Today, many journalists often call Andrei Razin not a producer, but the second Ostap Bender. He never graduated from the cultural enlightenment school. But the lack of education, which at that time was in Razin's biography, did not prevent the young man from realizing that " Tender May can bring in a lot of income.

In the promotion of the group, Razin was helped by an imaginary relationship with Mikhail Gorbachev. A few years later, Andrei Alexandrovich met in court with the mother of the first president of the USSR.

Adoptive Grandmother

First of all, it is worth mentioning that Andrei Razin is from Stavropol, where, as you know, Mikhail Gorbachev was born. In Stavropol, Razin entered the cultural and educational school, but never finished it. After serving in the army, he returned to his native land, where for about 2 years he worked as deputy chairman of a collective farm located in the village of Privolnoye.

Then Razin for the first time introduced himself as Gorbachev's nephew in order to knock out some equipment for the collective farm. Then he used this legend many more times, trying to promote his new group"Tender May".

Even when he was already famous, Razin from time to time visited the village of Privolnoye in the Stavropol Territory to visit his grandmother Valentina Gosteva. He met her when he worked as deputy chairman at a local collective farm. In the same place, in Privolnoye, Mikhail Gorbachev's mother, Maria Panteleevna, also lived. Andrey Alexandrovich became friends with her. Razin was very sociable.

guardianship agreement

In 1993, Andrey Razin, while in good relations with Maria Panteleevna Gorbacheva, persuaded her to sell her only house in Privolnoye. The old woman signed the contract. Why Gorbachev decided on this deal, and where Mikhail Sergeyevich himself was at that moment, history is silent.

However, in the book of Nikolai Zenkovich “Mikhail Gorbachev. Life before the Kremlin” quotes the words of a certain Kaznacheev, who claimed that the president rarely visited his mother, the son did not visit her even when he was in Stavropol on business. The fact that Gorbachev absolutely does not care about his mother has been repeatedly stated through the media by Razin himself.

Nevertheless, according to some reports, Maria Panteleevna was going to move to Moscow, to her son. But then she changed her mind and agreed with Razin that she would live in the house she had already sold until the end of her days. The parties entered into a custody agreement.

The house was returned, but not to the mother. However, this agreement soon became the subject of a dispute in one of the courts of the Stavropol Territory. Lawyers for Gorbachev and his mother assured that the deal should be recognized as illegal, since Maria Panteleevna was an illiterate and generally gullible woman, which Andrei Alexandrovich did not use to take advantage of.

In addition, guardianship, according to the law, can only be established over an incompetent person, whom Gorbacheva never was.

Apparently, because of this whole story, the health of Maria Panteleevna, who was already at a rather advanced age, was shaken. The old woman even had to be hospitalized. In the same 1993, Gorbacheva died. After her death, Razin nevertheless returned the house to Mikhail Sergeevich.

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30,000 pages of documents from the archive of the President of the USSR came into the possession of the German Der Spiegel

Mikhail Gorbachev, through whose efforts the great power, the USSR, was destroyed, has now lost the secrets that were kept in his personal archive those times. The German weekly Der Spiegel came into possession of 30,000 pages of documents that he secretly copied from the archives of the first and last president USSR, young Russian historian Pavel Stroilov, now living in London. He got access to them while working at the Gorbachev Foundation, which is located in Moscow on Leningradsky Prospekt, 39. It stores about 10,000 documents that Gorbachev took out of the Kremlin, parting with power, according to an article quoted by the site InoPressa.ru .

And Gorbachev kept these secrets from the public not in vain. Yes, Gorbachev used certain documents from the archive in his books, which “greatly annoyed the current Kremlin leadership,” the publication says. But “most of the papers are still under wraps,” and mainly because “they don’t fit into the image that Gorbachev himself created: the image of a purposeful, progressive reformer who, step by step, changes his huge country to his own taste.”

The documents obtained by Der Spiegel “reveal what Gorbachev would have been very reluctant to publicize: that he had succumbed to the flow of events in the dying Soviet state and often lost his bearings in the chaos of those days. And besides that he behaved duplicitously and, contrary to his own statements, from time to time teamed up with hardliners in the party and the army. The Kremlin boss thus did what many statesmen do after retiring: he subsequently greatly embellished the portrait of a bold reformer.

By the end of his inglorious reign, Gorbachev appears to be a pathetic beggar who humiliatingly asks Western "friends" to save him from the inevitable approaching collapse. By September 1991, the publication says, economic situation The USSR became so desperate that Gorbachev, in a conversation with German Foreign Minister Hans-Dietrich Genscher, had to "cast aside all pride." Speaking with the future federal president, and at that time the State Secretary of the German Ministry of Finance, Horst Köhler, Gorbachev tried to remind him of his services to the world: “How much did our perestroika and new thinking save? Hundreds of billions of dollars for the rest of the world!”

A significant mark in Gorbachev's archive was left by ex-Chancellor of the FRG Helmut Kohl. Kohl was "in great debt" to the Soviet leader, since Gorbachev did not interfere with the unification of Germany and its entry into NATO. At the same time, the Soviet leader, as evidenced by the publication in Der Spiegel, considered Kohl "not the greatest intellectual" and "an ordinary provincial politician", although he had significant influence in the West. Nevertheless, by 1991, Gorbachev's faith in Kohl became "boundless" - apparently due to the desperate situation in which the leader of the USSR found himself at that time. In telephone conversations of that time, Gorbachev "complains and complains, these are the pleas of a drowning man for help," writes Der Spiegel. With the help of Kolya, Gorbachev is trying to "mobilize" the West to save the USSR. In addition, he is looking for support against "the worst rival - Boris Yeltsin", whom, as it turns out soon, both underestimate. “Gorbachev wants to continue to be accepted abroad as the head of a great power, but he is forced to beg behind the scenes,” the German weekly notes.

The archive that came into the possession of Der Spiegel includes minutes of discussions in the Politburo and negotiations with foreign leaders, records of the Soviet leader's telephone conversations, and even handwritten recommendations given to Gorbachev by his advisers Vadim Zagladin and Anatoly Chernyaev. The last documents from this list clearly show both the nature of the relationship that has developed within Gorbachev's team and his lack of independence in decision-making.

So, in January 1991, "under pressure from the secret services and the army," Gorbachev agreed to an attempt to restore order in Lithuania, according to the publication Der Spiegel. Two days before the storming of the TV center in Vilnius, which killed 14 people, Gorbachev assured US President George W. Bush that intervention would take place “only if blood is shed or riots break out that will threaten not only our Constitution, but also human lives". Gorbachev's assistant Anatoly Chernyaev wrote a letter to the chief on this occasion with the following content: “Mikhail Sergeevich! Your speech in the Supreme Council (on the events in Vilnius) meant the end. It was not a significant performance statesman. It was a confused, stammering speech... You obviously don't know what the people think of you - on the streets, in shops, in trolleybuses. There they only talk about "Gorbachev and his clique." You said that you want to change the world, and with your own hands you are destroying this work.

On the whole, the publication concludes, the archive shows "how wrong ... [Gorbachev] assessed the situation and how desperately ... he fought for his post."

Gorbachev himself, of course, does not share such an assessment of his activities as head of the Soviet state, as evidenced by an interview coinciding with the publication of Der Spiegel, which gave ex-president USSR to the Austrian newspaper Die Presse (translation - InoPressa.ru). Here he regrets the collapse of the USSR, but continues to justify the “reforms” he undertook then: “The Soviet Union then needed modernization and democratization, and then the obsolete model of Stalin, Khrushchev and Brezhnev collapsed, which worked at the expense of orders, control and party monopoly ". No, this destroyer of the USSR does not admit that he threw out the child along with the water.

Moreover, the person who blew great country, still believes it has the right not only to evaluate its current leaders, but even to give them recommendations. "I'm trying to give objective assessment events,” Gorbachev said, answering a journalist’s question why he either praises or criticizes Putin. “During the first term of his reign, he managed to prevent the partial collapse of the country, so he already occupies a certain niche in history.”

Today, however, as in the years of government, the attitude towards the first president of the USSR remains ambiguous. Nevertheless, about the life of Mikhail Gorbachev, both past and present, journalists still do not stop writing. Gorbachev's genealogy is also of great interest, especially his grandfather, whose name was Andrei Moiseevich.

Parents

Mikhail Gorbachev is a native of the Stavropol Territory of Ukraine. There, in the village of Privolnoe, he was born in 1931. His father Sergei Andreevich Gorbachev participated in the Great Patriotic War. At the front he was wounded more than once, for his service he was awarded the Order of the Red Star and the medal "For Courage". At one time he joined the party. All his life Sergey Andreevich worked as a combine and tractor driver. From ordinary workers he managed to break out into foremen.

The mother of Mikhail Sergeyevich, Maria Panteleevna Gorbacheva, bore the surname Gopkalo as a girl. She also worked on the farm. She was an illiterate and believing woman. At least, this is how her contemporaries recalled her in the book by Nikolai Zenkovich “Mikhail Gorbachev. Life before the Kremlin. Until the end of her days, Maria Panteleevna lived in Privolnoye.

mother line

The president's mother's parents also came from peasants. Gorbachev's grandfather Pantelei Efimovich Gopkalo, with the advent of Soviet power, immediately took her side. Pantelei Efimovich took part in the creation of collective farms, the chairman of one of which he himself later became. However, these circumstances did not save Gopkalo from Stalin's repressions. In 1937 he was arrested, accused of sabotage and membership in a Trotskyist organization. Gorbachev's grandfather was threatened with execution. A happy accident helped him avoid death. A struggle began with the so-called "excesses", the head of the GPU of the Krasnogvardeisky district, who initiated the arrest of Gopkalo, committed suicide. Pantelei Efimovich was acquitted and released.

The president's grandmother, Vasilisa Lukyanovna, the wife of Pantelei Efimovich, had the surname Litovchenko before her marriage. She was religious woman. In her house, next to Orthodox icons, were portraits of leaders, Lenin and Stalin.

paternal line

Unlike Pantelei Efimovich, Andrei Moiseevich Gorbachev, another grandfather of the General Secretary on his father's side, did not want to be part of the new Soviet system in any way and refused to join the collective farm. He preferred to remain a sole proprietor. However, Andrei Moiseevich could not cope with the norms, for which he was convicted in 1934. Gorbachev was sent to work in the Irkutsk region, cut down the forest. He returned home and immediately expressed a desire to move from individual farmers to collective farmers. He worked on the collective farm until the end of his days.

Mikhail Gorbachev's great-grandfather's name was Moses Andreevich Gorbachev. It was he who at one time moved the family from the Voronezh province to the Stavropol Territory. In the book of memoirs "Life and Reforms", the president of the USSR claimed that the resettlement of Moses Andreevich, his wife Stepanida and three sons took place against the will of the great-grandfather. However, the historian Anatoly Kozhemyakin in his article "Moses Gorbachev was our countryman" ( informational portal The Commune refutes this view. He writes that, according to his calculations, Moses Andreevich was born in the second half of 19th century, when no one was forcibly sent to the Stavropol Territory.

Mikhail Gorbachev. Life before the Kremlin. Zenkovich Nikolai Alexandrovich

Father

Future father M.S. Gorbachev Sergey Andreevich managed to get an education within four classes. Subsequently, with the assistance of his grandfather Panteley, when he was the chairman of the collective farm, he learned to be a machine operator and then became a noble tractor and combine operator in the region.

Testifies G. Gorlov:

I knew the parents of Mikhail Sergeevich well, the father of Sergei Andreevich, the foreman of the tractor brigade, smart person, a modest hard worker, an honest warrior, who went through the crucible of the Great Patriotic War, was awarded military and labor orders and medals. He for a long time was a member of the bureau of the district committee of the party. Often had to visit them at home.

People loved him. It was calm and a kind person. They came to him for advice. He spoke little, but weighed his every word. He didn't like speeches.

Word - M. Shuguev, who headed the department of philosophy at the institute, where Raisa Maksimovna taught for 16 years:

If Michael has short stature and facial expressions from the mother, then the manner of thinking, expressing thoughts - from the father, a well thought out, slightly slow manner to assess the situation.

G. Starshikov, comrade M. Gorbachev in Stavropol:

He spoke of his father with extraordinary pride.

Former Minister of Defense of the USSR, last Marshal Soviet Union, member of the State Emergency Committee in August 1991 D. Yazov:

Gorbachev's father, Sergei Andreevich, served in a sapper unit in a rifle brigade, then the brigade was reorganized into the 161st rifle division, and in the engineer battalion Sergeant S.A. Gorbachev went to the very end of the war. He was wounded twice, awarded two orders of the Red Star, several medals for the liberation of European capitals. Sergei Andreevich joined the party after the war, at the age of 36, he conscientiously worked as an ordinary machine operator.

Very important evidence. Let's remember him. For about the time when his father joined the party, Mikhail Sergeevich will say something completely different. But more on that in another chapter.

From memories M.S. Gorbachev(1995):

“When the war started, I was already ten years old. I remember that in a matter of weeks the village was empty - there were no men.

Father, like other machine operators, was given a temporary reprieve - grain was being harvested, but in August he was also drafted into the army. In the evening, the agenda, at night fees. In the morning we put our things on carts and set off for 20 kilometers to the regional center. Whole families walked, all the way - endless tears and parting words. They said goodbye in the district center. Women and children fought in sobs, old people, everything merged into a common, heart-rending groan. Last time My father bought me ice cream and a balalaika as a keepsake.

By autumn, mobilization was over, and women, children, old people and some of the men remained in our village - sick and disabled. And no longer agendas, but the first funerals began to come to Privolnoye.

At the end of the summer of 1944, some mysterious letter arrived from the front. They opened the envelope, and there were documents, family photographs that my father took with him when he went to the front, and a short message that foreman Sergei had died Gorbachev death brave in the Carpathians on Mount Magura ...

By this time, the father had already passed long haul along the paths of war. When I became President of the USSR, Defense Minister D.T. Yazov gave me a unique gift - a book about history military units where his father served during the war. With great excitement I read one of the military histories and understood even more clearly and deeply how difficult the path to victory was and what price our people paid for it.

I knew a lot about where my father fought from his stories - now I have a document in front of me. After mobilization, my father ended up in Krasnodar, where a military school was formed at the infantry school. separate brigade under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Kolesnikov. She received her first baptism of fire already in November - December 1941 in the battles near Rostov as part of the 56th Army of the Transcaucasian Front. The losses of the brigade were enormous: 440 were killed, 120 were wounded, 651 people were missing. The father survived. Then, until March 1942, they held the defense along the Mias River. And again big losses. The brigade was sent to Michurinsk to be reorganized into the 161st Rifle Division, after which - to the Voronezh Front in the 60th Army.

And then he could have been killed dozens of times. The division participated in the Battle of Kursk, in the Ostrogozhsk-Rossosh and Kharkov operations, in crossing the Dnieper in the Pereyaslav-Khmelnitsky region and holding the famous Bukrinsky bridgehead.

Father later told how, under continuous bombardment and hurricane artillery fire, they crossed the Dnieper on fishing boats, "improvised means", makeshift rafts and ferries. My father commanded a squad of sappers, providing the crossing of mortars on one of these ferries. Among the explosions of bombs and shells, they floated to the light, flickering on the right bank. And although it was at night, it seemed to him that the water in the Dnieper was red with blood.

For crossing the Dnieper, my father received the medal "For Courage" and was very proud of it, although there were later other awards, including two Orders of the Red Star. In November - December 1943, their division participated in the Kyiv operation. In April 1944 - in Proskurovsko-Chernovitskaya. In July - August - in Lviv-Sandomierz, in the liberation of the city of Stanislav. The division lost 461 people in the Carpathians, more than 1,500 wounded. And one had to go through such a bloody meat grinder in order to find one's death on this accursed Mount Magura...

For three days there was crying in the family. And then ... a letter comes from his father, they say, he is alive and well.

Both letters are dated August 27, 1944. Maybe he wrote to us, and then went into battle and died? But four days later we received another letter from my father, already dated August 31. It means that the father is alive and continues to beat the Nazis! I wrote a letter to my father and expressed my indignation at those who sent a letter announcing his death. IN reply letter father took under the protection of the front-line soldiers: "No, son, you are in vain scolding the soldiers - everything happens at the front." I remember this for the rest of my life.

After the end of the war, he told us what happened in August 1944. On the eve of the next offensive, they received an order: to equip a command post on Mount Magura at night. The mountain is covered with forest, and only the top was bald with a good view of the western slope. Here and decided to put the KP. The scouts went ahead, and my father began to work with his squad of sappers. He put the bag with documents and photographs on the parapet of the dug trench. Suddenly, from behind the trees, there was a noise, a shot. The father decided that it was his own returning - scouts. He went to meet them and shouted: “What are you? Where are you shooting?" In response, heavy machine gun fire ... It's clear from the sound - the Germans. The sappers rushed in all directions. Saved by darkness. And not a single person was lost. Just some kind of miracle. My father joked: "The second birth." To celebrate, he wrote a letter home: they say, he is alive and well, without details.

And in the morning, when the offensive began, the infantrymen found their father's bag at a height. They decided that he died during the assault on Mount Magura, and sent part of the documents and photographs to the family.

And yet, the war left Sergeant Major Gorbachev his mark for life ... Somehow, after a difficult and dangerous raid behind enemy lines, demining and undermining communications, after several sleepless nights, the group was given a week's rest. We moved away from the front line for several kilometers and the first day we just slept off. Around the forest, silence, the situation is quite peaceful. The soldiers relaxed. But it had to happen that it was over this place that the air battle. The father and his sappers began to observe how it would all end. But it ended badly: leaving the fighters, the German plane dropped its entire bomb supply.

Whistle, howl, breaks. Someone thought to shout: "Lie down!" Everyone threw themselves on the ground. One of the bombs fell not far from my father, and a huge fragment cut his leg. A few millimeters to the side - and would cut off the leg cleanly. But again, lucky, the bone was not hurt.

It happened in Czechoslovakia, near the city of Kosice. That was the end of my father's life. He was treated in a hospital in Krakow, and there, soon, May 9, 1945 arrived in time, Victory Day.

M.S. Gorbachev, taking into account the subsequent change in worldview, denial communist ideas had to refer to the influence of grandfather Andrei, who did not recognize Soviet power and Bolshevik policy. But no, even in 1995 (by inertia?) He knelt before his father and another grandfather - Pantelei, the bearers of the ideology he rejected:

“Now, looking back at the past, I am more and more convinced that my father, grandfather Pantelei, their understanding of duty, their very life, actions, attitude to business, to family, to the country had a huge impact on me and were a moral example. in the father, common man from the village, nature itself laid down so much intelligence, inquisitiveness, intelligence, humanity, and many other good qualities. And this markedly distinguished him among his fellow villagers, people treated him with respect and trust: "a reliable person." In my youth, I had not only filial feelings for my father, but I was also strongly attached to him. True, we never even spoke a word about mutual arrangement with each other - it just happened. As an adult, I admired my father more and more. I was struck by his undying interest in life. He was worried about the problems of his own country and distant states. He could listen to music, songs with pleasure at the TV. Read newspapers regularly.

Our meetings often turned into evenings of questions and answers. I am now the main responder. We sort of switched places. I have always admired his attitude towards his mother. No, it was not outwardly catchy, all the more refined, but on the contrary - restrained, simple and warm. Not ostentatious, but cordial. From any trip, he always brought her gifts. Father immediately accepted Paradise close and always rejoiced at meetings with her. And he was very interested in Raina's studies in philosophy. In my opinion, the very word "philosophy" had a magical effect on him. Father and mother were happy about the birth of their granddaughter Irina, and she spent more than one summer with them. Irina liked to ride a gig in the fields, mow hay, and spend the night in the steppe.

I learned about my father's sudden serious illness in Moscow, where I arrived at the 25th Congress of the CPSU. I immediately flew with Raisa Maksimovna to Stavropol, and from there we went by car to Privolnoye. My father lay unconscious in a rural hospital, and we were never able to say the last words to each other. His hand squeezed mine, but there was nothing more he could do.

My father, Sergei Andreevich Gorbachev, died of a massive cerebral hemorrhage. They buried him on the day Soviet army- February 23, 1976. The Privolnoye land, on which he was born, plowed, sowed, harvested crops from childhood, and which he defended without sparing his life, took him into her arms ...

All his life, the father did good to close people and passed away without bothering anyone with his ailments. Too bad he lived so short. Every time I'm in Privolnoye, I first of all go to my father's grave."

He died at the age of 66. The son and his wife, who arrived from Moscow, spent two days at the bedside of their father, who had lost consciousness.

G. Gorlov:

Sergei Andreevich Gorbachev died when my wife and I were at the 25th Congress of the CPSU. I was allowed to take my wife with me, it was a rare case, and there in the morning we saw Mikhail Sergeevich's younger brother, Alexander, who told us that his father had died. On February 23 he was buried. Vera Timofeevna and I sent condolences.

R.M. Gorbachev:

Internally, Mikhail Sergeyevich and his father were close. We were friends. Sergei Andreevich did not receive a systematic education - an educational program, a mechanization school. But he had some kind of innate intelligence, nobility. A certain breadth of interests, or something. He was always interested in the work of Mikhail Sergeevich, and what was happening in the country and abroad. When they met, he bombarded him with a mass of sensible, lively questions. And the son did not just answer, but, as it were, held an answer to his father - a machine operator, a peasant. Sergei Andreevich listened to him willingly and for a long time ...

I am very sorry that Mikhail Sergeevich's father did not live to see the time when his son became secretary of the Central Committee. Pride for my son - it seems to me that she added to him, a wounded front-line soldier, strength and will to live.

The next plot is again from the field of myth-making. Soviet people could not believe that a great power had collapsed so easily. An explanation was sought in the intrigues of the enemy, in the undercover influence on the leaders of the country, and primarily on M.S. Gorbachev. In 1994, a colonel of the reserve of the Russian Foreign Intelligence Service came to the editorial office of the Novosti razvedka i kontrrazvedki newspaper and brought a long article about agents of influence. The material was published, but with some cuts. An episode has been crossed out, which I, with the permission of the author, place in this book.

“In the biography of Gorbachev, in addition to helpfulness to the Nazi invaders who ruled in Stavropol from March 3, 1942 to January 21, 1943, there is a circumstance that has not been fully clarified. In April 1945, in Poland, our Siberian fighter Grigory Rybakov, during an accidental collision on a forest road with a small group of enemies, shot one of them. Looking through the contents of the tablet of the killed man together with another fighter, I found documents in it in Russian and German addressed Gorbachev Sergey Panteleimonovich and three photographs. On one - Sergei Gorbachev in the form of a tank lieutenant Soviet tank. In the second photograph, he was depicted in the form of a German tank officer at German tank. It is important to note that the Nazis sent traitor defectors only to the Russian Liberation Army of General Vlasov or to other national formations, and never to German army. It is possible that posing as Sergei Gorbachev was in fact an ordinary agent abandoned earlier for a long period of settling, who, having got to the front, immediately went over to his own. In the third picture, he is again with an elderly and young woman, and next to her is a boy with a very conspicuous black, unusual shape spot on the head. The fighters handed over documents and photographs to the command.

At the beginning of 1985, Rybakov saw in a newspaper a portrait of the new General Secretary M.S. Gorbachev and found a striking resemblance to the boy in the photograph found in the tablet of the murdered German. Rybakov wrote about this to the Chelyabinsk State Security Department and to "his" deputy B.N. Yeltsin. He received no answer from anywhere, but was soon sternly warned to keep quiet. There is a record of a detailed account of this story by G.S. Rybakov in the presence of the city prosecutor.

Well, even colonels of foreign intelligence could not put up with the fact that there were no dark spots in the biography of the last Secretary General-President!

In this regard, one cannot but agree with the opinion of V. Kaznacheev, who believes that, despite the attractiveness for readers of the “secret” versions of Gorbachev’s origin, it is still necessary to admit that none of them withstand serious criticism, and all of them are, most likely, a consequence of genuine interest in the figure of Gorbachev.

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My father My father - Redens Stanislav Frantsevich - was one of the first six commissars state security first rank. He began his career in the NKVD, then the Cheka, as secretary of the chairman of the Cheka. How he got to this position, I told in

From the book by S. Mikhalkov. The Greatest Giant author Biographies and memoirs Team of authors --

Father This picture was taken in 1952. That was our family back then. In the center is our grandfather, Pyotr Petrovich Konchalovsky, a wonderful painter. His grandchildren called him Dadochka. Next to him is Olga Vasilievna Konchalovskaya, his wife, Lelechka - that's what we called her, the daughter of the great Russian

From the book of Ferdinand Porsche author Nadezhdin Nikolay Yakovlevich

85. Father and son Ferry's car went into production and was in good demand. But he continued to improve the design of the car. On September 3, 1950, Ferdinand Porsche turned 75 years old. All the leading automotive designers of Germany came to celebrate the anniversary,

When the first settlers came to these lands, they were struck by the unprecedented beauty of the local nature, wholeheartedly and once and for all gave the place they liked a suitable name - Privolnoe. Better not to say. Here, in fact, wonderful landscapes open up to the eyes of the traveler, and there is nothing dearer in the world to the inhabitants of the village. The picturesque banks of the Yegorlyk River sheltered Ukrainian settlers on one side, and Khokhols stood here, on the other side, as you might guess, Muscovites. And there is a notable hill in the vicinity, whose name is Gorbachi. Once upon a time, the ancestors of the Gorbachev family settled here. Back in the middle of the last century, their huts stood, which now no longer exist, fell into decay, the place became unpromising, people moved to the center of the village, and the hill they inhabited became just a beautiful meadow ...

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Photo from the funds of the Stavropol Regional Museum-Reserve. G. Prozritelev and G. Prave.

A few years ago, an expedition of employees of the Stavropol Regional Museum-Reserve named after A.I. G. Prozritelev and G. Prave. Museum workers were attracted by the remains of an old Cossack redoubt located in the Krasnogvardeisky district, and the second main goal was to get acquainted with the small homeland of the most famous volunteer. So, in a way, the unique fund of MS Gorbachev appeared in the rich storerooms of the museum. He is unique not by some newly discovered facts from his biography - what can you find new here? - but made during meetings with villagers records of simple human memories. A member of the expedition told me about this Researcher department of history Tatyana Ganina.

- These ten days in Privolnoye will be remembered forever by us precisely by the possibility of direct communication with relatives, friends, just fellow villagers of Mikhail Sergeyevich. Of course, he was interested in the opinion of fellow countrymen about him in general. Glorious, sweet, warm-hearted people live in Privolnoye. And the topic of Gorbachev is very difficult for them. In its own way, even painful, because it has happened more than once that visiting tourists, people who call themselves journalists, simply grossly distorted, misrepresented the words of Privolnenians ... And there were articles, programs, films that little or nothing corresponded to reality ...

It is known that in modern Russia attitude towards the first President of the USSR is very ambiguous. Too much has changed, something may not be in better side. But the Volnians do not want to judge their famous fellow countryman. All of them are almost unanimously, quietly, sincerely proud that their land is his homeland. Each resident will gladly take a guest along Naberezhnaya Street to the house where the Gorbachev Sr. family lived, where the daughter of the Secretary of the Regional Committee of the CPSU, Irina, was brought up by her grandparents for some time. Today, the house has a different mistress, who carefully keeps comfort in a peasant way, complaining about dilapidation and problems with repairs. Families of cousins ​​and second cousins, former classmates and friends of Gorbachev live on the neighboring streets.

Many of the interlocutors of the museum workers unanimously repeated: “he” was very gullible, gentle, and in big politics you can’t resist with such a character, so they “set him up”, “didn’t let him turn around, they put spokes in the wheels.” And the whole village is just as unanimously sure that, thanks to the name of Gorbachev, when he was at the top of power, Privolnoye became so comfortable - to the envy of many. Here, even the hospital was “rebuilt” such that it fit any regional center. Today, the village is no longer able to support it. However, some residents believe that the local authorities did all this ... out of fear: what will “himself” say if he suddenly descends on his native land?

Popular rumor, as usual, keeps, passing from mouth to mouth, the most different, where real, and where semi-mythical stories. But there are still more real ones. “Misha studied very well at school, he was very capable, he grasped knowledge on the fly, in algebra lessons he even solved problems for the teacher! She used to cry, she couldn’t decide, she didn’t have enough letters to see, but Misha would take it and decide! “And he was smart! He played ditties on the balalaika, his father bought him a balalaika. And it’s okay that some ditties were “with matyuks”, what kind of village kid does not know them! Well, for this there was a scolding from the harsh Maria Panteleevna ... Classmates recalled that the Gorbachev family lived stronger than others. Firstly, for a long time, until the age of 14, Mikhail was an only child, and secondly, his father, Sergey Andreevich, thank God, returned alive from the war, but he was a sniper at the front! He was respected for his great industriousness, calm, reasonable character. "Won't hurt a fly!" He was an excellent mechanic. Surely the son inherited the best paternal qualities, take at least known history with the awarding of young Mikhail with an order for his work as a helmsman for his father, a combine operator, in the harvest of 1946. The year turned out to be fruitful, of course, but the links of the father and son of the Gorbachevs, as well as their comrades father and son Yakovenko, threshed a record amount of grain. IN post-war years it was not unusual for teenagers to work in the fields with their elders. And this work, of course, is not easy. So both glorious families deservedly received awards: the fathers of the Order of Lenin, the sons of the Red Banner of Labor. Yes, the presence of a high award may have affected Mikhail's successful admission to the university, but who would turn his tongue to accuse such an order bearer of careerism? “Then they didn’t give orders just like that!” the countrymen say. And they are right.

Young Gorbachev grew up like all the village guys: there was a lot of work in the courtyard, and the cattle helped to graze, and he met the cow in the evenings, and how many buckets of water he brought from the well ... - in the lips of the current Privolnensky grandmothers, echoes of old girlish loves are heard. It was probably no coincidence that the young wife he brought with him, a thin townswoman, was initially greeted rather coldly. Affected their own, rural assessment criteria. “So ordinary, black (tanned, that is). We thought - bring wine taku! ..».

Former classmates of Gorbachev - Natalya Stefanovna Kuzmenko and her husband Viktor Ivanovich - told museum workers how Mikhail's grandfather "wrinkled his pistons" with his own hand: there was such a traditional homemade leather shoe in the south. So Misha has pistons with fur inside - he loved, to know, the grandfather of his grandson. “And his handbag was so fancy,” that is, from hemp canvas, from which everyone sewed then - pants, shirts, skirts ... There were no briefcases. But Misha was awarded a portfolio for New Year- at that time a chic gift.

Still, fellow countrymen said, Misha liked to communicate with teachers, and they were all young then, not much older than the students themselves. In a word, psychologically, Mikhail clearly overtook his peers. “He was rich, he had all the textbooks, so he studied well,” one of his classmates explained. True, he immediately ingenuously “declassified”: “But we won’t go to the lesson, we’re sitting in the little ladies” (in dice, that means). In fact, whoever wanted to study, studied. Yes, one childhood friend left school at the age of 12, and so all his life he remained an ordinary collective farmer. And classmate Tamara Gavrilovna Polyakova (the wife, by the way, of Gorbachev’s second cousin) said: “I wanted to study so much, although I had to nurse the younger ones, but still I graduated from both school and the agricultural institute, and became an agronomist.” Other successful classmates include officer Gennady Donskoy, famous Stavropol poet Gennady Fateev…

They remember well in the village the “Khokhlyatsy” family of Gorbachev’s mother, her maiden name was Gopkalo. Maria Panteleevna's father once led a collective farm in Privolnoye, left a good, grateful human memory of himself. He helped many soldier's widows in difficult years. Mikhail outwardly is very similar to his grandfather, Pantelei Efimovich. Maria Panteleevna herself was, they recall, a simple, “ordinary” collective farm woman, she worked like everyone else. The house was kept in order and severity.

At the end of the seven-year period, Mikhail continued his studies, first in the neighboring village of Kommunar, and the 10th and 11th grades at school No. 1 in Krasnogvardeisky, where he had to rent a room, and this also says a lot: was independent and disciplined. And on weekends, to visit relatives, I had to wave about 15 kilometers on foot! Occasionally, however, luck fell out - the chairman of the collective farm drove up on a lorry, but more often he still got on his own. And even then his fellow countrymen respected him for his “scholarship”. One of her peers, Alexandra Grigoryevna Varnavskaya, also nee Gorbachev, recalled how more than once in the late evenings, when the lights were already going out in the whole village, one window was lit for a long time: “Why is the light burning at the Gorbachevs? And this is Misha reading!

Second cousin of Mikhail Sergeevich Petr Petrovich Polyakov, former Chief Engineer on the collective farm, and his wife Tamara Gavrilovna, Gorbachev's classmate, in a conversation with museum workers said: at the level of the region, "he" was an excellent leader. And being the chief regional chief, he never forgot the Privolnensky people, for them the doors of his regional committee office were always open. This was also confirmed by childhood friend Viktor Fyodorovich Myagkikh: Gorbachev maintained purely human communication with fellow countrymen in any government posts, there was no “distance”, but there were good and strong contacts.

Over the years, of course, meetings happen less and less. But the tradition remains: to meet the distinguished guest in the building of the former board of the collective farm named after. Sverdlov, where today the bank branch is located. And the Privolnenians really want to finally have their own museum of Gorbachev here, or at least his corner in the museum of the village. But so far there is no museum. There is only a detachment of enthusiasts collecting all sorts of memorable antiquities, but it is hard to say when this spontaneous collection will be able to take on the form of a museum. It's a pity. It seems that the entire Stavropol Territory should be interested in this issue. Frankly, the fact that there is still no such museum in the small homeland of the Secretary General and the President is simply puzzling. Perhaps, thanks to the searches and finds of the museum workers of the regional center, this gap will soon be filled? After all, no matter how you treat the figure of Gorbachev, no matter how you praise him or criticize him, his very name is part of our common history, is not it? Thanks to the name of Vladimir Lenin, modern Ulyanovsk has a unique quarter-memorial of the old city, and the village of Shushenskoye still attracts tourists, if not as a place of exile for the leader, then as a well-preserved corner of the Siberian village ... Is it bad? Ideological layers are gone, and historical memory remained.

Privolnoye deserves such a memory in all respects. One has only to walk along the quiet streets, in the spring with the intoxicating aroma of flowering gardens, or, stopping on the bridge, listen to Yegorlyk's cheerful song.