In the world publishing practice, the concept of "editing" has taken root both as a scientific term and as the name of the subject of teaching at the relevant university faculties. At the special faculties of Soviet universities, "Literary Editing" was traditionally presented. For some reason, this name of the subject has been preserved to this day.

Domestic researchers of the theory and practice of publishing have started talking about the types of editing quite recently. Although there is no doubt that literary editing is only an integral part of universal editing.

The scientific literature now considers a number of varieties of editing. This, in particular, is general, literary, scientific, special, title. There is also linguistic, logical, compositional, psycholinguistic, computer, publishing, printing.

Let's highlight the main types of editing.

It is advisable to consider two main blocks of editing types:

general (universal);

special.

Consider the content of each of these blocks.

General (universal) editing

This type of editing complete system the work of the editor on the original, which ensures its perfection in meaning, form and convenience for the reader (consumer).

The main components of this type of editing are:

1. Elimination of logical errors.

Typical logical errors:

a) mixing the order of presentation (It was raining and two students. One in the morning, and the other - to the university),

b) incorrect substantiation of the motivation for the action (At the all-Ukrainian conference of book publishers, the main issue was providing the city with new trolleybuses);

c) the presence in the sentence of concepts that mutually exclude each other ( gold medal received an outsider of the competition).

2. Elimination of factual errors.

a) historical nature (First World War started in 1924);

b) geographic nature (In the southern regions of Ukraine - Odessa, Kherson and Sumy regions - the collection of early grains began);

c) printed matter (the population of Ukraine today is about 48,000,000 million people);

d) "digital nature" (Out of 3,000 copies of books published, 2,500 were donated to libraries, 1,500 were transferred to higher educational institutions).

e) “visual” inconsistency (photograph by Alla Pugacheva with the caption “Kristina Orbakaite”).

This block of editing also includes the problems of subject matter, composition, author's position, placement of political accents.

Special Editing

This block can be divided into the following subtypes of editing:

literary;

artistic and technical.

Literary editing.

The main purpose of this type of editing is the analysis, evaluation and correction of the literary part of the work. It is primarily about improving the language and style of the original, eliminating grammatical, syntactical and stylistic errors.

What criteria should an editor be guided by when choosing improvements to a work?

Criteria for choosing linguo-stylistic means:

Accessibility of the language to the appropriate group of readers;

Expressiveness, clarity of presentation;

Correspondence of the lexical series with the thoughts of the hero of the work or the author;

Correspondence of the style of presentation to the genre of a particular work.

Example. Recently, publications of authors have appeared on the book market, which were previously prohibited. For the most part, these are works that were written in the twenties and thirties. In the case of reprinting such works, the editor faces a difficult question: what spelling system to follow? Most publishers bring such texts into line with modern spelling, preserving lexical, morphological and phonetic features author's language. Coordinating with modern standards punctuation of books, the editors, however, strive to preserve the basic character of the author's syntax.

4 Scientific editing

In some cases, given the complexity or archival importance of a publication that is being prepared for publication, it becomes necessary to invite a leading specialist in a particular field of science. Such a specialist in this case carries out scientific editing of the original. Its main task is to analyze, evaluate the work and correct inaccuracies from the scientific side.

The same is meant when in some publications we are talking about title editing. The name of such an editor is put on the title page, which serves as a guarantee for the reader High Quality and the credibility of the publication.

According to the requirements of publishing standards, the name of the scientific editor is indicated on the title or on the back of the title page.

5 Artistic editing

Refers to varieties of special editing. It is carried out by publishers. The art editor in the publishing subsection, as a rule, is a specialist with a higher art and printing education.

The process of art editing includes: ordering the artwork for the publication, evaluation of sketches, test prints and elements of the artwork for the cover and content of the publication from the artistic and printing side.

Technical editing provides for a detailed embodiment of the artistic and graphic design of the publication in the material: technical parameters of typesetting and layout, typeface palette, font size, indents, descents, etc.

Editing (in other words, checking and correcting the text) is one of the milestones work on .

When starting to edit the text, it is important to clearly understand what goals are set for you. Editing can be as clean stylistic(i.e., not affecting the content), and semantic. In the first case, the editor is required, first of all, to have impeccable literacy, a subtle sense of the word. In the second, along with this, a thorough knowledge of the essence of the issue, possession of factual material. There are, however, general principles.

The general scheme of the editor's work looks like this:

  • perception - criticism - adjustments;
  • verification of factual material;
  • identification of compositional defects;
  • identification of stylistic errors and errors;
  • detection of spelling and punctuation errors.

The first stage of editing - the perception of the text - is extremely great importance. Before you change anything, you should read the document as a whole. Some of the questions can usually be removed in the course of reading. In addition, only with a holistic perception, the editor is able to evaluate the composition, detect contradictions, logical errors, disproportion of parts of the document, etc.

After the document has been read and errors and points of doubt noted, the most complex and delicate issue of acceptable degree of interference in the text. The originality of the editorial work lies in the fact that corrections are made to someone else's text. Therefore, the editor has the right to change the form, but not the content of the document. Far from always the question of the permissible limits of interference in the text is solved simply. First of all, this refers to the problem of verbal repetitions.

The official business style has its own specifics. One of the fundamental requirements for the language is the accuracy, unambiguity of the statement. And although usually the repetition of the same word (or words of the same root) within a small text is considered a stylistic mistake, but this is acceptable when it comes to the repetition of terms. Special vocabulary has a number of features that must be taken into account. The meaning of the term is specific, it most often does not have absolute synonyms and cannot be replaced by another word without changing the essence of the statement. Therefore, it is often necessary to make an exception for texts rich in terminology, and to preserve verbal repetitions for the sake of accuracy of meaning.

For example: After the end of the work of the SAC, the deans, on the basis of the protocols of the SAC, draw up an order to complete educational institution, which is submitted to the training department within five days from the date of completion of the activities of the SAC.

GAK - state certifying commission cannot be replaced by a phrase that is close in meaning. To avoid a triple repetition, you can only use the word "commission" instead of the abbreviation once.

The editor should remember: if you have to save repetitions, you need to think about other ways to "lighten" the text. In particular, you can refuse long, cumbersome sentences. More often difficult sentence easy to turn into a few simple ones.

The most important principles editorial changes can be defined like this:

  • keeping the content of the document unchanged;
  • the ability to prove that interference with the text is necessary;
  • integrity and consistency (all shortcomings are noted and corrected immediately, since one change may lead to another);
  • clarity and precision.

The latter seems obvious. However, it is not uncommon for the editor to edit by hand, and some words turn out to be “unreadable”. In the future, someone who types on a computer may unwittingly introduce a new error into the document.

It is absolutely unacceptable to leave question marks or other notes in the margins after finishing the editorial work.

Editorial functions are considered completed after all doubts are resolved and only notes intended for corrections remain in the margins of the document.

Editing texts

There are four main types of editing:

  • editing-proofreading;
  • editing-reduction;
  • editing-processing;
  • editing-alteration.

Editing-Proofreading as close as possible to proofreading work. It is a correction of spelling and punctuation errors and typos. Such corrections usually do not require the agreement of the person signing the document.

Modern computer technology has freed documentary workers from a large part of the proofreading workload: text editors allow you to check spelling and make corrections directly while typing. But this should not be the basis for complete carelessness. In this matter, as in many others, man has no right to rely entirely on technology.

You have to keep in mind that computer text editors "do not know" many proper names. Surnames, initials, geographical names, names of enterprises and institutions must be verified with particular care.

In addition, the computer is not able to detect all typos. He “does not notice”, for example, the transformation of the preposition “on” into the preposition “for”, the particles “not” into “neither”: for him all this is the same Right words. Automatic verification will fail if you mistakenly type "1897" instead of "1997". Only a person who understands the meaning of the statement is able to detect such errors.

Edit-cut produced in two main cases:

  • firstly, when it is necessary to make the document shorter by any means (then you can go for some reduction in the volume of content);
  • secondly, when the text contains redundant information - repetitions and "common places".

The editor is obliged to eliminate from the well-known facts, common truths, unnecessary introductory words and designs. It is important that the editor is well versed in the material and is able to determine whether the repetition of the same words is justified and whether their replacement with synonyms is acceptable.

Editing-Processing represents an improvement in the style of the document. Errors and shortcomings associated with the violation of the compatibility of words, the indistinguishability of paronyms, the use of cumbersome syntactic constructions, etc. are eliminated.

A document proofread by a qualified editor must:

  • contain no factual errors or typographical errors;
  • be perfectly literate in terms of spelling and punctuation;
  • have an optimal volume;
  • be built according to the laws of logic;
  • comply with the stylistic norms of the Russian literary language and the special requirements of the official business style.

Editorial work is most directly related to journalism. And even if the finished material in the future will pass through the hands of the editor of any publication or website, the author is simply obliged to pre-check it himself in order to exclude errors, typos, discrepancies, etc. That is why it will always be an advantage for a competent journalist to know the newspaper or publishing business, the features of turning a manuscript into a publication, the basics of modern printing technologies and techniques, and the economics of publishing. Based on this, we will talk about a journalist in this lesson as an editor. As a matter of fact, the lesson itself will be useful not only for journalists, but also for editors.

The editor is a person who is impeccably literate, knows the literary language perfectly, knows how to use all the abundance of lexical and stylistic means to make the text bright, understandable and interesting for the reader. The very concept of "editing" can be considered from the standpoint of its three main meanings:

  • Checking, correcting and processing text
  • Managing the publication of something (for example, editing and publishing a magazine)
  • Precise verbal formulation and expression of a particular concept or thought

Below we will talk in detail specifically about the literary editing of text materials.

Literary editing

Literary editing is a multifaceted process of working on text material that is being prepared for publication. It includes an assessment of the topic, checking and correcting the presentation, checking and correcting the development of the topic, and literary processing of the text. Let's dive a little deeper and understand the details of each of the components.

Topic rating

When evaluating a topic, it is necessary to get acquainted with the text and give a general assessment of the need for its publication. Here it is necessary to take into account the specifics of the publication or web resource where the text will subsequently be published, and the compliance of the text with the task solved by the author.

Theme Development

Under the development of the topic, one should understand the establishment of how comprehensively and objectively the facts, phenomena and events are considered in the text, how logical the presentation of the material is. It is very important to determine the solidity of conclusions, conclusions, generalizations and scientific provisions, as well as to understand whether it was possible to convey not only appearance the phenomenon or event under consideration, but also its inner essence. If the editor is not the author, he must check all quotations, figures and facts for accuracy. As a rule, this is quite enough to form a correct idea of ​​the truth of the scientific and factual components.

Literary processing

Literary processing involves an assessment of the structure of the material, its volume, the nature of the presentation, language and style. When evaluating the text, you should always pay attention to the composition of the text and the ratio of its individual blocks; check the text for exaggerations of secondary data, repetitions, complex lexical constructions; evaluate the sequence of material, etc. You also need to match the amount of material to the chosen topic, and, if necessary, reduce it. The style and language of the work play a huge role: you can only publish works that are written in an accurate and clear way. literary language.

The main stage of the process of literary editing begins when all the shortcomings mentioned above are eliminated. At the first test reading, the text, as a rule, is not corrected. In the margins of sheets or files, notes are simply made on the topic of the most gross lexical, stylistic, logical and semantic errors. At the first reading, it is convenient to determine the type of subsequent editing (we will talk about the types of editing later).

At the second reading stage, you can make edits, make corrections to the composition and eliminate logical inconsistencies, as well as analyze the title - evaluate its expressiveness and relevance to the content (the more the title matches the content, the better).

Text editing is creative work, and to a large extent it is determined by the individual style of the editor. However, such things as working on composition and text, eliminating semantic errors, checking factual material and choosing a title do not depend on individual style. The main task in the editing process is to improve the content and form of the text. And the point is to come to their unity.

Types of editing

High-quality editing will eliminate errors, achieve clarity and clarity of wording, check the factual data and eliminate inaccuracies, rid the text of the roughness of style and language. At the same time, changes should be made only if they are really needed.

Based on what changes the text undergoes during editing, four main types of editing can be distinguished:

  • Editing-Proofreading
  • Edit-cut
  • Editing-Processing
  • Edit-remake

Learn more about each type.

Editing-Proofreading

The meaning of proofreading is to compare the text with a more perfect original, identify technical errors and eliminate them. Editing-proofreading will be applied when editing:

  • Official materials (reports, resolutions, agreements, etc.)
  • Works of literary classics
  • Editions of historical documents
  • Reprints of books published without revision
  • Definitive (finally established) materials

If documentary or definitive texts are being prepared for publication or edition, the first thing to do is to make sure that they correspond exactly to the original or previous edition.

As for corrections specifically, they are subject to typos, spelling errors, typos without a semantic load (if necessary, you can make footnotes and give comments in them). Unfinished words are also added, abbreviations are deciphered. If texts of historical works or documents come across, they are given the features of modern graphics, however, the features of the environment or era (style, phraseological units, specific expressions, etc.) present in the text remain unchanged.

Edit-cut

When editing-reduction, the main task of the editor is to reduce the text, but without prejudice to its content. Reduction may be necessary for several reasons:

  • It is necessary to meet a specific volume (number of sheets, lines or characters). To effectively compress the volume, it is useful to use abbreviations of words, terms, names. In some cases (when the volume is limited to sheets or lines), you can simply use fonts of smaller sizes.
  • It is necessary to correspond to certain tasks facing the author or publisher. Thus, it is customary to reduce the volumes when publishing popular science, journalistic and artistic works, which are republished “under the requests” of a specific audience (children, students, non-specialists, etc.). The same technique is used in the publication of anthologies and collections (not all material is published, but the most important, interesting and useful for readers from the standpoint of the compilers).
  • There are shortcomings in the text, such as unnecessary details, repetitions, long lengths, lengthiness, a large number of examples or data of the same type, etc. The reduction here is a necessity, because a clearer and more rigorous compositional construction is achieved.

Editing-Processing

Editing-processing is used in editorial practice more often than other types. The editor, in this case, corrects unsuccessful phrases and words, clarifies wording and phrases, makes the construction of the work logical, adds more convincing arguments, and eliminates any signs of confusion. However, the subtlety of the author's style and style must be preserved, and if the author is not an editor, any changes must be approved. Any amendment must be scientifically and logically justified.

Edit-remake

Editing-alteration is relevant in cases where the editor is working on the work of authors who have poor command of the literary language. This type of editing is widespread in the practice of newspaper work, and is also used in the publication of articles, memoirs, brochures. As in the previous case, the author's style should be preserved.

But, while working on the elimination of errors, the editor should not only make changes, but also constantly monitor the consistency of the presentation of the material, because the main provisions put forward by the author must be logically connected, and all transitions from one part to another must be regular and consistent. For this reason, it is important to have an understanding of the logical foundations of text editing.

Logical Foundations of Text Editing

As we said, the editor is obliged to pay attention to the consistency of the presentation of the material being prepared for publication. This suggests that the main theses in the text must be proved without fail, and the evidence itself must be reliable, substantiated and beyond doubt. Of course, formal logic will not rid the text of shortcomings and errors, but you will fully contribute to the systematization of the presentation, give it credibility and eliminate contradictions.

In some cases, the editor needs to check the set of evidence available in the text, strengthen it, get rid of unnecessary arguments, and also eliminate the substitution of theses if the text does not prove what was originally intended. Simply put, the editor needs to evaluate the consistency of the logical proof. The latter should be understood as the establishment of the reliability of one judgment through the presentation of other judgments, the truth of which cannot be doubted and from which the reliability of the original judgment being verified follows.

A logical proof takes place if three conditions are met:

  • There is a thesis - something that needs to be proven
  • There are arguments - judgments that prove the thesis at the proper level (before the thesis is proved)
  • There is a demonstration - judgments showing how the thesis is justified by the given arguments

If at least one of these conditions is not met, the proof will be inconsistent, because it will not be clear why, how and what is being proved at all. This topic requires a more detailed consideration, but taking into account the specifics of our course (after all, it is more intended for journalists than for editors), we will not delve into it, but move on to the more important part - the types of errors found in text materials.

The main mistakes when writing texts

In total, there are five main categories of mistakes made by authors when writing text materials:

  • Logic errors
  • Lexical errors
  • Syntax errors
  • Spelling mistakes

Let's see what their features are.

Logic errors

Logic errors fall into several categories. They manifest themselves in the composition of the text, unsuccessful development of the topic, argumentation, etc. The most common logical fallacies include:

  • Mutually exclusive concepts (when one sentence says, for example, that the sea was calm and smooth, and the waves were breaking on stones - a calm sea and breaking waves are concepts that exclude each other).
  • Displacement of the presentation plan (inconsistency of presentation, unnecessary repetitions of proper names, linguistic negligence, lack of important details, etc.).
  • Incorrect establishment of causal relationships (when the proposal says, for example, that the process of loading and unloading operations is not mechanized at the enterprise, but loaders work in harsh conditions, because mechanization issues are difficult to solve - cause and effect contradict each other).
  • Incorrect comparison of facts / comparison of incomparable facts (when the text says, for example, that students are excellent at picking potatoes in the field, because they strive to improve, or when, for example, the work of traffic police officers is considered only in terms of the number of accidents on the streets of the city - the given facts cannot be compared, because logically they belong to different categories).
  • Substitution of theses (when the text begins, for example, with a conversation about the need to improve the quality of roads on city streets, and ends with assurances from the responsible person that additional restrictive signs will be installed in problem areas - the original thesis at the end is replaced by another one that is not directly related to first).
  • The lack of correspondence in the details of the events described (when the text, for example, says that in the northern and southern regions Russia is in full swing harvesting potatoes, cotton and cereals - each of the crops is harvested in different time, each of the cultures grows in different regions - it turns out that these details cannot be combined into one picture).

Logic errors lead to great amount semantic errors, however, there are cases when logical inconsistencies are applied by the authors on purpose. This technique is typical for parodies, pamphlets and feuilletons.

Lexical errors

Lexical errors are another common category of errors. Their main reasons are inaccurate word usage, unsuccessful use of winged words, idioms and phraseological units, language negligence and oversaturation of textual material with special vocabulary and concepts that may not be known to the general public.

Grammar and stylistic errors

Among the most common grammatical and stylistic errors are the misuse of pronouns, an unsuccessful substitution plural nouns singular and vice versa, the misuse of the gender of nouns.

Syntax errors

Syntax errors are expressed in the wrong word order, violations of contiguity, agreement and control, as well as in the misuse of participles and participle turns.

Spelling mistakes

Spelling errors consist of the wrong spelling of words. Their main feature is that they are practically not perceived by ear, but the quality of the printed text noticeably suffers. The most "popular" spelling mistakes are considered:

  • "Russifier", not "Russifier"
  • "Official" not "official"
  • "Russian", not "Russian"
  • "Polyclinic", not "polyclinic"
  • "Rossia", not "Russia"
  • "Download", not "download"
  • "Schedule" not "schedule"
  • "Reviews", not "Reviews"
  • "program" not "program"
  • "calculate" not "calculate"
  • "Do" not "do"
  • "Agency" not "agency"
  • "Thailand" not "Thailand"
  • "Cute" not "pretty"
  • "One", not "One"

It is also not uncommon to find the incorrect spelling of the words “also” and “same”, “why” and “for what”, “company” and “campaign”, “why” and “for what”, “in general” and “generally” and etc.

Many mistakes, whatever they are, are easy to avoid, regularly. But, of course, not everyone can be 100% literate, and therefore, when editing a text, you always need to pay special attention to it, and, if necessary, check it several times. Remember that your success and how seriously you will be taken by customers and readers depend on how correctly and competently your text is written. And as a great help when checking materials, you can use special programs for text editing.

And to make the process of checking and editing text faster and easier, we will give you one more useful advice- Organize your editing work in three stages:

  • The first stage is a fluent - purely introductory reading, during which you evaluate the integrity of the material, its content, idea and manner of presentation.
  • The second stage is a slower and more in-depth reading during which you focus on all the paragraphs, sentences, words and characters. Here you analyze individual units of the text, correlate its parts with each other, work on detailing, correct all kinds of errors.
  • The third stage is the control reading. The text is re-read again, the uniformity of presentation is analyzed, the correct spelling of the most complex elements, proper names, numerical data and dates.

This completes the check, and if everything was done correctly and with a head, the finished material will meet all the literacy requirements. But still, we remind you once again that if there is any doubt, it is better to check the text once again, because, as they say: "measure seven times - cut once."

Now we suggest you take a break from the practice of writing various journalistic materials and editing texts, and replenish your knowledge base interesting information. In the sixth lesson, we will again touch on the theory and talk about another very popular direction in our time - advertising journalism. The lesson will consider advertising journalism as a phenomenon, the main points of contact between journalism and advertising, as well as a brief classification of advertising journalism genres. But we will not bypass the practical component - the best formulas of advertising texts will be offered to your attention.

Test your knowledge

If you want to test your knowledge on a topic this lesson, you can take a short test consisting of several questions. Only 1 option can be correct for each question. After you select one of the options, the system automatically moves on to the next question. The points you receive are affected by the correctness of your answers and the time spent on passing. Please note that the questions are different each time, and the options are shuffled.

Editing is the analysis, evaluation and improvement of the manuscript by the editor before publication. In recent years, there has been a linguistic chaos in the media sphere. The old editors have gone, fuzzy requirements in the preparation of publications have begun to appear. This causes great damage to the quality distribution of information, and the culture of publications is declining. Editorial processing is an indispensable condition for the effectiveness and quality of information activities.

In the author's mind, information is presented in a collapsed form. It is not fully verbalized. In an effort to convey it, the author creates a text. But at the same time, he cannot always determine how clearly and accurately he conveyed his thoughts. There should be an intermediary between the author and the reader - the editor. He reads the text and with the so-called. the reader, revealing what is incomprehensible to him, and improves the text in his interests, and from the point of view. the author, delving into his intention.

Editing as a science began to take shape in the 30s of the 20th century. In the USSR, a system of branch publishing houses is being created, which need special editors. An editorial department is being opened at the Moscow Polygraphic Institute. To prepare as an editor, one needed knowledge about the components of the publishing process, the mechanisms for preparing the publication, and the methods of working on the text of the manuscript. By the end of the 60s, "Theory and Practice ed" began to be studied as a profiling at the red faculty of polygraph institutes and at the red ed. branch offices Zhur-ki.

In the 1970s-1990s, separate lines of scientific foundations of the editorial board were developed. Individuals of different types and types of publications. GOST 7.60-2003.

Editing types:

1. technical - preparation of manuscripts for typesetting and the original in illustration for perception and correction. prints for printing. Choice of edition format, font size and typefaces, selection elements in the text. Opred.structures and forms of placement of text and illustrations on each page. Creation and size. text on the cover, flyleaf, dust jacket, title page, captions, footers, table of contents. Preparing a project for the design and layout of the publication. Prepares technical specifications. - a document for a printing enterprise, assignments for a publishing house. The name of the tech.editor is in the data release.

2. artist - design of publications, development of a design project, selection of artists, methods of performing illustrations, evaluation of completed sketches and originals, photographs. Direction of technical revision.

3. scientific - not for all publications, but should be pre-specified in a special edition. For a more thorough redaction with t.z. prof. or scientific. subtleties. Terminology, factual materials, technical illustrations, tables and formulas. Checking scientific documents, corresponding state standards and other standard documents

4. literary - assessment of the topic, fact checking, composition, language and style of the text, preparation for publication.

2. Technique of editorial editing. A pen between the lines, and a proofreader in the margins. All erroneous elements are marked in the text with correction marks. The correspondent notes in the text, repeats the sign in the field and adds what needs to be corrected. Red-r enters correction



above the correct sign. GOST 7.62-2008.

3. Reference literature. Lit.red was originally viewed as correcting errors in language and style. In the post-revolutionary years, many poorly literate authors came to literature. Steel appeared. allowances for red-in. The materials in them began to be considered not only in the general aspects of the culture of speech and the norms required for the language, but also in the editorial aspect. The textbook “Theory and Practice of Editing” by Sekorsky was founded in those years. “Stylistics and Literary Editing” Maksimov, “Literary Editing Theory, History, Practice” Sbitneva, “Handbook of Literary Editing for Working Media” Nakoryakov, “Theory and Practice. .and create media text" Kiselev. Reference books and dictionaries, Internet. Purpose: to make inquiries about spelling or meaning. words, distance signs prep, selection of synonyms, stylistic aspects of text fragments. Language dictionaries: Ozhegov and Shvedova, Krysin "Explanatory Dictionary foreign words”, Rosenthal “Capital or lowercase”, Ageenko - Dictionary of Accents, Levashov “Dictionary of Adj. from geographic names", Muchnik "Fundamentals of Style and Editing" - tutorial for avg. and high schools.

4. Editor and author. In the author's mind, information is presented in a collapsed form. It is not fully verbalized. In an effort to convey it, the author creates a text. But at the same time, he cannot always determine how clearly and accurately he conveyed his thoughts. There should be an intermediary between the author and the reader - the editor. He reads the text and with the so-called. the reader, revealing what is incomprehensible to him, and improves the text in his interests, and from the point of view. the author, delving into his intention. …………………………



5. The concept of editorial analysis. Criteria for editorial analysis. Editorial analysis as a professional method, it is a set of special techniques that make it possible to carry out editorial and publishing work in an expedient way in full and with a proper result in terms of quality. The concept of "analysis" is interpreted here broadly.

As an object of the editor's activity, a literary work is the result of creative work. Moreover, the degree of its completeness can be different - from the plan to the completed work. As a result of creative work, a literary work is unique. In it are manifestations of the author's individuality, the creative manner of the author. In a literary work, a certain subject or a set of subjects is considered, it refers to a specific type of literature, has its own genre characteristics. In the unity of content and form, it carries ideas, facts, concepts. …………………………

6. Text as a subject of editorial analysis. Author's work on the form literary work begins long before the text hits the paper. Already in the process of forming the concept of a future work and comprehending the facts of reality, its genre features and presentation techniques are formed. But now the text is written... The author's thought is embodied in a specific form, expressed by means of language and fixed by signs of writing. For the author, the text becomes the material of the final stage of the creation of a literary work, the work that A.S. Pushkin called "a rarely seen work of decoration and distinctness." For the editor, work on the author's text is the main stage of literary work. It is customary to call the editor an assistant to the author, but even with the broadest interpretation of the duties of an editor, adopted today in the practice of periodicals, analysis, evaluation and editing of the text of an author's work remain his main task. A clear understanding of the subject of activity is essential for any practical discipline. Thanks to this, it becomes possible to outline the circle of knowledge necessary for it, to avoid accidents when choosing techniques borrowed from other disciplines, to purposefully and consistently apply these techniques, to give the methodology of practical discipline the features of a system. The development of the scientific foundations of editing is based on fundamental knowledge about the text, its theory. It should be borne in mind that the term "text" is ambiguous. In philology, its threefold interpretation is accepted. The text is understood as the result of expedient speech-creative activity, as a written source, as a speech work. The first interpretation is the broadest. It presents the text as a consciously organized result speech process, as a thought, clothed in a certain form to express a certain meaning.
The features of editing newspaper materials were obvious: the editor cannot but take into account the nature of publications, their information content, the specifics of expressing the author's position, the author's proximity to the event and the reader, the working conditions in the editorial office, and its efficiency. Finally, it is important that the editor works in this case with materials of small literary forms. The theory of the text revealed its main characteristics, of which integrity, coherence, fixation in a certain sign system, information content are of paramount importance for editing.

31. Actual and communicative accuracy of speech. 32. types of errors, violation of commun.accuracy. Fact.accuracy - a property inherent in the correct reflection of the world, real or fictitious, by the author's thought.

Comm. - a property that arose when the author's thought was expressed, when this thought was adequately taken by the word and launched into the comm channel for transmission to another person.

Difference: f.t. +-+-, k.t.-++-. Types of errors that violate com.accuracy: words are mixed 1) similar in meaning, 2) in sound, 3) in sound and meaning. 4) not similar, but related to one item.

7. Methodology for preparing the text for publication. The publication of any materials is an individual matter of the researcher. The style and methodology of their preparation depends on the creativity and intention of the author, his own understanding of the problem. In this case, various methodological methods of presenting scientific material can be used, in particular:

1) consistent;

2) integral (with subsequent processing of each part, section);

3) selective (sections are written separately).

A consistent presentation of the material logically leads the scheme for preparing the publication: idea (concept), plan, selection of material; grouping, its systematization, editing. Here they adhere to the sequence of presentation of the material, repetition is excluded; but of course, there is an extra time spent on sequential processing of information;

A holistic way is to write the entire work in draft form, and then process it in parts and details, make additions, corrections. This saves time, but there is a danger of breaking the sequence of presentation of the material.

Selective presentation of the material is often used by researchers in a way that suits them. At the same time, it is important to bring each section to the final result, so that when the sections are combined as a whole, the material is ready for publication.

After writing the text, the author practically and fundamentally evaluates it: each conclusion, formulas, tables, individual sentences are re-read, the conclusions, arguments, facts, theoretical and practical significance of the publication material are checked;

The correctness of the manuscript is analyzed: literary sources, quotes.

8. Computer in the work of the editor. With the editor's mission remaining unchanged, the content of his work and the requirements for skills and abilities have undergone fundamental changes, even when compared with those that existed, for example, at the end of the 20th century.

The main driver of change is, obviously, the personal computer and its accompanying software products and information technology, as well as the World Wide Web Internet.

Obviously, to work on the Internet, you need to have some training. First, you need to navigate in web browsers, or browsers, i.e. own software for working with the Internet, including primarily MS Internet Explorer, Opera, FireFox. Secondly, the editor needs to know several sites that specialize in working with e-mail, for example mail.ru, yandex.ru, gmail.com, be able to use an electronic mailbox: create and send letters, attach and open attachments etc. List programs.

9. Types of editing. Editing-proofreading. Editing tasks: 1) eliminate errors after auto-revision; 2) to achieve clarity and accuracy of formulas; 3) check the factual material and get rid of factual inaccuracies; 4) eliminate the roughness of the language and style; 5) conduct editorial and technical processing of the manuscript.

At the same time, the following requirements were presented for correcting the text: 1) the need for editing must be proven; 2) editing should be stepped; 3) make all amendments carefully, clearly, understandably. (this information is also for questions 10-12).

Proofreading compares the text with the most impeccable, credible original and corrects technical errors, if any. This revision was subjected to official materials, classics, reprints of books, if the release was not revised, publications of historical documents, approved advertising texts. They follow the full correspondence of the published or reprinted text, correcting only typos, errors and omissions that do not make sense. The graphics of the historical texts should be modern, but the style, phrases, and phrases should be the same as in the original. Necessary scrupulousness in details, the desire for uniformity. in the composition-structural format of the text.

10. Edit-Reduce- reduce the text in volume without prejudice to sod-i. Reasons: we need a smaller volume, define the tasks facing publishers or compositions (publishing books for children, anthologies), shortcomings of the text when its abbreviation improves the manuscript (lengths, repetitions, unnecessary. -ty, abundance of the same type of data). Techniques: reduces detailed fragments, inside a paragraph, abbreviation - restructuring of syntactic forms, deletion of insignificant character, details, redundant words. The volume is reduced, but the info is saved. Rules: after abbreviation, it is necessary to re-read the entire text in order to evaluate it from the point of view. compositions and finishes. When inside a paragraph, abbreviate and reread with the aim of ordering gram forms. All abbreviations agree with the author.

11. Processing isp-Xia most widely. In those cases when the original version is acceptable in form and content, but needs to be corrected and some revision. At the same time, the perfect fact, the logical basis of the text, the computer, the language, i.e. the precise auto-intention, and the elimination of everything that interferes with the holistic reproduction. 1) clarify the logical connections; 2) update computer; 3) facts; 4) finish.style.and language.editing.

All serious changes agree with the author. We strive to preserve the special style and style of the author. If it is impossible to significantly interfere with the text, we manage with minor corrections. All edits made to the processed text must be logically and scientifically justified.

In the process of editing, sometimes you have to apply proofreading, abbreviation, redistribution of individual fragments.

12. Alteration applies: 1) work on the manuscript of the authors, poor command of the literary language, in this case the text is unsuitable. 2) work on a narrowly specialized text in order to create an option for mass reading. 3) work on the source text, not corresponding to the requirements of the style, genre. Authors who do not speak the lit. language send materials in the form of a letter, alteration is the main type of work, but we keep the original style. They also refer to the literary record - they write it down after the narrator. Editor become a co-author. Must know material well and possess literary skills, writing skills.

Prim-Xia at the publishing house and memoir literature. In the post-war years, books of generals.

13. Varieties of factual material. Working with numbers. f.m. – facts, property names, geographic names, dates, figures, quotations, stat.mat. Functions: can be used by the author as information itself, as an argument in the process of logical proof and the basis for a general statement, as an illustration, an additional one or another statement, as a concretization general position. Requirements: 1) true, clearly formulated facts - the editor must critically review all the facts. Order: evaluate f.m. with t.z. what is known to the editor himself. Facts that are doubtful must be verified. Check: 1) internal. Ratio f.m. within the editorial text and its concretization (method of presenting a counter-image). Use to visualize the facts of action and find a flaw. 2) comparison with the authorit.ist. To select a source, there is a rule - when working with published data f.m. check on those publishing houses, from which he borrows. 3) official confirmation. Specialist consultation. numbers in the text. A number is a symbol of a sign system other than a word. As a designation of a number, accuracy, generalization, and concentration of information are inherent in it from the very beginning. This difficult-to-edit material requires special attention editor. You should start by making sure that it is easy to read the text aloud. Thus, the headline "1,100,000,000th citizen" is sure to present difficulties for many readers.

Publishing practice has developed special recommendations for designating numbers in the text.4 Numbers from 1 to 9 inclusive are usually denoted by a word when they do not carry units of measurement and are in the indirect case. The word denotes numbers when several digital designations collide (seventeen 19-year-old servicemen ended up in hospital beds). The number is used to denote single digits, when they are in the same row as multivalued ones, and also when they carry units of measurement. The digital form is preferred for multi-digit numbers. It is more distinct and better perceived. And, finally, the technique of concretizing the figure, which is very important for working on journalistic material. It is to let in general terms, introduce real value numbers.

Bibliography and book publishing statistics.

The Russian Book Chamber is a unique scientific bibliographic and bibliographic institution, a center for state bibliography, archival storage of publications, press statistics, international standard print numbering, scientific research in the field of book business. Accounting for printed materials produced is carried out on the basis of registration and processing of a free mandatory copy of each publication received by the Russian Book Chamber from publishing houses, publishing organizations, printing enterprises of all forms of ownership.

Bibliography is an area of ​​scientific practice in the creation and use of bibliographic information in order to influence the consumption of printed works in society.

At present, the constantly updated general, alphabetical, subject, systematic and other catalogs of the Russian book chamber contain about 35 million bibliographic records issued in Russia in 1817. The main types of bibliographic indications include book chronicle, chronicle of periodicals and continuing publications, chronicle of art publications, chronicle of author's abstracts and dissertations, musical chronicle, cartographic chronicle, etc. State statistics of the press in the Russian Federation is conducted on the basis of output data.

Print statistics - a section of statistics that takes into account quantitative indicators in general and in various sections publishing in the country and establishes patterns of changes in the publishing industry in in numerical terms. Information about press statistics is published in yearbooks.

The original is the original.

Original - a manuscript, drawing, drawing, from which polygraphic reproduction is made.

Original - the text from which the translation into other languages ​​is carried out.

Industry standard 29.115-88 - originals by authors and text publishers. General technical requirements.

OST 29.106-90 - graphic originals for printing reproduction. General specifications.

Author's original text - the text part of the work, prepared by the author for transfer to the publishing house and subsequent editorial publishing processing. It serves as the basis for the production of a publishing text original.

Author's original illustrations - flat, graphic and photographic images intended for printing reproduction. When preparing a re-edition, the author has the right to provide a stick-up, pages with a large number of changes are reprinted in their entirety. If the second edition is issued as a reprint, then the author submits 3 copies of the book, one of which he makes corrections with the help of proof marks. Reprinted editions (repeated editions) are non-typesetting editions, the strips of which are reproduced from the pages of the edition serving as the original layout.



Pictorial originals are:

through the image

1. dashed

2. halftone

1. black and white

2. colored

by appointment

1. illustrations

2. simple decorations

according to the degree of light reflection

1. transparent

2. opaque

on the technique of creation and the method of transferring content

1. photograph

2. drawing

5. chart

7. cartographic image

Requirements for a figurative original: it must be flat, with a smooth surface, free from defects that may interfere with its reproduction or distort it, free from spots, punctures, unnecessary inscriptions, folds, folds, cracks and dirt. Image details should be sharp. The graininess of the photo should be imperceptible. On the back of each opaque pictorial original, the author's surname, title, name of the publisher, type of original, its number, printing method are indicated. One of the most important requirements for the author's original is its completeness: the title page of the publication, the text original, the second copy of the text part of the original, the working table of contents, the author's original illustrations, text, captions for illustrations. Within the period allotted by the author's agreement for the approval of the manuscript, it is also reviewed. After receiving the reviewer's opinion, the editor prepares a proposal for the approval of the manuscript, the need for its revision or rejection. The author gets acquainted with the comments of the editor and the reviewer, who accepts or justifiably rejects them, the manuscript is finalized, after which it is returned to the publisher. The editor continues to work with the manuscript approved and accepted for publication.

Editing is an integral part of the publishing process, the content of which is the creative work of the editor together with the author on the manuscript of the work in order to improve its content and form, prepare for printing reproduction and publication. Editing steps:

1. preview of the manuscript, its editorial analysis

4. edit text

5. reading after typing the edited text

6. Reading and editing of proofs

7. signing the advance copy for release to the public

Types of editorial editing

1. proofreading - correction of technical errors in the preparation of reprints without revision, as well as official and documentary materials

2. reduction - correction in order to limit the text to a certain volume

3. processing - correction of ideological and semantic, factual, compositional, logical, stylistic, but without a radical transformation of the text

The method of editorial editing assumes the existence of a number of rules:

1. do not start editing without getting acquainted with the text as a whole, without identifying its general advantages, features and shortcomings

2. edit only after the reason for dissatisfaction with the text has been established and precisely determined

3. do not go beyond the permissible editorial intervention in the text

4. be limited to the minimum possible amendments

5. be critical of every edit you make

Editing technique.

1. edit directly in the text

2. write text legibly

3. Large inserts should be entered in the margins or on a separate page glued to the main page.

4. cross out the text to connect with an arrow the last word before the dash and the first one after it

5. in editing, use the signs used in the deletion

Simultaneously with the work on the text, the editor edits the author's original illustrations. Illustrations express content that is either impossible or difficult to convey in text form. As a result of the processes occurring during the preparation of the publishing original layout, editorial expenses arise. Part of the costs can be attributed to a specific publication. Costs that cannot be directly attributed to a particular publication are allocated in accordance with the publisher's accounting policies.