Financial reforms of Peter I - briefly. Economic transformations of Peter I
The young tsar set himself strategic goals: free access to the sea for the country, the development of trade. They could be carried out only as a result of victory in the war. And the army's ability to successfully conduct a battle already at that time directly depended on the level state economy, and first of all from the development of such industries as metallurgy, textile and cloth business.
Therefore, economic reforms at the very beginning of the 18th century were aimed at accelerating the construction of metallurgical plants. Almost all of them specialized in the manufacture of cannonballs, cannons and other weapons. New factories were added and added to the old factories. And their value was not in the quality of metal, but in the fact that they were at a short distance from the battles. Great value for the economy of Russia, for the development of the coinage, the construction of factories in the Urals, especially the foundation of a large plant for the extraction of silver, had. Parallel to big cities the country was building shipyards, which employed a huge number of workers. Many factories and individuals were built without attracting government money. The economic reforms of Peter 1, associated with the creation of metallurgical production, allowed the country to make a significant leap in development in just twenty-five years. Due to the increase in the number tsarist army, the need for the development of a textile manufactory, which is mainly engaged in the manufacture of cloth for sails, cloth for soldiers' clothing, has increased.
The next economic reform of Peter 1 concerned the creation of a guild craft production. Despite the fact that this phenomenon had already become archaic by that time, To the Russian state it made it possible to control the production of each artisan. From now on, the master had to put his mark on the product. In addition, the creation of workshops contributed to the spread of the practice of apprenticeship.
Economic, naturally, could not but affect trade within the country. It continued to consist of several levels. The lowest of them was represented by county and rural auctions, for which peasants and small merchants gathered every seven days. And the highest - by wholesale purchases made by large merchants. The network of customs within the country continued to operate, the size of the annual amounts received by them testified to the active movement of products. The construction of canals, which united the waterways of several rivers, led to an even greater development of trade.
An undoubted role in improving the economy of the state was played by the reforms of Peter the Great regarding foreign trade. The ports of other cities, St. Petersburg, Astrakhan, Riga, Narva, Vyborg, Revel, have replaced practically the only Arkhangelsk port with a large turnover.
Economic reforms of Peter 1 the best way affected the income of the state treasury. Significantly increased which only she had the right to trade. To fish glue, potash, caviar, smolchug and rhubarb were added hemp, tar, cow's wool, salt, chalk, leather, tobacco, and other goods. Merchants could buy from the treasury the right to sell the listed goods, then they became monopolists. Sometimes such monopolies were distributed by the tsar himself.
Peter 1 tried to act in the interests of domestic producers and young entrepreneurs. To this end, he issued decrees that prohibited the import of any kind of goods into the country. For example, as soon as the Ryumins built a needle factory, Peter 1 issued a decree banning the import of metal needles into Russia. The pinnacle of such activities of the king was the formation in 1724 of the Customs Tariff, which prohibited the import of even goods into the country. High Quality in the event that domestic production met domestic demand.
TSTU
Department of History and Political Science
Abstract on the topic:
“ Administrative and economic reforms of PeterI "
Completed by: V.A. Polyakov
Group: ATPP-15
Accepted:
Tver, 1997
List of used literature.
1. Soloviev S.M. About history new Russia... - M.: Education, 1993.
2. Anisimov E.V. Time of Peter's reforms. - L.: Lenizdat, 1989.
3. Anisimov E.V., Kamenskiy A.B. Russia in the 18th - first half of the 19th century: History. Historian.
Document. - M.: MIROS, 1994.
4. Pavlenko N.I. Peter the Great. - M.: Thought, 1990.
Introduction
During the reign of Peter the Great, reforms were carried out in all areas of the country's state life. Many of these transformations are rooted in the 17th century - the socio-economic transformations of that time served as the prerequisites for Peter's reforms, the task and content of which was the formation of the noble-bureaucratic apparatus of absolutism.
The aggravating class contradictions led to the need to strengthen and strengthen the autocratic apparatus in the center and in the localities, to centralize management, to build a harmonious and flexible system of the administrative apparatus, strictly controlled by the highest authorities. It was also necessary to create a combat-ready regular military force to conduct a more aggressive foreign policy and suppress the more frequent popular movements... It was required to consolidate by legal acts the dominant position of the nobility and to provide it with a central, leading place in state life. All this in aggregate led to the implementation of reforms in different areas activities of the state. For two and a half centuries, historians, philosophers and writers have been arguing about the meaning of Peter's transformations, but regardless of the point of view of one or another researcher, everyone agrees on one thing - it was one of the most important stages history of Russia, thanks to which all of it can be divided into pre-Petrine and post-Petrine eras. In Russian history, it is difficult to find a figure equal to Peter in the scale of interests and the ability to see the main thing in the problem being solved. A concrete historical assessment of the reforms depends on what is considered useful for Russia, what is harmful, what is the main, and what is secondary.
The famous historian Sergei Mikhailovich Soloviev, who probably most deeply studied the personality and deeds of Peter the Great, wrote: “The difference in views ... stemmed from the enormity of the deed accomplished by Peter, the duration of the impact of this case; the more significant a phenomenon, the more contradictory views and opinions it generates, and the longer they talk about it, the longer they feel its influence on themselves. "
As already mentioned, the prerequisites for Peter's reforms were the transformations of the late 17th century. In the second half of this century, the system of government changed, becoming more centralized. Attempts were also made to more clearly delineate the functions and areas of activity of various orders, the beginnings of a regular army appeared - regiments of a foreign system. There were changes in culture: a theater appeared, the first higher educational institution.
But despite the fact that almost all of the reforms of Peter the Great were preceded by some or other state undertakings of the 17th century, they were undoubtedly revolutionary in nature. After the death of the emperor in 1725, Russia was on the path of transformation into a completely different country: from the Moscow state, whose contacts with Europe were rather limited, it turned into the Russian Empire - one of the greatest powers in the world. Peter turned Russia into a truly European country(in any case, as he understood it) - it was not for nothing that the expression "opened a window to Europe" has become so often used. Milestones on this path were the conquest of access to the Baltic, the construction of a new capital - St. Petersburg, active intervention in European politics.
Peter's activities created all the conditions for a wider acquaintance of Russia with culture, lifestyle, technology European civilization, which was the beginning of a rather painful process of breaking the norms and ideas of Muscovite Rus.
Another important feature of Peter's reforms was that they affected all sectors of society, in contrast to previous attempts by Russian rulers. The building of the fleet, the Northern War, the creation of a new capital - all this became the business of the whole country.
At present, Russia, like two centuries ago, is in the stage of reforms, so an analysis of Peter's reforms is now especially necessary.
Administrative transformations
From 1708, Peter began to rebuild the old bodies of power and administration and replace them with new ones. As a result, by the end of the first quarter of the 18th century. formed next system authorities and administration.
All the completeness of legislative, executive, and judicial power was concentrated in the hands of Peter, who, after the end of the Northern War, received the title of emperor. In 1711 a new supreme body executive and judicial power - the Senate, which also possessed significant legislative functions. It was fundamentally different from its predecessor, the Boyar Duma.
The members of the council were appointed by the emperor. In the exercise of executive power, the Senate issued decrees that had the force of law. In 1722, the Attorney General was put at the head of the Senate, who was entrusted with control over the activities of all government agencies. The Prosecutor General was supposed to perform the functions of the "eye of the state". He exercised this control through prosecutors appointed to all government agencies. In the first quarter of the 18th century. to the system of prosecutors, the system of fiscal was added, led by the oberfiskal. The fiscal duties included reporting on all abuses of institutions and officials that violated the "state interest".
The order system that had developed under the Boyar Duma did not in any way correspond to the new conditions and tasks. Arising in different time orders (Posolsky, Streletsky, Pomestny, Siberian, Kazan, Little Russia, etc.) were very different in nature and functions. Orders and edicts of orders often contradicted each other, creating unimaginable confusion and for a long time delaying the solution of urgent issues.
To replace the outdated system of orders in 1717-1718. 12 collegia were created, each of which was in charge of a certain branch or sphere of government and was subordinate to the Senate. Three collegia were considered the main ones: Foreign, Military and Admiralty. The competence of the Komerz-, Manufaktur- and Berg-collegiums included issues of trade and industry. Three collegiums were in charge of finances: the Chamber collegium - income, the State - collegium - expenses, and the Revision - collegium controlled the receipt of income, collection of taxes, taxes, duties, and the correctness of spending by institutions of the amounts allocated to them. The Justitz Collegium was in charge of civil proceedings, and the Patrimony, established a little later, was in charge of the nobility's land tenure. A Chief Magistrate was also created, in charge of all the townspeople; the magistrates and town halls of all cities were subordinate to him. The collegiums received the right to issue decrees on those issues that were within their jurisdiction.
In addition to the collegia, several offices, offices, departments, orders were created, the functions of which were also clearly delineated. Some of them, for example, the King of Heralds' office, which was in charge of service and production to the ranks of nobles; The Preobrazhensky Prikaz and the Secret Chancellery, in charge of cases of state crimes, were subordinate to the Senate, others - the Mint Department, the Salt Office, the Mezhevaya Chancellery, etc. - were subordinate to one of the colleges.
In 1708 - 1709 restructuring of local authorities and administration began. The country was divided into 8 provinces, differing in territory and population. So, the Smolensk and Arkhangelsk provinces in their size did not differ much from the modern regions, and the Moscow province covered the entire densely populated center, the territory of modern Vladimir, Ivanovo, Kaluga, Tver, Kostroma, Moscow, Ryazan, Tula and Yaroslavl regions, where almost half of the entire population lived country. The provinces included St. Petersburg, Kiev, Kazan, Azov and Siberian.
At the head of the province was a governor appointed by the king, who concentrated executive and judicial power in his hands. The governor had a provincial chancellery. But the situation was complicated by the fact that the governor obeyed not only the emperor and the Senate, but also all the colleges, orders and decrees of which often contradicted each other.
The provinces in 1719 were divided into provinces, the number of which was 50. At the head of the province was a voivode with an office under him. The provinces, in turn, were divided into counties with the governor and the county office. For some time during the reign of Peter, the district administration was replaced by an elected zemstvo commissar from local nobles or retired officers. Its functions were limited to collecting the poll tax, overseeing the implementation of state duties, and arresting fugitive peasants. Subordinated to the provincial zemstvo commissar. In 1713, the local nobility was allowed to elect 8-12 landrates (advisers from the nobility of the county) to help the governor, and after the introduction of the poll tax, regimental districts were created. The military units quartered in them watched the collection of taxes and suppressed manifestations of discontent and anti-feudal demonstrations. The list of ranks on January 24, 1722, the table of ranks, introduced a new classification of the employee. All the newly established positions - all with foreign names, Latin and German, except for a very few - are lined up according to the report card in three parallel rows: military, civilian and court, with each division into 14 ranks, or classes. A similar staircase with 14 steps of ranks was introduced in the navy and court service. This constituent act reformed Russian bureaucracy, put the bureaucratic hierarchy, merit and length of service, in place of the aristocratic hierarchy of the breed, the genealogy of the book. In one of the articles attached to the report card, it is emphasized that the nobility of the family in itself, without service, does not mean anything, does not create any position for a person, people of a noble breed are not given any position until they show merits to the sovereign and the fatherland.
Economic reforms
In the Petrine era, the Russian economy, and above all industry, made a giant leap forward. At the same time, the development of the economy in the first quarter of the 18th century. followed the paths outlined by the previous period. In the Moscow state of the XVI-XVII centuries. there were large industrial enterprises - Cannon yard, Printing yard, arms factories in Tula, shipyard in Dedinovo, etc. Peter's policy in relation to economic life was characterized by high degree the use of command and protectionist methods.
V agriculture the possibilities for improvement were drawn from the further development of fertile lands, the cultivation of industrial crops that provided raw materials for industry, the development of animal husbandry, the advancement of agriculture to the east and south, as well as the more intensive exploitation of the peasants. The increased needs of the state for raw materials for Russian industry led to the widespread distribution of crops such as flax and hemp. A decree of 1715 encouraged the cultivation of flax and hemp, as well as tobacco, mulberry trees for silkworms. The decree of 1712 ordered the creation of horse breeding farms in the Kazan, Azov and Kiev provinces, and sheep breeding was also encouraged.
In the Peter's era, there was a sharp demarcation of the country into two zones of feudal economy - the lean North, where the feudal lords transferred their peasants to a monetary quitrent, often letting them go to the city and other agricultural areas to earn money, and the fertile South, where the noble landowners sought to expand corvée. ...
The state obligations of the peasants were also strengthened. They built cities (40 thousand peasants worked on the construction of St. Petersburg), factories, bridges, roads; annual recruitment was carried out, old fees were raised and new ones introduced. The main goal of Peter's policy all the time was to obtain as much money and human resources as possible for state needs.
Two censuses were carried out - in 1710 and 1718. According to the census of 1718, the unit of taxation was the male "soul", regardless of the age at which the capitation tax was levied in the amount of 70 kopecks per year (from state peasants - 1 ruble 10 kopecks per year).
This streamlined the tax policy and sharply raised the state's revenues (by about 4 times; by the end of Peter's reign, they amounted to 12 million rubles a year).
In industry, there was a sharp reorientation from small peasant and handicraft farms to manufactories. Under Peter, no less than 200 new factories were founded, and he encouraged their creation in every possible way. The government's policy was also aimed at protecting the young Russian industry from competition from Western European ones by introducing very high customs duties (Customs Charter 1724)
Russian manufactory, although it had capitalist features, but the use on it mainly of the labor of peasants - possessory, registered, quitrent, etc. - made it a serf enterprise. Depending on whose property they were, manufactories were divided into state, merchant and landowners. In 1721, industrialists were given the right to buy peasants in order to assign them to an enterprise (possessory peasants).
State treasury factories used the labor of state peasants, registered peasants, recruits and free hired craftsmen. They mainly served heavy industry - metallurgy, shipyards, mines. The merchant manufactories, which mainly produced consumer goods, employed both possessional and quitrent peasants, as well as free hired labor. The landowners' enterprises were fully supported by the forces of the landlord-owner serfs.
Peter's protectionist policy led to the emergence of manufactories in a wide variety of industries, often appearing in Russia for the first time. The main ones were those who worked for the army and navy: metallurgical, weapons, shipbuilding, cloth, linen, leather, etc. Entrepreneurial activity was encouraged, preferential conditions were created for people who created new manufactories or rented state-owned ones.
Manufactories appeared in many industries - glass, gunpowder,
paper-making, canvas, linen, silk-weaving, cloth, leather, rope, hat, colorful, sawmill and many others. The emergence of the foundry industry in Karelia on the basis of the Ural ores, the construction of the Vyshnevolotsk canal, contributed to the development of metallurgy in new regions and brought Russia to one of the first places in the world in this industry.
By the end of Peter's reign, Russia had a developed diversified industry with centers in St. Petersburg, Moscow, and the Urals. The largest enterprises were the Admiralty Shipyard, Arsenal, St. Petersburg gunpowder factories, metallurgical plants in the Urals, Khamovny Dvor in Moscow. There was a strengthening of the all-Russian market, capital accumulation thanks to the mercantilist policy of the state. Russia supplied competitive goods to the world markets: iron, linen, yuft, potash, furs, caviar.
Thousands of Russians were trained in Europe in various specialties, and in turn, foreigners - gunsmiths engineers, metallurgists, gateway craftsmen were hired to Russian service... Thanks to this, Russia was enriched with the most advanced technologies in Europe.
As a result of Peter's policy in the economic field, a powerful industry was created in an ultra-short period of time, capable of fully meeting military and state needs and in no way dependent on imports.
CONCLUSION
The main result of the entire set of Peter's reforms was the establishment of an absolutism regime in Russia, the crown of which was the change in the title of the Russian monarch in 1721 - Peter declared himself emperor, and the country began to be called the Russian Empire. Thus, it was formalized what Peter was heading for all the years of his reign - the creation of a state with a harmonious system of government, a strong army and navy, a powerful economy, influencing international politics. As a result of Peter's reforms, the state was not bound by anything and could use any means to achieve its goals. As a result, Peter came to his ideal of state structure - a warship, where everything and everything is subject to the will of one person - the captain, and managed to take this ship out of the swamp into the stormy waters of the ocean, bypassing all the reefs and shoals.
Russia became an autocratic, military-bureaucratic state, the central role in which belonged to the nobility. At the same time, the backwardness of Russia was not completely overcome, and reforms were carried out mainly due to the most severe exploitation and coercion.
The role of Peter the Great in the history of Russia can hardly be overestimated. No matter how you relate to the methods and style of his transformations, one cannot but admit that Peter the Great is one of the most prominent figures in world history.
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In industry, there was a sharp reorientation from small peasant and handicraft farms to manufactories.
Under Peter, no less than 200 new factories were founded, and he encouraged their creation in every possible way. The policy of the state was also aimed at protecting the young Russian industry from competition from Western European by introducing very high customs duties (Customs Charter of 1724). The Russian manufactory, although it had capitalist features, was mainly used by the labor of peasants - possessional, attributed, quitrent. and others - made it a feudal enterprise. Depending on whose property they were, manufactories were divided into state, merchant and landowners.
In 1721, industrialists were given the right to buy peasants in order to assign them to an enterprise (possessory peasants).
State treasury factories used the labor of state peasants, registered peasants, recruits and free hired craftsmen. They mainly served heavy industry - metallurgy, shipyards, mines. The merchant manufactories, which mainly produced consumer goods, employed both possessional and quitrent peasants, as well as free hired labor. The landowners' enterprises were fully supported by the forces of the landlord-owner serfs.
Peter's protectionist policy led to the emergence of manufactories in a wide variety of industries, often appearing in Russia for the first time. The main ones were those who worked for the army and navy: metallurgical, weapons, shipbuilding, cloth, linen, leather, etc.
Entrepreneurial activity was encouraged, preferential conditions were created for people who created new manufactories or rented state-owned ones. In 1711, in a decree on the transfer of the linen manufactory to the Moscow merchants A. Turchaninov and S. Tsynbal'shchikov, Peter wrote: "If they multiply this plant with their joy and make a profit in it, and for that they ... will receive mercy."
Manufactories arose in many industries - glass, gunpowder, paper-making, canvas, linen, silk-weaving, cloth, leather, rope, hat, colorful, sawmill and many others. Nikita Demidov made a huge contribution to the development of the metallurgical industry of the Urals, who enjoyed the special favor of the tsar. The emergence of the foundry industry in Karelia on the basis of the Ural ores, the construction of the Vyshnevolotsk canal, contributed to the development of metallurgy in new regions and brought Russia to one of the first places in the world in this industry. V early XVIII v. in Russia smelted about 150 thousand poods of cast iron, in 1725 - more than 800 thousand poods (since 1722 Russia exported cast iron), and by the end of the XVIII century. more than 2 million poods.
Peter the First (1672 - 1725) - Russian tsar, independently ruled from 1689 to 1725. He carried out a large-scale reform of all areas of life in Russia. The artist Valentin Serov, who dedicated a number of works to Peter, described him as follows: “He was scary: long, on weak, thin legs and with a head so small in relation to the whole body that it should have looked more like some kind of stuffed animal with a poorly attached head than a living person. There was a constant tick in his face, and he was always "making faces": blinking, twitching his mouth, moving his nose and clapping his chin. At the same time he walked with huge strides, and all his companions were forced to follow him at a run. " .Preconditions for the reforms of Peter the Great
Peter accepted Russia as a backward country on the outskirts of Europe. Muscovy did not have access to the sea, with the exception of the White, the regular army, navy, developed industry, trade, the system government controlled was antediluvian and ineffective, there were no higher schools(only in 1687 the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy was opened in Moscow), printing, theater, painting, libraries, not only the people, but many representatives of the elite: boyars, nobles, did not know literacy. The sciences did not develop. Serfdom prevailed.
Public administration reform
- Peter replaced orders that did not have clear responsibilities with collegia, the prototype of future ministries
- Collegium of Foreign Affairs
- Military college
- Marine College
- College for commercial affairs
- Collegium of Justice ...
The collegia consisted of several officials, the eldest was called the chairman or president. All of them were subordinate to the Governor-General, who was a member of the Senate. There were 12 colleges in total.
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In March 1711, Peter created the Governing Senate. At first, its function was to govern the country in the absence of the king, then it became a permanent institution. The Senate included presidents of the collegia and senators - people appointed by the king.
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In January 1722, Peter issued a "table of ranks" numbering 14 class ranks from the State Chancellor (first rank) to the collegiate registrar (fourteenth)
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Peter reorganized the secret police system. Since 1718, the Preobrazhensky Prikaz, in charge of political crimes, was transformed into the Secret Investigative Affairs Office
Church reform of Peter
Peter abolished the patriarchate, an ecclesiastical organization practically independent of the state, and created in its place the Holy Synod, all of whose members were appointed by the king, thereby eliminating the autonomy of the clergy. Peter pursued a policy of religious tolerance, facilitating the existence of the Old Believers and allowing foreigners to freely practice their faith.
Administrative reform of Peter
Russia was divided into provinces, provinces were divided into provinces, provinces into counties.
Provinces:
- Moscow
- Ingermandland
- Kievskaya
- Smolensk
- Azov
- Kazan
- Arkhangelsk
- Siberian
- Riga
- Astrakhan
- Nizhny Novgorod
Military reform of Peter
Peter replaced the irregular and noble militia with a permanent regular army, manned by recruits, recruited one from each of the 20 peasant or bourgeois households in the Great Russian provinces. He built a powerful military fleet, wrote a military manual himself, taking the Swedish one as a basis.
Peter turned Russia into one of the strongest maritime powers in the world, with 48 ships of the line and 788 galley and other ships
Peter's economic reform
The modern army could not exist without state system supply. To supply the army and navy with weapons, uniforms, food, consumables, it was necessary to create a powerful industrial production... By the end of Peter's reign, about 230 factories and plants were operating in Russia. Factories focused on the production of glass products, gunpowder, paper, canvas, linen, cloth, paints, ropes, even hats were created, metallurgical, sawmill, and leather industries were organized. In order for the products of Russian craftsmen to be competitive on the market, high customs duties were imposed on European goods. By encouraging entrepreneurial activity, Peter made extensive use of the issuance of loans to create new manufactories and trading companies. The largest enterprises that arose in the era of Peter's transformations were those created in Moscow, St. Petersburg, the Urals, Tula, Astrakhan, Arkhangelsk, Samara
- Admiralty shipyard
- Arsenal
- Powder factories
- Metallurgical plants
- Linen production
- Potash, sulfur, saltpeter production
By the end of the reign of Peter I, Russia had 233 factories, including more than 90 large factories built during his reign. In the first quarter of the 18th century, 386 different ships were built at the shipyards of St. Petersburg and Arkhangelsk, at the beginning of the century Russia smelted about 150 thousand poods of pig iron, in 1725 - more than 800 thousand poods, Russia caught up with England in smelting pig iron
Peter's reform in education
The army and navy needed qualified specialists. Therefore, Peter great attention devoted to their preparation. During the years of his reign they were organized in Moscow and St. Petersburg
- School of Mathematical and Navigational Sciences
- artillery school
- engineering school
- medical school
- Marine Academy
- mining schools at the Olonets and Ural factories
- Digital schools for "children of every rank"
- Garrison schools for children of soldiers
- Spiritual schools
- Academy of Sciences (opened a few months after the death of the emperor)
Peter's reforms in the field of culture
- Publication of the first Russian newspaper "St. Petersburg Vedomosti"
- No boyars wearing beards
- Establishment of the first Russian museum - Kunskamera
- Claiming nobility wear European dress
- Creation of assemblies where nobles were to appear with their wives
- Creation of new printing houses and translation into Russian of many European books
Reforms of Peter the Great. Chronology
- 1690 - The first guards regiments Semyonovsky and Preobrazhensky
- 1693 - Creation of a shipyard in Arkhangelsk
- 1696 - Creation of a shipyard in Voronezh
- 1696 - Decree on the creation of an arms factory in Tobolsk
- 1698 - Decree prohibiting the wearing of a beard and ordering nobles to wear European clothes
- 1699 - Dissolution of the streltsy army
- 1699 - establishment of trade and industrial enterprises enjoying the monopoly
- 1699, December 15 - Decree on the reform of the calendar. New Year starts on January 1
- 1700 - Creation of the Government Senate
- 1701 - Decree prohibiting kneeling at the sight of the sovereign and taking off his cap in winter, passing by his palace
- 1701 - Opening of the School of Mathematical and Navigational Sciences in Moscow
- 1703, January - publication of the first Russian newspaper in Moscow
- 1704 - Replacement of the Boyar Duma by a council of ministers - by the Council of Chiefs of Orders
- 1705 - First decree on recruiting
- 1708, November - Administrative Reform
- 1710, January 18 - decree on the official introduction of the Russian civil alphabet instead of the Church Slavonic
- 1710 - Foundation of the Alexander Nevsky Lavra in St. Petersburg
- 1711 - instead of the Boyar Duma, the Senate of 9 members and the chief secretary was created. Monetary reform: minting gold, silver and copper coins
- 1712 - Transfer of the capital from Moscow to St. Petersburg
- 1712 - Decree on the creation of horse breeding farms in Kazan, Azov and Kiev provinces
- 1714, February - Decree on the opening of digital schools for children of clerks and priests
- 1714, March 23 - Decree on the primacy (single succession)
- 1714 - Foundation of the State Library in St. Petersburg
- 1715 - Creation of shelters for the poor in all cities of Russia
- 1715 - Commission of the Commissariat to organize training of Russian merchants abroad
- 1715 - Decree on the encouragement of the cultivation of flax, hemp, tobacco, mulberry trees for silkworms
- 1716 - Census of all schismatics for double taxation
- 1716, March 30 - Adoption of the military charter
- 1717 - Introduction of free trade in grain, abolition of some privileges to foreign merchants
- 1718 - Replacement of Orders by Boards
- 1718 — Judicial reform... tax reform
- 1718 - Start of the population census (lasted until 1721)
- 1719, November 26 - Decree establishing assemblies - free assemblies for fun and business
- 1719 - Creation of an engineering school, establishment of the Berg Collegium for the management of the mining industry
- 1720 - Adopted the Naval Regulations
- 1721, January 14 - Decree on the creation of the Theological College (the future Holy Synod)
11. Peter I - the tsar-reformer. Economic and state reforms of Peter I.
The father of Peter I - the second of the Romanov dynasty - Alexei Mikhailovich - was married twice. The first wife was Miloslavskaya and there were 14 children, but mostly sick, and the second wife was Naryshkina, who gave birth to Peter I and several more children.
The years of the life of Peter I (1672-1725). Peter I was 4 years old when his father, Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich Romanov, died. After the death of the tsar, his son ruled for 6 years from his first marriage, the sick Fedor Alekseevich (1676 - 1682), who died at the age of 20. After the death of Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich, a struggle for the throne broke out. Claimed to the throne: Ivan - the brother of the deceased Fyodor Alekseevich and Peter I - half-brother. Their sister Sophia intervened in the matter - Native sister Ivan and consolidated Peter I. So, in 1682, Ivan was 15 years old; Peter I - was 10 years old; Sophia was 25 years old.
Ivan was sickly and incapable of rule. Supporters of the Naryshkins proclaimed Peter I tsar. But Sophia, very domineering and energetic, raised the Moscow archers against the Naryshkins. At the request of the archers, Ivan was proclaimed "the first", and Peter the "second" tsar. In fact, Sophia (1682-1689), their guardian, became the head of state. Sophia's policy was unhappy. When Peter I was 17 years old, he managed to send Sophia to the Novodevichy Convent. Two brothers, Ivan and Peter I, began to rule. When Peter I was 24 years old, brother Ivan dies, and Peter I becomes the sovereign ruler. Peter I was the 15th child of Alexei Mikhailovich. The height of Peter I in adulthood was 2 meters 04 cm, size 44, and shoe size 37-38. He was an educated, very smart, talented person. He loved medicine, knew how to build ships. Peter I was married twice. His first wife was Lopukhina, and the second was a German woman, Marta Skavronskaya, who was baptized with the name of Catherine I. From his second marriage he had 12 children. His daughter Elizaveta Petrovna later became an empress. The Russian emperor was also his grandson Peter III - the son of Anna Petrovna. Peter I accepted the title of emperor, and is considered the first emperor in Russia. Peter I was buried in the Peter and Paul Cathedral in St. Petersburg. All Russian emperors and members of their families are buried there.
At the age of 25, Peter I traveled to Europe as part of a large delegation. This trip was named "The Great Embassy". The tsar traveled incognito, under the name of the Preobrazhensky regiment sergeant Peter Mikhailov. But his incognito was revealed. The king visited Holland, England, Austria. Europe appeared to him in the form of a noisy and smoky workshop with cars, ships, shipyards, factories. Peter I was abroad for a little over a year. I had to urgently return when another rifle revolt began in Russia. Peter I thought that it was Sophia who escaped from the monastery and raised the archers to a riot. In fact, as it turned out, the archers were unhappy with their position and salary. Returning to Russia, Peter I brutally suppressed the revolt.
Reasons for the reforms: In the 17th century, Russia lagged far behind Western European countries. There were only a few ironworks in the country in Tula, Kashira, near Moscow and Voronezh; 20-30 manufactories (paper, glass, salt, etc.). There was no regular army. The army between the wars was disbanded to their homes, so as not to spend on it public funds... There were schools in churches. There was no secular education. There was no national medicine (foreign doctors). There was one pharmacy in the whole country, and that one was a royal one. The printing house mainly printed church books. For Europe at that time, Russia was a barbaric country.
So, there was an economic lag behind the countries of Western Europe. Russia could lose national independence, since in a number Western countries capitalist production was already developing, and a colonial policy of conquest was being pursued.
To overcome the economic, military, cultural backwardness of the country, it was necessary to carry out the following reforms: 1) create a regular army and navy; 2) create a merchant fleet; 3) achieve access to the Baltic and Black Seas; 4) develop manufacturing; 5) provide training of the necessary specialists; 6) involve the country in the system of the world market; 7) strengthen state power
Peter's reforms were carried out under the dominance of the feudal system and were aimed at strengthening it. Peter I begins reforms after arriving from the “Great Embassy”.
Major economic reforms of PeterI
1) Development of manufactories... There was no free labor market. The manufactories were based on the labor of the serfs. We will list the manufactories: metallurgical factories, cloth, leather, rope, glass, gunpowder, shipyards, distilleries, textile, paper, sugar, tapestry, etc. In total, under Peter I, 200 manufactories appeared. The dependence of Russia on imports has decreased. They began to export iron and linen.
2) Monetary reform. In the foreign market, our silver ruble began to be appreciated, and in domestic market- penny. Also minted: half a penny - money; the fourth part of a penny was called a half; an eighth of a penny is a half-half. What were the prices? For example, a chicken - 3 kopecks, a goose - 9 kopecks, 100 crayfish - 3 kopecks, 1 pound of beef (16 kg) - 28 kopecks, a bag of flour - 1 ruble, a barrel of beer (50 liters) - 2 rubles. What was the salary? For example, in the secret office they received 585 rubles a month.
3) Development of the tax system. There were more than 30 types of taxes: bath taxes, from ferries, from shops, for performing rituals, etc. The tax on a beard was 100 rubles.
4) the state monopoly on trade in a number of goods within the country (salt, tobacco, vodka, etc.) - income to the treasury.
State reforms of PeterI
1) The Boyar Duma was dissolved as a body limiting the power of the tsar. Instead, the Senate became the supreme governing body. He was completely subordinate to the king, and his members were appointed by the king.
3) New created Administrative division... The whole country was divided into 8 provinces.
4) The "Table of Ranks" was introduced by Peter I. There were 14 ranks in total. The lowest rank is 14th. Those who reached the 8th rank received the title of nobleman for life.
5) Special control bodies were created: prosecutor's office - a public body headed by the Attorney General and fiscality - covert supervision, denunciations. The Secret Chancellery was established. She was in charge of investigating the most important crimes against the state.
6) To strengthen the nobility, a decree on single inheritance was issued. Now the estate and patrimony were inherited by the eldest son, and the rest of the children had to serve in the public service.
7) Peter I himself took the title of emperor (1721).
9) In 1700, a new chronology was introduced. They began to live in the second millennium from the birth of Christ, and not from the creation of the world. Russia began to feel itself, in a temporary sense, a part of Europe.
10) Peter I later moved the capital to Petersburg.
The pace of transformation under Peter I is amazing. Under PeterIthere have been colossal changes: For 25 years, about 3 thousand legislative acts were issued, which radically changed the life of the country, the number of manufactories increased , created: the army, artillery and navy, built a new capital and cities, broke through the "window to Europe" Reforms cannot be assessed unambiguously. The impoverishment of the population, the flight of peasants from forced labor, from the landowners, and anti-feudal protests were also observed.
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