The urban environment is a complex functional and spatial system of inextricably linked parts of the city. In this system, both buildings and structures, as well as the spaces of streets, intersections and squares interact equally. In addition, this system includes many other components: from unique works of monumental and decorative art to standard elements of urban equipment and landscaping.

The space of the city is the strict lines of avenues and cozy lanes, gigantic enterprises and shady parks, embankments clad in granite and cozy old courtyards. All this represents the current appearance of the city, to which mankind has been going for millennia.

The most ancient urban-type settlements, which arose in the 7th-6th millennium BC, were not yet cities in today's sense. The village of Catal-Huyuk, located in the mountains in what is now Turkey, consisted of hundreds of thick-walled stone houses pressed against one another. There were no streets in the village, not even a tiny square. The whole village was a compacted dwelling.

Streets and squares in the settlements appeared much later. The largest and most compact of them began to be called cities. The spatial organization of cities was formed by the mutual arrangement and interconnections of streets and squares, i.e. the system that forms the planning structure of the city.

The centuries-old experience of urban planning shows that under the most diverse conditions for the formation of cities, the spatial structure of their planning has a rather limited number of types. In terms of geometric design, urban structures can be reduced to three main types.


The evolution of the spatial environment of cities over more than two millennia is reflected in the alternation of these three types of planning structures.

The appearance of a rectangular layout refers to the most ancient periods of urban development associated with the development of civilizations in India, Egypt, Mesopotamia and China. The Indian city, according to the description in the Manasar treatise, had a rectangular plan, surrounded by a wall with eight entrances and divided into equal quarters with mutually perpendicular streets. The quarter was built up with a group of residential buildings, fenced off from the streets by a wall. It was recommended to change the width of city streets depending on their purpose: pedestrian intra-quarter streets were narrow and had a natural outline, and the main network of wide streets (today we call them highways) was rectangular and clearly oriented to the cardinal points. The city center occupied an area measuring four blocks, in the middle of which was the main building.

In India, in ancient times, urban planning principles were formed on the basis of "sacred diagrams called" mandalas ".


Plan of Jaipur (India). Square #3 has been replaced by an existing mountain and moved to the square. Further, squares No. 1 and 2 connected, giving place to the palace

The earliest description of rectangular plans is associated with the Indian city of Mohenjo-Daro (in translation - City of dead), the heyday of which dates back to the III millennium BC. The town-planning concept is expressed precisely in the construction of the plan, corresponding to the needs of a highly organized society for that time. The streets are straight, parallel and perpendicular to the bottom of the other. Separate elements and quarters of the city are interconnected and create a single structure.

The correct geometric outlines of the plan were also characteristic of small ancient Egyptian cities. Large cities built up. as a rule, for a long time and spontaneously, more often they had an irregular layout. Small towns can be considered on the example of Kahuna, built

Kahun (Egypt). Plan of the northwestern part of the city at the beginning of the 2nd millennium BC. It had the shape of a rectangle, oriented strictly to the cardinal points. Its territory of 10 hectares consisted of two parts: the first was filled with quarters of the same size for slaves, the second - with the houses of the highest administration. How was the eastern region of Akhetaton (Tel El Amarna) built up.

A Chinese city mentioned in a treatise of the 3rd-2nd centuries. BC, Zhou-li-Kao-Gongzi is also based on a modular square grid with significantly big size quarter (with a side of about 200 m), which is a rather large complex of residential or public buildings. The plan is central, without highlighting the main directions of movement from the periphery to the center.



Analysis spatial structure ancient cities of India, Egypt and China allows us to assert that during this period two primary elements of the city were already formed: space (settlement) and communications (roads). In addition, the centrality of urban space was clearly manifested. The focus, the center of gravity of the space was occupied by the temple - the symbol of the settlement. Around it, a large area was left undeveloped, which had not yet received independent architectural significance, but played an important role. social role. In ancient cities, the architecture of each object, as a rule, was formed independently, independently of other neighboring objects.

Rectangular planning was brilliantly developed in the cities of ancient Greece and ancient rome. In ancient Greek culture, cities in general occupied a very special place, since they were independent units not only in the economic, but also in the military, political relations, i.e. were actually city-states.



Even in the archaic period, a characteristic structure of the ancient city developed, the core of which was a sacred site - the acropolis, which contained the main temples and was located, as a rule, on a rock or the top of a fortified hill. At the foot of the acropolis, which served as a citadel for the population of the city, residential quarters were built - the so-called lower city with a trading square (agora) and public buildings. The city was protected by walls around the perimeter.

Initially, the Greek cities had an irregular, free planning, subordinated to the natural terrain. However, beginning in the 5th c. BC. the restructuring of Greek cities, which were destroyed during the many years of Greco-Persian wars, was already carried out on the basis of regular plans. The modular structure of ancient cities is being improved, acquiring the outlines of the so-called hippodamic grid (system). Piraeus, Thurii, and the cities of Rhodes are supposed to have been built on this grid. Since the rectangular modular grid was known to the ancient city planners, Hippodamus (5th century BC) did not own the discovery of this system, but its improvement and distribution. Despite the rigidity of the rectangular. the Greeks freely placed quarters on the border of the city, which gave the layout the utmost flexibility and contributed to the dispersal of zones to accommodate the public functions of the city. These were the first attempts to apply a polycentric structure. The use of the hippodamic system allowed the residential quarters of the lower part of the Greek city to take the form of squares or slightly elongated rectangles separated by an equal grid of streets. The democratization tendencies of Greek society contributed to the introduction of the hippodamic grid, which led to a standard in the distribution of urban territory.

It should be especially noted that Greek urban planners managed to fit rigid planning grids of plans into complex terrain. At the same time, port cities, whose outline followed a complex coastline, were organized comfortably, diversely and harmoniously inside. The hippodamic grid in them resembles not so much a rigid lattice of a planning structure as a canvas, using which the architect creates exquisite “embroidery” without any interference. The amazing ability to combine the regularity of the plan and the picturesque nature was later lost.

The well-known historian of urban planning A. Bunin explained this by the fact that the Greek cities were small, the population of the largest of them was no more than 50 thousand people. Of course, with such dimensions, the hippodamian mesh did not threaten to tire with its mechanistic monotony, which is inevitable in major cities. Be that as it may, the plans of the Greek cities forever remained the pearls of world urban planning, in which the organic nature of the creation of nature miraculously combined with the rational will of man.

The regular structure of Greek cities of the 5th-2nd centuries. BC. became the prototype of many urban planning decisions of the next two millennia, including projects of the so-called ideal cities.

Being a creative continuation and development of ancient Greek architecture, Roman urban planning culture, in the conditions of the same ancient slave-owning formation, made a significant step forward. The layout of numerous cities and military camps founded throughout the vast empire was based on the application of a standard that saves effort, money and time. The significance of the Roman urban planning experience also lies in the fact that for the first time significant measures were taken in it for engineering equipment and urban improvement.

The planning principles of Roman cities built of stone and marble are very similar to the structure of the military camps of the same Romans, which consisted of portable tents, that is, the purely military requirements of that period left a major imprint on the layout of Roman cities.

A typical example of rectangular modular solutions is the plan of Timgad (Roman colony in Africa, 1st century BC).

Comparing the regular plans of the ancient cities of many countries, one can notice many common features, which is caused not only possible influences and continuity, but also objective patterns that led to the emergence of planning decisions that are very close in meaning.

The fate of European cities of this period - m iW-X centuries. AD) evolved in different ways. Some of them were resurrected at those ancient Roman settlements. Looking at the plans of such cities as Florence or Milan, it is not difficult to identify fragments of the regular ancient Roman planning in the central core. Most of the medieval cities appear in a "clean place", being for their time what we call today new cities. Often such a city is formed near a well-defended castle of a feudal lord or a monastery, which served as a refuge for the surrounding population during periods of then frequent wars and civil strife. Along with this, the most important factor in the emergence, especially of ancient Russian cities, such as Moscow, Novgorod, Rostov the Great, and others, were natural conditions: the topography of the area, the bend of the river, etc.

At first, the medieval city was scattered, consisting of several relatively isolated areas, separated by patches of natural landscape or agricultural land. However, the requirements of the defense forced the territory of the city to be surrounded by well-fortified walls. Free lands within the city fortifications were quickly built up - the city became compact.



Thus, regardless of where a medieval city began its development (from the remains of a Roman camp, from a feudal castle, or from scratch in general), it is relatively a short time, in most cases, came to the stereotypical radial form of a compact plan.

As the city expanded its borders, radial connections alone became insufficient. There are transverse, circular bonds. The most suitable reserve for their creation was the rings of city fortifications, which were gradually losing their defensive significance. Subsequently, this was the case in Paris, Milan, Vienna. So it was in Moscow, where in place of the walls white city Boulevard Ring lay, and on the site of earthen ramparts - Sadovoe.


Naturally formed radial-annular plan medieval city is a curved lattice, which, unlike a uniform orthogonal lattice, is folded into the most compact form near the main center. The growth of settlements around one center can be compared to the formation of annual rings of a tree trunk.

In the XII century. in the north of France, the Gothic style was born, "creating a system of forms and a new understanding of the organization of space and volumetric composition." Urban planning of that time can also be called spatial. Any new building was linked to the conditions of the existing environment, and the desire to solve the ensemble became an integral task.

Indeed, the city in the Middle Ages did not develop in any predetermined certain style and not on the basis of a two-dimensional plan fixed on paper, but on the basis of the three-dimensional picture that was presented to the architect in his imagination. From the point of view of the aesthetic perception of urban space, it was the best way design.

The centric composition of the medieval city was determined not only by the configuration of the plan and its small size, but also by the whole history and internal logic of its formation. It was reflected, in particular, in the pyramidal silhouette of the city, since the number of storeys of the building increased towards the center, which was emphasized by the dominants of the town hall and the main cathedral. At the same time, the top of the hill or the bend of the steep bank of the river was often chosen for the center.

The relatively small size of medieval cities further enhanced the spatial effect of a naturally occurring organic monocentric layout. Ten, five, even two thousand people - such is the population of not the smallest European cities of the XIV-XV centuries. Nuremberg - one of the largest cities in Germany - consisted of only 20 thousand people. And only such world centers of crafts and trade as Venice and Florence had a population of about 100 thousand. The largest Russian cities of Kyiv and Novgorod were not inferior in area to the European capitals, but their buildings were less dense: since ancient times in Rus' they settled more spaciously, wider. But even in such cities, the diameter of the territory built up within the walls did not exceed 2-3 km, and in most cases it was completely less than 1 km. With such dimensions, the city was convenient for pedestrians, easily and organically fit into the natural landscape and was perceived as a single architectural whole both from the inside of the city itself and from the outside.



Ancient engravings captured for us the characteristic appearance of a medieval city - a kind of artificial hill formed by a dense cluster of houses stuck to each other, above which rise the majestic and graceful towers of the town hall and the cathedral. The contours formed in this way are very characteristic of each city. This picture is called the city skyline.

The Middle Ages gave a powerful impetus to the development of cities, in fact re-formed them. It was in the Middle Ages that cities received a rational, integrated layout and, which is very important, a spatial approach began to be applied in their design. Among the urban planners of medieval cities, the point of view that opposed the separate consideration of architectural and planning tasks gradually won.

Improving the city's appearance, saturating it with prestigious buildings and public spaces was a consequence of the growth of the economic and political power of cities, which they reached in Europe by the beginning of the XIV century.

On the basis of profound transformations in the economic and political structure society there were progressive changes in the public consciousness. A new worldview was born, a new attitude to life, faith in endless possibilities a man who creates his own destiny. All this was in tune with the spirit of ancient philosophy and culture. The cult peculiar to antiquity harmonically developed person responded to the mood of the new time, when the all-round development of personal initiative, and hence a certain emancipation of individual consciousness, became the most important factors in social and economic progress. This unique period in the history of culture is called the Renaissance (Renaissance).

The rediscovered heritage of antiquity served as the beginnings of humanism. An indispensable source on history ancient culture was the newly discovered treatise of Vitruvius (I century BC) "Ten Books on Architecture". In the study of ancient architecture, this work played no less, and sometimes even a greater role than architectural monuments.


The first cities to become the scene of architectural renewal during the Renaissance were the cities of northern Italy - Venice and Florence. They gained political independence earlier than others, became the largest centers international trade, handicraft, and then manufactory production.

The economic and political status of a prosperous city obliged it to take care of architectural prestige: magnificent cathedrals and palaces (palazzos) were built. Spread along the banks of the river. Arno, surrounded by green hills on one side and the spurs of the Apennines - on the other, Florence looks restrained monumental. The skyline of Florence is dominated by the huge dome of the main cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore, the construction of which began as early as 1296 and was completed by the architect F. Brunelleschi in 1436.

Venice, on the other hand, is located on an absolutely flat place, in a lagoon, on sandy islands separated by narrow channels and cut through by canals. The silhouette of Venice is dominated by the slender verticals of the bell towers, which are clearly visible on a flat relief. If in Florence architectural volumes suppress, subdue the urban space, then in Venice the architecture seems to be a ghostly, fictional decoration framing a dense network of canals and narrow pedestrian passages.

Despite the fact that these cities are considered the pearls of Italian Renaissance urban planning, they remained medieval in their planning structure. They are characterized by an intricate network of narrow streets, unexpectedly leading to random squares, in no way bound friend with a friend and do not play a significant role in the planning of the city. At the same time, it should be noted that the squares in these cities are beautiful in themselves not only by the unmistakable proportions of the main structure and open space, but also by the immortal creations of Italian sculptors with which they are decorated. The medievality of these cities is especially emphasized by their silhouettes: the verticals of cathedrals over a picturesque, compact array of urban development.

URBAN PLANNING IN ANCIENT GREECE

The history of ancient Greece is divided into three periods:

a) archaic VIII-VI centuries BC b) classical V-IV centuries BC

c) Hellenistic (second half of the 4th middle of the 1st century BC)

Natural conditions are varied. Urban development areas are isolated from each other by mountain ranges. The main factor is the Mediterranean Sea. The Greek city-polis consisted of an urban settlement and a rural district.

Forms of management:- oligarchic (Sparta) - democratic Athens

Policy sizes different: Sparta - 8,400 sq. km Athens - 5,550 sq. km

6 policies on the island of Euboea 3,700 sq. km 22 policies of Phokis 1,650 sq. km (each 75 sq. km)

Social composition:

1) hereditary - tribal nobility: landowners, merchants, artisans

2) foreigners (did not enjoy the right of citizenship): – meteki

From the nearest villages - perieteks

3) slaves up to 1/3 of the inhabitants

The cities of the archaic period consisted of a fortified acropolis and the lower city located at its foot with a public (market) area Agora.

in the VIII - VII centuries. BC. the city did not yet have external fortress walls (the city of Selinunte on the island of Sicily. The city was located on a flat rock, bounded from the west by a river valley, and from the east by a sea bay.

On the acropolis, the main temples were located parallel to each other (VI century BC). The regular layout of the acropolis dates back to the archaic era, when two intersecting streets of north-south and west-east directions were laid. The width of the street is north-south = 9 m, blocks 30 m long with transverse aisles 3.6 - 3.9 m went out onto it.

Archaic ensembles were polychrome (red metopes) gold shields.

All-Greek cult centers: Olympia and Delphi.

Olympia. The first Olympic Games associated with the cult of Olympian Zeus took place in 776 BC. every 4 years. During the Olympic Games internecine wars stopped and the entire male population went to Elis, where at the foot of the wooded mountain Kronos there was a sanctuary (Altis). The main temple of the sanctuary was the temple of Zeus (460 BC), decorated with a statue of Zeus (sculptor Phidias) with an altar in which fire was kept during the Olympic Games. Opposite the temple of Zeus and the altar was a multi-column portico - stoa - "Echo". The space surrounded by these buildings was a prototype of future city squares - agoras.

Near the sanctuary there was a stadium for 40 thousand spectators. The gentle slopes of the hill were used for sitting. In the valley of the river Alfea there was a hippodrome for equestrian competitions.

The sanctuary was surrounded by numerous buildings: a gymnasium, a palestra, etc. and public buildings - bouleuterium.


The size of the city is small. Inhabitants: priests and judges, and artisans.

Slaves were not allowed in the Olympic Games.

The sanctuary of Olympia was formed in the archaic era, but it already had features inherent in the ensembles of a later time.

  1. lack of rigid symmetry,
  2. picturesque balance of architectural volumes,
  3. harmonious unity of architecture with the surrounding nature,
  4. scale with a harmoniously built (monumentalized) person.

In the process of Greek colonization, techniques were developed in the location of cities: 1) the proximity of a convenient sea bay for parking and repairing trade and warships,

2) the presence of clean drinking water,

3) the presence of fertile land,

4) favorable conditions for the defense of the city and the wind regime,

5) the presence of a natural runoff of rainwater

In the 5th century BC. Hippodames lived in Miletus, a theorist and practitioner of urban planning, who developed urban planning concepts of a regular plan with new functional and aesthetic principles.

New and Common character traits(Miletus and Piraeus)

1) Territory zoning (commercial, public, residential)

2) Orientation of main streets from southwest to northeast

3) harmonious proportions of quarters, 7: 6; 7:4

4) street width: minor. streets - 3.5 m; main streets - 7m, leading road 15m, i.e. the width of the streets has consistently doubled.

5) streets, squares and large public buildings organically fit into the planning grid of the plan.

The center of Miletus developed along two spatial coordinates. Along one was a gymnasium with a stadium and a city park, along the other were trade and public squares.

These squares consisted of the South Agora, intended for trade, with shops located along the perimeter and porticos. The southern agora had three entrances (size 166 x 128 m). The northern agora (smaller) was intended for the trade in luxury goods. Between the agora was the civic center of the urban community: bouleuterium - i.e. city ​​council building. In front of the bouleuterium was an altar for taking the oath by the citizens of the community.

The planning composition had an "open" character. The fortress walls did not have geometrically correct outlines, They did not constrain the growth of the city.

The main planning unit was a quarter, consisting of 2, four or more houses. The city developed by building up residential units from the center to the periphery.

The heyday of Greek culture and architecture (classical) coincides with the elevation of the city of Athens. The length of the city of Athens from west to east is 1.5 km. On the territory of the city there was a range of hills, among which the most massive was the hill of the Acropolis 300 m long and 150 m wide, 60 m high above sea level.

In the 5th century BC. construction began on the Acropolis of Athens. The first building is the statue of Athena the Warrior (sculptor Phidias). A year later, the architects Iktin and Kallikrat began the construction of the temple of Athena - the Virgin - Parthenon (447 - 438 BC) on the highest point of the hill. The dimensions of the Parthenon are 30.89 x 69.54 m.

In 437 BC the architect Mnesicles began the construction of the Propylaea (finished in 432 BC). In 421 BC - the construction of the Erechtheion, at the same time there was a small Ionic temple of Nike (Wingless Victory, architect Kallikrat).

The large-scale and figurative contrast of the Parthenon and the Erechtheion allows us to say that there were different compositional plot zones on the acropolis. The Parthenon zone, which was conceived not as a receptacle for a deity, but as a monument to the military and civil glory of Athens, appealed to the entire Greek world. Northern zone, facing the agora, appealed to Attica and Athens. The compositional role of the Propylaea was to combine two plot-compositional principles.

Artistic unity was achieved due to: a single proportional structure of the architectural orders of the Parthenon, Erechtheion and Propylaea, as well as due to the unity of architecture and sculpture.

Each of the sculptures: Athena the Warrior, Athena the Virgin (in the Parthenon),

Athens patroness of the city (in the Erechtheion), Athens Hygeia (patron of health), Athens Ergana (patron of crafts)

had its own scale and was located in a certain place.

The Athenian acropolis was designed to perceive it as it moved along a certain trajectory, which was associated with the famous Panathenaic holidays. The order of the solemn procession was captured by Phidias on the Ionic frieze of the Parthenon. The procession moved in sync with the movement of the sun across the sky.

On other hills of Athens - later temples were built (the Temple of Theseus).

The city was supplied with water, which was delivered by an aqueduct (VI century BC). The city was surrounded by fortress walls with gates. The Athenian agora was landscaped along the contour with plane trees. Separate residential areas were distinguished: Limny, Melite, Keramik.

Residential houses are built of wood and raw bricks. The dwellings were very modest, which corresponded to the democratic principles of that time.

The classical period is associated with the rise of Athens.

Hellenism is associated with the rise of Macedonia.

in the VI and V centuries. BC. Macedonia was the outskirts of the Greek world.

Hellenism is associated with the name of Alexander the Great (356 - 323 BC). This is the period when, with the fusion of Greek culture with the local traditions of the peoples of the East, a qualitatively new art was born.

The purpose of the campaigns of Alexander the Great was the desire to expand the borders of the state, colonize vast areas, turning them into sources of slaves, seize the wealth of eastern cities, find markets for constant trade and turn the conquered countries into a colossal multilingual monarchy.

All campaigns of Alexander the Great were accompanied by active urban development. Alexander the Great either built new fortified settlements, or provided funds for the restoration of destroyed cities, or made contributions to the construction of local sanctuaries.

The first city to which Alexander the Great gave funds for the construction of public buildings was the small Ionian city of Priene. Priene is located on the southern slope of the Mikal Mountains, which terraced down to the valley of the meandering river Meander. The city was convenient for people's life. The mountains protected it from the northern winds. Water from mountain springs was distributed throughout the city through ceramic pipes. The city is surrounded by a fortress wall, which covered the territory, taking into account further growth. The size of the community center and numerous spectacular facilities are designed for a larger city.

The plan of the city was regular. The only passing street (west - east) was called West Gate Street. The rest of the streets parallel to it were pedestrian. The streets (north-south) were stairs. The main street had a width of 7.36 m, the rest 3-4.4 m. The city was divided into residential quarters, the sides of the quarters were correlated as 3: 4. The proportions of the "golden section" were used in many buildings and spaces. Each quarter of four residential buildings. Each house consisted of a small paved courtyard surrounded by living and service areas. In some cases, there was a small garden behind the house. Only the walls of houses and fences with openings of entrances went out into the street.

The public buildings of Priene were located on three terraces.

On the lower level there was a large gymnasium with a square inner peristyle and a stadium. On the second terrace- chief public shopping mall. The center consisted of a food market agora and a sanctuary of Zeus. The agora itself consisted of a southern trading part, surrounded by a colonnade, behind which there were shops and a public part facing the Sacred Stoa. The sacred stoa (stoa of Orophernes) was a gallery with two rows of external and internal columns that supported the roof. Behind the gallery there were city institutions, among which the ecclesiasterium (a hall for public meetings) and pritanei stood out for their size.

On the third terrace the main sanctuary of the city was located - the temple of Athena Poliada - the patroness of the city (architect Pytheas). The Ionic peripter of the temple of Athena is clearly visible from the agora, especially diagonally, which was typical of the best ensembles of the classical period.

Thus, Priene is a unique example of Hellenistic urban planning, combining two directions in the development of urban art in Greece: an improved regular spatial system and the ability to create monumental ensembles located in different levels.

During the campaigns of Alexander the Great, more than 70 Alexandrias were founded.

The largest was city ​​of alexandria egyptian(331 BC).

The city is oriented almost exactly to the cardinal points. The main street ran parallel to the sea, its length was 7 km, its width was 30 m. The street had colonnades along its entire length. Building height - 20 m. There were extensive parks in the city. Particularly famous was the Museion garden, the sacred grove at the Dicasterion production building and the Paneion park, in the center of which there was an artificial hill with a temple at the very top.

After the death of Alexander the Great (323 BC), the empire broke up into a number of separate Hellenistic states: the kingdom of the Ptolemies, the kingdom of the Seleucids; Greco-Bactrian kingdom, Pergamum kingdom and Macedonia.

The followers of Alexander the Great continued to found new cities. King Ptolemy founded 75 new cities, one of them was city ​​of Ptolemias(near the city of Thebes).

Among the cities Seleucid kingdoms stood out Dura - Europos on the river Euphrates. It was oriented to the cardinal points, like most cities of Mesopotamia, the city was surrounded by fortified walls, had three gates, in the north-eastern part - a citadel. In the center is the agora. The street system is rectangular. The width of the main street is 12.65 m, 2 transverse ones - 8.45 m, the rest - 6.35 m.

City blocks occupied plots of 70.5 x 35.2 m, i.е. had proportions of 1:2.

capital Pergamon was the city of Pergamon. It did not have a regular layout, but developed freely at the foot of the Acropolis. Streets 10 m wide

had stone paving and gutters. The city was surrounded by walls on several sides, the main one was the southern gate. The city had two squares - the Upper and Lower markets, three gymnasiums, a library. The main street from the South Gate led to the Acropolis. Having passed the market of the lower city and the gymnasium, located on three terraces, it climbed to a height of 250 m to the upper agora, then, after climbing 40 m, it approached the entrance to the acropolis and led along the royal gardens.

On the left side of the road was the sanctuary of Athena with a monumental entrance in the form of propylaea. From the north, the Pergamon Library adjoins the sanctuary of Athena.

The sanctuary of Athena is surrounded on three sides by two-tiered white marble porticos, and on the fourth side it is open to the city. Temple of Athena (Doric order) moved to the edge of the terrace of the sanctuary. Below the relief to the north was the Great Altar of Zeus (I half of the 2nd century BC). A sculptural frieze 120 m high 2.5 m depicting the battle of the gods with giants (dedicated to the victory of the Pergamon troops over the Galatian tribes). From the sanctuary of Athena one could get to the theater carved into the rock. Later to theater stage gallery was added.

Thus, the Pergamon Acropolis represents several ensembles isolated from each other, however, due to the possibility of viewing, the illusion of the spatial integrity of these ensembles was created. Particularly impressive was the western facade of the acropolis from the sea. A fan-shaped composition was revealed - picturesque and balanced.

Thus, urban planning of the 4th - the end of the 2nd century. BC. characterized by the following main features:

1) urban spaces become an independent architectural theme;

2) the use of colonnades, porticos, galleries in the formation of urban squares to give them geometric regularity and uniformity;

3) the growing role of the peristyle in residential architecture, sanctuaries, gymnasiums and other public buildings;

4) the development of a trend towards the isolation of urban spaces;

5) development of techniques for creating unified architectural and spatial compositions at different levels of complex relief;

6) high level improvement: paving of streets and squares, water pipelines;

7) experience in the construction of multi-storey buildings for renting premises;

8) construction of villas;

9) an attempt to develop a cosmopolitan artistic language:

The introduction of oriental elements into Greek art;

Increasing the scale of architectural ensembles;

An increase in the formal and compositional side to the detriment of the ideological and artistic

Magnificent decoration of buildings.

East Kazakhstan State

Technical University named after D. Serikbaev

INFLUENCE OF ARCHITECTURAL AND PLANNING FEATURES OF THE ANCIENT AND ANCIENT CITIES ON THE PSYCHO-EMOTIONAL STATE OF A HUMAN

On many examples of ancient and ancient cities, one can trace the direct relationship between urban space and the psycho-emotional state of a person. Even in the most ancient cities, there was a desire to create an environment that would correspond to one or another functional idea. With the advent of each period, new tasks and needs of the population arose. Each function assumed a certain human behavior, therefore, the urban environment had to either support this behavior or change it. For this purpose, streets for various purposes, temple and market squares, forums, etc. were created.

So, for example, in Egypt, there was a suppression of man. For the Egyptians, nature played a big role, for them it was a powerful and formidable force. In their view, the other world prevailed over the earthly one, and man was suppressed by nature and authority. state power in the face of the pharaoh. This contributed to the creation of such spaces, which further emphasized the importance of religion and the pharaoh, and subordinated the person.

The streets of Egypt were irregularly shaped. Houses faced them with deaf fences, which did not have a very good effect on their perception by a person. Of all the city streets, the streets for religious processions, as well as royal celebrations, which provided for a large number of participating. There was a feeling of celebration and solemnity. The main role of the streets for religious processions was to prepare a person for the perception of temple interiors, she helped to concentrate thoughts. And to create the greatest comfort for the eye of the observer, the street was lined with trees on both sides, hiding the chaotic buildings. Tree trunks helped to create rhythm in the design of the streets.

For even greater oppression of the slaves, in some cities of Egypt, it was planned to separate them from the privileged strata of the population, with the help of a wall separating the lower terrace from the upper one.

Unlike the streets, the squares of Egypt did not receive much development. They were replaced by enclosed temple courtyards. Market squares lay outside the city limits or inside the city, at the gate. These squares, in addition to their direct purpose, were used for folk festivals.

The exact opposite of the wide streets of Egypt are the very narrow streets of the cities of Mesopotamia, 1.5-2 m wide. building density was high. Thus, the streets became like gorges of dense housing with whitewashed walls and doorways. Such streets could not influence a person in any other way, except to oppress him, this was facilitated by the ring of fortress walls, which condensed urban development. Cities were surrounded by adobe walls to realize one of the goals of human life - ensuring security from external influences, which created a sense of security.

The influence on the sensations of a person in Mesopotamia was made with the help of a sharp change of spaces. A kind of play on the sensations of a person consisted in the contrast of narrow, closed spaces and a grandiose square with a wide uncovered sky. A person entering this square was struck by its size. Also, due to the bright contrasts, an impression of magnification was created, so that what was small seemed large, and what was large seemed huge.

On the psycho-emotional state of the Greeks, big influence nature provided, it contributed to overcoming psychological discomfort and distracted from pressing problems. The panorama, perceived against the background of the sky, mountains and green masses, revealed to the viewer the harmony of the natural and artificial landscape. Also, the mountains were an isolating factor, they contributed to a more peaceful existence of the ancient Greeks.

The Greeks are beginning to use a living person as a measure of the surrounding architectural environment. By this they achieve freedom and ease of sensations, good mood and high spirits of a person. This becomes especially noticeable in the Greek agora, where the use of geometric composition created comfort for a person's stay.

The streets of the Cretan cities did not exceed 2-3 m, they were calculated for pack transport. But the streets were paved and supplied with drains. In the palaces there were courtyards that served for public meetings, they reached 50 meters in length. Positive trends have already begun to be traced, favorable living conditions have been created for people.

Ancient states provided citizens with greater freedom to participate in political life than ancient states. Favorable conditions were created for oratory. The state completely organized the leisure of its citizens. There were general civil holidays to maintain the unity of citizens with society. Roman emperors staged grandiose spectacles. For this, stadiums, gymnasiums, theaters, amphitheaters, circuses, etc. were created.

Prerequisites were created for the development creative activity citizens, leisure was provided, there was freedom from strict regulation of the behavior of the individual in the community. Citizens could freely and freely move, actively participate in cultural life. In ancient Greece, the upbringing of a person as a person takes place. The person becomes free. All are equal before the law. All this entailed a cultural leap in art, architecture and religion.

The characteristic features of the architecture of Ancient Rome was the desire for colossality, it followed from the consciousness of the military might and greatness of the emperor's personality. Architectural forms had an overwhelming effect, this expressed the social order of the time.

The urban art of Rome, where there were contrasts of poverty and luxury, reached its greatest strength, and the splendor of the imperial palaces and forums was combined with the suffocating tightness of ordinary residential quarters built up with insulae.

The architecture of the Roman city streets in comparison with the Greek ones is being improved. The street canvas begins to break into the carriageway and sidewalks. In this way, pedestrians are isolated from traffic, this factor has changed the visual range of the urban environment. With the use of sidewalks, the width of the streets increases to 20-35 m, in contrast to the Greek ones, the width of which was 7-8 m. In addition, a new type of space appears in Rome - the forum. In medium-sized cities, the forums reached 100-120 m in length. The forum was surrounded by adjoining commercial premises in the form of galleries, peristyle courtyards and basilicas. Monuments and monuments enriched urban environment and contributed to the organization of these spaces, gave them a semantic meaning.

There was a specialization of forums in the cities, since even one large forum could not satisfy all the needs for trade and public life. The forums of Rome were built in close proximity to each other, subsequently they formed a group of public squares that occupied a huge area. In Rome, they tried to focus a person's attention on certain subjects that needed to be focused on. So in the Roman forums, the viewer's attention was drawn to the temple with the help of colonnades, passing along the sides in the entire width of the forum. By using continuously marching columns, the Romans created solemnity in architecture during triumphal processions, and emphasized the significance of the main streets. The columns that lined the main street were located between the sidewalks and the roadway, which made it possible to separate pedestrians from chariot traffic. The Romans begin to use paving streets, in addition to simple stone, marble is used. Large rectangular plates are used, with the help of which the noise of the wheels is muffled.

Thus, it can be traced that with the help of spaces an environment is created that corresponds to certain functions. And the psycho-emotional state of a person depends on various aspects, such as worship of the ruler, religion, celebrations and leisure. Solemn, ceremonial spaces, such as the main squares and front streets, have always been calculated on the impression of pride, power and mass action. Intimate spaces were expressed through pedestrian streets and parks, and symbolized security, comfort, quiet communication or "personal" privacy. Business spaces - shopping areas and shopping streets, ensured the clarity and speed of ongoing processes.

In each historical era, characteristic compositional systems and techniques were developed. Spatial relationships were determined, such as: proportional and modular articulation, nuance and contrast of forms; symmetry of structures, the use of which is also possible in modern practice. All these means and techniques were aimed at giving characteristic features to urban development, increasing its figurative expressiveness and aesthetic merits.

In ancient times, a person and the conditions of his life served as the main measure of convenience, beauty, clarity of perception of the building being created. When planning cities, the interests of the urban population have always been taken into account. The appearance of the city was formed by summing up the interior spaces and panoramas combined with each other. Thus, on the basis of the principles of diversity of tradition, ethnicity and originality in the minds of people, the architectural image of the city is formed.