. Tyutchev was finally expelled from the number of officials of the Ministry. Without an official position, being retired, the poet lived in Munich for five years.

Back home

In 1843 the poet returned to his father's land. He lived first in Moscow, then in St. Petersburg with his parents. Reunited with his family in 1844. In the spring of the following year, he again began to serve in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. A year later, he received the position of an official for special assignments, later - a senior censor. walked career, secular life was established. These and subsequent years were marked by the writing of journalistic articles, which were published, and magnificent poems, which no one read.

Poetic popularity

Twenty-four lyrical works and an article entitled "Russian Minor Poets", written, were published in the Sovremennik magazine in early 1850. They made the general public remember Tyutchev the poet. Four years later, the first collection lyrical works was enthusiastically received by readers.

farewell feeling

The love of the young Elena Denisyeva and the elderly poet Fyodor Tyutchev lasted fourteen years. The fatal feeling gave birth to the beautiful lyrics of the so-called "Denisiev cycle". Their relationship was doomed to tragedy, because the poet had a family. Tyutchev wrote about this in the poem “Oh, how deadly we love”, talking about a painful, sinful feeling condemned by people.

bereavement

The last decade of the poet's life is filled with heavy irreparable losses. Elena Denisyeva died of consumption in 1964, followed by next year their son and daughter pass away, then their mother dies, and in 1870 their brother. The poet's life, fading away, loses its meaning. Since 1873, he begins to be seriously ill, and on the fifteenth of July of the same year, his life ends.

His ashes were buried in the city of Petra at the Novodevichy cemetery. And Tyutchev himself remained a favorite poet of many generations.

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Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev Born December 5 (new style) 1803 in an old noble family. He spent his childhood in the family estate - Ovstug, Oryol province, youth- in Moscow. His tutor and first teacher was the poet and translator S.E. Raich. In Moscow, Tyutchev met the future philosophers (D. Venevitinov, V. Odoevsky, the Kireevsky brothers, A.N. Muravyov, M. Pogodin, S.P. Shevyrev), poets who were united by an enthusiastic occupation of German philosophy.

In 1818, Tyutchev entered Moscow University and graduated from it ahead of schedule - on the day of his 18th birthday, in 1821.

During the years of study at the university, Tyutchev published a number of his poems - in the "Proceedings" of the Society of Lovers of Russian Literature and in "Speeches and Reports" of Moscow University. After graduating from the university, Tyutchev moved to St. Petersburg, where he entered the service of the Collegium of Foreign Affairs. Soon he was assigned to the Russian embassy in Bavaria and from 1822 he lived outside of Russia - first in Munich, then in the Kingdom of Sardinia, in Turin, then, leaving the diplomatic service for a while, again in Munich. Abroad, Tyutchev translates German poets - Schiller, Heine, a number of excerpts from Goethe's Faust, writes original poems, some of which, warmly approved by Pushkin, were published in Sovremennik during the life of the great poet in 1836. In the same journal, Tyutchev's poems were published later, until 1840.

Tyutchev and his family returned to Russia only in 1844. His diplomatic career was not particularly successful. The service did not bring him any ranks or money, perhaps because the poet's views on the fate of Russia and its role in European life did not coincide with the views of the then Minister of Foreign Affairs, Count Karl Nesselrode. In addition, Tyutchev, a brilliantly educated diplomat, a remarkable publicist, probably did not have a special ambition that would have forced him to follow his promotion through the ranks.

But, it is characteristic that, as Tyutchev's contemporaries and researchers of his work noted, he also showed rare indifference to the fate of his poetic works. “Verses”, “empty idleness”, “insignificant verses” - this is how he called his poems; He called himself a "rhymemaker". According to A. Fet, Tyutchev “carefully avoided<...>even allusions to his poetic activity. For Tyutchev, as one of the modern researchers, "the very act of creation was important", but he experienced "a direct disgust for poetic glory." This statement is directly confirmed by the fact that Tyutchev's poems were published enough for a long time, until 1854, under the initials F.T.

For these reasons, Tyutchev, already the author of such poems as “I love a thunderstorm in early May”, “What are you howling about, the night wind”, remained an almost unknown poet in Russia. When a few years later N.A. Nekrasov writes an article about Tyutchev "Russian Minor Poets", specifying that "minor" refers not to the quality of poetry, but to the degree of its fame, then, in essence, he acts as the poet's discoverer.

Only in 1854 was a collection of Tyutchev's poems published as an appendix to the Sovremennik magazine, edited by N.A. Nekrasov, then - on the initiative and under the editorship of I.S. Turgenev published a separate edition of the poet's poems. Tyutchev's work becomes the property of a wide range of readers, and his name becomes famous.

The flourishing of Tyutchev's creativity is associated with these years, the poet is experiencing a high creative upsurge. In the 1850s created a number of poems dedicated to E.A. Denisyev, the so-called "Denisyev cycle" is the pinnacle of Tyutchev's lyrics.

1860s-1870s were overshadowed by heavy losses: in 1864, E.A. Denisyev, in 1865 - a son and daughter, in the early 70s. - eldest son Dmitry and daughter Maria. After the death of E.A. Denisyeva Tyutchev, in his words, "has ceased to belong to the number of the living." Forever lost life - this is one of the leitmotifs of his letters of the late 1860s - early 70s. and his few lyrical works. During these years, the poet wrote mainly poems "in case" and political poems.

MAIN MOTIVES OF TYUTCHEV'S LYRICS

Researchers unanimously write about the special place of Tyutchev in the poetry of the 19th century. A younger contemporary of Pushkin, who was largely influenced by the moods and ideas that agitated the great poet, he creates his own unique poetic world, which opened up to his contemporaries a completely new vision of man and the world. Researchers of F. Tyutchev's work rightly note the strongest impact that the first collection of the poet of 1854 had on the poetry of the second half of XIX- the beginning of the twentieth century, on the work of N.A. Nekrasov, A. Maykov, A. Tolstoy, A. Fet, Vl. Solovyov, A. Blok, Vyach. Ivanov, A. Akhmatova, and on the development of the central genre for Russian literature - the novel.

Turning to traditional poetic themes- life and death, the meaning of human existence, love, nature, the purpose of the poet, Tyutchev managed to give them a unique sound, to affirm his understanding of these eternal problems.