In the XIV century. between England and France began the Hundred Years War (1337-1453), during which France tried to return the southwestern regions (Aquitaine) where the British still managed, and without establishing control over them, the unification of the country could not be completed. In addition, there was a long-standing struggle between England and France over Flanders. occasion The war was triggered by the claims of the English king Edward III to the French throne.

In the 1st period of the war, the advantages were on the side of England, whose troops were better organized and fought under a single command, and the French knighthood was not subject to a single command and each militia, led by its liege, fought independently. In 1346, the English troops defeated the French knights at Crecy. Soon the port of Calais fell, which became the stronghold of the British on the continent. Further offensive, the actions of the British moved to the south-west. Here, in 1356, in the Battle of Poitiers, many Frenchmen died, King John the Good himself was captured by the enemies, who never returned to his homeland. The war brought disasters to the working people of France, which were intensified by the plague of 1347. The defeat of the French troops at Poitiers aroused terrible indignation among the population. The nobles were accused of failing to defend the country. Discontent intensified due to the beginning of the collection of money for the ransom of the king and noble feudal lords. In May 1358, a powerful uprising broke out north of Paris - Jacquerie (“Jacques the simpleton” is a contemptuous nickname for a peasant); covering the northeast of the country. Guillaume Cal was at the head of the detachment of peasants. Jacquerie like everyone else peasant wars the Middle Ages was drowned in blood. However, frightened by the possibility of new performances, the feudal lords did not dare to increase oppression.

Wat Tyler's rebellion in England. In England, the feudal lords, as trade developed, strove to receive more and more income from their estates, and they began to transfer the peasants from food quitrent to cash quitrent. The peasants became poor and ruined. After the truce of 1360-1369 French troops began to win victories and push the British. The setbacks in the war caused a new tax to be introduced in England; according to a parliamentary decree of 1377, every inhabitant of the country aged 14 years and older was obliged to pay a head tax. This placed a heavy burden on families with many children. In May 1381, uprisings of peasants and the urban poor broke out, which quickly engulfed 26 of the 40 English counties. The village artisan Wat Tyler, who participated in the Hundred Years War and knew the military depot, became the leader of the peasants. . The rebels achieved a meeting with the king and forced him to accept their program (the abolition of personal dependence, corvée and the privileges of all seniors except the king). But during the negotiations, Wat Tyler was mortally wounded. Deprived of leadership, detachments of peasants were ousted from London by a militia of knights. Despite the fact that the uprising of 1381 was defeated, it noticeably accelerated the process of freeing the peasants from personal dependence, which took place in England at the end of the 14th and throughout the 15th century.

Patriotic movement in France. Joan of Arc. Under the French king Charles VI (1360-1422), who fell into madness, the state was ruled alternately by two rival court factions. They were led by the king's uncles, the Duke of Burgundy and the Duke of Orleans. Taking advantage of this feudal struggle, the British landed a 30,000-strong army in the north of the country. In 1415, the British won a victory at Azeniur (in Normandy). The British occupied all of northern France, and even Paris. Under the peace treaty of 1420, France and England were declared a single kingdom. But soon the war resumed. proclaimed himself king dauphin(heir to the throne) Charles with the remnants of the French army took refuge in a fortress on the Loire. The British besieged the city of Orleans. Its fall would open the way for the invaders to the south of the country. Then, at the court of the Dauphine, a peasant girl from the village of Domremy appeared - Jeanne d "Arc, who believed that God and the saints recognized her to save France. By the power of her faith, Jeanne managed to convince even royal dignitaries of her high mission. She led the army heading for Orleans in order to The British left Orleans on May 8, 1429. This was a decisive turning point in the Hundred Years War. Paris, she was captured by the Burgundians and sold to the British. litigation, in which the French bishops also took part, Jeanne was accused of heresy and witchcraft and burned at the stake on May 30, 1431. In 1453, the last British stronghold in Aquitaine, Bordeaux, surrendered. The Hundred Years War is over. But England held the port of Calais for another century. The end of the war created favorable conditions for the further development of the process of centralization. The French Monarchy decided thanks to the extreme situation important issue- the creation of a standing army and permanent taxes. The strengthening of royal power was reflected in church politics. In 1438, at the assembly of the French clergy, the Bourges Pragmatic Sanction was adopted, which secured the liberty of the Gallican church: the right to choose bishops and abbots by local chapters, the abolition of annates - payments to the pope, the restriction of appeals to the Roman curia only questions of doctrine.

History of the conflict. The longest war in the medieval era was the Hundred Years, which began in the first half of one century and ended by the middle of the next. She walked between the two strong states Europe - England and France. This was not the first war between them. Rather, the protracted final stage of a long-standing conflict. There have always been several reasons, but the main one is territory.

The history of the conflict has more than three centuries. Starting point formed the Duchy of Normandy. It developed in the historical French territories (northwest) in the 10th century, its rulers were vassals of the French king, who allocated this area to the Scandinavians-Vikings-Normans. Then the Norman dukes became counts of two more regions - Maine and Anjou. And in the XI century. conquered England and became the English kings. But in their hands were, of course, possessions on the continent. In the XII century. a large Aquitaine was added to these possessions, i.e. the southwestern historical regions of France: the English king received such a rich dowry together with his wife, the heiress of these lands. Approximately half of the French territories were now under the rule of the English kings. For the French sovereigns, access to the sea along the Seine and the Loire was closed.

situation in the middle of the thirteenth century. For all these territories between the countries there was a continuous struggle. By the middle of the thirteenth century only Aquitaine remained for the English kings (in French - Guienne, in English - Gascony). And with regard to this possession, they remained vassals of the French kings. Aquitaine washed by Atlantic Ocean, there are many convenient ports on its coast. England has long traded with this part of the continent. The lion's share of the income and wealth of Aquitaine went to England.

And in the north, the greedy eyes of both sides attracted Flanders. It was independent from the middle of the 11th century, but recognized itself as a vassal of the French kings. Each of the parties dreamed of seeing it in reality as part of their possessions. And France managed to do more for this than its rival, but still, Flanders did not become part of the French state by the time of the war.

Exacerbation of contradictions. By the beginning of the fourteenth century. clashes of interests between England and France in relation to Aquitaine and Flanders became deeper. In the inevitable clash, each country had to solve its own problems. France wanted a final delimitation of her and English territories, without which the process of its unification and strengthening of power could not go on. England wanted to create a large and rich, the first in Europe, a state that would have a strong position on the continent.

At the same time, traditionally the English kings remained vassals of the French king, but they also traditionally did not want to fulfill their obligations to him.

dynastic reason. There was also a serious dynastic reason for the Hundred Years War. In 1328, the direct line of the house of the French kings of the Capetian dynasty was cut off. The deceased king had no sons. But there were, of course, less close heirs. So, the English king Edward III (1327-1377) was the nephew of the last king of the Capetian dynasty, a relative in the female line. In France, his cousin Philippe of Valois was more distant relative along the male line. Again, according to a tradition dating back to the first centuries and the times of the ancient Franks, it was believed that power and land should not be transferred to a woman through the female line, i.e. the positions of Edward III were not indisputable in the eyes of the French. The French nobility recognized Philip of Valois as the closest successor to the throne.

Edward III, of course, did not calm down. And he began to hatch plans for the invasion of France. He was looking for allies, influenced the neighbors of France, negotiated with the rulers of the Pyrenean states. The immediate reason for the invasion was the announcement made by the French king in the spring of 1337 about the next confiscation of the western part of Aquitaine (Gascony). Edward III immediately put forward claims to the French throne and declared war on France.

Stages of war and army. The Hundred Years' War is usually divided into several stages: the first - 1337-1360, the second - 1362-1399, the third - 1402-1428, the fourth - 1429-1453. It is precisely at the first stage that the two most famous battles fall - at Crecy and Poitiers.

The basis of the French army, as in all previous wars, was the knightly cavalry. It consisted of separate knightly detachments. King Philip VI himself (1328-1350) led the French. The King of Bohemia (Czech Republic), the Duke of Lorraine, the Duke of Flanders, the Duke of Alencon, and other most noble knights fought in his army. They brought with them large detachments of their vassals. In addition, after the invasion of the British, the king announced a general recruitment, and some of the people came to him as volunteers to serve for a salary. He ordered to read in the churches a manifesto addressed to all the French, which said: "According to the judgment of our council, good law is undoubtedly on our side and our cause is just."

As a result, at the beginning of the war, according to chroniclers, the total number of soldiers in all theaters reached a record figure for the Middle Ages - about 100 thousand people. The figure is clearly exaggerated, but the state spent about half of its income on the war.

The English army was smaller, but better organized. It included nobles (counts) with detachments, and ordinary knights, and commoners-foot soldiers. Detachments of hired knights, who received a salary from the king, acted as a united group, clearly carried out the orders of the commander. The core of the army was made up of infantry archers. They fired from a long distance with amazing accuracy and speed.


The nature of wars. The role of "strategic raids". Wars in the Middle Ages, as we remember, were unlike modern ones. Armies moved slowly, battles were not very bloody, large battles were quite rare. They went most often for fortified places - castles and cities. Consequently, these wars were dominated by sieges. Of course, the main goal was to weaken the enemy, to inflict as much damage as possible on him: to devastate his lands, burn crops in the bud, burn down the houses of the peasants, if possible, kill them themselves, abuse their wives and daughters. At the same time, the subjects of a hostile sovereign were ruined and could no longer pay taxes to him, and trade was harmed.

Therefore, one of the main types of hostilities were raids. The main intention of the English king was, as mentioned above, the conquest (or reconquest) of Hyenne and Flanders. He chose "strategic raids" as the way to solve this problem. In addition to weakening the enemy, they were supposed to replenish the English royal treasury from local funds, booty, and prisoners for ransom. The war had to at least partly feed itself. In addition, the raids strengthened the authority of the king.

The first years of the war. The English king Edward III had broad strategic plans. He planned to start hostilities simultaneously in three directions, in three parts of France: in Normandy, Aquitaine, Flanders. If you take a look at the first years of the war, it is clear that luck was on the side of the British. In July 1338, their detachments crossed the Pas de Calais. This marked the beginning of hostilities. In 1339, Edward III makes a campaign-raid in the regions of northwestern France (Cambresy, Vermandois, Tierache) to intimidate the French. His troops tried to take castles by storm, destroyed monasteries along the way. One of his contemporaries speaks of 2117 burned and destroyed cities and castles; even if this figure is greatly exaggerated, it shows that the damage was enormous. In 1340, the French fleet was completely destroyed at the Battle of Sluys. The British became complete masters of the sea.

Then actions began on land, in France. Before Crecy, the English ravaged the richest part of the kingdom. They, as in the very first years, plundered and set fire to cities, villages on their way or demanded a ransom, killed people or took them into captivity. They burned for days and weeks. They moved through the territories of France (Normandy, Picardy) easily, almost unhindered. The king of France and his army were almost always late. They were also late to Crecy, because they hoped to fight in an open field, but the British managed to fortify themselves on a hill, while their rear was covered by forest.


How do you know about the Battle of Crecy. Many of his contemporaries narrate about this event, but the best of all is the famous French chronicler Jean Froissart. He described the events in 1361, when the war was still going on, but 15 years had passed since Crecy. Froissart was 10-11 years old at the time of the battle. But he used the writings of eyewitnesses and oral stories of participants and contemporaries of the battle. The chronicler calls out the names, the number of units, reproduces the situations of the battle.

British positions. Froissart puts the number of Englishmen involved in the battle at 8,500. The British were well prepared. The width of the battlefield was about 1500 m, and about 1.5-2 thousand soldiers could fit in one line.

The British took up a convenient position on a gentle hill near the road along which the French were moving. Note that they did not stand across the road, but along it. This means that the French, before attacking, had to first pass by the entire British army. For the sake of the success of the case, no one should have to go into battle immediately at the sight of the enemy. But this is very difficult to achieve. The British understood that the French advance detachments would launch scattered attacks, and it would be easier to deal with them. In addition, the British managed to dig a large number of narrow pits about 30 cm deep, so that the opponent's horses would break their legs in them. Finally, all their warriors were well rested.


August 26 after morning prayer The British had a leisurely breakfast and lined up. On the slopes of the hill are detachments of archers, between them are knights and warriors with spears. The knights specially dismounted, i.e. got off the horses. The whole army was divided into three large detachments. While waiting for the French, the soldiers lay down on the grass so as not to get tired before the battle began. Everything happened in a disciplined and calm manner. King Edward III traveled around all the soldiers, making fun of one or the other, encouraging everyone with his brave appearance. Then he took up an observation post at the mill, which stood on the top of the hill, nearby in a circle were placed wagons with stocks of arrows: no less than a hundred for each archer.

The approach of the French troops. The French troops at dawn went towards the British. The king hoped to cut off their retreat. From the place of their camp to the British was about 30 km. According to contemporaries and historians, there were more French than the British: from 20 to 25 thousand. At the same time, 6 thousand Genoese, i.e. Italians, whom the king hired to fight the British. They were pretty good crossbow shooters and were willingly hired for warfare. Arrowhead-like short steel crossbow "bolts" fired from a powerful catapult caused serious wounds. They were especially dangerous for horses.

Only around 6 pm did the army come close to the British. By order of the king, before approaching the English camp, a regrouping was carried out. The king ordered the Genoese crossbowmen to move forward.

Froissart says this: "When King Philippe reached the place where they settled down in order of battle the English, and saw them, all the blood boiled in him, because he hated them fiercely. "And he immediately decided to engage in battle with them, for which it was necessary to let the Genoese go ahead. The king exclaimed:" Start the battle in the name of God and Monsignor Saint Denis!"

So, the overheated king did not gather the military leaders for advice before the battle and, most importantly, did not give the army a rest after a long march. The Genoese made a long march to the battlefield on foot. Each had weapons and other equipment, weighing about 40 kg, part of it was folded onto the carts moving behind. The infantrymen were exhausted, the sun shone directly into their eyes during the campaign, and it was hardly worth prompting them to an immediate battle.

In addition, a downpour with thunder and lightning suddenly broke out, the earth became viscous, puddles appeared. And a few minutes before the rain, a huge flock of crows flew over both armies, disgustingly cawing and frightening the superstitious warriors. They began to say that this was a bad sign, there would be a hard battle and a lot of blood. As suddenly as it started, the rain stopped.

The king orders the Genoese to start the battle. Philip VI wished to start the battle immediately, and the Genoese had to obey his order. But they hesitated, and instead of advancing suddenly began to bawl surprisingly loudly, hoping to embarrass the British. But the phlegmatic Englishmen stood still, as if they had not heard any warlike cries.


Then their arrows moved a little forward and at once began to fire at the Genoese with bows. The hail of their arrows was "so thick it looked like snow." The Genoese had never before met in battle with such archers as the British were: arrows pierced their arms, legs, heads. Many of the Genoese cut the string of their crossbows, and some threw them to the ground. Soon the Genoese, who were not allowed to wait for the carts, where their shields were located, which protected them from arrows in battle, fled. All this was watched by the French knights, whose horses stood in dense rows. Riding on richly dressed horses, luxuriously dressed knights looked at the foreign infantry with contempt.

"Kill all this rabble." King Philip fell into a complete rage and shouted out of himself: "Kill all this rabble, they interfere with us and block the way." And the knights began to beat their own.

And the British still poured arrows on the enemy, shot into the thick of the crowd, so that not a single shot was in vain. Scientists estimate that the British fired approximately 500,000 arrows.

Attacks of the French cavalry. The French knights nevertheless launched an attack, crushing the Genoese. It was about 7 pm. A mess formed on the slippery hill, which slowed the progress of the riders forward. The Genoese tried to break past them in order to leave the battlefield. The front horses began to fall into the pits. As Froissart writes, "Then there was a terrible stampede and confusion, the horses reared up and overturned; the English archers continued to shoot for sure, the knights on the ground, unable to rise, achieved with spearmen."

But the French managed to regroup. They continued to make attack after attack. In total, they managed to make 15 or 16 attacks, fought even in the dark. They proved to be steadfast and brave fighters.


French losses. Many died in hand-to-hand combat on the hill. Among them are the brother and nephew of King Philip, the blind King of Bohemia (Czech), Count of Flanders, Count of Blois, Duke of Lorraine and others. Under the king of France, two horses were killed, and he himself was wounded in the face. The standard-bearer was killed. The royal standard, a long cone-shaped flag with a rounded end, and the main French banner - the Oriflamme of St. Denis - remained on the battlefield.

The king left this field late in the evening. And he departed for the city of Amiens, which was not far away. By midnight, the surviving French knights also reached out towards the city.

The British are celebrating their victory. The British kindled fires, lit huge torches, began to dine, drink wine and celebrate the victory. (Then the king gave several hundred letters of pardon for this victory to those who were taken to the war with France instead of serving sentences in prison for crimes committed.)

End of hostilities. The next day, Sunday 27 August, Edward III sent 500 horsemen and 2,000 archers to look for the remnants of the French army. There was a thick morning fog. Scattered groups and detachments of the French were easily defeated by the British. That day was killed four times more people than the day before.

The fighting ended by the middle of the day. The English king sent to count the dead French. Two knights and their assistants had to recognize the coats of arms, and the scribes - to enter the names in the list of those killed. The bodies of 1542 French knights were found near the English positions, among them 11 counts and dukes. The dead infantrymen turned out to be about 2 thousand. The British lost no more than 300 people.

The French blamed the Genoese for everything. The king initially even ordered them all to be cut out, but then the anger cooled down.


Bohemian king
John (Luxembourgish)
fully armed

Reasons for the British victory. The success of the king of England belongs to a very rare occurrence in medieval military history - a victory won by a well-organized defense. The king categorically forbade the pursuit of the French and did not himself make a single attack that would endanger his foot archers and dismounted knights.

Kresy as a turning point. The battle was the first pitched battle since the beginning of the Hundred Years War, which had dragged on for 10 years. It became the turning point of the first phase of the Hundred Years War. Contemporaries and historians give different reasons for the defeat. Among the purely military, two are the main ones. First, as noted, the British were on the defensive, and all the battles of the Middle Ages proved that infantry had great advantages over cavalry in defense. Especially if the position is chosen successfully and well prepared.

Secondly, all the authors unanimously speak of the superiority of the English archers over the Genoese crossbowmen. While the crossbowman was reloading his crossbow once, the English archer had time to fire three arrows. And the number of archers on the field was greater, because the crossbowman needs more space for action with his weapon than an archer with his bow. To disrupt the attack, it was necessary to make from three to six volleys. What the archers did, forcing the French to retreat.

Finally, Philip lacked a clear plan of action.

The psychological significance of the battle turned out to be very great: the authority of the French king was dealt a powerful blow. Defeats in the Middle Ages were perceived as "God's judgment", and faith in the king was greatly shaken.

In addition, France suffered considerable losses. Under Crecy, almost half of the knights participating in the battle fell. And one of the reasons for this was their lack of discipline. Only courage was not enough.


The British enjoy the fruits of victory. Strategically, the victory of the British opened the way for them to the port of Calais, sea ​​gate France. The British besieged it for almost a year until the city surrendered. When the city was in their hands, the problem of transferring troops and food for reinforcements was completely solved. This made it possible to continue the offensive planned by Edward III on a wide front in the three most important strategic directions. The campaign conceived by the British gave a lot, although it did not bring a decisive victory. England's position on the Continent was seriously strengthened. She now had three regions, three bridgeheads at her disposal: Aquitaine, Brittany, Calais.

The predatory raids of the English detachments through the territory of France, the capture of cities brought great booty. Jewelry, money, clothes began to be delivered to England. Ransoms for rich and noble French captives became a serious source of income. British public opinion was determined to continue the war.

Recent studies have shown the truly disastrous results of the Hundred Years War for some French provinces. The events associated with Crecy contributed to this.

The purpose of the lesson: To form students' understanding of the causes of the Hundred Years War, the forces of the parties, the nature of the war, its main stages, results and features. Find out who Joan of Arc is and what role she played in this war.

Educational:

1. Deepen students' understanding of the causes and nature of feudal wars.
2. To show that the people of France were the decisive force in the war of liberation against the invaders.
3. Ensure the mastery of the main dates of the lesson.
4. Contribute to the formation of cognitive interest in the study of the history of other peoples.

Developing:

1. To develop the cognitive processes of students (memory, attention, perception, speech).
2. Continue the formation of skills to work with the text of the textbook, a historical document, a table, highlight the main thing, draw a conclusion.
3. To educate students' communicative qualities (the ability to listen, express their thoughts, speak to an audience).

Educational:

1. To form respect among schoolchildren for the heroine of the French people Jeanne D, Arc.
2. Contribute to the education of a sense of patriotism on the example of the struggle of the French people for national independence.

Equipment:

Lesson type: Lesson learning new material.

During the classes

I. Organizing time. Greetings. Checking readiness for the lesson, landing.

II. Introduction by the teacher. In previous lessons, we talked about the two most significant countries of the medieval period. Name (England and France). And they found out that in the 13-14 centuries. in these states there was a process of centralization of power. But in the middle of the 14th century, an event occurred that greatly influenced further history these countries.

So, write down the topic of the lesson.

III. Goal setting.

The histories of England and France are closely linked.

This is also evidenced by such a fact (an excerpt from the book of Jean Jouevil, Marshal of Champagne, 1248–1254) Working with a document(Annex 2)

Task: What was the relationship between the kings of England and France in the 13th century? (Hostile, neutral, friendly?).

And suddenly today we learn that in 1337 a war broke out between England and France, which lasted until 1453. Almost 116 years! ( slide 1)

Task: Knowing this fact, let's answer the question again, what was the relationship between England and France in the 14th century? (Hostile, neutral, friendly?).

Now compare the 2 conclusions and answer the questions: What is the contradiction? Which main question do we need to decide in class? (Children's answers.)

Setting a problem task for the lesson: Why did the peace between England and France give way to a long Hundred Years War, what are its causes, main events and results? ( slide 2)

IV. Exploring a new topic.

Are the main questions that we will consider reflected in the lesson plan?

1. Causes and reason for the war.
2. Army of two countries.
3. The main events of the war.
4. Jeanne D, Arc - folk heroine of France.
5. Completion and results of the war.

So, chronological framework know? (Children's answers.)

Are the enemy countries known? (Children's answers.)

(slide 4)

1. Causes and reason for war. Reasons and reason to be found out! Of course, such events as wars have their reasons and their reasons. What were they like in the Hundred Years War?

First, let's remember what a reason and a reason are.

An occasion is a case, a circumstance that gives a direct impetus to the beginning of an event.

A reason is a reason, a pretext for some action.

Exercise : Working in groups of 2 people.

1st group - Task 2. Working with a document (Annex 2) find out the reasons for the war.

2nd group - Task.2 Work with the textbook (Annex 2) find out the reason for the war.

Reasons for the war: ( slide 5)

- The desire of the kings of France to subdue the French lands belonging to the king of England (Aquitaine) in order to complete the unification of the country.
- The desire of England and France to control the rich cities of Flanders.
- War is a way of enrichment for the feudal lords.

Reason for war:

Claims of the King of England to the Crown of France.

Conclusion: The conquest of Aquitaine enabled the French king to complete the unification of France

2. Armies of two countries. ( slide 7)

And now we have to check the readiness of countries for war.

Look at the table and describe the English army and the French army.

Working with the term: a ballet- an iron bow built into the butt and equipped with a mechanism for pulling the bowstring.

Which army was better prepared for war? (Children's answers.)

What do you think this could lead to? (Children's answers.)

3. Main events and stages of the war. Teacher's story using a map and presentation slides. Student messages.

Assignment: in the course of the teacher's story, write down the main events of the Hundred Years War.

date Event

The war began in 1337 with naval raids by the French and English. With a strong fleet, the English army crossed the English Channel. In 1340 at the naval battle of Slucy (Slide 9) off the coast of Flanders, the British defeated the French fleet, sinking almost 200 ships. The English joked wickedly: "If the fish could speak, it would speak French, because it has already eaten a lot of Frenchmen."

A few years later hostilities resumed. Having landed in Normandy, the British occupied it and launched an attack on Paris. The next major battle took place near the village of Kresy.

Student message “Battle of Crécy” . (Slide 10-11)

After the battle of Crécy, the British army laid siege to the port of Calais. .

Student's message “The Feat of the Citizens of Calais”. (Slide 12)

Task: What is the feat of the citizens of Calais?

Almost the entire population of England approved of the war: after all, it brought rich booty. Victory seemed close. But in 1348 the greatest plague in history, the Black Death, reached France and England. Both the British and the French were not up to the war for a long time. However, skirmishes between them continued.

Having expanded his possessions in the south of France as a result of a successful offensive, Edward III appointed his son, Prince Edward, as governor there. Going into battle, the prince wore black armor, and therefore was nicknamed the “Black Prince”. From Aquitaine, subject to him, he from time to time made raids with a small detachment into the northern regions of France. When in September 1356 he was returning from another such campaign, near the city of Poitiers he was overtaken by the French cavalry. It was commanded by the king of France, John II the Good.

Student's message "Battle of Poitiers". (Slide 13-14)

1360 - truce between England and France . (Slide 15)

Fizkultminutka. (Slide 16)

His son Charles V, who succeeded John II, turned out to be an outstanding ruler. He restored the army and in 1369 hostilities resumed. The French adopted a new tactic. Avoiding big battles, they exhausted the British with unexpected attacks, thanks to the activities commander Bertrand Dugueclin A.Slide 18

By 1380, the French had almost completely driven the British out of the south of France. In 1396 a new truce was declared. Now the possessions of the British in France were even smaller than before the start of the war. But the position of France was complicated by the internecine war for power and influence on the feeble-minded king Charles VI between the feudal groups, headed by the Duke of Burgundy and the Duke of Orleans. Both sides sought help from the English king. Under such conditions, the war with the British could not go successfully. (Slide 19)

In 1415 hostilities resumed. At the village of Agincourt, the French army was defeated and fled from the battlefield. ( slide 20-21)

Soon the British occupied more than half of France, entered Paris.

According to the peace treaty of 1420, the English king Henry V was declared the temporary ruler of France and heir to the French throne. France is in danger of losing national independence. The son of Charles VI, Dauphin Charles (Prince-Heir), who was deprived of the right to the throne by the agreement, continued the struggle. All the patriots of France rallied around him.

The nature of war is changing. If earlier the royal armies fought among themselves, now they began to join the fight more and more widely. simple people- Peasants and townspeople of France. War has become everyone's business. The French felt they were part of a single whole - France. They treated the British as if they were foreign invaders. Fires up in France partisan struggle.

Task: remember what guerrilla warfare is? (Children's answers.)

Task: Determine the nature of the Hundred Years War. (Children's answers.)

Conclusion: at first it was an ordinary dynastic war, then it acquires a just, liberating, nationwide character.

In 1428 the British laid siege to Orleans. The capture of the city opened the way to the south of France and made it possible to subjugate the whole country. Near Orleans, the fate of France was being decided. slide 22

It seemed that only a miracle could save France. And a miracle happened.

For several years now, a prophecy had been circulating in France that it was not destined to be saved by military leaders, but by a maiden. And in March 1429, an unknown girl appeared to the Dauphin. Her name was Jeanne.

Assignment: what role did Jeanne play in the war (view movie)

5. Completion and results of the war. The war, which became really popular after the execution of Jeanne, did not allow the British to turn the tide of hostilities in their favor. Even the Duke of Burgundy left his English allies and went over to the side of Charles 7. Step by step, city by city, the French army drove the British out of their native land. In 1453, their last stronghold fell - the city of Bordeaux in Aquitaine. The Hundred Years War is over. Only the port of Calais remained with the British for another 100 years.

Quest: Why did France win the war? (Children's answers.)

The results of the war:

A) England's claim to the French crown was eliminated,
B) building a strong nation state c) the strengthening of royal power in France,
D) a standing army appeared in the service of the king.

It is also important to remember that war is not only causes and results. This is also the fate of people, their courage and heroism.

Task: Do you know examples from the history of our country when the people rose to defend their country? (Children's answers.)

V. Fixing the material.

Guys, check if your desk neighbor has records of the main events of the war

1340 - the destruction of the French fleet at the city of Sluys;

1346 - the defeat of the French in the battle of Crécy;

1356 - the defeat of the French army at Poitiers;

1360 - conclusion of a peace treaty;

1415 - Battle of Agincourt - crushing defeat the French;

1428 - siege of the city of Orleans;

1431 - accusation of heresy, execution of Joan of Arc;

1453 - The Hundred Years' War ended with the expulsion of the English.

Returning to the problematic issue of the lesson, we found out that the Hundred Years War between England and France (1337–1453) was the result of the mutual claims of the parties for land and the crown. Ended in victory for France.

Slide 26-27

Game "Yes-no".

  1. The reason for the Hundred Years War was the desire of France to win back Aquitaine from England.
  2. The French army was better prepared to wage war.
  3. Edward the "Black Prince" was the French king's name.
  4. Under commander Bertrand Dugueclin, the French army began to conduct large-scale military operations against the British.
  5. The war between the Duke of Burgundy and the Duke of Orleans further complicated the situation for France.
  6. When the French army lost faith in victory, the people of France retained their courage and will to fight.
  7. Orleans is the city where the fate of France was decided.
  8. The Hundred Years' War ended in 1455.
  9. Today at the lesson I learned a lot of interesting things.
  10. Think, first to yourself, then out loud:
    “Would I be able to save the country? Or remained deaf
    To suffering, tears, troubles, grief?
    Or, would you still help your people?

Teacher: I am very pleased that patriots are growing among you, guys who love their Motherland and are ready to help her!

VI. Grading a lesson.

VII. Homework: paragraph 20, make a crossword on the topic.

Time flew by quickly, it's time to sum up.
Two circles in front of you: do you remember the lesson?
If you understand the topic, figured out what's what,
Raise the white higher (I'm really looking forward to this!)
If it’s blue, then it’s not scary, you can read it at home!
I wish everyone to get “5” in the next lesson!

Thank you all for your active work! Goodbye!

England and France - the two great powers of medieval Europe, controlling the alignment political forces, trade routes, diplomacy and territorial division of other states. Sometimes these countries entered into alliances with each other in order to fight a third party, and sometimes they fought against each other. There were always plenty of reasons for confrontations and another war - from a religious problem to the desire of the rulers of either England or France to take the throne opposing side. The results of such local conflicts were civilians who died during robberies, disobedience, surprise attacks by the enemy. Production resources, trade routes and communications were destroyed to a large extent, crop areas were reduced.

One such conflict erupted on the European continent in the 1330s, when England again went to war against her eternal rival France. This conflict is known in history as the Hundred Years War because it lasted from 1337 to 1453. Countries not all 116 years fought among themselves. It was a complex of local confrontations, which then subsided, then resumed with a new one anew.

Causes of the Anglo-French confrontation

The immediate factor that provoked the start of the war was the claims of the English Plantagenet dynasty to the throne in France. The purpose of this desire was that England lost possession of continental Europe. The Plantagenets were in varying degrees of kinship with the Capetian dynasty, the rulers of the French state. Monarchs royal family wanted to expel the English from Guyenne, transferred to France under the terms of the treaty concluded in Paris in 1259.

Among the main reasons that provoked the war, it is worth noting the following factors:

  • The English ruler Edward the Third was closely related to the French king Philip the Fourth (he was his grandson), he claimed his rights to the throne of a neighboring country. In 1328, the last direct descendant of the Capetian family, Charles the Fourth, died. Philip the Sixth of the Valois family became the new ruler of France. According to the code of legislative acts "Salicheskaya Pravda", Edward the Third could also claim the crown;
  • Territorial disputes over the Gascony region, one of the main economic centers France. Formally, the region was owned by England, but in fact by France.
  • Edward the Third wanted to get back the lands that his father had previously owned;
  • Philip the Sixth wanted the English king to recognize him as a sovereign ruler. Edward the Third took such a step only in 1331, since his native country was constantly torn apart by internal turmoil, constant internecine struggle;
  • Two years later, the monarch decided to get involved in the war against Scotland, which was an ally of France. Such a step of the English king untied the hands of the French, and he gave the order to expel the British from Gascony, spreading his power there. The British won the war, so David II, King of Scotland, fled to France. These events paved the way for England and France to prepare for war. The French king wanted to support the return of David II to the Scottish throne, so he ordered a landing on the British Isles.

The intensity of hostility led to the fact that in the autumn of 1337 the English army began to advance in Picardy. The actions of Edward the Third were supported by the feudal lords, the cities of Flanders and the southwestern regions of the country.

The confrontation between England and France took place in Flanders - at the very beginning of the war, then the war moved to Aquitaine, Normandy.

In Aquitaine, the claims of Edward the Third were supported by the feudal lords and cities, who sent food, steel, wine, and dyes to Britain. It was a major trading region that France did not want to lose.

Stages

Historians divide the 100th war into several periods, taking the activity of hostilities and territorial gains as criteria:

  • The 1st period is usually called the Edwardian War, which began in 1337 and lasted until 1360;
  • the 2nd stage covers 1369-1396 and is called the Carolingian;
  • The third period lasted from 1415 to 1428, called the Lancaster War;
  • The fourth stage - the final one - began in 1428 and lasted until 1453.

The first and second stages: features of the course of the war

Hostilities began in 1337, when the English army invaded the territory of the French kingdom. King Edward the Third found allies in the burghers of this state and the rulers of the Low Countries. Support was not long, due to the lack of positive results of the war and victories on the part of the British, the union broke up in 1340.

The first few years of the military campaign were very successful for the French, they put up serious resistance to the enemies. This applied to battles at sea as well as land battles. But luck turned against France in 1340, when her fleet at Sluys was defeated. As a result, the English fleet established control in the English Channel for a long time.

1340s can be described as successful for both the British and the French. Fortune turned in turn to one side, then to the other. But there was no real advantage in anyone's favor. In 1341, another internecine struggle began for the right to own the Breton inheritance. The main confrontation took place between Jean de Montfort (England supported him) and Charles de Blois (he used the help of France). Therefore, all the battles began to take place in Brittany, the cities in turn passed from one army to another.

After the British landed on the Cotentin Peninsula in 1346, the French began to suffer constant defeats. Edward the Third managed to successfully pass through France, capturing Caen, the Low Countries. The decisive battle took place at Crécy on August 26, 1346. The French army fled, an ally of the king of France, Johann the Blind, ruler of Bohemia, perished.

In 1346, the plague intervened in the course of the war, which began to massively take the lives of people on the European continent. The English army only by the mid-1350s. restored financial resources, which allowed the son of Edward the Third, the Black Prince, to invade Gascony, defeat the French at Poutier, and capture King John the Second Good. At this time, popular unrest, uprisings began in France, the economic and political crisis. Despite the presence of the London agreement on the receipt by England of Aquitaine, the English army again entered France. Successfully moving inland, Edward the Third refused to besiege the capital of the opposing state. It was enough for him that France demonstrated weakness in military affairs and suffered constant defeats. Charles the Fifth, Dauphin and son of Philip, went to sign a peace treaty, which happened in 1360.

According to the results of the first period, Aquitaine, Poitiers, Calais, part of Brittany, half of the vassal lands of France, which lost 1/3 of their territories in Europe, went to the British crown. Despite so many acquired possessions in continental Europe, Edward the Third could not claim the throne of France.

Until 1364, Louis of Anjou was considered the French king, who was at the English court as a hostage, fled, his father, John the Second Good, took his place. In England, he died, after which the nobility proclaimed King Charles the Fifth. For a long time he was looking for a reason to start a war again, trying to return the lost lands. In 1369, Charles again declared war on Edward III. Thus began the second period of the 100-year war. For a nine-year break, the French army was reorganized, the country held economic reforms. All this laid the foundation for the fact that France began to dominate in battles, battles, achieving significant success. The British were gradually forced out of France.

England could not offer proper resistance, since it was busy in other local conflicts, and Edward the Third could no longer command the army. In 1370, both countries were involved in the war on the Iberian Peninsula, where Castile and Portugal were at enmity. The first was supported by Charles the Fifth, and the second by Edward the Third and his eldest son, also Edward, Earl of Woodstock, nicknamed the Black Prince.

In 1380 Scotland began to threaten England again. In such difficult conditions for each of the parties, the second stage of the war took place, which ended in 1396 with the signing of a truce. The reason for the agreement of the parties was the exhaustion of the parties in physical, moral and financial terms.

Hostilities resumed only in the 15th century. The reason for this was the conflict between Jean the Fearless, the ruler of Burgundy, and Louis of Orleans, who was killed by a party of Armagnacs. In 1410 they seized power in the country. Opponents began to call on the help of the British, seeking to use them in inter-dynastic strife. But at that time, the British Isles were also very unsettled. Political and economic situation worsened, the people were dissatisfied. In addition, Wales and Ireland began to get out of disobedience, which Scotland took advantage of by starting hostilities against the English monarch. Two wars broke out in the country itself, which were in the nature of civil confrontation. At that time, Richard II was already sitting on the English throne, he was at war with the Scots, the nobles took advantage of his ill-conceived policy, removing him from power. Henry IV ascended the throne.

Events of the third and fourth periods

Due to internal problems, the British did not dare to interfere in the internal affairs of France until 1415. Only in 1415, Henry the Fifth ordered his troops to land near Harfleur, capturing the city. The two countries again plunged into a fierce confrontation.

The troops of Henry the Fifth made mistakes in the offensive, which provoked a transition to the defense. And this was not at all part of the plans of the British. A kind of rehabilitation for losses was the victory at Agincourt (1415), when the French lost. And again a series of military victories and achievements followed, which gave Henry the Fifth a chance to hope for a successful conclusion to the war. The main achievements in 1417-1421. was the capture of Normandy, Caen and Rouen; an agreement was signed in the city of Troyes with the king of France, Charles the Sixth, nicknamed the Mad. Under the terms of the agreement, Henry the Fifth became the heir to the king, despite the presence of direct heirs - the sons of Charles. The English monarchies held the title of king of France until 1801. The agreement was confirmed in 1421, when the troops entered the capital of the French kingdom, the city of Paris.

In the same year, the Scottish army comes to the aid of the French. The Battle of God took place, during which many prominent military leaders of that time died. In addition, the British army was left without leadership. A few months later, Henry the Fifth died in Meaux (1422), instead of him, his son, who at that time was only a year old, was chosen as the monarch. Armagnacs took the side of the Dauphin of France, and the confrontations continued further.

The French suffered a series of defeats in 1423 but continued to resist. In subsequent years, the following events were characteristic of the third period of the Hundred Years War:

  • 1428 - the siege of Orleans, the battle, which is called in historiography the "Battle of the Herrings". It was won by the British, which significantly worsened the condition of the French army and the entire population of the country;
  • Peasants, artisans, townspeople, petty knights rebelled against the invaders. The inhabitants of the northern regions of France - Maine, Picardy, Normandy, where the guerrilla war against the British;
  • On the border of Champagne and Lorraine, one of the most powerful peasant uprisings broke out, led by Joan of Arc. The myth of the Virgin of Orleans, who was sent to fight against English dominance and occupation, quickly spread among the French soldiers. The courage, courage and skill of Joan of Arc showed the military leaders that it was necessary to move from defense to offensive, to change the tactics of warfare.

The turning point in the Hundred Years' War came in 1428, when Joan of Arc with the army of Charles VII lifted the siege of Orleans. The uprising was a powerful impetus for a radical change in the situation in the Hundred Years War. The king reorganized the army, formed a new government, the troops began to liberate cities and other settlements one by one.

In 1449, Raun was recaptured, then Caen, Gascony. In 1453, the British lost at Catillon, after which there were no battles in the Hundred Years' War. A few years later, the British garrison capitulated in Bordeaux, which put an end to more than a century of confrontation between the two states. The English monarchy continued to own only the city of Calais and the district until the end of the 1550s.

Results and consequences of the war

France over such a long period suffered huge human losses, both among the civilian population and among the military. The results of the Hundred Years War

the French state became:

  • Restoration of state sovereignty;
  • Elimination of the English threat and claims to the throne of France, land and possessions;
  • The process of formation of the centralized apparatus of power and the country continued;
  • Famine and plague wiped out the cities and villages of France, as in many countries of Europe;
  • Military spending drained the country's treasury;
  • Constant uprisings and social riots exacerbated the crisis in society;
  • Observe the crisis phenomena in culture and art.

England also lost a lot during the entire period of the Hundred Years War. Having lost possessions on the continent, the monarchy came under public pressure and constantly experienced discontent of the nobles. Civil strife began in the country, anarchy was observed. The main struggle unfolded between the clans of York and Lancaster.

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In 1314 King Philip IV of France died. After him, 3 of his sons died in turn: Louis X the Grumpy in 1316, Philip V the Long in 1322, Charles IV the Handsome in 1328. With the death of the latter, the direct Capetian dynasty in France ended. Only Jeanne remained - the daughter of Louis X. She was married to the Navarrese king, and she became the heiress to the French throne. But the French peers said: “It is not good to spin lilies,” that is, it is not good for a woman to take the throne. And they elected the king of the closest relative in the male line - Philip VI of Valois.

It would seem that everything is fine: France has acquired a new king, and the issue was closed by itself. However, the matter was not as simple as it might seem at first glance. And the essence of the problem was that the 3 dead brothers had a sister, Isabella. Even under Philip IV the Beautiful, she was married to the English King Edward II Plantagenet (a French surname, comes from Western France, from Angers).

This Isabella of France turned out to be a very enterprising lady. She took a lover and with his help organized a baronial rebellion against her husband. The insidious wife overthrew her betrothed from the throne and ruled the country for 4 years, until her son Edward III came of age. And when the English crown was placed on the head of the latter in 1327, the newly-made ruler realized that he was not only the king of England, but also the direct heir to the French throne. And after the death of Charles IV the Handsome, he declared: “I am the direct heir to the French crown, give it to me!”

King Edward III Plantagenet of England

The French, of course, in no way, and put Philip VI of Valois on the throne. Here we must take into account the fact that France was not at all afraid of England. The population of France was 22 million people, and only 3 million people lived in England. France was richer, and its culture and state structure even better than in England. And yet, dynastic strife led to aggression from the Plantagenets and an armed military conflict. It went down in history as the Hundred Years War, and it lasted in general even more than a hundred years - from 1337 to 1453..

At that time, a parliament already existed in England, and it gave money very sparingly for various royal events. But this time the Parliament appropriated very large sums for a seemingly hopeless war against France. But I must say that she was not so hopeless.

The main force of the British were archers, the backbone of which were the Welsh. They made compound, glued and very tight longbows. An arrow fired from such a bow flew 450 meters and had a very large lethal force. In addition, the English archers shot 3 times faster than the French, since the latter used crossbows instead of bows.

Archers were the main force of the English army

The entire Hundred Years War is divided into 4 major military conflicts, between which a truce continued for some time. The first conflict or period is called the Edwardian War (1337-1360).. And I must say that this conflict began successfully for the British. Edward III gained allies in the person of the princes of the Netherlands and Flanders. In the latter, timber was bought and warships were built. In 1340, in the naval battle of Sluys, these ships utterly defeated the French fleet and provided the British with dominance at sea.

In 1341, hostilities took place in the Duchy of Brittany. There began a war for the Breton succession between the counts of Blois and Montfort. The British supported the Montforts, while the French sided with Blois. But this dynastic conflict was a prelude, and the main hostilities began in 1346, when Edward III crossed the English Channel with his army and invaded the Cotentin Peninsula.

Philip VI gathered an army and moved towards the enemy. The result of the military clash was the Battle of Crecy in August 1346. In this battle, the French suffered a crushing defeat, and the British were able to freely manage in the north of France. They took the city of Calais and established themselves on the continent.

Further military plans of the French and British were violated by the plague epidemic. She raged on the territory of Europe from 1346 to 1351 and carried away great amount human lives. Only by 1355 were the opponents able to recover from this terrible plague.

In 1350, King Philip VI of France died and his son John II the Good succeeded to the throne. But the death of the king did not affect the course of the Hundred Years War. In 1356 the British invaded France. The commander of the English army was Edward Woodstock (Black Prince) - the son of Edward III. His army inflicted a crushing defeat on the French at the Battle of Poitiers, and John II the Good himself was taken prisoner. He was forced to sign a shameful truce with the transfer of Aquitaine to the British.

The Hundred Years War claimed many lives

All these failures sparked a popular uprising in Paris and the Jacquerie. Using this advantageous situation, the British again landed in France and moved to Paris. But they did not storm the city, but only demonstrated their military superiority. And on May 8, 1360, the regent and future king France, Charles V made peace with the British at Brétigny. According to him, most of Western France went to the British. Thus ended the first phase of the Hundred Years War.

The second war (Carolingian) covered the period from 1369 to 1396. France longed for revenge, and the leadership of military operations was taken over by the French king Charles V the Wise, who ascended the throne in 1364. Under him, the British were driven out of the country. In 1377, Edward III, the main culprit of the dynastic conflict, died. His 10-year-old son, Richard II, succeeded to the throne. The weakness of royal power provoked a popular uprising led by Wat Tyler. All this in 1396 led to a truce between France and England.

The Hundred Years War continued in 1415-1428.. This military period went down in history as Lancastrian War. Its initiator was the English king Henry IV Bolingbroke, who founded the Lancaster dynasty. But he died in 1413, and therefore his son Henry V carried out military expansion. He invaded France with his army in August 1415 and captured the city of Honfleur. In October 1415, the British defeated the French army at the Battle of Agincourt.

After that, almost all of Normandy was captured, and by 1420 almost half of France. As a consequence, on May 21, 1420, Henry V met with the French king Charles VI the Mad in the city of Troyes. An agreement was signed there, according to which Henry V was declared the heir to Charles VI, bypassing the Dauphin Charles (future King Charles VII of France). After that, the British entered Paris and became absolute masters in France.

The Virgin Saved France

But then the Scots came to the aid of France in accordance with the Old Alliance, signed between France and Scotland back in 1295. The Scottish army, under the command of John Stewart, landed on the French coast, and in March 1421 the Battle of Bog took place between the English and the Franco-Scottish army. In this battle, the British suffered a crushing defeat.

In 1422, Henry V died, leaving his 8-month-old son Henry VI as heir. The baby became not only the king of England, but also of France. However, the French nobility did not want to obey the new king and rallied around Charles VII the Conqueror - the son of Charles VI the Mad. Thus, the Hundred Years War was continued.

However, the further course of military events was extremely unsuccessful for the Franco-Scottish troops. The British won a number of serious victories and in 1428 laid siege to Orleans. France, however, was torn into two parts isolated from each other. And in this most difficult time for the French people, the cry swept through the country: “The Virgin will save France!” And such a maiden really appeared, and her name was .

In 1428, the last period of the Hundred Years' War began, ending in 1453 with the victory of France.. He went down in history as final stage. In 1429, an army under the command of Joan of Arc defeated the British near Orleans. The siege of the city was lifted, and Jeanne, consolidating the victory, defeated the English army at Pat. This victory made it possible to enter Reims, where Charles VII was finally officially crowned and proclaimed King of France.

The French owed all this to the maiden who saved France. But in 1430, Jeanne was captured by the Burgundians and handed over to the British. The latter in 1431 burned the maiden at the stake, but this villainy did not turn the tide of hostilities. The French began to slowly and steadily liberate town after town. In 1449 the French entered Rouen and then liberated Caen. On July 17, 1453, the Battle of Castillon took place in Gascony.. It ended with the complete defeat of the English army.

Territory of France (light brown) during different periods of the Hundred Years' War

This battle was the last in the 116-year military confrontation between England and France. After that, the Hundred Years War ended. However, there is no agreement that could formally fix the results long war, was not signed. In 1455, a war broke out in England between the Scarlet and the White Rose. It lasted 30 years, and the British had no time to think about France.

True, in 1475, the English king Edward IV landed in Calais with a 20,000-strong army. The French king Louis XI came forward with similar forces. He was a master of intrigue, and therefore did not bring the conflict to a major bloodshed. On August 29, 1475, the two monarchs met face to face on the bridge over the Somme at Piquinha. They signed a 7-year truce. It is it that is considered the treaty that became the final chord of the Hundred Years War.

The result of many years of military epic was the victory of France. England lost all possessions on its territory, even those that it had owned since the 12th century. As for the human casualties, they were huge on both sides. But from the point of view of military affairs, there was a lot of progress. Thus, new types of weapons appeared and new tactical methods of warfare were developed.