Aspen: tree care and life expectancy. Common aspen

Female tree Poppulus tremulus; most of all goes to chipped (carved and chiselled) wooden utensils, which is why it is also called baklushey, lower. Bitter aspen, in song. Aspen is a cursed tree, Judas strangled himself on it, and since then the leaf has been trembling on it. On the… … Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary

Judas tree, aspen, (trembling) poplar Dictionary of Russian synonyms. aspen n., number of synonyms: 6 tree (618) ... Synonym dictionary

aspen- trembling (Balmont); liquid (Plescheev, Turgenev); shy (Fofanov); restless (Machtet); tender (Bogolyubova); sad (Merezhkovsky); timid (Belousov, Fofanov); stately (Turgenev); thin (Balmont); quivering (Aksakov) Epithets ... ... Dictionary of epithets

ASPEN, poplar tree. Distributed in the north of Eurasia, in coniferous and deciduous forests; in the steppes forms aspen pegs. Grows fast. Lives 80 90 (rarely up to 150) years. Used in protective plantings. The wood is resistant to rotting in ... ... Modern Encyclopedia

Poplar tree. Grows in the north of Eurasia in coniferous and deciduous forests; in the steppes forms aspen pegs. Used in protective plantings, wood in the production of matches, pulp, containers, various crafts ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

ASPEN, aspens, female. A deciduous tree from the willow family. Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov. D.N. Ushakov. 1935 1940 ... Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov

OSINA, s, female. Deciduous tree related to poplar. In the language of native aspens (translate) what (jokingly) to say simply and clearly about what. complex. | adj. aspen, oh, oh. How about. leaf trembles who n. (small and often, usually about a state of fright, fear) ... Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov

The semantics of the mythopoetic image of O. is motivated by two features of this tree - the trembling of leaves even in calm weather (the scientific name O. Populus tremula, that is, “shaking poplar”; cf. French tremble, etc.) and the reddish tint of wood ... Encyclopedia of mythology

Trembling poplar (Populus tremula), a tree (up to 35 m high with smooth gray bark) from the poplar genus. The leaves are rounded, unevenly notched toothed. Their long thin petioles bend in the wind (leaves tremble easily). At the base of young leaves ... ... Biological encyclopedic dictionary

No top. Gorky. Shuttle. iron. A clumsy, stupid person. BalSok., 48. To be you (him, etc.) on an aspen! Razg. Obsolete Wishes for the death of someone. BMS 1998, 424. Fuck you! Narodn. The same as being on an aspen! DP, 750. Damn you ... ... Big Dictionary Russian sayings

Books

Aspen factory, Iєn M. Banks. Sixteenth Frank - to finish off an unimaginable lad who lives with his father on a distant Scottish island. On the mountain near Frank and Aspen Factory - an attachment, for the help of some kind of wine you sign ... eBook
Aspen Factory, Banks I. M .. 16-year-old Frank is a wonderful lad. Win, let's face it, I'm not the one I'm pretending to be. At the new house there is a mysterious dial Aspen factory that signifies death in coma, like they ate at the pasta. They have є…

This tree is widespread throughout the world. Trembling poplar (common aspen) is found everywhere. Nevertheless, this powerful beautiful tree has not become a favorite of landscapers and gardeners. Even his rapid growth, few people consider dignity.

The reason for such a negative attitude towards wood is poplar fluff, which gives people a lot of problems. Today we will introduce poplar trembling (poplar genus). This is one of the representatives of a large family, which includes about 90 species. All of them are divided into six sections.

1. Abaso (Mexican Mexican.

2. Aigeiros (delta poplars):

black poplar (black poplar);
deltoid;
pyramidal;
Bolle.

3. Leucoides (leucoid poplars):

heterogeneous;
white (or silver);
trembling (or aspen).

4. Tacamahaca (balsamic poplars):

balsamic;
bay leaf;
poplar Maksimovich.

5. Turanga: Euphrates Turanga.

6. Hybrids:

Berlin;
Moscow;
Canadian.

Trembling poplar: description

It's dioecious deciduous tree with a powerful, well-developed root system. Trembling poplar (Latin - Pópulus trémula) grows up to 35 meters in height and lives up to 90 years. The bark is grey-green, smooth. Over time, it darkens and becomes covered with small cracks. The branches are long, with small, sticky, pointed buds.

Leaves

Poplar trembling (willow family) is densely covered with regular, rounded, long-leaved leaves with pinnate venation. Their length is from 3 to 7 cm, the upper surface is green, bluish below, uneven large teeth are located along the edge.

In autumn, the leaves turn bright yellow or Note poplar trembling (aspen). Even in completely calm windless weather, its leaves are constantly in motion, trembling. Such mobility is explained by flattened petioles, thinner in the center than at the edges.

Bloom

Poplar trembling (photo you can see in the article) blooms in last decade April or early May (depending on the growing region). The tree is covered with catkins: massive male (staminate) up to 15 cm long and thinner, small, pistillate female. Flowers of both types are arranged simply. They lack a perianth. Male flowers have 5-8 stamens and red anthers, while female flowers have only a pistil with two stigmas. Flowering continues until the full bloom of the leaves.

Fruit

Fruit ripening occurs approximately thirty days after flowering. They open in early June. These are double sided boxes. big amount small seeds, which are equipped with fluffy tufts of hairs. A thousand poplar seeds weigh tenths of a gram. They easily fly over long distances.

root system

Poplar trembling - a tree with a powerful Scattered seeds begin to germinate in just a few hours, falling on moist soil. The seed coat bursts, two tiny cotyledons appear. After about a day, the root appears at the seed.

K is a small stalk (no more than a pencil) and a taproot, the length of which reaches 30 cm. It should be noted that the trembling poplar (aspen) grows very quickly, especially in the early years. By the age of 20, the tree grows up to 10 meters, and by the age of 40, its height reaches its maximum size.

In the early years, the poplar has a more pronounced taproot. Over time, it slows down growth and soon stops growing altogether. During this period, lateral processes begin to actively grow. They lie shallow, in the upper layer of the soil, depart quite far from the mother plant and give abundant shoots. Shoots grow rapidly - in the first year they already reach a height of 50 cm.

Spreading

Poplar trembling is quite widespread. Its range is Eurasia, mountainous areas North Africa. Most of the range falls on the territory of our country. In Russia, aspen is distributed almost everywhere. In the north, it grows up to the borders of the forest with the tundra, in the south - to the arid steppes.

In the forest-steppe, the quivering poplar forms island groves. On saline soils, it can take a bushy form. In the Alps, it grows in the mountains, at an altitude of up to 2000 meters above sea level. The tree is photophilous, therefore, if other trees shade the poplar, it dies. Often, aspen becomes an admixture in birch forests.

Growing conditions

The trembling poplar is unpretentious to soils and climatic conditions. However, it develops more actively on fertile, mineral-rich, well-aerated soils.

The use of poplar

With a beautiful decorative crown, it is used in landscape design. Almost all of its numerous varieties are excellent for both single landings and group plantings. Everyone knows that poplar alleys are a classic of park landscapes.

Poplar trembling is a real air filter, which has found application in urban landscaping, as well as as a forest-forming species. Its wood is used in many industries - in the furniture, paper industry, construction.

Fine natural dyes are made from poplar leaves and inflorescences. The kidneys are used in folk medicine. Aspen wood is light, soft, but not very durable. Therefore, most often it goes to the manufacture of items economic purpose(shovels, ladles, spoons, other dugout utensils). Plywood and chips (shingles) are made from it, which is used in roofing. In sparsely forested areas, poplar wood is used as a building material for the construction of outbuildings.

But one cannot fail to say that it is easily affected by fungi that cause decay, so it is not recommended to use such material for the construction of residential buildings.

Aspen wood has found wide application in the production of matches. How did poplar attract manufacturers of such necessary products? In this case, its main advantage was taken into account - the absence of tannins and resins in the wood, which give off a smell when burned. In addition, it is very light, perfectly, without soot, it burns in a dry state. Match manufacturers also appreciated that poplar wood splits in the right direction.

Aspen bark has a bitter taste, but this does not prevent its use as food for game animals. With pleasure, moose gnaw at the bark from young trees. Hares prefer to clean it from fallen trunks.

During flowering, bees collect pollen and resinous bud fluid from flowers, turning it into propolis.

Diseases and pests

The most common diseases of trembling poplar are some types of necrosis and tree cancer. In this case, the affected trees must be eliminated, and the remaining stumps should be treated with fuel oil with creosol.

Young poplar seedlings are sometimes exposed to fungal diseases. Forestry and agrotechnical measures are used against them, they try to reduce soil moisture. Poplar pests are a large number of insects that lay their larvae on leaves. Insecticides are used in pest control. But before choosing the necessary preparation, it is necessary to find out which pest attacked the tree.

Medicinal properties and application

In traditional medicine, poplar trembling (aspen) has not yet found application. And in folk medicine, it has been used for a long time and very successfully. For the manufacture of medicinal preparations, traditional healers use the bark, leaves, kidneys.

Perhaps not everyone knows that in paganism the aspen was considered a tree overflowing with vitality- its leaves are always rustling, as if they are having a leisurely conversation. That is why this tree began to be considered a salvation from all evil spirits. Thanks to numerous horror films and our contemporaries, it became known that it is necessary to fight vampires with the help of a wasp stake.

Traditional healers claim that preparations based on aspen (trembling poplar) have analgesic, diuretic and anti-inflammatory properties. Kidneys also contain bitter glycosides, tannins, benzoic acid. Alcohol extract from poplar buds has a bactericidal effect on some types of dangerous microbes (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus). Buds are usually harvested in the spring, they are collected from young trees.

Infusion from the kidneys

Aspen buds can be infused with vodka, but it is better to use 70% alcohol in a ratio of 1:10. The infusion is prepared for seven days. This tincture is recommended for use in chronic and acute cystitis, rheumatism and padagra. Dilute 25-30 drops of the product in a third of a glass of water and take three times a day after meals.

Decoctions

A decoction of greenish young bark, according to doctors and the reviews of their patients, has a beneficial effect on the inflamed bladder and kidneys. It is not difficult to make it: pour 250 ml of water into a spoon (tablespoon) of dry crushed bark and boil the resulting mixture for fifteen minutes over low heat under a lid. Take two tablespoons (tablespoons) three times a day (before meals).

For coughs, colds, a different composition is used as a diuretic. Pour one spoonful of dry bark with two glasses of water and boil for half an hour. Let the product brew for at least three hours.

Leaf decoction

A very effective vitamin decoction is prepared from aspen leaves. To do this, you will need one part of dry crushed leaves, which must be poured with four parts of boiling water. The mixture is brought to a boil and left on low heat for fifteen minutes. Then it must be cooled, add a few drops of lemon and take a tablespoon four times a day.

You need to know that a decoction of leaves collected in the fall contains almost half as much vitamin C as from spring and even summer foliage.

Bark tincture

Folk healers from different countries recommend that patients suffering from prostate hypertrophy take alcohol tincture. Pour five tablespoons of dry bark with 0.5 liters of vodka and leave to infuse for two weeks in a dark place. An important detail - the young bark must be harvested in early spring when it is still greenish in color.

Take this composition in a dessert spoon twice a day, before meals. Thus it is possible to insist and kidneys. A tincture of them is taken twenty drops three times a day.

Ointments

Medical ointments are also prepared from poplar buds, which help nursing mothers get rid of cracks in the nipples. To do this, mix one part of the kidneys with two parts of pork fat, grind well and cook over low heat, stirring until all the moisture comes out of the mass. The same ointment gives excellent results in the treatment of hemorrhoidal cones.

Powdered dried poplar buds mixed with quality butter, is an excellent wound healing, as well as an anti-inflammatory agent for non-healing ulcers, burns. The ointment is also used to soften hemorrhoids.

Almost every person living in the territory of the central strip of Russia knows the appearance of the aspen. The tree is equally attractive at any time of the year. It not only looks charming, but also brings many benefits. Certain parts of the plant are taken for making medicines and animal feed.

Almost every person living in the territory of the central strip of Russia knows the appearance of the aspen.

The correct name of the tree - "trembling poplar" - is not known to everyone. It received such a name due to its peculiarity to sway intensively (tremble) even from a slight breath of wind. Aspen has a rather impressive appearance - a columnar trunk with gray-olive bark and a lush crown. The trunk in diameter can be up to 1 m, and the height of a perennial representative often reaches 30-35 m.

With age, peculiar lenticels form on the bark, which make the aspen look even more attractive. It has high frost resistance. Grows in moist acidic soil, not afraid of shading. hallmark its from similar trees, for example, poplar, is a peculiar form of leaves. It is also easy to calculate it by the flowers that appear in the first spring days.

The leaves are rhombic in shape with serrated margins, and their width often exceeds their length. The foliage is attached to the branches with thin cuttings, which also creates a trembling effect while swaying in the wind. The leaves of a young aspen are similar to poplar, so they can sometimes be confused.

With age, peculiar lenticels form on the bark, which make the appearance of aspen even more attractive.

Unusual inflorescences appear on aspen with the advent of the first warm days spring. They are divided into women's and men's, and in shape they resemble jewelry - earrings. Reproduction occurs due to the seeds that are located on the inflorescences. They spread over the territories adjacent to the tree due to a small tuft, which is present on each inflorescence.

Gallery: aspen tree (25 photos)

Why the aspen always trembles (video)

Beneficial features

Aspen can be called with confidence useful tree. It has many properties that are used by a person in various areas of life. So, the bark is often used as a biologically active food supplement. It is cut into strips and dried. In winter, crushed bark is added in small quantities to food. This supplement tones and helps to cope with fatigue.

The leaves of the tree are rhombic in shape, with a jagged frame along the edges, their width often exceeds their length.

Some make flour from the bark - aspen bast, which can be used for cooking.

The leaves and bark are often used as medicine. A decoction of the leaves is a good expectorant. It is drunk with influenza and SARS to reduce fever and high temperature body. The decoction is also used to treat other diseases:

hemorrhoids;
diabetes;
pancreatitis.

The use of aspen broth is recommended for people suffering from diseases of the genitourinary system. A decoction or tincture is useful for problems with the functioning of the gastrointestinal tract. The medicine does not have to be bought at the pharmacy, it can be prepared independently. The recipe is simple: dried or fresh leaves must be poured with a small amount of water and boiled over low heat. Cool the resulting broth and drink in a certain dosage, which is best agreed with your doctor.

Common aspen (video)

Use in the construction industry

Aspen is a tree from which good material for construction. For this purpose, trees that are over 35 years old are used. Objects made of this material look very attractive, since the wood is white, it is soft and pleasant to the touch.

It is not taken for the construction of residential premises, but it is often used for finishing baths and saunas.

Landscape designers often use this tree as a material for the implementation of ideas for landscaping. Aspen is planted in parks and urban areas, as it is perfect for landscaping. In spring and summer, the tree is covered with dense greenery, which in autumn becomes a bright red hue with orange and yellow splashes. The plant does not require special care and improves the quality of the soil in which it grows.

Aspen

In terms of shear strength, aspen is similar to linden and surpasses conifers in this, as well as poplar.

Aspen: what it looks like and how it differs from poplar

And in terms of resistance to splitting from impact, it stands next to birch and ash, even ahead of beech, oak, maple, walnut, linden, coniferous trees. This indicates the viscosity of aspen. Aspen is cut elastically, even tight, with effort, but the surface is good in all directions, it is perfectly ground and polished. Considering the indicated properties of aspen, it is especially advantageous to use it for crafts with blind carvings, for making complex, one-piece ornaments or such decorations. Let us also mention the famous property of the silvery glow of aspen, which we observe on the roofs of the cathedrals of wooden architecture of the North of our country covered with plowshares (figured carved planks).

General view of the tree

Aspen fruits on the branches

aspen leaves

ASPEN FORESTS

Arrangement of stresses: AXIS`NEW FORESTS`

ASPEN FORESTS, aspen forests, deciduous small leaves. plantations with a predominance of aspen in the composition of forest stands. Widespread in the North. hemisphere throughout the West. Europe and North. America. In the USSR, O. l. are not formed everywhere, but only on the richest soils under conditions favorable climate. Largest areas O. l. concentrated in the south. parts of the forest zone of Europe. parts, in the forest-steppe, in the south of the West. Siberia, where they replace the forest stand of primary forests and belong to derivatives. In steppe conditions, along saucer-shaped depressions, aspen forms small areas of pure nature. forest stands, called aspen pegs.

In the USSR, among softwoods. forests O. l. make up 16% of forest stands and occupy the 2nd place (after birch plantations). Area O. l. approx. 18.5 million hectares with a timber reserve of 2.6 billion m3. In the typological in relation to them, the most characteristic are complex, oxalis and blueberry groups of forest types, characteristic of spruce, pine or oak forests. Tree stand O. l. forest zone have in their composition an admixture of tree species inherent in primary forests (spruce, fir, pine, oak, linden, etc.), and sometimes also birch, gray alder. On fresh soddy-medium podzolic loamy soils, aspen forests grow on mantle loam, diverse in composition and complex in structure. Many O. l. have 3 tiers: main. the canopy of the 1st tier consists of aspen and partly of birch, the 2nd tier - of spruce, oak, gray alder, the 3rd tier - of undergrowth. Living ground cover in these forests in the main. consists of a mink, zelenchuk, goutweed, sour, fern, meadowsweet, nettle.

Floodplain aspen (Sumy region)

In rare cases (usually on burnt areas) O.

Aspen, or trembling poplar: medicinal properties and use in traditional medicine

l. they are renewed by seed, more often, especially in clearings, - vegetatively, by root suckers and stumps at a young age. Such vegetative stands are characterized by different clones. Due to the ability to reproduce by root offspring, aspen quickly captures the vacant area in clearings. Already in the 2nd year after felling, a large number of root suckers appear. Due to the very large number of trunks per unit area and the love of light of aspen, the stand of O. l. intensely experienced from an early age. At the age of 10, the stock of stem wood per 1 ha is 40-50 m3, by the age of 30 it increases 3-4 times (150-200 m3), and by the age of 70 it reaches 500-550 m3. In plantations growing in particularly favorable conditions, cf. stock at the age of 70 650 m3/ha. Quantity. ripeness occurs at 25-30 years, technical - at 35. Maximum cf. growth is noted by the age of 40; it is 2.9-3.9 m3/ha in plantings of class I. O. l. give wood, to-paradise is widely used in decomp. industries x-va (see Aspen), including in the production of substitutes for liquid fuels. O. l. are often faut (because of aspen's susceptibility to heart rot infection) with low stand structure. There are forms and ecotypes of aspen that are weakly affected by aspen tinder fungus.

Ripening aspen forest in autumn (Moscow region)

In aspen plantations, clear-cutting is carried out (starting from the age of 41) with different widths of cutting areas, depending on the forest group and protection category. At the same time, the direct adjacency of cutting areas provides nature. renewal of aspen forests in clearings. If available in O. l. viable spruce undergrowth and the 2nd tier of coniferous species, cutting is carried out taking into account the obligations. conservation of conifers. In aspen plantations, where intensive cuttings were carried out (in 2 stages - at the age of up to 15 years and at 20-25 years), the age of felling of aspen forests in most economic regions of Europe. parts of the USSR in high-quality forests are recommended to be reduced to 31 years. It gives meaning. increase in the allowable cutting area and where there is spruce undergrowth and the 2nd tier, allows you to harvest two harvests of wood per unit area (one aspen, the other spruce). Aspen young are natural. feeding grounds for elk, deer and other mammals (rodents).

(Mikhailov L. E-, Osinniki, M., 1972; Gurov A. F., Mikhailov L. E., Growing high-quality stands of aspen and birch, in the book: Felling and forest restoration, M., 1980; Mikhailov L. V., Storozhenko V. G., Diagnosis of resistance of aspen forests to rot diseases, "Forestry", 1980. No. 10.)

Forest encyclopedia: In 2 volumes, v.2 / Ch.ed. Vorobyov G.I.; Editorial staff: Anuchin N.A., Atrokhin V.G., Vinogradov V.N. and others - M .: Sov. encyclopedia, 1986.-631 p., ill.

The cost of equipment for the confectionery shop www.svcraft.ru.

Aspen

Aspen(populus tremula) - Aspen is the second largest hardwood in terms of area (1/10 of this area), grows almost everywhere. Aspen is a nuclear-free breed. Wood white color, with a greenish tint; annual layers are poorly visible, medullary rays are not visible. Aspen wood has a homogeneous structure, is easily peeled, impregnated and does not give a very smoky flame (raw material for the match industry).

Aspen is used in agriculture(wells, cellars, roof shingles, etc.)

Aspen magic

etc.), as well as for the production of fibreboard, cellulose, cardboard, plywood, in the wood chemistry and other industries. Application is limited due to heart rot, which is often found in growing trees. Do not favor the aspen tree ornamental material in the special literature on woodworking: it occupies one of the last places in terms of the percentage of excellent and good quality when processing - planing, milling, turning, drilling. And woodcarvers love aspen, like linden, for its ease of processing, for its light tone, fine fiber texture, and for the fact that it is affordable and even more common than linden. In the handicraft industry, aspen is also “respected” for the fact that it is not afraid of moisture, for its low density. Only Siberian fir and poplar have a density less than that of aspen, while linden has the same density. Therefore, aspen is used to make light toys and dishes. Previously, troughs, tubs, and gangs were made from it. In addition, it does not crack and does not prick from impact. In addition, aspen peels well - shingles are made from it, matches are made.

Aspen has another completely unexpected property - a strong increase in strength during exposure. With her lightness! The practice of our ancestors confirms what has been said, although it does not fully reveal all the reasons and secrets. It turns out that the walls of the huts built of aspen many years ago still amaze with their strength, whiteness and purity. The ax bounces off such wood, at best it sticks only shallowly. It is not for nothing that aspen is now used in villages for the manufacture of shelves and benches in baths, for facing their walls - it is hygienic, bright and clean, is not afraid of moisture, does not warp or crack. It also turns out that experienced villagers make handles and handles for agricultural implements, when the combination of lightness and strength, just from aspen, is worth its weight in gold. Only for this purpose it is necessary to cut down a young aspen in the spring, when the wood is filled with juice, and allow it to dry well in the shade - to dry out. Then it will become both light and strong, like a bone. Obviously, the aspen does not just dry out, some kind of polymerization occurs under the action of the components of its juice. Oral legends say that they did the same with the harvesting of aspen logs for construction, only on each of them two or three grooves were made along the log on the bark so that the wood did not rot during drying, and the necessary juice was preserved in moderation. For the same reasons, when drying an unskinned aspen trunk, some branches were sometimes left on its top, which pulled excess moisture out of the wood. To obtain the ideal aspen wood, its trunks were harvested along with the birth of a son in the family, and it dried up until the son was separated from the family and a house was built for him. The best ax for a carpenter and joiner, as well as for a home craftsman, is also made from well-aged aspen. It is not only light, but it also does not bruise the hand, does not fill corns, which usually happens when working with a birch ax handle, polished and slipping out of the hands (although it is better to buy an ax handle for an ax for chopping firewood from birch: its fracture strength does not depend slept from the time of year).

Another property of aspen, which is a vice in woodworking, deserves attention. This is the presence of a hollow and rot in the middle of large trunks.

Any wood that is not protected by varnishes or paints turns gray and gradually collapses and rots. Unpainted aspen also turns gray, but unlike other types of wood, it is more resistant to weathering and, having acquired its silvery gray color with a metallic tint over several years (according to some reports, for 8-10 years), it retains it for many decades. . By appearance aspen can only be confused with its related poplar (aspen has a second name - trembling poplar). She, like the white poplar, has a smooth greenish-gray bark, brownish at the base, cracked (in old trees). But the aspen leaf, unlike poplar, is ovoid.

General view of the tree

Aspen fruits on the branches

Longitudinal and cross cuts

Botanical illustration from O. V. Tome's book "Flora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz", 1885

Aspen growing north polar circle in Norway

aspen leaves

IN Lately great attention is given to the propagation of aspen by summer cuttings as one of the promising methods of vegetative propagation.

Earlier studies of aspen propagation by summer cuttings led to the following conclusions.

1. Successful propagation is possible only when the cuttings are harvested from young queen cells, best of all from one-year-old offspring; this conclusion is also contained in works devoted to other tree species.

2. The best results of rooting of summer cuttings in comparison with rooting in an open field were obtained in a greenhouse and under synthetic cover. For example, in Germany, under synthetic coating, rooting was achieved in the amount of 68%, without coating - 34%. Therefore, an important prerequisite for the rooting of summer cuttings is the right optimum temperature. In the USA, this temperature is 24.4-29.4 °, at which rooting takes place within 14 days. In Finland, the optimum temperature is 20-25°C with a relative humidity of over 90%.

3. In special studies, sand or a mixture of peat and sand in a ratio of 1: 2 was recognized as the best substrate for rooting. According to another experience, it is a mixture of sphagnum peat and coarse sand (sand grain diameter 3-5 mm).

4. Regarding the time and method of harvesting cuttings, you must be guided by the following guidelines. The cuttings must be mature, with two buds (the upper oblique cut is 1 cm above the upper bud, the lower one is 0.5 cm below the lower bud). The canvas of the leaves is reduced as needed (about half). The cuttings are planted in a substrate with a depth of 0.5-1.0 cm. According to the results of experiments in Poland, the cuttings should be 5-8 cm long with at least one leaf and two buds, harvesting time is the first half of July, when the shoots are ripe and have lost pubescence. When cuttings are treated with pyrogallol, rooting does not depend on the time of their preparation.

Summer cuttings from root offspring are taken at a time when they have reached a height of about 10 cm (8-15). The immature top of the root cuttings is cut off, and the summer cuttings are harvested in their basal part. The size of the cuttings does not affect the result of rooting.

5. Rooting is largely due to the aspen clone. For example, in Germany, it was found that, depending on the clone, the percentage of rooting varies from 40 to 100 under the film and from 10 to 80 without it (in greenhouse conditions).

6. The use of various growth stimulants and chemicals gives positive results. For example, in Finland, in the subgenus Leuce, the best rooting results (94%) were achieved using indolylbutyric acid as a stimulant.

7. It is necessary to create queen cells (for a certain property or sign of aspen) in order to obtain summer cuttings for their mass reproduction.

Sometimes, when aspen is propagated by summer cuttings, methods developed for other species of the poplar genus (in the subgenus Leuce) can be used.

Common aspen: what a tree, leaves and fruits look like

Such, for example, is the method of vegetative propagation of hybrids of white poplar with aspen, developed in UkrNIILKhA. It consists of the following steps:

Harvesting the roots of elite trees for forcing outgrowth and preparing them for planting in greenhouse conditions;

Planting root cuttings and overgrown forcing;

Obtaining varietal planting material by green cuttings from root shoots;

Bookmarks of a uterine plantation from rooted green cuttings of root shoots for subsequent vegetative propagation.

In 1981-1982 in LatNIILKhP investigated the reproduction of aspen by summer cuttings in laboratory conditions. For this purpose, we used a growing cabinet with dimensions of 75X160X240 cm with automatically controlled lighting, temperature and water supply. The substrate was neutralized sphagnum peat, perlite or sand over the expanded clay drainage layer. Summer cuttings were harvested: 1) in spring - from root shoots grown in boxes in a greenhouse; 2) in summer (end of June or beginning of July) - from one-year-old root suckers on a seed plantation. In these experiments, when a temperature of 24-28°C was provided at artificial lighting or 18-20° without it, relative humidity air 95% and artificial fine fog, rooting was 77-88%.

Previously, neutralized sphagnum peat proved to be the best substrate for rooting (rooting 88%), mainly because the cuttings formed a strong compact root system, contributing to survival after transplantation to the nursery. Good rooting results also corresponded to the sandy substrate (77%), but the roots formed here are long, elongated, and it is difficult to preserve them during transplantation.

It is too early to judge the suitability of perlite, research in this direction continues. The best results are obtained from shoots grown in a greenhouse from root cuttings.

Experiences in Latvia have confirmed that successful rooting of summer cuttings requires equipment that automatically regulates temperature, moisture and the supply of artificial fine mist.

Rooted cuttings after transplanting them to beds in a greenhouse with a synthetic coating successfully took root (86%) and reached an average of 120 cm in height and 7 mm in thickness at the root collar in the first year (maximum, respectively, 210 cm and 14 mm).

According to the data on flowering of aspen in the forests of the USSR, depending on climatic conditions (from the Arkhangelsk region to the foothills of the North Caucasus), the average timing of aspen flowering varies from north to south from April 25 to March 17, the latest - from May 29 to March 23, and the earliest - from April 2 to March 10. This should be taken into account when exchanging pollen and aspen seeds from different climatic zones.

In Latvia, aspen blossoms in most cases in the second decade of April. Seeds ripen at the end of May or early June, but most often in the third decade of May. Their departure takes place in a very short time - within 2-8 days, depending on weather conditions. Therefore, for the collection of seeds, it is very important to accurately determine the period of their ripening. Experience confirms that it is necessary to start collecting fruit earrings at the moment when the first fruit boxes begin to open in them, that is, the ends of white hairs - flyers appear.

In order not to harm the tree, it is recommended to collect earrings directly, without branches. In order to obtain a high-quality harvest, the necessary measures must be taken to destroy pests, especially the caterpillars of the frog moth butterfly (Batracherda praengusia), and to prevent their mass distribution. The spread of pests is especially facilitated by warm and dry weather.

To obtain high-quality offspring, seeds are collected from pre-selected plus trees. It is also important that there are plus male pollinators close to the plus females. On plus trees, catkins are collected by climbing them with the help of special climbing devices that do not damage the tree.

It is impossible to recognize as a rational method of collecting seeds in the Oboyansky forestry enterprise, according to which females are cut down 10-12 days before the expected ripening of seeds, pollinated abundantly to kill pests, pollinated again after 2-3 days and after the appearance of the first down, earrings are collected.

In Czechoslovakia, it is recommended to collect seeds after departure at the place of fall. However, in Latvia this is possible only in a plentiful seed year, when during the period of maturation and emergence of seeds there are optimal weather(sunny and no wind). Seeds, according to the observations of P. Reim, fly away 400-500 m from the mother tree, and a little rain, wetting the fluff, makes their collection impossible. Ideal weather conditions in Latvia were noted only in 1964. If the collected fruit earrings are not processed immediately after collection, they are placed in a cellar on ice and stored in this form until processing.

An important and time-consuming process is obtaining seeds from collected catkins, as well as cleaning them from voles and carpels. Usually for this, the earrings are rubbed through a sieve with holes of 2-3 mm. This is a long process, and some of the seeds remain in the mashed bats. Below is a description of one of the many methods successfully applied in Poland. An elephant of 20 cm earrings is placed in the cellar; when the boxes begin to fade and white fluff appears on their tops, it's time to harvest the seeds. The latter are removed from the boxes, first rubbing for 2-3 minutes between the palms, then through a sieve; get about 30-40% of the possible number of seeds.

Within 2 hours, the seeds dry out, and they are rubbed again. After repeated rubbing, 15-20% of the seeds still remain in the fluff ball. If necessary, after repeated drying, wipe a third time.

In the laboratory of forest breeding LatNIILKhP, the problem of cleaning seeds from fluff has been solved. To facilitate and speed up cleaning, as well as increase the yield of seeds, a device of our own design was used. Cleaning immediately after collection is carried out as follows: the earrings are spread on the table in room conditions a layer of about 5 cm; after a few days, when some of the boxes have already opened, a layer of fluff with seeds forms above them. A special device can be used to collect seeds and clean them from fluff.

When the fan is turned on, a forced air flow is created, which sucks seeds and fluff through the sieve cylinder and tip. The presence of a sieve cylinder makes it possible to separate seeds and fluff from a heap, which enter the storage chamber through a flexible hose. Upon entering this chamber, the seeds are separated from the fluff and sent through the separating mesh to an additional container, and the fluff is collected in the rear part of the storage chamber under the action of the air flow. To clean the outer surface of the sieve cylinder from heap particles, the tip is made rotatable.

Reception, if necessary, can be repeated several times until all the seeds are collected. For 3-7 days, all seeds gradually ripen (previously ripened ones are collected at the first receptions). Thus, seed losses are minimal and seed yield is maximized. The device facilitates and speeds up the process of cleaning seeds and allows you to increase their yield (2-8% of the mass of freshly harvested earrings), since much less seeds remain in the separated fluff. With manual cleaning of seeds, their yield is only 0.5-2%.

Instead of said device, it is possible to successfully use a vacuum cleaner in combination with sieves of an appropriate size; in this case, it is only more inconvenient to work and the yield of seeds is somewhat less.

The quality of aspen seeds was carefully studied by P.

How to distinguish aspen from poplar

Reim in Estonia. According to him, well-ripened seeds are yellow-brown in color with a purple tint, 0.9-1.2 mm long on average, 0.3-0.6 wide and 0.2-0.4 mm thick. Seeds that have ripened after collecting earrings, that is, artificially, are slightly lighter, and their mass is less than that of those that have ripened naturally on a tree (for example, the mass of seeds collected a week before natural maturity is less than half). The fewer seeds in the box (the worse the pollination conditions), the greater the mass of individual seeds. The mass of seeds from trees up to 15 years old is less than from older trees.

In Latvia, aspen seed color ranges from greenish-yellow to various shades of brown; the weight of 1000 seeds, depending on the parent tree and other circumstances, ranges from 0.08 to 0.15 g, on average 0.12 g.

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Aspen

Aspen(populus tremula) - Aspen is the second largest hardwood in terms of area (1/10 of this area), grows almost everywhere. Aspen is a nuclear-free breed. The wood is white, with a greenish tint; annual layers are poorly visible, medullary rays are not visible. Aspen wood has a homogeneous structure, is easily peeled, impregnated and does not give a very smoky flame (raw material for the match industry).

Aspen is used in agriculture (wells, cellars, roofing shingles, etc.), as well as for the production of fibreboard, cellulose, cardboard, plywood, in wood chemistry and other industries. Application is limited due to heart rot, which is often found in growing trees. Aspen wood is not favored as an ornamental material in the special literature on woodworking: it occupies one of the last places in terms of the percentage of output of parts of excellent and good quality during processing - planing, milling, turning, drilling. And woodcarvers love aspen, like linden, for its ease of processing, for its light tone, fine fiber texture, and for the fact that it is affordable and even more common than linden. In the handicraft industry, aspen is also “respected” for the fact that it is not afraid of moisture, for its low density. Only Siberian fir and poplar have a density less than that of aspen, while linden has the same density. Therefore, aspen is used to make light toys and dishes. Previously, troughs, tubs, and gangs were made from it. In addition, it does not crack and does not prick from impact. In addition, aspen peels well - shingles are made from it, matches are made.

Another property of aspen, which is a vice in woodworking, deserves attention. This is the presence of a hollow and rot in the middle of large trunks.

In terms of shear strength, aspen is similar to linden and surpasses conifers in this, as well as poplar. And in terms of resistance to splitting from impact, it stands next to birch and ash, even ahead of beech, oak, maple, walnut, linden, coniferous trees. This indicates the viscosity of aspen. Aspen is cut elastically, even tight, with effort, but the surface is good in all directions, it is perfectly ground and polished. Considering the indicated properties of aspen, it is especially advantageous to use it for crafts with blind carvings, for making complex, one-piece ornaments or such decorations. Let us also mention the famous property of the silvery glow of aspen, which we observe on the roofs of the cathedrals of wooden architecture of the North of our country covered with plowshares (figured carved planks).

Any wood that is not protected by varnishes or paints turns gray and gradually collapses and rots. Unpainted aspen also turns gray, but unlike other types of wood, it is more resistant to weathering and, having acquired its silvery gray color with a metallic tint over several years (according to some reports, for 8-10 years), it retains it for many decades. . In appearance, aspen can only be confused with its related poplar (aspen has a second name - trembling poplar).

What does an aspen tree look like (photo)?

She, like the white poplar, has a smooth greenish-gray bark, brownish at the base, cracked (in old trees). But the aspen leaf, unlike poplar, is ovoid.

General view of the tree

Aspen fruits on the branches

Longitudinal and cross cuts

Botanical illustration from O. V. Tome's book "Flora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz", 1885

Aspen growing north of the Arctic Circle in Norway

Aspen ordinary - deciduous plant, belonging to the genus Poplars of the Willow family, is widespread in the temperate and cold climate zones of the Eurasian continent. This is a large, tall tree, the height of which can reach 35 m with a trunk diameter of 1 meter. It grows quite quickly and lives long enough: up to 80-90 years. At the same time, aspen is susceptible to development various diseases, which is why high-quality specimens of large sizes and solid age are extremely rare.

According to the structure of its woody part, aspen belongs to non-core rocks of the scattered vascular type. The wood of this tree has a whitish color with a slightly greenish tint. At the same time, the texture of aspen does not differ in particular expressiveness and showiness.

Annual rings and heart-shaped rays are practically invisible on it. Compared to other representatives of deciduous trees used on an industrial scale, it can be called rustic, therefore, it is practically not used to create decorative products.

At the same time, this material has good resistance to abrasion, lends itself well to turning and cutting. It is quite homogeneous, and due to this, in the manufacture of blanks, it can be cut in any direction, without the occurrence of dents and chips.

In the photo-picture - an aspen tree and some of its features

Where does aspen grow and its differences from poplar

Common aspen is one of the important forest-forming species of Russia and is found in almost the entire territory of the country, including the European part, as well as regions Far East and Siberia. In addition, this tree can be found in Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Korea, China and many European countries.

She feels great on soils of any type in forest-steppe and forest areas, mainly along the banks of rivers and ravines, as well as on the edges and areas with elevated relief.

As a rule, this tree grows in a group, forming aspen forests, or is part of mixed forests, combined with alder, larch, pine and birch. Due to the deep location of the roots, the aspen is not very sensitive to small forest fires.

Otherwise, this plant is usually called a trembling poplar, but there are a number of certain differences between these trees.

So, what is the difference between aspen and poplar:

Budding of poplar in spring occurs much faster, with the release of a characteristic odor and the appearance of stickiness. Aspen buds "come to life" more slowly.
Aspen blooms in early spring, before the leaves fully open. Poplar blossoms in summer, spreading fluff around it, while aspen inflorescences are long brunchi earrings.
The leaves of these trees vary in shape.
Aspen branches are more fragile than poplar.

On the left are aspen leaves, and on the right are poplars.

Density, strength and moisture

One of the important indicators that direct influence on the quality and final form of the processed wood raw material is the density of the wood. This term refers to the ratio of the mass of wood of a certain moisture content to its volume.

At the same time, the wetter the woody part of the tree is, the greater density she possesses. In addition, when evaluating wood, an indicator of the conditional density of wood is also used, which is the ratio of the mass of the test sample in a completely dried state to its volume at the limit of hygroscopicity.

The indicators of density and conditional density of aspen are as follows:

Density coefficient at different humidity levels:

Humidity level, %	Density coefficient, kg/m3
10	490
20	510
30	540
40	580
50	620
60	660
70	710
80	750
90	790
100	830
In fresh cut condition	760 (82)

Thus, it can be seen that aspen wood has an average density of 490 kg/m3. The natural moisture content of this material when freshly cut is on average 82% with a maximum moisture content of 185% water absorption.

The determination of the compressive strength of wood is determined using prototypes of a prismatic shape, subjected to gradual loads until complete destruction.

For common aspen, these indicators will look like this (according to the research of S.I. Vanin):

The compressive strength in the direction along the fibers (at a moisture content of 15%) is 374 kg/cm2.
When stretched in the direction along the fibers - 1450 kg/cm2.
When chipping in the radial plane - 44 kg / cm2.
During the operation of static bending (at a humidity of 15%) - 673 kg / cm2.
When performing impact bending in the tangential direction - 0.37 kgm/cm3.

According to the "Handbook of mechanical properties of wood", the average strength of wood will be as follows:

The strength limit for static bending is 76.5 MPa.
Tension along the fibers - 121 MPa.
Compression along the fibers - 43.1 MPa.
Splitting along the radial plane - 6.15 MPa.
On the tangential plane - 8.42 MPa.
Impact strength - 84.6 kJ / m2.
The modulus of elasticity of aspen wood in static bending is 11.2 GPa.

Aspen wood has good ductility to various types of processing, including cutting, bending, painting and polishing. In addition, she peels well.

Specific and volumetric weight of wood

Among the important indicators on the basis of which the quality of the used wood is assessed are its specific and volumetric weight. To calculate the specific or relative weight of wood material, its weight is divided by the same amount of water.

In aspen wood, it is, at a moisture content of 12%, 510 kg / m3. In this case, in contrast to , the values this indicator in aspen are not constant, but can vary quite widely.

This is due to the structure of the fibers of the material, which are characterized by high porosity. In other words, aspen commercial wood always contains a certain amount of moisture, which it easily gives off when dried and gains it with the same ease when placed in a more humid environment.

Except specific gravity it is also customary to distinguish between the volumetric weight of wood or the weight per unit volume, the measurement of which occurs at a moisture content of the raw material of 15%.

Data on the volumetric weight of aspen with a change in its moisture content are given in the following table:

Chemical composition, hardness and strength properties

The bulk of aspen wood consists of various organic matter, which includes four main elements: oxygen, hydrogen, carbohydrate and nitrogen. In addition, it contains a certain amount of mineral substances, which form an ash residue during their combustion.

In the course of research in the composition of the woody part of this plant, 17 chemical elements, such as aluminum, silicon, magnesium, calcium, chromium, titanium, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, molybdenum, zirconium, zinc, strontium, manganese, lead and barium.

At the same time, it was noted that chemical composition aspen wood varied depending on its age: in older aspens, the content of titanium increased and the amount of copper, aluminum, silicon, iron, nickel, strontium and zirconium decreased. The quantitative ratio of other elements remained unchanged.

Of the organic compounds in the composition of aspen wood are: ash - 0.26%; pentosans - 27.47%; lignin - 21.81%; cellulose - 41.77%. The impact hardness index of aspen wood is 640 gmm/mm2. That is, it can be attributed to the number of soft rocks.

Aspen combustion temperature, thermal conductivity

Like a number of other coniferous and deciduous tree species, as a raw material for isothermal processes accompanied by heat release. Due to this special meaning has such an indicator as the calorific value of this tree.

In accordance with this criterion, which is defined as the amount of heat released by one weight unit of wood material during combustion, aspen can be classified as a low-heat species. That is, the amount of heat generated by it will be very small.

The burning temperature of aspen is 612 degrees. The combustion of firewood from this tree occurs quite quickly, without the formation of coal residue. Because of this, they are not very well suited for heating purposes, since it is impossible to maintain a constant operating temperature in the firebox with their use.

However, such firewood is well suited for burning soot and cleaning the chimney after using softwood raw materials that emit a large amount of soot and pollution.

The characteristics of aspen wood as a source of thermal energy are given in the following table:

It is also worth noting that, compared with trees of other species, aspen has a high ability to absorb moisture. Its limit of hygroscopicity is 21.8 - 22.9%.

Despite its obvious shortcomings, aspen wood has a number of positive qualities, deserving a rating of "five points" on a five-point rating scale. Namely:

Decorative. Due to its pleasant silvery hue, it has been used by craftsmen to cover the roofs of temples since ancient times.
Ease of use. Soft and pliable aspen is used to make many products, including dishes.
The absence of resin. Because of this, it is often used to make baths.
Environmental friendliness and safety for humans.

Norms according to GOST

Since aspen wood is a building material with various uses, it is subject to a number of requirements and standards that it must comply with.

Standards for the quality and appearance of semi-finished products, profile parts and other elements for construction are contained in GOST 8242-88. When using wood raw materials from aspen for the purpose of pyrolysis and charcoalization, GOST 24260-80 is applied.

At the end of the article, you can watch a video about the collection and non-standard use of aspen bark: