Siberian red-backed vole tail description. The rodent order is rodentia. Black ferret, or common ferret
Myodes rutilus (Pallas, 1779)
- Clethrionomys rutilus
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The range of the species covers the territory following countries: Canada ( British Columbia, Manitoba, Northwest Territories, Nunavut, Yukon), China, Finland, Japan (Hokkaido), Kazakhstan, Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Mongolia, Norway, Russian Federation, Sweden, USA (Alaska).
It lives in the subarctic zone of birch forests and in the northern part of the boreal forest zone. Lives more in forests with dense grassy undergrowth. Herbivore that feeds on the green parts of grasses and herbaceous plants, nuts, seeds, bark, lichens, fungi and insects, stores seeds for the winter.
There are no serious threats to this species. Found in many protected areas.
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An excerpt characterizing Red Vole
I knew this neighbor very well. She was quite nice woman, but what struck me the most was that she was one of those people who tried to completely "isolate" their children from me and poisoned me after the unfortunate incident with "lighting the fire"! .. (Although her the eldest son, we must give him his due, never betrayed me and, despite any prohibitions, still continued to be friends with me). She, who, as it now turned out, knew better than anyone else that I was a completely normal and harmless girl! And that I, just like she once, was just looking for the right way out of that “incomprehensible and unknown” into which fate had so unexpectedly thrown me ...Without a doubt, fear must be a very strong factor in our lives if a person can so easily betray and so easily turn away from someone who needs help so much, and whom he could easily help if not for the same one, so deeply and reliably settled in him fear ...
Of course, it can be said that I don’t know what happened to her and what made her suffer an evil and ruthless fate... But if I knew that someone at the very beginning of life has the same gift who made me suffer so much, I would do everything in my power to somehow help or guide this other gifted person on the right path so that he would not have to “wander in the dark” blindly and also suffer greatly... And she, instead of helping, on the contrary, tried to “punish” me, as others punished, but these others at least did not know what it was and tried to honestly protect their children from what they could not explain or understand.
Red-backed vole - Clethrionomys rutilus Pall.
Features This vole has a bright reddish-rufous coloration of the back and a relatively short, monochromatic, densely pubescent tail. The sides are yellow-brown-gray, the belly is whitish with a light gray tint. Winter outfit is brighter and more contrasting. Juveniles are painted in lighter grayish tones. Weight 25-30 g. Body length 9-11 cm, tail - no more than 4 cm (usually 3-3.5 cm). On inside posterior molar tooth 4 enamel grooves.
This Siberian vole is distributed throughout Karelia, but inhabits the territory of the republic unevenly. It is more or less common only in the northern regions, and in the south it is quite rare (no more than 1-2% of the total number of rodents caught). An interesting exception is the years of low abundance of its main competitor, the bank vole. Under these conditions, the red-backed vole can also multiply strongly in southern Karelia, as was the case, for example, in 1969 in the Ladoga region. Average for all years of observations, the index of its abundance is 0.06 specimens per 100 trap-days (share in the total small mammals 1.5 °/o) and 0.03 - for 10 groove-days (0.2 °/o). The reasons for the low abundance of the red-backed vole in the northwest of the range are not entirely clear, but most likely they are associated with the history of the distribution of this Siberian species and its relationship with the dominant native, the bank vole. Under the conditions of Karelia, the red-backed vole settles exclusively in forest biotopes, preferring spruce and mixed pine-spruce forests, where it chooses the most cluttered areas with rich shrub or forb cover. In autumn, during the period of young growth, it is somewhat more widespread and is also found in deciduous undergrowth with an admixture of conifers. However, even at this time it avoids open habitats. In winter, it is often found in human buildings, on household plots, in stacks, omets and stacks.
By the nature of the shelters, the red-backed vole is a typical "underground", but not a "burrow". She arranges her dwelling in natural shelters, usually well protected from the outside, especially often in the voids between the roots of fir trees. Here, in the root cavity, she places the main stocks of mosses and cones, a "latrine", winter "feeding tables" and a nesting chamber. To build all this, the animal does not need to dig the ground. It simply pushes through the moss layer and gets into the interweaving of the roots, where, slightly compacting the loose litter, it makes moves. Sometimes shelters of the red-backed vole are located not under the roots, but under the moss layer or under the mossy deadwood. In addition to the main hole, the red-backed vole has non-permanent "villages". They are distinguished by the absence of a nesting chamber and permanent supplies; only “feeding tables” are usually located here.
Dimensions: body - up to 120 mm, tail - 27 - 50 mm, more often no more than 40 mm. The color of the back is variable, but usually bright with a predominance of red, rusty and brown-red colors, often separated from the gray color of the sides by a kind of "mantle". The tail is mostly distinctly or weakly two-tone, densely covered with hair throughout, so that the skin through them is not visible. At the end, especially in winter, a kind of “brush” is formed.
The skull is similar to that of the bank vole, but with a less juvenile appearance. The nasal bones are narrowed more weakly in the middle section and curved less roof-like in the anterior. The posterior end of the nasal processes of the premaxillary bones does not extend beyond the level of the posterior ends of the nasal bones, and the latter forms an angle directed backwards. The auditory tympanum is less swollen and the occipital height of the skull is less.
Biology
Lifestyle. The main habitats are taiga, mixed and deciduous forests. Found in the forest-steppe and forest-tundra. It prefers cluttered and moist habitats and willingly populates forested floodplains of water bodies, including shrubs. Throughout Siberia, it occurs in human dwellings, where the abundance exceeds that in "wild" biotopes by more than 5 times. In the conditions of Yakutia, the only species of voles with permanent settlements in cities and towns. In this region, red-backed vole settlements are not associated with natural biotopes.
The activity of the species is round-the-clock and polyphasic. The average distance from the nest is up to 390 m, the largest is up to 1 km. In winter, the species is active at -40°C - 50°C, it can pass through snow up to 70 - 80 m, and even more along paths.
The nature of the use of shelters and their use are similar to the bank vole. In the eastern part of the range, they settle in rotten stumps, but they climb much worse than the red-backed vole.
reproduction. Puberty seen at 2 months of age. The breeding period varies from 3 to 5.5 months, depending on the climate of the habitat area. The number of litters is 2 - 3, in arrived animals from 1 to 3, but not in all individuals. Spring breeding begins under the snow. The number in the litters of adult females is 5 - 7, in the arrived ones - 4 - 6 cubs. The indicator decreases with the height of the terrain above sea level and in the Arctic. The number experiences two-year, and even five-year fluctuations. The fall is especially significant after snowy and frosty winters. IN settlements Yakutia breeds all year round.
Nutrition. Animals are plant polyphages. They are characterized by a distinct change of food according to the seasons of the year. In spring - these are green parts of plants, seeds - in the first half of summer. Mushrooms and berries - the second part of summer and autumn. In winter - lichens and mosses. Little animal food is consumed. Insignificant reserves of seeds are found only in the northern regions of the range. In settlements, in addition to plant foods, especially in winter time, eats fish and meat in barns.
Morphologically related species
By morphology ( appearance) is close to the described pest ( Clethrionomys glareolus). The main differences are: the length of the tail without terminal hair is no more than 40 mm, the tail is covered with sparse hair through which the skin is visible; hairs do not form a "brush"; the color of the upperparts is dominated by dull tones of a reddish-brown hue, sometimes with a distinct rusty tint.
In addition, it is observed geographical variability, which is characterized by a complex combination of multidirectional geographic and biotopic with local, most likely, mutational variability. On the territory of the former Soviet Union about 20 subspecies are known.
Geographic distribution
The red-backed vole lives on the territory from the Kola Peninsula and the northern coast of Lake Ladoga to the Anadyr Range, Kamchatka, the coast of Okhotsk and Seas of Japan, the islands of Bering and Medny, Karaginsky, Shumshu, Paramushir, Shantar and Sakhalin. The species is common in some regions of Karelia, in Leningrad region, isolated in the Slantsevsky district, to the western Priilmenye, upstream Volga, Northern Mordovia, North-Eastern Tatarstan, Isolated on Samarskaya Luka. In addition, the range covers the North of Scandinavia, the North of Mongolia, Northeast China, the Korean Peninsula, Northern Japan, North America east to the coast of Hudson Bay.
Maliciousness
red-backed vole- ecologically limited synanthropus. It harms garden and other agricultural crops on personal plots. is a carrier of many infectious diseases: Hemorrhagic fever, tick-borne encephalitis, tick-borne rickettsiosis, salmonellosis, tularemia and others. In buildings, the red-backed vole damages various products.
Pesticides
Chemical pesticides
Manual entry into burrows, other shelters, tubes, bait boxes:
Biological pesticides
Layout of ready-made baits at food enterprises and at home:
Control measures: deratization measures
Sanitary and epidemiological well-being is due to the successful implementation of the entire range of deratization measures, including organizational, preventive, extermination and sanitary and educational measures to combat rodents.
Organizational events include a set of the following measures:
- administrative;
- financial and economic;
- scientific and methodological;
- material.
Preventive actions designed to eliminate favorable living conditions for rodents and exterminate them through the following measures:
- engineering and technical, including the use of various devices that automatically prevent rodents from accessing premises and communications;
- sanitary and hygienic, including the observance of cleanliness in rooms, basements, on the territories of objects;
- agro- and forestry, including measures to cultivate the forests of recreational areas to the state of forest parks and maintain these territories in a state free from weeds, fallen leaves, dead and drying trees; the same group of activities includes deep plowing of land in the fields;
- preventive deratization, including measures to prevent the restoration of the number of rodents with the help of chemical and mechanical means.
The task of carrying out this group of activities lies with legal entities and individual entrepreneurs operating specific facilities and the adjacent territory.
These events are held legal entities And individual entrepreneurs with special training.
Body length 8-12 cm, tail 4-6 cm.
The top is bright, reddish or reddish, the bottom is dark gray.
The tail is single-colored with a small tassel at the end. It lives in the north of the European part of Russia, throughout Siberia and the Far East, in forests, forest-tundras and forest-steppes. Common forest rodent of most of Siberia and the north Far East. Numerous in cedar and other coniferous forests, in places with dense windbreak. Often lives in taiga huts and other buildings. Feeds mainly on seeds coniferous trees. It also eats lichens, berries, mushrooms, grass, mosses, and insects. In some places it makes large stocks of berries, putting them in piles under stumps and logs.
Red-gray vole brown, ash gray underparts; the tail is dark above, light below. The border of rusty and gray colors is very sharp, and on the muzzle the red color forms a clear triangle. It lives in the north of the European part of Russia, throughout Siberia and the Far East, in forests, especially with windbreak, and shrub tundra, found on the Zhiguli Upland and the Kuril Islands. The most common forest rodent in Transbaikalia and the south of the Far East. Particularly numerous in the mountain taiga, but also common in river valleys and on rocky outcrops. It feeds mainly on greenery, lichens, bark and shrub shoots. It eats seeds less frequently than other forest voles.
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Encyclopedia of the nature of Russia. - M.: ABF. V.L. Dinets, E.V. Rothschild. 1998 . See what the "Red Vole" is in other dictionaries:Vole- ? Voles Wood vole Myodes glareolus Scientific classification Kingdom: Animals Phylum: Chordates ... Wikipedia Clethrionomys sikotanensis see also 11.10.8. Genus forest voles Clethrionomys Shikotan vole Clethrionomys sikotanensis (Table 57) Body length 13 16 cm, tail 5 6.5 cm. Coloration brown-brown. The tail is one-color or slightly two-color ... Animals of Russia. Directory Clethrionomys glareolus see also 11.10.8. Genus Forest voles Clethrionomys Bank vole Clethrionomys glareolus (hemorrhagic fever. Table 57 Table 57. 291 bank vole(291a, 291b, 291c paint options, 291d scheme… … Animals of Russia. Directory Subfamily Vole (Microtinae)- The subfamily includes small and medium-sized rodents that are similar in appearance to mice and rats, but usually have a short (less than two-thirds of the body length) tail, small ears and a rounded muzzle. Molar teeth with flat ... ... Biological Encyclopedia Kutsa- Coordinates: 66°42′47″ s. sh. 29°58′43″ E / 66.713056° N sh. 29.978611° E etc. ... Wikipedia |
Mice are rarely spoken of in a respectful tone. Usually they are described as poor, shy, but very harmful rodents. mouse vole- that is no exception.
This small animal can significantly spoil the crop in the garden, and gnaw a hole in the floor at home. Judging by photo, voles outwardly resembles ordinary mice and. At the same time, the muzzle of the inhabitants of the fields is smaller, and the ears and tail are shorter.
Features and habitat of the vole
The animals themselves belong to a large family of rodents and a subfamily. There are more than 140 field species. Almost everyone has their own differences, but there are also common features:
- small size (body length from 7 centimeters);
- short tail(from 2 centimeters);
- small weight (from 15 g);
- 16 teeth without roots (a new one will grow in place of the fallen tooth).
At the same time, roots were found in fossil rodents, but in the process of evolution, field animals lost them. A typical representative is common vole. This is a small rodent (up to 14 centimeters) with a brownish back and a gray belly. Lives near marshes, near rivers and in meadows. In winter, it prefers to move into people's houses.
Some species of field mice live underground (for example, mole voles). On the contrary, they lead a semi-aquatic lifestyle. In this case, terrestrial representatives are most often found. For example, among forest rodents, the most popular are:
- red-backed vole;
- red-gray field mouse;
- bank vole.
All three species are distinguished by mobility, they can climb bushes and small trees. In the tundra, you can “get acquainted” with pied and, which also belong to this subfamily.
About 20 species of field rodents live in Russia. All of them are small. The people of Mongolia East China, Korea and the Far East were less fortunate. Their economy is harmed big vole.
Pictured is a large vole
Pictured is a red vole mouse
Rodents prepare in advance for the cold. Field mice do not hibernate and lead active image life all year. voles in winter feed on supplies from their pantries. It can be seeds, grains, nuts. Most often, the animals do not have enough of their own blanks, which is why they run to people's houses.
However, they do not always enter the house by accident. Sometimes rodents are kept as decorative pets. animal vole can live in a small cage with a metal grate filled with sawdust.
There are usually 2-3 females per male. In winter, it is recommended to transfer to larger cages and leave them in unheated rooms.
Pictured is a red-backed vole
Also, these rodents are used for scientific purposes. Biological and medical experiments are most often carried out on red and steppe vole. If mice are wound up in the apartment “illegally”, you should contact the sanitary and epidemiological station. Voles breed very actively and can significantly damage property.
Nutrition
The owners of such unusual pet, How vole mouse you should know that your pet needs a balanced diet. The daily diet should include:
- vegetables;
- corn;
- cottage cheese;
- meat;
- eggs;
- fresh raw water.
For those who only dream buy vole, it should be understood that these are very voracious rodents, they are able to eat food more than their weight per day.
Many believe that in nature field mice omnivorous. However, this is not quite true. "Menu" directly depends on the habitat. For example, steppe animals feed on grasses and plant roots. In the meadow, rodents choose juicy stems and all kinds of berries. forest voles feast on young shoots and buds, mushrooms, berries and nuts.
Almost all types of mice will not refuse small insects and larvae. water vole, for unknown reasons, likes potatoes and root vegetables. In general, vegetables and fruits from gardens are the favorite food of almost all field mice.
Rodents in in large numbers can cause irreparable damage to the economy. In apartments and houses, mice eat everything they can steal: bread, straw, cheese, sausage, vegetables.
Pictured is a water vole
Reproduction and lifespan
It cannot be said that these are exclusively harmful creatures. In nature, they are an important link in the food chain. Without mice, many predators would starve, including martens and.
However, it is better not to let wild voles near the houses. These are very prolific rodents. IN natural environment in one year, a female can bring from 1 to 7 litters. And each will have 4-6 little mice. IN greenhouse conditions The animals are multiplying even faster.
The pregnancy itself lasts no more than a month. Mice become independent after 1-3 weeks. Captive gray voles become sexually mature at the age of 2-3 months. Pets - a little earlier.
Pictured is a gray vole
The age of these rodents is short, and rarely the mouse survives to the age of two. However, during this short period, vole can give birth to about 100 cubs. That is, a flock of one mouse can completely destroy stocks of root crops for the winter and other products.
Despite the fact that field mice are so prolific, some species are listed in the "Red". Vinogradov's Lemmings are in critical condition, and the Alai Slepushonka is endangered. There are also vulnerable species and voles that are in a state close to threatened.
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