What rocket was before the poplar. Topol-M - keeps nuclear parity. Post Cold War
MRK SN (strategic intercontinental missile system) "Topol-M" (SS-X-27, "Sickle" according to NATO classification) with the RS-12M2 (RT-2PM2, 15Zh65) missile is the result of further modernization of the Topol missile system ( SS-25). This complex was completely created by Russian enterprises.
Work on the creation of a new missile system began in the mid-1980s. The Decree of the Military-Industrial Commission of 09/09/1989 ordered the creation of two missile systems (mobile and stationary), as well as a universal three-stage solid-propellant intercontinental ballistic missile. This development work was given the name "Universal", and the developed complex - the designation RT-2PM2. The complex was jointly developed by the Moscow Institute of Thermal Engineering and Yuzhnoye Design Bureau (Ukraine, Dnepropetrovsk).
The missile was supposed to be unified for both complexes, however, in the original project, a difference was assumed in the breeding system of the warhead. For a silo-based missile, the combat stage was to be equipped with a liquid-propellant jet engine using the promising PRONIT monopropellant. For the mobile complex, MIT developed a solid-fuel propulsion system. There were also differences in the transport and launch container (TPK). In the mobile version, the TPK was to be made of fiberglass, in the stationary version - of metal, with a number of ground equipment systems mounted on it. Therefore, the rocket for the mobile complex was assigned the index 15ZH55, for the stationary one - 15ZH65.
In March 1992, it was decided to develop the Topol-M complex on the basis of Universal (Design Bureau Yuzhnoye ceased participation in work on this complex in April). On February 27, 1993, the President of the Russian Federation signed a corresponding decree (this date is considered the start of work on Topol-M). By this decree, MIT was appointed as the head enterprise for the development of Topol-M, and financing of the work was guaranteed.
In fact, it was necessary to develop a universal missile for the types of basing. At the same time, both in the mine and in the mobile versions, the rocket had to have high combat capabilities, high accuracy of fire and be able to carry out long-term combat duty in various degrees of readiness. In addition, she had to have high resistance to damaging factors during flight and overcome missile defense. potential adversary.
APU of the RT-2PM2 / RS-12M2 "Topol-M" complex with a TPK ICBM "Yars" during a parade rehearsal in Moscow, 04/26/2011. It was previously believed that this was the APU "Yars" (photo - Vitaly Kuzmin, http:/ /vitalykuzmin.net/)
The rocket for RTOs SN "Topol-M" was created as a modernization of the intercontinental ballistic missile RS-12M. The conditions for modernization were determined by the START-1 Treaty. According to this document, a rocket can be considered new if it differs from its analogue in one of the following signs:
- number of steps;
- type of fuel for any of the stages;
- starting weight differs by more than 10 percent;
- the length of the assembled rocket without warhead (warhead), or the length of the first stage of the rocket differs by more than 10 percent;
- the diameter of the first stage differs by more than 5 percent;
- more than 21 percent throw weight combined with a first stage length change of 5 percent or more.
Due to these limitations, tactical specifications missiles MRK "Topol-M" could not undergo significant changes and the main differences from the analogue (RT-2PM) are the features of the flight and stability when penetrating through the enemy's missile defense system. The head end was designed from the outset with the ability to quickly upgrade in the event of the appearance of existing systems. missile defense from a potential adversary. It is possible to install warheads with multiple warheads with individual guidance.
The Topol-M missile system is unique in many respects and is approximately 1.5 times superior to the previous generation missile system in terms of combat readiness, survivability and maneuverability (in the mobile version), the effectiveness of hitting various objects, even under the condition of opposition from the enemy. The energy capabilities of the rocket provide an increase in the thrown weight, a significant decrease in the height of the active section of the flight trajectory, as well as an effective overcoming of a promising missile defense system.
When developing RTOs SN "Topol-M", the latest achievements of domestic rocket science and science were used. For the first time, a new system of experimental testing was used during tests with high standard operating modes of units and systems of the missile complex. This has drastically reduced the traditional scope of testing and reduced costs without sacrificing reliability.
The complex is a monoblock three-stage solid-propellant rocket placed in a transport and launch container. The term of the rocket in it is at least 15 years, while the total service life is at least 20 years. Among the features of the complex:
- the possibility of using existing silo launchers without significant costs (only the system for attaching the container to the missile changes). Silo launchers are used, which are exempt from missiles being decommissioned, and launchers in accordance with the START-2 treaty;
- increased, in comparison with the "Topol", firing accuracy, vulnerability of missiles during flight from the effects of air defense (including nuclear) and readiness for launch;
- the ability of missiles to maneuver during flight;
- immunity to electromagnetic impulses;
- compatibility with existing control, communication and support systems.
Rocket 15Zh65 (RT-2PM2) has 3 sustainer stages with powerful solid fuel power plants. The rocket's marching stages have a one-piece "cocoon" body made of composite material. The 15ZH65, unlike the Topol, has no lattice stabilizers and rudders. Flight control is carried out by the central partially recessed rotary nozzle of the main rocket engines of three stages. Propulsion engine nozzles are made of carbon-carbon material. For nozzle liners, a three-dimensionally reinforced oriented carbon-carbon matrix was used.
The launch weight of the rocket is more than 47 tons. The total length of the rocket is 22.7 meters, and without the warhead, the length is 17.5 meters. The maximum diameter of the rocket body (first stage) is 1.86 meters. The mass of the head part is 1.2 tons. The length of the first stage is 8.04 meters, the weight of the fully equipped stage is 28.6 tons, the operating time is 60 seconds. The thrust of the solid propellant rocket engine of the first stage at sea level is 890 kN. The diameter of the second and third steps is 1.61 and 1.58 meters, respectively. The operating time of the steps is 64 and 56 seconds, respectively. Three solid propellant propulsion engines provide a quick increase in speed, reducing the missile's vulnerability in the boost phase, and modern control systems and dozens of auxiliary engines provide maneuvers in flight, making the trajectory difficult to predict for the enemy.
A monoblock thermonuclear detachable warhead with a thermonuclear 550-kiloton warhead, unlike strategic intercontinental ballistic missiles of another type, can be replaced in a short time by a warhead with individually targetable multiple reentry vehicles with a capacity of 150 kilotons. In addition, the rocket of the Topol-M complex can be equipped with a maneuvering warhead. The new nuclear warhead, according to media reports, can overcome the US missile defense system, which is confirmed by the test results of the complex (November 21, 2005) with a new warhead. The probability of overcoming American missile defense systems is currently 60-65 percent, in the future - more than 80.
It should be noted that when creating the warhead of the ICBM, the technologies and developments obtained during the creation of the warhead for the Topol were used to the maximum, which made it possible to reduce the cost and reduce the development time. The new warhead, despite such unification, is much more resistant to damaging factors nuclear explosion and the action of weapons, which are based on new physical principles, in comparison with their predecessor, have a lower specific gravity, and also have more advanced security mechanisms during transportation, storage and being on combat duty. The warhead has an increased efficiency of fissile materials. This warhead was created without testing components and parts during full-scale explosions (for the first time for the domestic military industry).
The 15ZH65 missile is equipped with a set of anti-missile defense breakthrough tools (KSP PRO), which include passive and active decoys, as well as means of distorting the characteristics of the warhead. False targets from warheads are indistinguishable in all ranges electromagnetic radiation(laser, optical, radar, infrared). They allow you to simulate the characteristics of warheads in almost all selective characteristics in all sections of the descending branch of their flight trajectory, are resistant to PFYAV, etc. These decoys are the first to be able to withstand radar stations with super resolution. The means of distorting the characteristics of the warhead consist of a radio absorbing coating, source aerosols infrared radiation, active radio interference generators and so on.
The 15Zh65 missile can be operated as part of a stationary (15P065) or mobile (15P165) DBK. At the same time, for the stationary version, silo missile launchers are used, which are removed from service or destroyed in accordance with START-2. A stationary group is created by re-equipping mine launchers 15P735 and 15P718.
The 15P065 combat stationary silo missile system includes 10 15Zh65 missiles in 15P765-35 launchers, as well as one unified 15V222 high-security CP (located in the silo on a suspension using special depreciation). Work on the re-equipment of the silo 15P735 for the placement of Topol-M missiles was carried out under the leadership of Dmitry Dragun at the Vympel Design Bureau.
Rocket 15Zh65 in the process of combat duty is placed in a metal TPK. The transport and launch container is unified for various types of silos and combines the functions of a transport and handling machine and an installer. The transport and installation unit was developed at the design bureau "Motor".
Mobile-based Topol-M intercontinental ballistic missiles are deployed as part of the 15P165 complex. The mobile-based missile is placed in a high-strength fiberglass transport and launch container on an MZKT-79221 (MAZ-7922) all-terrain chassis with eight axles of the Minsk Wheel Tractor Plant. Structurally, the TPK practically does not differ from the mine version. The launcher and its adaptation to the tractor was carried out by the Central Design Bureau "Titan". Serial production of launchers is carried out at the Volgograd production association "Barrikada". Weight launcher is 120 tons, width - 3.4 meters, length - 22 meters. Six of the eight pairs of wheels are swivel (the first and last three axles), which provides exceptional maneuverability for such dimensions (the turning radius, for example, is only 18 meters) and cross-country ability. The ground pressure is half that of a conventional truck. The launcher engine is a 12-cylinder V-shaped 800-horsepower YaMZ-847 turbocharged diesel engine. The depth of the ford to be overcome is 1.1 meters. When creating units and systems 15P165, several fundamentally new technical equipment was used. solutions. So, for example, the partial suspension system allows you to deploy the Topol-M launcher on soft soils. Improved maneuverability and maneuverability of the installation, increasing its survivability. "Topol-M" can launch missiles from anywhere in the position area and has improved means of camouflage against optical and other reconnaissance means.
The characteristics of the Topol-M missile system make it possible to significantly increase readiness missile troops strategic purpose to perform combat missions in various conditions, to ensure stealth, maneuverability and survivability of individual launchers, subunits and units, as well as autonomous operation and control reliability for a long time (without resupply material resources). The aiming accuracy has been increased by almost two times, the accuracy of determining geodetic data has been increased by one and a half times, the preparation time for launch has been reduced by half.
The re-equipment of units of the strategic missile forces is carried out using the existing infrastructure. Stationary and mobile versions are fully compatible with existing communication and command and control systems.
Tactical and technical characteristics of the rocket 15ZH65:
The maximum firing range is 11,000 km;
Number of steps - 3;
Starting weight - 47.1 tons (47.2 tons);
Thrown mass - 1.2 tons;
The length of the rocket without the warhead is 17.5 m (17.9 m);
Rocket length - 22.7 m;
The maximum hull diameter is 1.86 m;
Warhead type - nuclear, monoblock;
Warhead equivalent - 0.55 Mt;
Circular probable deviation - 200 m;
TPK diameter (without protruding parts) - 1.95 m (for 15P165 - 2.05 m).
Tactical and technical characteristics of MZKT-79221 (MAZ-7922):
Wheel formula - 16x16;
Turning radius - 18 m;
Ground clearance - 475 mm;
Curb weight - 40 tons (without combat equipment);
Carrying capacity - 80 tons;
Maximum speed - 45 km / h;
Power reserve - 500 km.
Prepared from:
http://rbase.new-factoria.ru
http://www.arms-expo.ru
http://www.kap-yar.ru
http://army.lv
http://military-informer.narod.ru
Having overcome 11 thousand kilometers, the rocket fired from Plesetsk accurately hit the target
April 20, 2004 at 21:30 Moscow time historical event in the life of the "impaired in their rights" in the 90s of the Strategic Missile Forces. For the first time in 15 years, a test launch of an intercontinental ballistic missile was carried out from the Plesetsk cosmodrome to the area of the Hawaiian Islands at a maximum range exceeding 11,000 kilometers. Until that moment, all launches were "home". The missile that flew to distant lands was 15Zh65 Topol-M mobile-based.
Evolution of ICBMs
Since the end of the 1960s, Soviet and American designers of national nuclear missile shields have taken different paths. The Americans calmed down by creating Minuteman solid-propellant ballistic missiles in 1970 and burying them in the ground. That is, the missiles were placed in the mines once and for all. And until now, it is they, put into service in the distant 1970, that represent the ground segment of the US nuclear forces.
Soviet rocket builders, on the other hand, constantly not only modernized existing liquid-fuel rockets, but also created new types. This applied not only to the design, but also to their basing. Initially, ICBMs were openly located at the launch pads of the Kapustin Yar test site. Then ICBMs began to be placed in mines. And it was also not the best option in terms of missile survivability. Pretty soon, the coordinates of the mines were marked on US strategic maps and entered into the computers of missiles aimed at the USSR.
And in the early 70s, the Moscow Institute of Thermal Engineering made a revolution in rocket science. And if the name of S.P. Korolev, who made a huge contribution to the creation of space rocket technology, is well known to everyone, then few people know about Alexander Davidovich Nadiradze (1914 - 1987), a former general designer of MIT for a long time (formerly it was called NII-1 Ministry of Defense Industry). It was thanks to him that the country appeared unique class missiles.
Rockets roam the country
In the mid-1970s, the Strategic Missile Forces began to receive Temp-2S (SS-16) mobile ground-based missile systems developed by MIT. These ICBMs, mounted on a MAZ chassis, had an impressive range of 10,500 km and a powerful 1.6 Mt warhead. "Temp-2S" had two fundamental advantages that Soviet launch systems did not have before.
First, they constantly moved, changing their location. In this connection, they were inaccessible to preemptive missile attacks of the enemy. American land-based ICBMs still do not have this advantage.
Secondly, the rockets used were solid propellant. They are simpler and safer to operate than liquid-fueled ICBMs. They have increased reliability, as well as reduced preparation time for launch.
The last "Soviet" product of MIT, created in conditions of economic and organizational stability, was the Topol mobile strategic missile system with a three-stage solid-fuel rocket 15Zh58. It was put into service in 1988.
On the basis of Topol, a more advanced complex RT-2PM2 Topol-M was created. It is unique both in terms of its tactical and technical capabilities, and in terms of the conditions in which the development took place. The RT-2PM2 was put into service in 2000, becoming the first ICBM in history created in "inhuman conditions". The complex began to be developed in the late 80s, when funding was sharply reduced in the industry, and was brought to trials when the industry was practically in ruins. The situation was aggravated by the collapse of the USSR. So, for example, the most important participant in the project - the Dnepropetrovsk design bureau "Yuzhnoye" - dropped out of the game in the early 90s.
"Topol-M" has two modifications - mine-based and mobile. It turned out to be easier to install the rocket in the mine - this stage of design and subsequent testing was completed in 1997. Three years later, a mobile launcher was also ready. And its official operation in parts of the RSVN began in 2005, a year after the rocket flew to the Hawaiian Islands.
Tests of the rocket demonstrated its highest reliability, which exceeded the results of tests of other types of rockets. From December 1994 to November 2014, 16 test launches were carried out, both from mine installations and from mobile ones. Only one of them was unsuccessful. At the same time, the rocket did not explode, but deviated from the target in flight and was eliminated.
Cunning modernization
The designers had to show maximum ingenuity in order to bypass the slingshots placed by the START-2 Treaty. MIT did not have the right to create a new missile, "Topol-M" was declared as a modernization of "Topol". The upgraded ICBM was not supposed to differ from the original in any of the following ways:
the number of steps;
Type of fuel for each stage;
Starting weight (no more than 10 percent deviation);
Rocket length (no more than 10% deviation);
Diameter of the first stage (no more than 5% deviation);
Thrown weight (no more than 5 percent deviation).
In this connection, the performance characteristics of the Topol-M complex could not undergo significant changes relative to the Topol complex. And the designers concentrated their main efforts on creating a missile with unique abilities to overcome the enemy's missile defense system.
At the same time, due to the use in a rocket the latest technologies designers managed to significantly increase its energy capabilities. Thus, the bodies of all three stages are made by winding a "cocoon" from a composite material. This lightened the rocket and made it possible to throw more useful weight warhead.
This had a beneficial effect on the dynamics of the flight. The operating time of the marching engines of three stages is 3 minutes. Due to the rapid increase in speed, the vulnerability of the rocket in the active part of the trajectory is reduced. An efficient control system for several auxiliary engines and rudders provides maneuverability in flight, making the trajectory unpredictable for the enemy.
Fight against missile defense
The Topol-M is equipped with a new type of maneuvering warhead with a capacity of 550 kt. At the stage of factory testing, it was able to overcome US missile defense with a probability of up to 60% - 65%. Now this figure has been increased to 80%.
The new warhead is more resistant to the damaging factors of a nuclear explosion and to the effects of weapons based on new physical principles. It should be noted that it was completely simulated on a supercomputer and was created for the first time in domestic practice without testing components and parts during full-scale explosions.
The missile is equipped with a set of missile defense breakthrough means, which include passive and active decoys, as well as means of distorting the characteristics of the warhead. False targets are indistinguishable from warheads in all ranges of electromagnetic radiation: optical, radar, infrared. They mimic the characteristics of the HF on the downstream portion of the flight path so faithfully that they are able to withstand super-resolution radars. The means of distorting the characteristics of the warhead include a radio absorbing coating, infrared radiation simulators, and radio interference generators.
The launcher weighing 120 tons is placed on an eight-axle chassis of high cross-country ability of wheeled tractors of the Minsk plant. The missile is in a fiberglass transport and launch container. Start - mortar type: with the engine off, the rocket is pushed out of the container by powder gases to a height of several meters. In the air, it is deflected using a powder accelerator. And after that, the main engine is turned on in order to avoid damage to the launcher by the gas jet of the main engine of the first stage.
The number of Topol-M complexes on combat duty in the RSVN increases by 5-6 units annually. Now there are 60 mine-based complexes and 18 mobile ones. At the same time, a new, more advanced Yars complex has already entered the army, the missile of which is equipped with three warheads with individual guidance. In it, it was possible to further reduce the time of the active part of the trajectory, increase the accuracy of fire and the likelihood of overcoming missile defense.
TTX complexes "Topol-M", "Yars" and "Minuteman-3"
Number of steps: 3 - 3 - 3
Engine type: RDTT - RDTT - RDTT
Basing: mobile, mine - mobile, mine - mine
Length: 22.5 m - 22.5 m - 18.2 m
Diameter: 1.86 m - 1.86 m - 1.67 m
Weight: 46500 kg - 47200 kg - 35400 kg
Cast weight: 1200 kg - 1250 kg - 1150 kg
Charge power: 550 kt - 4x150-300 kt or 10x150 kt - 3x0.3 Mt
Range: 11,000 km - 12,000 km - 13,000 km
Maximum deviation from the target: 200 m - 150 m - 280 m
Time of the active part of the trajectory: 3 min - 2.5 - n/a
Trajectory: flat - flat - high
Year of adoption: 2000 - 2009 - 1970.
One of the most successful modern Russian systems is the Topol mobile ground-based missile system (SS-25 Sickle according to NATO classification) with the RS-12M missile. Topol-M is the result of a further modification of the Topol complex and is equipped with a more advanced RS-2PM2 missile
One of the most successful modern Russian systems is the Topol mobile ground-based missile system (SS-25 Sickle according to NATO classification) with the RS-12M missile.
Development of an intercontinental ballistic three-stage rocket RT-2PM on solid mixed fuel weighing 45 tons with a monoblock nuclear warhead(weight 1 t) was carried out by the Moscow Institute of Thermal Engineering under the leadership of the chief designer Nadiradze (after his death, development was continued by Lagutin) and is a further modernization of the RT-2P rocket.
The first flight test of the rocket was carried out at the Plesetsk test site on February 8, 1983, and in 1985 the RT-2PM rocket entered service with the Strategic Missile Forces. The RT-2PM rocket is produced in Votkinsk, its launcher - a seven-axle vehicle of the MAZ-7310 type (later modifications on the MAZ-7917) - at the Barrikady plant in Volgograd. The entire period of operation of the RT-2PM rocket spends in a sealed transport and launch container 22 m long and 2 m in diameter. PU with a weight of about 100 tons. and a very solid size has good mobility and patency.
Unlike the RSD-10 and Temp-2S, the Topol missile can be launched from any point along the combat patrol route. If necessary, the RS-12M can be launched directly from the hangar during the parking lot for maintenance, through the retractable roof. To start from an unequipped position, the launcher is hung on jacks and leveled. The preparation time for the start is about 2 minutes. Start type - mortar: after setting the "pencil case" in a vertical position and shooting off its upper cap, powder pressure accumulators push the rocket out of it to a height of several meters, after which the first-stage main engine is launched.
The RT-2PM rocket is made according to the scheme with three march stages. The rocket used a new, more advanced mixed fuel developed at the Lyubertsy LNPO Soyuz. Solid propellant rocket engines with one fixed nozzle are installed on all three stages. On the body of the first stage there were folding rotary lattice aerodynamic rudders (4 pieces), used for flight control in conjunction with gas-jet rudders and 4 lattice aerodynamic stabilizers. The shells of the upper stages were made by the method of continuous winding from organoplastic according to the "cocoon" scheme. The third stage was equipped with a transition compartment for attaching the warhead. The firing range was controlled by cutting off the third-stage propulsion engine, using a thrust cut-off unit, with eight reversible bells and "windows" cut through by detonating charges in the organoplastic power structure of the hull.
The guidance system is autonomous, inertial with an on-board computer. The warhead is monoblock, nuclear weighing about 1 ton. The missile was equipped with a set of means to overcome the missile defense of a potential enemy. The integrated control system made it possible to fully automate the control of the rocket in flight, preparation for the launch and carrying out control and maintenance work.
After the upgrade, the rocket could be used in silos.
Mobile and stationary command posts were developed for the new complexes. The mobile command post for combat control of the Topol ICBM was located on the chassis of a four-axle MAZ-543M vehicle.
For fire control, Barrier and Granit mobile command posts equipped with a missile were also used, with a transmitter instead of a payload, which, after launching the missile, duplicated the start command for launchers located in positional areas.
In 1984, the construction of stationary-based facilities and the equipment of combat patrol routes for the Topol mobile missile systems began in the position areas of the RT-2P and UR-100 ICBMs decommissioned, located in the OS silo. Later, the positioning areas of the complexes being decommissioned under the INF Treaty were arranged medium range.
The Topol complex began to enter service in 1985. The first missile regiment took up combat duty near Yoshkar-Ola on July 23, 1985. Topol missile divisions were stationed near the cities of Barnaul, Verkhnyaya Salda (Nizhny Tagil), Vypolzovo (Bologoe), Yoshkar-Ola, Teikovo, Yurya, Novosibirsk, Kansk, Irkutsk, as well as near the village of Drovyanaya, Chita Region. Nine regiments (81 launchers) were deployed in missile divisions on the territory of Belarus - near the cities of Lida, Mozyr and Postavy. After the collapse of the USSR, part of the Topols remained on the territory of Belarus and were withdrawn from it by November 27, 1996.
According to the START-2 treaty, 360 units of the Topol missile system will be reduced by 2007.
In 1986, on the basis of the second and third stages of the RT-2PM rocket, a medium-range mobile soil complex "Speed" was developed.
Tactical and technical characteristics of the complex RS-12 "Topol"
"Topol M"
At present, the basis of the land component of the strategic nuclear forces of Russia is the Topol-M complex, manufactured by the Votkinsk Machine-Building Plant. This complex is the only mass-produced missile system currently in Russia.
Topol-M is the result of a further modification of the Topol complex and is equipped with a more advanced RS-2PM2 missile.
Due to the restrictions imposed on modernization by the main provisions of the START-2 treaty, the tactical and technical characteristics of the missile could not undergo significant changes, and the main differences from the RS-2PM lie in the flight characteristics and stability when penetrating through the systems of a possible enemy missile defense. Moreover, the warhead was originally created taking into account the possibility of rapid modernization in the event that a potential enemy has active missile defense systems. The creators also do not deny the technical possibility of installing a head unit with multiple warheads for individual targeting. According to experts, there can be from three to seven.
Thanks to three improved sustainer solid-propellant engines, the RS-12M2 rocket began to pick up speed much faster, and several dozen auxiliary engines, instruments and a control mechanism make its flight also difficult to predict for the enemy. The RS-12M2, unlike its predecessor, does not have lattice aerodynamic stabilizers, an improved guidance system (insensitive to powerful electromagnetic pulses) is used, and a more efficient mixed charge is used.
According to the plans of the leadership of Russia and the Russian Defense Ministry, Topol-M will have to replace 270 silo-based complexes with missiles equipped with multiple warheads. These are, first of all, ballistic liquid missiles of the systems RS-20 (SS-18 according to Western classification), RS-18 (SS-19), RS-16 (SS-17) and solid-propellant RS-22 (SS-24), created back in in the early eighties. Over time, 350 Topol mobile systems will be added to these missiles, to replace which a mobile version of the Topol-M based on an eight-axle tractor has been developed. According to the government's latest plans, in 2004 it is planned to start testing a mobile version of the Topol-M complex.
During combat duty, the Topol-M missile will be in a transport and launch container. It is assumed that it will be operated as part of both stationary (in silo launchers) and mobile complexes. At the same time, in the stationary version, it is advisable to use silo launchers (silos) for missiles that are being withdrawn from service or destroyed in accordance with the START-2 Treaty. Refinement of these silos should ensure the impossibility of installing a "heavy" ICBM and includes pouring a layer of concrete on the bottom of the mine, as well as installing a special restrictive ring in the upper part. Placing Topol-M missiles in the existing silos modified in this way will significantly reduce the cost of developing and deploying the complex. The launch method is active-reactive ("mortar").
The rearmament of the Strategic Missile Forces units is carried out using the existing infrastructure. Mobile and stationary versions are fully compatible with the existing combat control and communications system.
Fundamentally new technical solutions were used to create the systems and units of the mobile launcher, the Topol-M complex. Thus, the partial hanging system makes it possible to deploy the Topol-M launcher even on soft soils. Improved patency and maneuverability of the installation, which increases its survivability. "Topol-M" is capable of launching from any point of the positional area (and not from a limited number of predetermined positions), and also has improved means of camouflage against both optical and other reconnaissance means.
Technical characteristics of the chassis: wheel formula - 16x16, controlled first three and last three axles, turning radius - 18 m, ground clearance - 475 mm, wading - 1.1 m, tires - 1.600x6 00-685, curb weight - 40.000 kg, load capacity - 80.000 kg, engine - V12 diesel YaMZ-847 with a capacity of 800 liters. c., speed - 45 km / h, cruising range - 500 km.
The characteristics of the Topol-M missile system make it possible to significantly increase the readiness of the Strategic Missile Forces to carry out assigned combat missions in any conditions, to ensure maneuverability, stealth actions and survivability of units, subunits and individual launchers, as well as control reliability and autonomous operation for a long time (without replenishment inventories).
The missiles are equipped with monoblock warheads, but, unlike all other strategic missiles, they can be quickly re-equipped with multiple reentry vehicles capable of carrying up to three charges. If necessary, if restrictions under the START-2 treaty are lifted, several independently targetable warheads with multiple reentry vehicles (MIRVs) can be installed on this monoblock missile.
The main advantages of the Topol-M missile system are the features of flight and combat stability when penetrating through the enemy's possible anti-missile defense systems. Three sustainer solid propellant engines allow the rocket to pick up speed much faster than all previous types of rockets. The higher energy of the rocket makes it possible to reduce the effectiveness of missile defense in the active part of the trajectory. Several dozen auxiliary engines, instruments and control mechanism make this rapid flight even more difficult to predict for the enemy. In addition, the RS-12M2 missile carries a whole range of missile defense breakthroughs more than the American MX with 10 warheads. Finally, according to Western sources, a maneuvering warhead has been created for Topol-M (Russian sources do not contain such information); if this is true, then "Topol-M" embodies a major breakthrough in the means of overcoming missile defense.
However, "Topol-M", apparently, is not an ideal complex; reliance on it appears to be due in large part to a lack of alternatives. During the discussion around the START-2 treaty, its shortcomings were revealed in numerous publications. According to this information, "Topol" has a relatively low speed and low security, which limits its ability to get out of the strike with a short warning time and makes it vulnerable to the damaging factors of a nuclear explosion, such as a shock wave. Although the Topol-M, apparently, has been improved, its weight and size characteristics are close to the Topol, and this puts objective limits on the way to overcome the above shortcomings.
Tactical specifications RS-12M2 "Topol-M" (Russia)
| Year of adoption | 1997 |
| Maximum firing range, km | 10000 |
| Number of steps | 3 |
| Starting weight, t | 47,1 |
| Thrown weight, t | 1,2 |
| Missile length without warhead, m | 17,5 |
| Rocket length with head part, m | 22,7 |
| Maximum rocket diameter, m | 1,86 |
| Number of warheads, pcs | 1 |
| head type | monobloc, nuclear, detachable |
| Combat charge power, Mt | 0,55 |
| Shooting accuracy (KVO), m | 350 |
| Type of fuel | solid mixed |
| Type of control system | autonomous, inertial based on BTsVK |
| Start method | mortar |
| Basing method | mine and mobile |
Russian Civilization
The upgraded Topol-M missile system, the first missile system created exclusively by Russian enterprises, forms the core of the entire grouping of the Strategic Missile Forces.
It is on him that great hopes are pinned in preserving and maintaining the nuclear potential at the required level for guaranteed preservation of the country's security. The missile system is unique and is approximately 1.5 times superior to the system of the previous generation in terms of combat readiness, maneuverability and survivability (in the mobile version), the effectiveness of hitting various targets, including in the conditions of missile defense deployment. The energy capabilities of the new missile make it possible to increase the throwable weight, significantly reduce the height of the active part of the trajectory, and increase the efficiency of overcoming advanced missile defense systems.
Missile Topol-M installation(Modernized)
The Topol-M complex has absorbed the existing domestic scientific and technical groundwork and the achievements of domestic rocket science. Experts say: everything that relates to the process of its development, testing, to its tactical and technical characteristics, is defined by the word "for the first time." For the first time, a fully unified missile is being created for a highly protected silo and for mobile soil-based. First implemented new system experimental testing, in which high-standard operating modes of systems and assemblies of the missile complex were applied during ground and flight tests. This made it possible to drastically reduce the traditional scope of testing, reduce costs without losing reliability.
Topol-M" is the result of a further modification of the Topol complex and is equipped with a more advanced RS-2PM2 (15Zh65) missile.
Due to the restrictions imposed on modernization by the main provisions of the START-2 treaty, the performance characteristics of the Topol-M missile could not undergo significant changes and the main differences from the RS-2PM lie in the flight characteristics and stability when penetrating through the enemy’s possible anti-missile defense systems The head part was originally created taking into account the possibility of rapid modernization in the event that a potential enemy has active missile defense systems. It is technically possible to install a head unit with multiple independently targetable warheads. Tests were also carried out on the third stage, equipped with direct-flow hypersonic atmospheric engines.
Thanks to three improved sustainer solid-propellant engines, the RS-12M2 missile has reduced the duration of the active flight segment by several times, and auxiliary engines, instruments and control mechanisms make its flight difficult to predict for the enemy. The RS-12M2, unlike its predecessor, does not have lattice aerodynamic stabilizers, an improved guidance system (insensitive to powerful electromagnetic pulses) is used, and a more efficient mixed charge is used.
Work on the creation of a new complex began in the mid-1980s. The resolution of the Military-Industrial Commission of September 9, 1989 ordered the creation of two missile systems (stationary and mobile) and a universal solid-propellant three-stage intercontinental ballistic missile for them. This development work was called "Universal", the developed complex - the designation RT-2PM2. The development of the complex was carried out jointly by the Moscow Institute of Thermal Engineering and the Dnepropetrovsk Design Bureau "Yuzhnoye".
The missile was supposed to be unified for both types of complexes, but the original project assumed a difference in the breeding system of the warhead. The combat stage for the silo-based missile was to be equipped with an LRE on the advanced PRONIT monopropellant. For the mobile MIT developed a solid fuel propulsion system. There were also differences in the transport and launch container. For the mobile complex, it had to be made of fiberglass. For stationary - made of metal, with a number of ground equipment systems mounted on it. Therefore, the rocket for the mobile complex received the index 15ZH55, and for the stationary one - 15ZH65.
In March 1992, it was decided to develop the Topol-M complex based on the developments under the Universal program (in April, Yuzhnoye ceased its participation in the work on the complex). By decree of Boris Yeltsin dated February 27, 1993, MIT became the lead enterprise for the development of Topol-M. It was decided to develop a unified missile with only one version of combat equipment - with a solid-fuel combat stage propulsion system. The control system was developed at the NPO Automation and Instrument Engineering, the combat unit - at the Sarov VNIIEF. The production of missiles was launched at the Votkinsk Machine-Building Plant.
Rocket testing began in 1994. The first launch was carried out from a silo launcher at the Plesetsk cosmodrome on December 20, 1994. In 1997, after four successful launches, mass production these missiles. The act on the adoption of the Topol-M intercontinental ballistic missile by the Strategic Missile Forces of the Russian Federation was approved by the State Commission on April 28, 2000, and the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation on the adoption of the DBK into service was signed by Vladimir Putin in the summer of 2000, after which the mobile ground-based missile system entered flight tests (PGRK) based on the eight-axle chassis MZKT-79221. The first launch from a mobile launcher was carried out on September 27, 2000.
Rocket 15Zh65
Rocket 15Zh65 complex Topol-M three-stage. All three stages of the rocket are solid-propellant, of the "cocoon" type (solid-wound from a composite material). Flight control, due to the lack of aerodynamic and gas rudders, is carried out by rotary nozzles of sustainer engines. Propulsion engine nozzles are made of carbon-carbon composite.
The head part is detachable monoblock thermonuclear. It is possible to equip a multiple reentry vehicle with 150 kt individual targeting warheads, unified with R-30 Bulava warheads, from 3 to 6. In addition, the 15Zh65 missile of the Topol-M complex can be equipped with a maneuvering warhead.
The complex of missile defense breakthrough means consists of passive and active decoys (LT) and means of distorting the characteristics of the warhead. False targets are indistinguishable from warheads in all ranges of electromagnetic radiation (optical, laser, infrared, radar), allow simulating the characteristics of warheads in almost all selective features on the extra-atmospheric, transitional and a significant part of the atmospheric section of the descending branch of the missile warhead flight trajectory, are resistant to the damaging factors of a nuclear explosion and the radiation of a super-powerful nuclear-pumped laser, etc. For the first time, decoys capable of withstanding super-resolution radars have been designed. The means of distorting the characteristics of the warhead consist of a radio-absorbing (combined with a heat-shielding) coating of the warhead, active radio interference generators, aerosol sources of infrared radiation, etc. In addition, improved mid-flight engines made it possible to reduce the duration of the Topol rocket's active flight phase by 3-4 times, compared with liquid-propellant rockets of the previous generation.
The Topol-M rocket is operated as part of the stationary DBK 15P065 and the mobile DBK 15P165. For placement in the mine version, converted silos 15P735 (ICBM UR-100UTTH) and 15P718 (ICBM R-36M2) are used. The 15P065 complex includes 10 silos and one highly protected command post 15V222. In the silo, the Topol-M rocket is installed in a metal transport and launch container, unified for both types of silos.
The mobile-based Topol-M missile is placed in a fiberglass transport and launch container, on a self-propelled eight-axle chassis MZKT-79221. The weight of the launcher is about 120 tons, the width is 3.4 m, the length is 22 m. The chassis provides exceptional maneuverability and maneuverability for its dimensions. To launch a rocket, the launcher is not fully suspended, which makes it possible to achieve stability even on soft soils, and the launch itself can be made from anywhere in the base area.
The Topol-M missile is being created as an upgrade of the RS-12M ICBM. The conditions for modernization are defined by the START-1 Treaty, according to which a missile is considered new if it differs from the existing one (analogue) in one of the following ways:
the number of steps;
type of fuel of any stage;
starting weight by more than 10%;
the length of either the assembled rocket without the warhead, or the length of the first stage of the rocket by more than 10%;
diameter of the first stage by more than 5%;
cast weight of more than 21%, combined with a change in first stage length of 5% or more.
Thus, the mass-dimensional characteristics and some features of the design of the Topol-M ICBM are severely limited.
The stage of state flight tests of the Topol-M missile system took place at 1-GIK MO. In December 1994, the first launch from a silo launcher took place. April 28, 2000 The State Commission approved an act on the adoption by the Strategic Missile Forces of the Russian Federation of the Topol-M intercontinental ballistic missile.
The 15P065 combat stationary silo missile system includes 10 15Zh65 missiles in 15P765-35 silo launchers and one unified command post of the 15V222 type with high security (suspended in the silo with the help of special depreciation). The use of the "mortar launch" made it possible to significantly increase the resistance of the 15P765-35 ShPU to PFYAV by removing the elements of the 15P735 launcher necessary for the gas-dynamic launch of 15A35 missiles, using an improved shock-absorbing system and filling the released volume with heavy reinforced concrete of special grades. Work on the re-equipment of mine launchers 15P735 to accommodate Topol-M missiles was carried out by the Vympel Experimental Design Bureau under the leadership of Dmitry Dragun.
In accordance with the START-2 treaty, it is allowed to re-equip 90 ShPU 15P718 15A18 missiles for the 15Zh65 missile, while guaranteeing the impossibility of installing heavy ICBMs into such a converted launcher. The finalization of these silos includes pouring a 5m layer of concrete at the bottom of the mine, as well as installing a special restrictive ring at the top of the launcher. The internal dimensions of the heavy missile shaft are excessive to accommodate the Topol-M missile, even taking into account the pouring of the lower part of the launcher with concrete. The mass of the Topol-M rocket, its outer diameter and length are less than the mass-geometric dimensions of the 15A18M rocket, respectively, by about 5, 1.5 and 1.5 times. In order to preserve and apply heavy silo units and systems during re-equipment, it was necessary to conduct a number of comprehensive studies of the silo loading scheme during nuclear explosions and launch, the service system, the impact on the gas dynamics of the launch of a large internal free volume of the mine, the restrictive ring and the massive and large-sized roof, and the issues of loading the TPK with a rocket in PU, etc.
Resource-saving technology in the creation of serial PU 15P765-18 provides for the preservation of a protective roof, barbette, drum, mine shaft with a bottom directly at the facility and the reuse of most of the equipment PU 15P718 - protective roof drives, shock absorption systems, elevators and other equipment - after their dismantling , sending to manufacturing plants, carrying out RVR at factories with tests on stands. The problem of implementing resource-saving technology is closely related to the establishment of new warranty periods for reusable equipment, including mine shafts. Placing Topol-M missiles in existing silos modified in this way can significantly reduce the cost of developing and deploying the complex. Successful flight tests allowed the State Commission to recommend the adoption of the silo, converted from silos of heavy missiles, into service as part of the missile system, and in the summer of 2000 such a complex was put into service by decree of the President of the Russian Federation.
Combat missile system (BRK) 15P065 with a solid-propellant ICBM 15Zh65 of a light class, which has an increased resistance to PFYaV, ensures the launch of a missile without delay to normalize the external situation with multiple nuclear impact on neighboring DBK facilities and when the positional area is blocked by high-altitude nuclear explosions, as well as with a minimum delay in non-damaging nuclear impact directly on the launcher. The resistance of the launcher and the mine command post to PFYAV has been significantly increased, it is possible to launch from the constant combat readiness mode according to one of the planned target designations, as well as operational retargeting and launch according to any unscheduled target designation transferred from the top management. The probability of bringing the launch commands to the command post and silo has been increased. In the process of combat duty, the 15Zh65 rocket is located in a metal transport and launch container. TPK are unified for both types of silos
The transport and installation unit of the complex, created in the Motor Design Bureau, combines the functions of an installer and a transport and handling machine.
Mobile-based Topol-M ICBMs are deployed as part of the DBK 15P165. The 15Zh65 mobile-based missile is housed in a high-strength fiberglass TPK on an eight-axle chassis MZKT-79221 (MAZ-7922) with high cross-country ability and structurally practically does not differ from the mine version. The weight of the launcher is 120 tons, length - 22 meters, width - 3.4 meters. Six of the eight pairs of wheels are swivel, which provides a turning radius of 18 meters. The pressure on the ground of the installation is two times less than that of a conventional truck. The PU engine is a V-shaped 12-cylinder YaMZ-847 turbocharged diesel engine with a power of 800 hp. The depth of the ford to be overcome is up to 1.1m. When creating the systems and units of the DBK 15P165 Topol-M, a number of fundamentally new technical solutions were used in comparison with the Topol complex. Thus, the partial hanging system makes it possible to deploy the Topol-M launcher even on soft soils. Improved patency and maneuverability of the installation, which increases its survivability. "Topol-M" is capable of launching from anywhere in the positional area, and also has improved means of camouflage against both optical and other reconnaissance means (including by reducing the infrared component of the unmasking field of the complex, as well as the use of special coatings that reduce radar visibility).
The control system is inertial based on the BTsVK and a gyro-stabilized platform. The complex of high-speed command gyroscopic instruments has improved accuracy characteristics, the new BTsVK has increased performance and resistance to PNF effects, aiming is ensured by implementing an autonomous determination of the azimuth of the control element installed on a gyro-stabilized platform using ground complex command devices located on the TPK. Increased combat readiness, accuracy and continuous operation life of onboard equipment are provided.
High performance missiles 15Zh65 to ensure high level resistance to the damaging factors of a nuclear explosion was achieved through the use of a set of measures that had proven itself even during the creation of the R-36M2 (15A18M), RT-23UTTKh (15Zh60) and RT-2PM (15Zh58) ICBMs:
protective coating new development applied to the outer surface of the rocket body and providing comprehensive protection against PFYAV;
application of a control system developed on an element base with increased durability and reliability;
application of a special coating with a high content of rare-earth elements to the body of the sealed instrument compartment, which housed the control system equipment;
the use of shielding and special methods of laying the missile's onboard cable network;
the introduction of a special program maneuver of the rocket during the passage of a cloud of a ground-based nuclear explosion, and so on.
Successful measures have been taken to reduce the flight duration and to reduce the height of the end point of the active leg of the missile's flight path. Also, the ICBM received the possibility of limited maneuver on the active part of the trajectory, which can significantly reduce the likelihood of its defeat in the most vulnerable, initial, part of the flight. According to the developers, the active phase of the flight (launch, the phase of operation of the mid-flight stages, the phase of disengagement of combat equipment) of the Topol-M ICBM is reduced by “3-4 times” compared to liquid-propellant ICBMs, for which it is approximately 10 minutes.
Type of warhead: detachable monoblock thermonuclear warhead with a high-speed, high level of resistance to PFYAV. In the future, it is possible to equip the missile with a maneuvering warhead or a separable warhead with a number of warheads from 3 to 6 (promising warheads with a capacity of 150 kt for MIRVs are unified with warheads for the D-19M complex with the R-30 Bulava SLBM). The first test launch of the mobile version of the Topol-M ICBM, equipped with MIRVs with individually targetable warheads ( official name new rocket - RS-24), took place on May 29, 2007 from the Plesetsk cosmodrome.
It should be noted that the ICBM warhead was created with the maximum use of developments and technologies obtained during the creation of warheads for the Topol ICBM, which made it possible to reduce development time and cost. Despite such unification, the new warhead is much more resistant to PNF and the action of weapons based on new physical principles than its predecessor, has a lower specific gravity, has improved mechanisms for ensuring safety during storage, transportation and being on combat duty. The new warhead has an increased efficiency of fissile materials compared to its predecessor and is historically the first domestic warhead for ICBMs, the creation of which took place without testing parts and assemblies during full-scale nuclear explosions.
The characteristics of the Topol-M missile system make it possible to significantly increase the readiness of the Strategic Missile Forces to perform assigned combat missions in any conditions, to ensure maneuverability, stealth actions and survivability of units, subunits and individual launchers, as well as reliable control and autonomous operation for a long time (without replenishment inventories). The accuracy of aiming has been almost doubled, the accuracy of determining geodetic data has been increased by one and a half times, and the preparation time for launch has been reduced by half.
The rearmament of the Strategic Missile Forces units is carried out using the existing infrastructure. Mobile and stationary versions are fully compatible with the existing combat control and communications system. The warranty period of operation of the ICBM 15Zh65 is 15 years (according to a number of data - 20 years).
The integral warhead of the Topol-M missile can be replaced with a multiple warhead carrying three independent warheads, which makes the missile invulnerable to any missile defense system - it is impossible to intercept three warheads at the same time. The current treaties do not allow Russia to do this, but the situation can change at any moment...
In the process of designing systems and assemblies of the autonomous launcher (APU) of the Topol-M complex, many fundamentally new technical solutions were applied. For example, the partial suspension system allows deploying the Topol-M APU even on soft soils. The patency and maneuverability of the launcher have also been improved. All this significantly increases the maneuverability, secrecy of actions and survivability of launchers and missile units as a whole.
This alone makes Topol-M ultra-modern weapon XXI century, capable of reliably protecting our country from external aggression, and, if necessary, becoming a weapon of inevitable retribution.
CHARACTERISTICS - "Topol-M"
Maximum firing range, km 11000
Number of steps 3
Launch weight, t 47.1 (47.2)
Thrown mass, t 1.2
Missile length without warhead, m 17.5 (17.9)
Rocket length, m 22.7
Maximum hull diameter, m 1.86
Head part type monoblock, nuclear
Warhead equivalent, mt 0.55
Circular probable deviation, m 200
TPK diameter (without protruding parts), m 1.95 (for 15P165 - 2.05)
MZKT-79221 (MAZ-7922)
Wheel formula 16×16
Turning radius, m 18
Ground clearance, mm 475
Weight in curb condition (without combat equipment), t 40
Carrying capacity, t 80
Maximum speed, km/h 45
Range, km 500
| Mobile ground missile system 15P158 "Topol" with intercontinental ballistic missile 15Zh58. |
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| Customer index: complex | 15P158 | |
| Customer Index: Missiles | 15Zh58 | |
| Designation under the INF Treaty | RS-12M | |
| Designation DIA | SS-25 | |
| NATO designation | Sickle | |
| Rocket manufacturer: | Votkinsk Machine-Building Plant | |
| Complex developer: | MIT, OKB A.D. Nadiradze. | |
| Launcher manufacturer: | Plant "Barricades", Volgograd, RSFSR. | |
RS-12M is designed to destroy strategic targets at intercontinental ranges.
The RS-12M is a mobile ground-based intercontinental strategic missile, which significantly increases its survivability in combat conditions.
One of the most successful Russian modern complexes was considered a mobile ground missile system "Topol" (SS-25 "Sickle" according to NATO classification) with a missile RS-12M. It became the first mobile complex equipped with an intercontinental range missile, put into service after almost two decades of unsuccessful attempts made by various design organizations.
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Development
Development of a strategic mobile complex " Poplar»( RS-12M) with a three-stage intercontinental ballistic missile suitable for placement on a self-propelled vehicle chassis (based on ICBMs 15Zh58 on solid mixed fuel weighing 45 tons with a monoblock nuclear warhead weighing 1 t) was launched July 19, 1977 years at the Moscow Institute of Thermal Engineering under the leadership of the chief designer Alexandra Nadiradze V 1975 year. After death A. Nadiradze(was director and chief designer of MIT 1961-1987 years, died in 1987 year), the work was continued under the guidance of Boris Lagutin(gen. designer MIT 1987-1993 gg.). A mobile launcher on a wheeled chassis was developed by the Central Design Bureau "Titan" at the Volgograd plant "Barikady".
    3 - 8. Self-propelled launcher (15U168)  9. Self-propelled launcher (15U128.1) |
Rocket RT-2PM
Rocket 15Zh58 made according to the scheme with three marching steps. To ensure high energy-mass perfection and increase the firing range in all marching stages, a new, developed at the Lyubertsy LNPO Soyuz, a more advanced mixed fuel of increased density with a specific impulse increased by several units was used compared to the fillers of previously created engines.
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All three steps have RDTT with one fixed nozzle. On the outer surface of the tail section of the first stage there were folding rotary lattice aerodynamic rudders (4 pcs.), Used for flight control in conjunction with gas-jet rudders and 4 lattice aerodynamic stabilizers. The second stage structurally consists of a connecting compartment and a mid-flight RDTT. The third stage has almost the same design, but it additionally includes a transition compartment, to which the head part is attached.
 12. First step |
 13. Second step |
 14. Third step |
 15. Tail section |
 16. The combat stage of the RS-12M rocket |
The bodies of the upper stages were for the first time made by the method of continuous winding from organoplastic according to the "cocoon" scheme. The third stage was equipped with a transition compartment for attaching the warhead. Controlling the firing range was the most difficult technical task and was carried out by cutting off the third-stage main engine, using a thrust cut-off unit, with eight reversible bells and "windows" cut through DUZ ami ( DUZ- detonating elongated charge) in the organoplastic power structure of the body. The thrust cut-off unit was located on the front bottom of the upper stage housing.
An autonomous, inertial control system was developed at the NPO Automation and Instrumentation under the guidance of Vladimir Lapygin. The aiming system was developed under the guidance of the chief designer of the Kyiv plant "Arsenal" Serafima Parnyakova. The inertial control system has its own onboard computer, which made it possible to achieve high firing accuracy. The control system provides missile flight control, routine maintenance on the missile and launcher, pre-launch preparation and missile launch. All operations of pre-launch preparation and launch, as well as preparatory and maintenance work are fully automated.
The head part is monoblock, nuclear weighing about 1 ton. The head part includes a propulsion system and a control system that provides circular probable deviation ( QUO) 400 m (so our sources say, in the West the accuracy is estimated at 150-200 m). " Poplar"equipped with a set of means to overcome the missile defense of a potential enemy. The nuclear warhead was created at the All-Union Research Institute of Experimental Physics under the leadership of the chief designer Samvel Kocharyants. According to Western sources, the missile was tested at least once with four individually targetable warheads, but this option was not further developed.
The flight control of the rocket is carried out by rotary gas-jet and lattice aerodynamic rudders. New nozzle devices for solid propellant engines have been created. To ensure stealth, camouflage, false complexes, and camouflage have been developed. Like the previous mobile complexes of the Moscow Institute of Thermal Engineering. Rocket 15Zh58 produced in Votkinsk.
The entire life of the rocket 15ZH58 (RT-2PM) conducts in a sealed transport and launch container 22 m long and 2 m in diameter.
Initially, the warranty period for the operation of the rocket was 10 years. Later the warranty period was extended to 15 years.
Launcher and equipment
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During operation, the rocket is located in a transport and launch container installed on a mobile launcher. It is mounted on the basis of a seven-axle chassis of a MAZ heavy truck. The rocket is launched from a vertical position using a powder pressure accumulator ( PAD), located in the transport and launch container ( TPK).
The launcher was developed at the Volgograd Central Design Bureau "Titan" under the leadership of Valeriana Soboleva And Viktor Shurygin.
As a chassis for the launcher of the mobile complex, a seven-axle MAZ-7912 (15U128.1), later MAZ-7917 (15U168) wheel arrangement 14x12 (factory "Barricades" in Volgograd). This car of the Minsk Automobile Plant is equipped with a 710 hp diesel engine. Yaroslavl Motor Plant. chief designer of a rocket launcher Vladimir Tsvyalev. The vehicle was equipped with a sealed transport and launch container with a diameter of 2 m and a length of 22 m. The mass of the launcher with the rocket was about 100 tons. Despite this, the complex Poplar"had good mobility and patency.
Solid propellant charges of engines were developed in the Lyubertsy NPO "Soyuz" under the guidance of Boris Zhukov(later the association was headed Zinovy Pack). Composite materials and the container were developed and manufactured at the Central Research Institute of Special Machine Building under the guidance of Victor Protasova. Rocket hydraulic steering drives and self-propelled launcher hydraulic drives were developed at the Moscow Central Research Institute of Automation and Hydraulics.
Some sources reported that the launch could have been made from any point on the patrol route, but according to more accurate information: “ Upon receipt of a launch order ASBU, calculation APU is obliged to take the nearest waypoint suitable for launch and deploy APU» .
note- the nearest suitable one, which means predetermined and having certain coordinates, plus previously prepared in the engineering issue and plotted on the route map. To this end, periodically in accordance with plans NS And ZBU reconnaissance of field positions and patrol routes is carried out, during which list of works where to cut down, level, add or strengthen. This is practically and is called from any point. [Ed.]
In the field (i.e. on the field BSP And MBP shelves " Poplars"are on combat duty, as a rule, for 1.5 months in winter and the same amount in summer).
Start RS-12M could also be produced directly from a special unit 15U135 « Crown" in which " Poplars» are on combat duty on stationary BSP. For this, the roof of the hangar is made sliding.
Initially, the roof was retractable, andon the locking device, which did not allow the cables with loads -concrete counterweights -at the end (like a weight on a chain on walkers) to fall were installedsquibs.At the command to start (in the sequence diagram of the mode« Start”), a command was sent to trigger the squibs, and then the loads pulled the cables with their weight and the roof moved apart.
In severe winter conditions, such a scheme proved to be negative (it is impossible to determine exactly the mass of the counterweight due to snowfall, the average reading led either to jamming or to a breakdown from the guides, besides this, it is not possible to determine the state of the squib without shooting). Therefore, the squibs were replaced with older and more reliable ones (compared to pioneer improved) electromechanical drives. [Ed.]
Combat readiness (time to prepare for the launch) from the moment the order was received to the launch of the rocket was increased to two minutes.
In order to be able to start PU hung on jacks and leveled. These operations enter deployment mode. The missile container is then lifted to a vertical position. To do this, in the "Start" mode, a powder pressure accumulator is triggered ( PAD) located on the very APU. It is needed in order for the hydraulic system to lift the boom with TPK into the vertical. In other words, this is an ordinary gas generator. On the Pioneer, the boom was raised (i.e., the hydraulic pump engine was working) from the drive from the propulsion engine ( HD) chassis, which led to the need to have a system to maintain HD in the "hot state", duplicate the start system HD air balloons, etc. But such a scheme somewhat reduced reliability.
Start type - artillery: after installation TPK to a vertical position and the shooting of its upper protective cap is triggered first by the first PAD TPK– for extending the movable bottom TPK to "rest" on the ground for more stability, and then the second PAD already pushes the rocket to a height of several meters, after which the main engine of the first stage is launched.
Control APU carried out PKP « Zenith"(divisional link) and" Granite"(regimental link).
For the Topol complex, a mobile command post of the regiment was developed ( PKP RP). Aggregates PKP RP placed on the chassis MAZ-543. Compound PKP RP:
Unit 15V168- command and control vehicle
Unit 15V179– communication machine 1
Unit 15V75– communication machine 2
Each unit was accompanied by a unit MOBD(combat support vehicle), also on the chassis MAZ-543. At first it was a unit 15V148, then (with 1989 g.) unit 15V231.
One MOBD included the functions of 4 units of the complex Pioneer: MDES, canteen, hostel, MDSO). Those. had diesel units, household compartment, BPU.
APU RK « Poplar» were equipped with a modernized system RBU, which made it possible to receive commands to start using the system " Perimeter» for 3 ranges.
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 25. SPU occupies the field combat training starting position (PUBSP) |
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 26. Loading equipment onto platforms to send av arsenal. |
 27. SPU exit from the facility 15U135 (Krona). |
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 28. Missile division on the march. |
 29. SPU in the field position. |
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 32. An example of the location of structures at the starting position |
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 30. |
 32. 1. Starting position Novosibirsk-2 |
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 32. 2. Starting position Novosibirsk-2 |
 32. 3. Starting position Novosibirsk-2 |
Trials and deployment
 33.  34.  35.  36.  37 |
On October 27, 1982, as part of the first stage of the LKI-1, the first and only launch of the 15Zh58 rocket from the Kapustin Yar test site took place.
IN February 1983 year PGRK " Poplar”was released for flight tests. The first flight test of the rocket at the 53rd NIIP MO (now the 1st GIK MO) Plesetsk was carried out February 8, 1983 g. (here it should be clarified - according to other sources, this launch took place 18th of Febuary) This and two subsequent launches were made from converted stationary missile silos RT-2P. One of the launches was unsuccessful. The series of tests continued until December 23, 1987 d. In total, more than 70 launches of this rocket were carried out.
IN 1984 the construction of stationary facilities and the equipment of combat patrol routes for mobile missile systems began in the year Poplar» in positional areas removed from duty ICBM RT-2P And UR-100 located in silos OS. Later, the arrangement of positional areas removed from service under the contract was carried out. RIAC medium range complexes.
The development of the elements of the complex proceeded in stages, and apparently the greatest difficulties were associated with the combat control system.
The first series of tests was successfully completed by the middle 1985 city (during April 1985 15 test launches took place).
It was decided in order to gain experience in operating the new complex RT-2PM (15P158) V military units expand it in one of the parts.It was done and July 23, 1985 G. in the area of Yoshkar-Ola, a complex consisting of 9 launchers was first put on combat duty in the 779th missile regiment of the PGRK (commander - Lieutenant Colonel Dremov V.V.). And in November 1985, the regiment first went on combat duty to field positions.
At the same time, the development of the combat control system, obviously, continued.
WITH 1985 In the 1990s, mass production of missiles was located at a plant in Votkinsk (Udmurtia), and a mobile launcher was manufactured at the Volgograd plant "Barrikada".
In parallel, in 1985 year based on the second and third stages of the rocket 15Zh58 a mobile soil complex of medium range was developed " Speed". The first and only launch of the 15Zh66 rocket of the Speed complex took place on March 1, 1985. The maximum firing range of this complex was greater than that of the Temp-S front-line complex and less than that of the Pioneer complex. Such a range, with powerful combat equipment, made it possible to squeeze into the launch weight of the rocket, which provided an acceptable total weight and dimensions of the self-propelled launcher. Acceptable in order to "ride" on the territory of the countries of Eastern Europe. Thus, the question of flying time for London, Rome, Bonn was removed. For political reasons, the adoption of this complex for service did not take place.
The first regiment, equipped with a mobile regimental command post (PKP "Barrier"), was put on combat duty only April 28, 1987 city (near the city of Nizhny Tagil).
Part of the PGRK " Poplar"was deployed in the newly created positional areas. After signing in 1987 of the INF Treaty, for basing complexes " Poplar"Some positional areas of dismantled medium-range PGRKs began to be re-equipped" Pioneer».
Test launches of missiles, as previously mentioned, ended December 23, 1987 city, however, fully testing the mobile complex, and not just missiles, ended only in December 1988 g., therefore, the final decision on the adoption of the Topol complex for service dates back to December 1, 1988 g., i.e. after three s an extra year after the start of trial operation.
May 27, 1988 The first missile regiment with a modernized mobile regimental command post (PKP "Granit", near the city of Irkutsk) was put on combat duty.
At the time of signing the Agreement START-1 V 1991 The USSR had 288 missile systems " Poplar". After signing START-1 the deployment of these complexes was continued.
Missile divisions " Poplars"Were deployed near the cities of Barnaul, Verkhnyaya Salda (Nizhny Tagil), Vypolzovo (Bologoe), Yoshkar-Ola, Teikovo, Yurya, Novosibirsk, Kansk, Irkutsk, as well as near the village of Drovyanaya, Chita Region. Nine regiments (81 launchers) were deployed in missile divisions on the territory of Belarus - near the cities of Lida, Mozyr and Postavy.
As of the end 1996 The Strategic Missile Forces had 360 PGRK " Poplar».
Every year, one control launch of the missile is carried out. Poplar» from the Plesetsk training ground. The high reliability of the complex is evidenced by the fact that during its testing and operation, about fifty control and test launches of missiles were made. They all went through flawlessly.
November 29, 2005 the training and combat launch of ICBMs was carried out RS-12M « Poplar» mobile-based from the Plesetsk cosmodrome in the direction of the Kura test site in Kamchatka. Educational warhead missiles with a given accuracy hit a conditional target at the training ground of the Kamchatka Peninsula. The main purpose of the launch is to check the reliability of the equipment. The missile stood on combat duty for 20 years. This is the first case in the practice of not only domestic, but also world rocket science - a solid-fuel rocket, which has been in operation for so many years, has been successfully launched.
Reduction
According to the agreement on START-2(signed in January 1993 by George Bush and Boris Yeltsin) 360 units of the missile system " Poplar" before 2007 years have been shortened. This was not prevented by the delay in ratification and the subsequent actual rejection of the treaty.
After the collapse of the USSR, part of " Poplars remained on the territory of Belarus. August 13, 1993 year, the withdrawal of the Strategic Missile Forces group " Poplar" from Belarus, November 27, 1996 year it was completed.
As of July 2006 243 missile systems were still on combat duty. Poplar"(Teikovo, Yoshkar-Ola, Yurya, Nizhny Tagil, Novosibirsk, Kansk, Irkutsk, Barnaul, Vypolzovo.
An interesting fact is that the complex Poplar"- the first Soviet strategic missile system, the name of which was declassified in Soviet press, in an article refuting the accusations by the American side that Russia is allegedly testing a new missile system in violation of the current arms reduction treaty.
In order to use the released missiles of the complex " Poplar"to launch satellites, the launch complex of the space launch vehicle" Start". From 1993 to 2006 only 7 launches took place. There were two options for launch vehicles:
« Start"- four stages (starting and three marching) + upper stage RB-4 (high-altitude stage). At the same time, the first stage (starting) of the complex is similar to the first stage of the 15Zh58 rocket. The second and third (marching) are the second stage 15ZH58. The fourth (marching) is the third step 15ZH58.
« Start-1"- three stages + upper stage.
The development of the space complex did not receive and the program was frozen ...
Back at the end 1980s years, on a competitive basis, the development of a universal ICBM double-based - mine and on a mobile installation. In MIT, which traditionally dealt with soil complexes, they began to develop a mobile complex, and in Yuzhnoye Design Bureau in Ukraine (Dnepropetrovsk) - a mine complex. But in 1991 year, all work was completely transferred to the Moscow Institute of Thermal Engineering. Design led Boris Lagutin and after his retirement 1997 year - academician Yuri Solomonov appointed General Designer of MIT.
But that is another story...
The composition of the complex
PGRK 15P158.1 "Poplar"- APU 15U128.1 on the MAZ-7912 chassis, in this configuration the Topol complex was deployed as part of the Strategic Missile Forces at the initial stage.
PGRK 15P158 Topol- APU 15U168 on the MAZ-7917 chassis, standard equipment of the Topol complex.
The complex also includes:
- 15V148 / 15V231 combat duty support vehicles (MOBD) of the Topol complex on the MAZ-543M chassis for personnel rest on combat duty;
- 15V78 tropospheric radio communication station from the means of providing the Topol complex on the MAZ-543M chassis;
- combat control vehicle (MBU);
- 15U135 unit "Krona" - a hangar with a retractable roof for carrying PGRK combat duty at a stationary equipped position;
- a vehicle for training drivers on the MAZ-7917 chassis.
Tactical and technical characteristics of the Topol complex
| Launch preparation time min | 2 |
| thermonuclear power, Mt | 0,55 |
| Shooting accuracy (KVO), m | 900/200* |
| Combat patrol area km 2 | 125000 |
| Launcher | 7-axle chassis MAZ-7310 |
| Warranty period of storage of the rocket in the TPK, years | 10 (extended to 15) |
| launcher type | mobile, group launcher with mortar launch |
| Intercontinental ballistic missile 15Zh58 (RT-2PM) | |
| firing range, km | 10500 |
| Number of steps | 3 + breeding stage combat blocks. |
| Engine | RDTT |
| Start type | ground from TPK due to PAD |
| Length: | |
| - complete, m | 21,5 |
| - without HF, m | 18,5 |
| - first step m | 8,1 |
| - second stage m | 4,6 |
| - third stage m | 3,9 |
| - head part m | 2,1 |
| Diameter: | |
| - first stage hulls, m | 1,8 |
| - second stage hulls, m | 1,55 |
| - hulls of the third stage, m | 1,34 |
| - TPK (transport and launch container), m | 2,0 |
| starting weight, T | 45,1 |
| The mass of the equipped first stage of the rocket, T | 27,8 |
| head part | monobloc detachable |
| head mass, kg | 1000 |
| Control system | autonomous, inertial with onboard computer |
| Autonomous launcher (APU) | |
| Number of missiles on the launcher | 1 |
| Base - wheeled | MAZ-7912, MAZ-7917 |
| Wheel formula | 14x12 |
| Weight: | |
| - launcher without TPK, T | 52,94 |
| Overall dimensions (without TPK/with TPK): | |
| - length, m | 19,520/22,303 |
| - width, m | 3,850/4,5 |
| - height, m | 3,0/4,5 |
| Engine | diesel V-58-7 (12V) |
| Power, hp | 710 |
| fuel supply, l | 825 |
| Speed, km/h | 40 |
| Power reserve, km | 400 |
| Time of transfer to combat position, minutes | 2 |
| Combat duty support vehicle (MOBD) | |
| Weight, kg | 43500 |
| dimensions: | |
| - length, m | 15,935 |
| - width, m | 3,23 |
| - height, m | 4,415 |
| Power, hp | 525 |
| Power reserve, km | 850 |
| Speed, km/h | 40 |
| Combat escort vehicle (BMS) | |
| Weight, kg | 103800 |
| dimensions: | |
| - length, m | 23,03 |
| - width, m | 3,385 |
| - height, m | 4,35 |
| Power, hp | 710 |
| Power reserve, km | 400 |
| Speed, km/h | 40 |
| Stationary building for ground mobile launchers |
|
| Type | sliding roof garage |
| Purpose | for storage of one SPU |
| built, units | 408 |
| Dimensions: | |
| - length, m | 30,4 |
| - width, m | 8,1 |
| - height, m | 7,2 |
| Composition of connections and parts | |
| Missile division | 3-5 missile regiments (KP and 9 SPU in each). |
| Regimental command post | stationary and mobile "Barrier" or "Granite" (based on MAZ-543M). |
| Division composition: | |
| - preparation and launch group, PC. | 3 |
| - Combat control and communications group | |
* – according to Russian/foreign sources
List of launches
 1. |
Most of the launches were carried out in the area of the Kura test site.
| date | Rocket | Polygon | Note |
| 29.09.1981 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Throw tests |
| 30.10.1981 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Throw tests |
| 25.08.1982 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Throw tests |
| 27.10.1982 | 15Zh58 | Kapustin Yar | LKI-1(stage 1) – First and only launch 15Zh58 from the Kapustin Yar training ground |
| 18.02.1983 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | LKI-1(stage 2) |
| 05.05.1983 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | LKI-2 |
| 31.05.1983 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | LKI-3 |
| 10.08.1983 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | LKI-4 |
| 25.10.1983 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | LKI-5 |
| 20.02.1984 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | LKI-6 |
| 27.03.1984 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | LKI-7 |
| 23.04.1984 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | LKI-8 |
| 23.05.1984 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | LKI-9 |
| 26.07.1984 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | LKI-10 |
| 10.09.1984 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | LKI-11 |
| 02.10.1984 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | LKI-12 |
| 20.11.1984 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Control |
| 06.12.1984 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | LKI-13 |
| 06.12.1984 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | LKI-14 |
| 29.01.1985 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | LKI-15 |
| 21.02.1985 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Control |
| 22.04.1985 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Control - 79th rp (military unit 19970) |
| 14.06.1985 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Control - 107th rp |
| 06.08.1985 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Control |
| 28.08.1985 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Control |
| 04.10.1985 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Control - 308th rp (military unit 29438) |
| 25.10.1985 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Control |
| 06.12.1985 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Control |
| 18.04.1986 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Control |
| 20.09.1986 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Control |
| 29.11.1986 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Control |
| 25.12.1986 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Control |
| 11.02.1987 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Control |
| 26.05.1987 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Control |
| 30.06.1987 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Control |
| 14.07.1987 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Combat training launch |
| 31.07.1987 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Control |
| 23.12.1987 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Control |
| 23.12.1987 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | LKI-16 – End of LCI |
| 29.04.1988 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Combat training launch |
| 05.08.1988 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Combat training launch |
| 14.09.1988 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Control |
| 20.10.1988 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Combat training launch |
| 01.12.1988 | – | – | PGRK 15P158 Topol adopted |
| 09.12.1988 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Control |
| 07.02.1989 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Combat training launch |
| 21.03.1989 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Combat training launch |
| 15.06.1989 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Control |
| 20.09.1989 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Control |
| 26.10.1989 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Control |
| 29.03.1990 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Combat training launch |
| 21.05.1990 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Combat training launch |
| 24.05.1990 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Control |
| 31.07.1990 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Combat training launch |
| 16.08.1990 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Control |
| 01.11.1990 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Combat training launch |
| 25.12.1990 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Control |
| 07.02.1991 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Combat training launch |
| 05.04.1991 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Combat training launch |
| 25.06.1991 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Control - 189 rp (military unit 11466) |
| 20.08.1991 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Control - 479 rp 35 rd |
| 02.10.1991 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Control - 346 rp 32 rd |
| 25.02.1993 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Control |
| 23.07.1993 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Control - Command post exercises |
| 22.06.1994 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Combat training launch |
| 23.09.1994 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Control |
| 10.11.1994 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Combat training launch |
| 14.04.1995 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Combat training launch |
| 10.10.1995 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Combat training launch |
| 10.11.1995 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Combat training launch |
| 17.04.1996 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Combat training launch |
| 03.10.1996 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Combat training launch |
| 05.11.1996 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Combat training launch |
| 03.10.1997 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Combat training launch - Command post exercises |
| 16.09.1998 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Combat training launch |
| 01.10.1999 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Combat training launch - Command post exercises |
| 11.10.2000 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Combat training launch |
| 16.02.2001 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Combat training launch |
| 03.10.2001 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Combat training launch |
| 01.11.2001 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Combat training launch |
| 12.10.2002 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Combat training launch |
| 27.03.2003 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Combat training launch - 235th rp (military unit 12465) |
| 18.02.2004 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Combat training launch - 307th rp (military unit 29532) Exercise "Safety-2004" |
| 02.11.2004 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Combat training launch |
| 01.11.2005 | 15Zh58E | Kapustin Yar | The test of a promising military equipment. The target is the Sary-Shagan test site. The first launch of 15Zh58E with polygon "Kapustin Yar" |
| 29.11.2005 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Combat training launch |
| 03.08.2006 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Combat training launch |
| 18.10.2007 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Combat training launch |
| 08.12.2007 | 15Zh58E | Kapustin Yar | The test of a promising military equipment. |
| 28.08.2008 | 15Zh58E | Plesetsk | The test of a promising military equipment. First launch of 15Zh58E from Plesetsk |
| 12.10.2008 | 15Zh58E | Plesetsk | The test of a promising military equipment. Exercise "Stability-2008" |
| 10.04.2009 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Combat training launch |
| 10.12.2009 | 15Zh58E | Kapustin Yar | The test of a promising military equipment. The target is the Sary-Shagan test site. |
| 28.10.2010 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Combat training launch - service life extension complex up to 23 years |
| 05.12.2010 | 15Zh58E | Kapustin Yar | The test of a promising military equipment. The target is the Sary-Shagan test site. |
| 03.09.2011 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Combat training launch |
| 03.11.2011 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Combat training launch |
| 07.06.2012 | 15Zh58E | Kapustin Yar | The test of a promising military equipment. The target is the Sary-Shagan test site. |
| 19.10.2012 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Combat training launch |
| 10.10.2013 | 15Zh58E | Kapustin Yar | The test of a promising military equipment. The target is the Sary-Shagan test site. |
| 30.10.2013 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Combat training launch |
| 27.12.2013 | 15Zh58E | Kapustin Yar | The test of a promising military equipment. The target is the Sary-Shagan test site. |
| 04.03.2014 | 15Zh58E | Kapustin Yar | The test of a promising military equipment. The target is the Sary-Shagan test site. |
| 08.05.2014 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Combat training launch - Command post exercises |
| 20.05.2014 | 15Zh58E | Kapustin Yar | The test of a promising military equipment. The target is the Sary-Shagan test site. |
| 11.11.2014 | 15Zh58E | Kapustin Yar | The test of a promising military equipment. |
| 22.08.2015 | 15Zh58E | Kapustin Yar | The test of a promising military equipment. The target is the Sary-Shagan test site. |
| 30.10.2015 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Combat training launch |
| 17.11.2015 | 15Zh58E | Kapustin Yar | The test of a promising combat equipment |
| 24.12.2015 | 15Zh58E | Kapustin Yar | The test of a promising combat equipment |
* - unsuccessful launches are marked in red.
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