Few people know that the pale grebe mushroom (Amanita phalloides) is in the full sense of the word fly agaric. Even its second name - green fly agaric - speaks for itself.

In this article we will tell you what to do in case of poisoning with a pale toadstool, where this fungus grows and what it looks like.

The description of the pale toadstool is very similar to the greenish russula and even champignon.

hat of one of the most poisonous mushrooms in the world (diameter 6-16 cm): light olive, can be intense green, gray, yellowish or almost white, covered with a thin film.

Changes size and shape depending on the age of the fungus.

Pay attention to the photo of a pale grebe: its hat in shape and size resembles a small chicken egg:

Over time, the upper part grows and changes from hemispherical to almost flat with smooth edges.

Leg (height 9-17 cm): in the form of a cylinder, tapering from the bottom up. The color is usually the same as that of the hat.

The plates are frequent, soft, white color. The pulp does not emit a smell and does not change white color at the cut site.

Where and when does the pale grebe grow

Pale grebe grows from late July to mid-October in the temperate zone of the Eurasian continent and North America. Less common in Asia.

This fungus prefers saturated alumina soils of forests of any type, but loves oaks and hazels most of all.

Pale toadstool poison and signs of poisoning

The venom of the pale toadstool poisons human body very cunning. Symptoms of poisoning may not appear for a day or more. In fact, already at this time, the toxin is slowly acting. And even heat treatment of pale grebe does not reduce its poisonous properties.

Remember that even 1/3 of an adult mushroom can cause severe poisoning, which can lead to death very quickly. The main signs of toadstool poisoning are nausea, vomiting, liver damage (jaundice), muscle pain, and bloody diarrhea. If you have even the slightest sign of toadstool poisoning, see your doctor immediately. And if you doubt the edibility of the mushroom - do not eat it!

This mushroom can easily be confused with the edible gifts of the forest, therefore, going out to " mushroom hunting' should be used with caution. Pale grebe is similar to mushrooms of any kind, green (Russula aeruginea) and greenish russula (Russula virescens). It can also be confused with different floats (Amanita).

If we compare the photo of what a pale grebe looks like and a photo of champignons, you can see that the latter do not have a mushroom volva (a protective shell between the edge of the cap and the stem). In addition, in champignons, the plates are usually not white, but colored. Russula is characterized by the absence of Volvo and strong brittleness. In addition, the greenish russula is smaller in size and does not have a mushroom ring.

The use of pale grebe

Eating: the mushroom is very poisonous and is not used in cooking.

Application in traditional medicine(data not confirmed and not passed clinical research!): pale grebe in very small doses is used in homeopathy.

White grebe, or smelly fly agaric (Amanita virosa) - deadly poisonous mushroom.

Hat up to 6-12 cm, convex, then flat-convex, sometimes sticky, white, in the central part of the color butter, often with white remnants of bedspreads on the edges. The plates are wide, frequent, free, white.

As you can see in the photo, the leg of this toadstool is white, 1-2 cm thick, 10-15 cm long, covered with flaky white scales with a Volvo at the bottom:


The ring on the leg is white flaky. The pulp is white with an unpleasant taste and smell of chlorine. Spore powder is white.

A white toadstool (fly agaric smelly) grows in mixed and coniferous forests, among mosses on peat soils.

Occurs in August and September.

Light floats (they are without a ring) and champignons (they are without a Volvo, with pinking plates) look like a white toadstool.

The white toadstool is no less poisonous than the pale toadstool, but there are fewer cases of poisoning by the white toadstool, as it has an unattractive "toadstool" appearance and an unpleasant smell.

Pale grebe, or green fly agaric (Amanita phalloides) is a deadly poisonous mushroom.

The pale grebe acquired sinister glory in ancient times. It is known that Emperor Claudius was poisoned by food prepared from a poisonous mushroom, the bride of Tsar Ivan the Terrible, Martha, was poisoned. According to the strength of the poison, the pale grebe has no analogue. 1/2 cap can cause the death of several people. Persistent toxins phalloidin, falloin, amanitin, etc. were found in the pale grebe. Poisons slowly but inevitably affect the internal organs.

Pale grebe is poisonous agaric with a strong toxic effect. It grows from the end of August until the first autumn frosts, preferring deciduous and wide deciduous forests. Grows under oaks, maples and pines. Rare, but in some years gives big harvest. Pale grebe is a rather moisture-loving mushroom and it grows at a time when it is time for the development of many edible mushrooms in the forest: russula, porcini, oak, boletus and many others. During this period, grebes are found not only in deciduous forests. They also come across in pine plantations.

Cap up to 10-12 cm, convex, then flat-convex, smooth yellow-green, olive-green, darker towards the center, radially fibrous, sometimes with whitish remains of the veil. There is a form with a white hat. The bell-shaped cap of young mushrooms becomes prostrate with age, in some varieties it is depressed. Its shiny, silky to the touch surface at high humidity is covered with a thin layer of mucous plaque, sometimes with powdery flakes. The edges of the cap are smooth, even, with hanging remnants of a white veil. The plates are wide, frequent, free, white.

As for the description of the leg of the pale grebe, it is rounded, slightly expanded at the bottom, where it forms a small tuber immersed in a free sac-like volva. The color of the stem is white or pale olive, with a fine moiré pattern. It grows up to 8-10 cm in height, and its diameter is approximately 1-2 cm. In the upper part of the leg of the plant, the pale grebe has a wide white ring, by which the pale grebe can be easily distinguished from edible look-alikes and thereby avoid fatal mistake. The flesh is white, sweetish, with a slight sugary sweet smell. Spore powder is white.

Occurs in August - September.

These photos show the white and pale grebes described above:

poisonous fly agaric green! on the picture
Poisonous white toadstool mushroom! on the picture

The pale grebe is deadly poisonous. The poison contained in the tissues of the pale grebe is very stable and does not decompose during any kind of processing, including prolonged boiling. Its lethal dose for an adult is contained in 30 g of mushroom pulp, for a child - in 5-10 g.

All proven cases of fatal poisoning of people with mushrooms are associated with the use of pale grebe, when it was mistaken for russula of a suitable color or for champignon.

The greatest number of poisonings occurs in July - October, the growing season of pale grebe.

How to distinguish a pale grebe from edible mushrooms

With a careful assessment of each plucked mushroom, the pale grebe can be distinguished from other edible mushrooms. Unlike the colors of the rainbow, you don't want to look at them. And the shape of the mushroom is quite attractive, slender. The ratio of the height of the stem and the diameter of the cap are in a harmonious combination.

When describing the toadstool mushroom, the following are distinguished character traits: at the base of a thin cylindrical leg there is a tuberous thickening (mace), and the collar-mushroom, as it were, grows out of the cover, and in the middle of the leg there is a ring of film. The greens, with which the pale grebe is also confused, do not have them.

The plates of pale grebes are white (both in young and old specimens), spores are colorless. In champignons, with which toadstool is most often confused, the underside of the cap is pinkish-brown, darkening to black as the fungus matures.

But the most important difference between a pale grebe and a toadstool is the smell. Toadstool does not smell, and champignon has anise or almond smell.

If you do not know how to distinguish a toadstool, it is better to bypass the suspicious mushroom.

Signs of pale toadstool poisoning

The first signs of toadstool poisoning do not appear immediately, after 10-12 hours, and sometimes 30 hours after eating the fungus and are accompanied by headache, dizziness, impaired normal vision and restlessness. The patient feels intense thirst, burning pain in the stomach, cramps in the limbs. This is followed by cholera-like attacks in the form of bilious vomiting and severe diarrhea. Urine is dark and is excreted in small quantities. Severe pains are felt in the liver, especially when pressed. There is profuse sweat, the limbs become cold, and death occurs in a day or two. In 90% of cases, poisoning with a pale grebe or grebe-shaped fly agaric is fatal.

If there is even the slightest suspicion of poisoning with a pale toadstool, then it is better to play it safe than wait, and urgently seek qualified medical help, since treatment is effective only during the first twenty-four hours. It is also necessary to hospitalize all members of the victim's family who have eaten mushrooms at least in minimum quantity, even if there are no symptoms of mushroom poisoning at the time of the arrival of the ambulance. These symptoms may appear when it is already too late.

Periodically in some southern regions Russia (for example, in Voronezh) there are whole epidemics of mushroom poisoning, apparently - pale grebes. The population there has a very poor understanding of their characteristics and literally sweeps away all the mushrooms in a row when they appear in the forest. In the northern, traditionally "mushroom" regions, cases of poisoning are extremely rare.

Pale grebe is a poisonous mushroom belonging to the genus Amanita. This nondescript mushroom should be avoided as it is one of the most deadly poisonous mushrooms.

The Latin name for the mushroom is Amanita phalloides.

The fruiting body of the white toadstool is hat-legged. fruiting body shape young age ovoid, while the fungus is completely covered with a film. The cap diameter is 5-15 cm. The color of the cap is olive, gray or greenish. At first, the shape of the cap is hemispherical, and as it grows, it reaches a flat one. The edge of the cap is smooth and the surface is fibrous.

The fruit body is fleshy, the flesh is white, if damaged, the color remains the same. The taste and smell of the pulp are mild. The plates are free, soft, white.

The length of the leg of the pale toadstool ranges from 8 to 16 centimeters, and its diameter is 1-2.5 centimeters. Cylindrical leg with a thickened base. The color of the stem matches the cap or may be whitish. Often the leg is covered with a moire pattern.

The stem initially has a wide, fringed ring, but this disappears with age. Volvo is clearly visible, 3-5 centimeters wide, bursts, free, white color often half underground. Most often there are no remains of the veil on the hat, but sometimes you can notice filmy dense scraps. The spore powder is white, the spores are amyloid, almost round in shape.

Variability of the pale grebe

The color of the cap of the pale grebe can vary greatly - from white to gray-green, in older specimens the caps are more grayish. Old fruiting bodies have an unpleasant odor.

dangerous similarity

Pale grebe can be confused with some types of russula. Inexperienced mushroom pickers can confuse these poisonous mushrooms with green russula, champignons, floats and greenfinches.

You should know that champignons do not have Volvo, and the plates become stained with age. Russula is recognized by the absence of a ring and volva, in addition, they are characterized by very brittle pulp. The floats are smaller than the pale grebes, the flesh is thinner, there is no ring, and the edges of the caps are characterized by radial grooves.
Zelenushka is recognized by greenish plates, the absence of a Volvo and a ring.

Places of growth of pale grebes

Pale grebes form mycorrhiza with different breeds deciduous trees such as beech, hazel and oak. These mushrooms prefer fertile soils.

Pale grebes can be found in light mixed and deciduous forests. They bear fruit in groups or singly, they are quite common. Pale grebes are widespread in the temperate zone of Eurasia and North America. The growing season is from late summer to autumn.

Poisonousness of pale grebes and symptoms of poisoning

When eating a pale toadstool, poisoning occurs. During heat treatment, the toxicity of these mushrooms is not lost. Severe poisoning occurs when eating ¼ of a medium mushroom, that is, about 30 grams is enough. In children, such poisoning most often ends in death.

After 1.5-2 days after poisoning, incessant vomiting, muscle pain, colic in the intestines, thirst that cannot be quenched, bloody diarrhea appear. Jaundice may develop and the liver may become enlarged. The pulse becomes thready and very weak. Arterial pressure falls, loss of consciousness occurs.

Due to acute cardiovascular insufficiency and toxic hepatitis, death occurs in most cases. A particular danger of pale grebe is that the symptoms of poisoning do not appear for a long time. The first signs can be noticed after 6-24 hours, but during this time the body is already poisoned and irreparable damage is caused.

After the onset of symptoms, the likelihood of death is very high, and treatment often does not work. The peculiarity of poisoning with a pale grebe is also manifested in the onset of a “period of false well-being”, which is observed on the 3rd day. This period can last 2-4 days, but in reality, during this time, the process of destruction of the kidneys and liver takes place. Death most often occurs within 10 days after poisoning with pale toadstools.

The chemical composition of pale grebes

The fruiting bodies of pale grebes contain bicyclic toxic polypeptides. On this moment There are 2 types of pale toadstool toxins:
Amanitins are the most poisonous toxins, while slow-acting. The presence of these toxins is recognized by the purple color when using special reagents;
Phalloidins are fast-acting toxins, but not as toxic. They are recognized by their blue coloration during the use of the reagents.

The substance amanin, which is also part of the pale grebe, occupies an intermediate position between the two groups of toxins, since it acts slowly, but gives a blue color.

Pale grebe also contains the cyclic polypeptide antamanid, which reduces the effect of phalloidin, but the content of this substance is extremely low, so the toxic effect does not change.

Amanitin and phalloidin have a detrimental effect mainly on the liver. Toxins of the pale toadstool lead to a violation of the biosynthesis of protein, glycogen and phospholipids, as well as the development of necrosis and fatty degeneration of the liver.

Related species

A close relative of the pale grebe is the white grebe or the smelly fly agaric, as well as the spring fly agaric.

Amanita stink is also a deadly poisonous mushroom. This mushroom is completely white with a grayish tint. The diameter of the cap is 6-11 centimeters. At first, the shape of the cap is conical with a sharp top, and then becomes convex. The skin is sticky and slimy. The height of the legs is 10-15 centimeters. The leg is cylindrical in shape, tuberous at the base with a flocculent coating. On the leg at first there is a membranous ring, but it quickly disappears.

Amanita stinky form mycorrhiza with different deciduous and coniferous trees. They prefer moist soils, found in mixed, deciduous, pine and spruce forests. These mushrooms grow in Eurasia - from France to Far East. They are also common in highlands. The fruiting season is from June to October.

Inexperienced mushroom pickers may confuse this dangerous mushroom with champignons. As a result, severe poisoning occurs, most often fatal. The symptoms of poisoning are the same as those of the pale grebe.

The spring fly agaric, as well as the pale grebe and the smelly fly agaric, is a deadly poisonous mushroom. The cap of this mushroom is wide, smooth, in the form of a curved saucer. The surface is smooth and shiny. In young mushrooms, the shape of the cap is spherical. The color of the hat can vary from white to beige. The leg in length reaches 5-12 centimeters, the diameter does not exceed 3 centimeters. There may be a characteristic outgrowth at the point of attachment of the cap. The same growth is formed at the base.

These mushrooms appear in the spring, they are common in more southern regions. Sometimes they are considered a type of pale grebe. Amanitas grow in spring forests, preferring calcareous soils.

Young spring fly agarics are difficult to distinguish from champignons. Therefore, cases of poisoning are not uncommon. The stem and cap of the spring fly agaric contain strong muscarinic poisons, which, even with minimal contact with digestive system cause death to a person. If the spring fly agaric is in a basket with other mushrooms, they will all have to be thrown away, because the poisonous mushroom contains a contact toxin that, when touched, penetrates into other fruiting bodies.

Pale grebe (Amanita phalloides) belongs to the kingdom of Mushrooms and the genus Amanita. Under the nondescript appearance lurks a mortal danger: it contains toxic substances that can lead to the death of a person if they enter the body.

What does a pale grebe look like and where does it grow

This is a hat and, fruiting body which first has the shape of an egg, covered with a special film, and then becomes flat. The cap diameter is from 5 to 15 cm. It is covered with a light skin of white, green, olive or gray color. The pale grebe is characterized by variability: over time, the color of the cap becomes darker, and the flesh acquires a subtle unpleasant odor. The surface of the cap is fibrous, with a smooth edge; sometimes pieces of film remain on it.

The height of the white leg is 8–16 cm, and the diameter is 1–2.5 cm; often it is covered with a mesh pattern. In its upper third, young grebes have a fringed ring, which later disappears. From below, the leg becomes thicker and passes into the Volvo - an ovoid shell with a width of 3 to 5 cm.

The habitat of pale grebe - temperate zone Asia, Europe and North America. The fungus is most often found in deciduous forests, less often in coniferous ones. This grebe likes the proximity to birches, lindens and oaks.

Features of pale grebe (video)

The insidious resemblance of the white grebe to edible mushrooms may have disastrous consequences. To avoid poisoning, hospitalization and danger fatality you need to know what outwardly similar "doubles" the poisonous Amanita phalloides has.

Greenfinch

This mushroom with a short, related to the rows, has hallmark: pronounced green tint cap skin and pulp, as well as lemon or greenish plates. Volvo and the ring, which are inherent in the pale grebe, are absent. But the greenfinch itself, although officially called a conditionally edible mushroom, was recently suspected of being poisonous. Therefore, biologists strongly recommend to refrain from its use in large quantities and without careful processing.

Float

Biologists attribute floats to conditionally edible species. They belong to the genus Amanita and have the corresponding appearance: a brown flat or semi-ovoid hat, which gives a resemblance to a pale grebe. But floats are much smaller than their deadly relative and their flesh is thinner. They also lack the ring characteristic of the toadstool; on the very edge of the cap, radial grooves-cracks are visible.

Russula: green and greenish

These edibles are common throughout Europe: they can be found in almost every leafy or mixed forest. But the look of an inexperienced mushroom picker often confuses them with grebes. But upon closer examination, it becomes clear: they lack a Volvo and a ring, and the flesh literally breaks in the hands, which is typical of all russula.

Photo gallery









Champignon

You can confuse the pale grebe with champignon, which has a similar structure and color. But in order to notice the difference, you need to “see the root”: a dangerous mushroom has a Volvo near the ground. Mushrooms don't. Besides their plates eventually acquire a dirty gray color.

The use of pale grebe in medicine

Although the use of pale grebe inside can lead to the death of a person, this plant is cautious, but still used in medical research and medicinal purposes:

  1. The substances that make up the fungus are used in a minimum concentration by homeopathic doctors (alternative medicine).
  2. There is information about the development of methods for treating people who have poisoned with pale grebe, based on a special protein isolated from it. According to the plan of scientists, he will be able to neutralize the effects of toxic toxins.
  3. Studies by scientists from Germany have shown that the amanitin contained in has a destructive effect not only on the human body, but also on malignant tumors of some organs of the digestive tract and mammary gland. Successful tests have been carried out on laboratory mice.

Perhaps scientists have yet to make discoveries about useful properties fungus, but so far it is not used in official medicine.

How to distinguish champignon mushroom from pale toadstool (video)

Description of the signs of pale toadstool poisoning

When fungus particles enter digestive tract, intoxication of the body begins. Main blow take the liver and kidneys: their cells are destroyed under the influence of poison, which leads to failure of these organs. If urgent measures are not taken and the person is not sent to intensive care, a tragic outcome may be inevitable.

The first signs of poisoning with pale toadstool make themselves felt within 12 hours:

  • abdominal pain;
  • persistent nausea and vomiting;
  • diarrhea with blood;
  • visual disturbances;
  • problems with coordination, loss of strength up to loss of consciousness.

If at least one of these symptoms appears after eating mushrooms, you need to call an ambulance: delay can cost your life.

Before receiving medical care you can take the first steps:

  1. Rinse the stomach with warm boiled water, causing vomiting after drinking 5 - 6 glasses. Repeat several times.
  2. Give the victim a laxative.
  3. Give an enema to flush out toxic food debris from the intestines.
  4. Put the patient to bed and make sure that he does not eat anything.

It is noteworthy that after grebe poisoning, 4–5 days after the onset of the disease, the so-called “false recovery” occurs: the patient feels much better within 1–3 days. Then his condition deteriorated sharply again.

How to distinguish edible mushrooms from grebes

To recognize a dangerous mushroom in time, you need to know some of its features:

If there are doubts about the edibility of the mushroom, then the most reasonable option would be to leave it in place. It is strictly forbidden to find out what a mysterious find tastes like: toxins will harm your health, even if they just get on the mucous membrane.








How to get rid of pale grebe in the garden

The pale toadstool does not mind being near a person: it can often be seen in the garden in shady places, and even in an outdoor garage or other outbuilding with an earthen floor. Deal with it in 3 ways:

  1. Mechanical removal mushrooms with roots.
  2. Deep digging of the earth under the place of their growth.
  3. Usage chemicals preventing the growth of fungi. It can be Bordeaux liquid, solutions of vinegar and dishwashing liquid, salt, blue vitriol or phytosporin. But it should be noted that they do not solve the problem once and for all: it is likely that the grebes will return to their chosen place.

As a preventive measure, you need to make some changes to the device of the territory:

  • remove all rotten wood from the site, including rotten stumps;
  • reduce soil moisture;
  • mow tall grass that creates shading;
  • constantly loosen the soil in the beds.

The most poisonous mushrooms in Russia (video)

The combination of all these methods will help to achieve success in the fight against poisonous toadstool.

As mushroom pickers say, it is better to return from the forest with an empty basket than to go to the hospital. Therefore, you need to be attentive to each find. This will save you from serious health problems.

Pale grebe is one of the most dangerous poisonous mushrooms. They are so poisonous that, even if they get into the same basket with edible mushrooms, they are instantly poisoned, since their poison is absorbed in an instant by the legs and caps of edible mushrooms. So the pale toadstool cannot even be collected.

Pale grebe belongs to the group of poisonous mushrooms of the fly agaric family. This mushroom is called the number 1 killer among all mushrooms, because it is known that fatal poisonings in 95% of cases, they arise due to poisoning with mushrooms of the Amanita genus, and the pale grebe, in turn, accounts for more than 50% of this amount. So you need to get around it by the tenth road.

Latin name

Amanita phalloides

Synonyms: fly agaric green.

Family: Fly agaric (Amanitaceae).

Spreading

Pale grebe is widely distributed throughout the world. Her homeland is Europe, from where she has already come to all other continents - even distant Australia, and moreover, New Zealand!

In the European strip, the pale grebe forms a symbiosis with most deciduous trees - linden, maple, oak, hazel, elm, birch, beech, chestnut. From conifers - with spruce and pine. It is noteworthy that on new continents, in the process of adaptation, this fungus finds new "neighbors" for itself. So, in New Zealand, the pale grebe has formed a symbiosis with a myrtle tree, in Africa with eucalyptus, and in Iran with hazelnuts.

What does a pale toadstool look like

The pale grebe looks beautiful, neat and aesthetically pleasing, especially at a young age.

The cap is dry or slimy, 6-12 cm in diameter, varies in shape from slightly convex to ovoid, which becomes prostrate with age. Color - from yellowish-olive to greenish, with dark-colored ingrown fibers. Less common is dark brown, olive or almost white. At a young age, flaky white warts are scattered on the caps of toadstools, which disappear in adult mushrooms. The type of fungus varies with age.

The pulp is thin, white.

The plates are white, free, wide.

The leg is white, yellowish or greenish in color, cylindrical, 10-15 cm in height, but at the same time rather thin 1.5-2 cm, with an expanded base.

The volva is wide, cup-shaped, free and does not grow to the volva, so, for example, as in the case of the red fly agaric, it adheres to the stem with its edges, but on the contrary, it seems that the stem is inserted into it. Volvo is located at the bottom of the leg (near the ground). The color of the outer side of the Volvo can be yellowish, greenish or white.

The ring is white, slightly striped above, usually upright at the top of the stem. May be whole or torn.

Spores are almost spherical, smooth. Spore powder is white.

In young specimens, the aroma is extremely pleasant, honey. In older ones, on the contrary, the smell is unpleasant, a little sweetish. Pale toadstool taste pleasant, without a metallic taste, but you should not try these mushrooms.

Habitat

The green fly agaric is quite thermophilic and chooses mainly deciduous forests. Favorite habitat in Russia - linden and oak groves. It is observed throughout the taiga zone. But still, for the most part, he loves the south, especially the forest-steppe zone, for example, the Volga region, Ukraine.

The pale grebe is very fond of moisture, so they are simply strewn with forests after rains. Rarely found in dry areas. They can grow both in groups and singly.

Growth time

This poisonous mushroom bears fruit from July to late autumn.

What mushroom does the pale grebe look like

With what only the whole world does not confuse the pale grebe! In part, this happens due to the fact that the culture of mushroom gathering, unfortunately, is too low today. And also because local mushroom pickers have not yet studied this mushroom well enough on the continents where it "emigrated".

At a young age, the green fly agaric can be easily confused with edible floats and some types of champignons. There were cases when it was confused with greenfinches and with russula - green and greenish.

In order not to confuse, and not to throw a dangerous mushroom into your basket, you need to remember the following: champignons do not have a Volvo, and the plates become stained with age. Russula can be identified by the absence of a volva and a ring, and, in addition, their flesh is very brittle. The floats are smaller than the pale grebes, the flesh is thinner, they do not have a ring, and there are radial grooves along the edges of the caps.

Zelenushka is distinguished by the absence of a volva and a ring and greenish-yellow plates.
There were cases when the green fly agaric was cut extremely high - under the hat, so when reviewing the mushrooms at home, it was impossible to find a ring on a leg and a bag.

In order not to doubt the mushrooms, do not collect mushrooms growing separately, because to distinguish the young dangerous view from champignon it will be difficult.

The green fly agaric has a white form when the mushroom is completely white. In this case, it is very difficult to distinguish it from the same deadly poisonous "brother" - smelly fly agaric (Amanita virosa). Actually, Amanita virosa, like Amanita mappa (Toadstool Amanita), are considered twin mushrooms of the pale toadstool, because they are not only similar in appearance, but also just as poisonous.

Edibility

The pale grebe is deadly poisonous and is not used for food. Moreover, not only the body of the fungus is poisonous, but even the mycelium and spores! Therefore, near the places of its growth, it is better not to collect berries, herbs and other mushrooms.

With any processing - drying, frying, boiling, freezing and other possible and impossible treatments, the poison does not lose its strength. A small piece is enough to cause poisoning.

Symptoms of poisoning appear after 8-12, and sometimes 20-40 hours after ingestion. The poison is insidious, since the signs of poisoning occur when the human body is already severely poisoned. Mortality occurs in more than 50% of cases.

Poison of the pale toadstool

To date, 2 types of toxins from this fungus have been isolated: amanitins are slow-acting, but the most toxic toxins. And phalloidins are not so poisonous, but at the same time fast-acting. These two toxins have a detrimental effect on human organs, mainly on the liver - they disrupt protein biosynthesis, promote the development of necrosis and fatty degeneration of the liver.