The PO-17 gliding shell parachute system consists of the main and reserve parachutes mounted on the same suspension and fit into one satchel.

Operation of the main parachute. The main parachute is put into action by pulling out the manual opening link located (on the left side) on the harness, or by a semi-automatic parachute.

When jumping from a helicopter, the valves of the main parachute pack open only after 5 seconds of free fall of the parachutist.

When pulling out the manual opening link, the pin comes out of the cord ring and releases the knapsack valves.

The scheme of work is shown in fig. 1:

Rice. 1. Scheme of operation of the main parachute of the PO-17 gliding shell system

A - pilot chute, under the action of a spring mechanism, moves away from the knapsack and enters the air stream;

B - under the action of the resistance force of the pilot chute, the cover with the main parachute stowed in it is pulled out, then the slings of rubber loops and honeycombs;

B - after all the lines are released, the cover comes off and the parachute enters the air stream;

G - under the influence of the oncoming flow, overcoming the resistance force of the corrugation device, the parachute is filled, and the corrugation device goes down;

D - the oncoming flow fills the internal cavity of the dome, and the dome takes a wing-like shape. The system starts a gliding descent in braking mode. At the same time, grasping the control links, the parachutist pulls the control lines, while the control line fixation knot is untied, and the system glides in maximum speed mode.

After the dome leaves the cover, under the action of the forces of the oncoming flow, its surface tends to straighten out, but this is counteracted by tension forces

slings, forces of resistance of the corrugation device to the oncoming flow, forces of friction of the rings of the corrugation device on the lines of the dome. As a result of the interaction of these forces, the process of filling the canopy slows down and this reduces the dynamic load on the skydiver at the time of filling the canopy.

After filling the canopy, the parachutist removes the manual opening link into a pocket located on the harness system on the left side.

The work of the reserve parachute. The reserve parachute is put into action in case of failure of the main one. The most reliable operation of the reserve parachute is ensured when the canopy of the main parachute is completely detached. To do this, the parachutist pulls out< подушечку>release link located on the right side of the harness. When it is pulled out of the cones, two cables simultaneously exit and free the free ends of the suspension system with the failed main dome.

To activate the reserve parachute, it is necessary to pull out the manual deployment link located on the right side of the harness. At the same time, two pins come out of the loops and the valves of the knapsack diverge, under the action of the spring mechanism and the air flow, the pilot chute moves away from the knapsack, pulling the dome from the knapsack and the lines from the honeycombs at the bottom of the knapsack.

After the slings leave the cells of the satchel, the bundle of slings laid in three rubber loops is unchecked. Under the action of the oncoming flow, overcoming the resistance force of the rings of the corrugation system moving down the lines to the rings of the suspension system, the canopy is filled and the system begins a gliding descent at maximum speed.

When the reefing process is delayed, the parachutist acts on the reefing system by retracting the control lines.

The scheme of operation of the reserve parachute is shown in fig. 2.

Rice. Fig. 2. Scheme of operation of the reserve parachute of the PO-17 gliding shell system

After opening the reserve parachute, it is possible that the pile "lightning" on the internal fuses forming a pocket will not open. To open the pocket, it is necessary to unfasten the pile “zipper” with your hand.

Control of the main parachute.

The parachutist controls the main parachute with the help of two control lines, one ends of which are fixed on the rear edge of the canopy, the other ends are brought to the rear free ends of the harness and end with control links for easy gripping by hands.

Reserve parachute control.

The parachutist controls the reserve parachute with the help of two control lines, one end of which is attached to the lines 1L and 1P, and the other is brought to the harness and ends with control rings.

The reserve parachute provides, when the paratrooper descends, horizontal movement forward and turns of the canopy in any direction by retracting one of the control lines.

The device and operation of the components of the parachute system

Parachutes

Retractable parachutes (two) with an area of ​​0.6 m² each, designed: one for pulling the main parachute canopy out of the pack, and the other for pulling the reserve parachute canopy out of the pack and tensioning the parachute corrugation system at the time of its filling.

Pilot chute (Fig. 3).

Rice. 3. Retractable parachute:

1 - overlay; 2 - base of the dome; 3 - pen; 4 - cone; 5 - spring; 6 - bridle

It consists of a dome base, a cone with feathers and a spring.

The base of the hexagonal dome is made of fabric art. 56005crKP.

To strengthen the base of the dome, a frame made of LTKR-13-70 tape is sewn onto it, and LTKP-15-185 tape is sewn along the lower edge.

The cone is made of fabric art. 56005krKP, feathers - fabric art. 56267krP.

On the sides, the feathers are bent and slings are passed into the hem, the ends of which are attached to the base of the dome. Slings are made of ShKP-60 cord.

The dome thimble is formed by slings that run inside the ShTKP-15-550 cord and serves to connect to the corrugation system.

A cone-shaped spring is inserted inside the cone of the parachute, which puts the parachute into action. The spring is closed from above with a round overlay made of fabric art. 56260crPL.

parachute main

Rice. 4. Canopy of the main parachute:

1 - top cloth; 2 - ribs; 3 - bottom panel; 4 - slings; 5 - free ends of the suspension system; 6 - control link; 7 - corrugation device; 8 - control lines; 9 - additional slings; 10 - link

Basic parachute (area 22 m²). Designed for controlled descent of a parachutist (Fig. 4).

The dome of a parachute with a double shell has a rectangular shape in plan, consists of the lower and upper panels, interconnected by ribs. The top panel of the dome is made of fabric art. 52188, bottom panel and side ribs - fabric art. 56005krKP, other ribs are made of fabric art. 56011AP.

On the ribs, reinforced with tape LTKP-15-185, there are 26 loops to which slings are attached. The other ends of these lines are tied to the free ends of the harness. The slings are made of a ShTSvm-3-200 borehole.

Two control lines from the ShKKr-190 borehole are attached to additional lines located on the trailing edge of the parachute. Each of the two control lines is mounted on one of the rear risers of the harness. For the convenience of the parachutist's actions in the air, control links are attached to the control lines. Each control line has a mark to which the line is shortened when laying.

On the upper shell of the dome there is a link with a loop for connecting a pilot chute. To reduce dynamic loads at the time of filling the dome, a corrugation device is mounted on the parachute lines.

At the lower edge of the right side rib, between the lines 4P and 5P, there is a factory marking.

Control link (Fig. 5). Designed for ease of sling management, consists of a large loop with a ring. The link is made of tape LTKrP 40-700.

Rice. 5. Control link:

1 - the loop is large; 2 - small loop with a ring; 3 - textile fastener

The large loop is designed to be gripped by hand, the small one is for attaching control lines. There is a textile fastener for connecting the control link to the suspension system.

The corrugation device is designed to reduce dynamic loads when filling the dome, it consists of a panel with ribbons to which four rings are attached. Two pockets are sewn in the upper part of the cloth (Fig. 6).

Rice. 6. Corrugation device.

1 - cloth; 2 - ring; 3 - pockets

The panel and pockets are made of fabric art. 56005crKP. A rectangular hole was made between the rings on the cloth, sewn up with fabric art. 56011AP.

reserve parachute

Rice. 7. View of the open canopy of the reserve parachute of the PO-17 system:

1 - exhaust parachute; 2 - dome; 3 - suspension system; 4 - satchel; 5 - manual opening link

The reserve parachute (Fig. 7) is designed for safe controlled descent and landing of a parachutist in case of failure or failure. normal operation main parachute.

The area of ​​the parachute dome is 27 m², in plan it has the shape of two triangles connected together along one of the sides; each triangle consists of two panels and five straight-cut wedges (Fig. 8).

Rice. 8. The device of the reserve parachute of the PO-17 system:

1 - cloth; 2 - reinforcing tapes; 3 - ring; 4 - slings; 5 - tape of the suspension system; 6 - control line; 7 - corrugated tape; 8, 9 - pockets; 10 - laying tapes; a - holes

The wedges of the triangle panels are sewn with a “lock” seam. The dome is made of fabric art. 56005krKP and reinforced with tape LTKP-13-70, the lower edge of the dome is reinforced with tape LTKP-15-185.

Along the seam of the connection of two triangles, a tape LTKP-40-150 is sewn, on which 5 eyelets with a sewing washer are placed for attaching double dome lines 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.

The dome corrugation device consists of two rings sliding along the dome lines and interconnected by one end of the corrugation tape. The second end of the corrugated tape passes through the dome grommet to the pilot chute. Corrugated tape is made of LTKP-26-600 tape.

Six lines are sewn along the lower edge of the dome (1P, 2P, ZP, 4P, 5P, 6P and 1L, 2L, ZL, 4L, 5L, 6L). At the junction of two triangles - seven double lines (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7), At the place where the first lines are sewn, there are two 1A lines, each of which is 400 mm longer than line 1.

For laying slings 1A on the reinforcing tape (on the inside of the dome at a distance of 60 mm from the bottom edge) there is a pocket made of LTKP-40-150 tape and a cord loop with a rubber loop. Slings 1, 1A, 1P, 1L, 2P, ZL, ZP are made of the ShTSvm-4-450 cord, the rest of the slings are made of the ShTSvm-3-200 cord; the ends of the slings are tied to the half-ring buckles of the suspension system tape.

To improve the filling of the dome on its rear edge, there are four pockets.

To facilitate the laying of the parachute system, identification sleeves are sewn to the lines at the lower edge, in the place of stitching the panels on the reinforcing tapes of the lines 6P, 6L, 5P, 5L, 4P, 4L, ZP, ZL, 2P, 2L, laying tapes are sewn.

On the lower edge of the parachute, at the place where the triangles are joined, to the left of the lines, their serial numbers are indicated.

Control lines from the ShTSvm-4-450 cord are attached to lines 1P and 1L at a distance of 650 mm from the lower edge of the parachute. Each of them is mounted on one of the belts of the suspension system.

For the convenience of the parachutist in the air, control loops with a textile fastener are attached to the control lines.

Textile clasp rings are attached to the tapes of the suspension system. On slings 1 and 2, at a distance of 120 mm from the half-ring buckles of each pair, limiters are sewn from the ShTSvm-4-450 cord, designed to limit the course of the rings of the corrugation system.

On the dome at the lower edge on the right side between the lines 1 and 1P there is a factory marking.

The harness (Fig. 9) is the connecting link between the parachutes (main and reserve) and the skydiver.

Rice. 9. Suspension system:

1 - rings; 2 - free ends of the main parachute; 3 - free ends of the reserve parachute; 4 - big ring; 5 - small ring; 6 - cone with a plate; 7 - pocket for the link of manual opening of the main parachute; 8, 16 - rubber honeycombs; 9 - ribbon with a buckle with a jumper; 10 - pull up the knapsack; 11 - buckle; 12 - buckle with a jumper; 13 - leg girth; 14 - fuse; 15 - pocket for the link of manual opening of the reserve parachute; 17 - chest jumper; 18 - rope pocket; 19, 22 - textile fasteners; 20, 21 - belt loops; 23 - ring; 24 - control ring; 25 - jumper

Made from LTKOkr-44-1600 tape and consists of the following parts:

  • two straps (left and right);
  • two pairs of free ends;
  • two leg loops;
  • two control rings;
  • fuses;
  • two pull-up bands.

The left and right straps with leg loops and pull-up bands are the load-bearing elements of the suspension system.

A chest strap is attached to the right shoulder strap, and a ribbon with a buckle and a bridge is attached to the left shoulder strap.

Each strap in the lower part has buckles to which leg loops and pull-up bands are connected, and in the upper part it forms tapes for connecting to a satchel and free ends with half-ring buckles for mounting reserve parachute lines. On the rear sides of the free ends there are rings through which the reserve parachute control lines pass and there is a textile fastener for attaching two parachute control rings.

The half-ring buckles are interconnected by a jumper.

On the left strap (at chest level) there is a pocket for the manual opening link of the main parachute, on the right - a pocket for the manual opening link of the reserve parachute.

Both pockets are formed (between the straps of the front strap) by a transverse stitch of ribbons and paper clips.

Honeycombs are sewn into the pockets to prevent falling out of the cones of the rings of the manual opening links.

The suspension system has two pairs of free ends for connecting the main dome to them. In the upper part of the risers there are four rings for connecting canopy lines and control lines of the main parachute. There are textile fasteners on the rear risers for fixing the control link of the main parachute.

In the lower part, the free ends end with buckles, with which they are connected to the right and left straps of the suspension system, and pockets, in which the ends of the detachment link cable are placed.

Each strap has a cone with a plate, a large and a small ring, which, when connected to the buckles of the free ends of the main parachute and secured to the cable of the detachment link, form ring locking devices (KZU).

Leg loops have buckles with a jumper, which serve to close them.

Pull-up straps connected to the buckles of the left and right straps are designed to pull the satchel up to the skydiver's body.

On the right and left straps there are loops for attaching parachute hoses.

For proper connection of the risers to the harness, the front riser is marked with an "L". Length of free ends 550 mm.

The harness has guards for the leg loops, designed to soften the impact when filling the canopy of the parachute.

Knapsack.

It is intended for laying in it a spare, main (in a case), pilot chutes, free ends of the harness, mounting a parachute semiautomatic device.

Rice. 10. Knapsack of the PO-17 system (appearance):

1 - collar; 2, 14 - flexible hoses; 3 - left valve; 4 - side valve; 5 - fuse; 6 - eyelets with a sew-on washer; 7 - device pockets; 8 - the basis of the satchel; 9 - lower valve of the base of the knapsack; 10 - intermediate valve; 11 - cord ring; 12 - buckle with a jumper; 13 - right valve; 15 - handle; 16 - laid on bottom

Rice. 11. Knapsack of the PO-17 system (internal view):

1 - belt loop; 2 - fuse right; 3 - fuse; 4 - top valve; 5 - lower fuse; 6 - rubber loops; 7 - middle valve; 8 - loop; 9 - valve; 10 - honeycomb; 11 - fuse left; 12 - top fuse

The knapsack (Fig. 10 and 11) is made of fabric art. 56260krPL and consists of two compartments.

A reserve parachute is placed in the upper compartment, and the main one is placed in the lower one.

The upper compartment has valves: left, right, side, upper, middle valve of the base of the knapsack.

The middle flap serves as the bottom flap for the top compartment and the top flap for the bottom compartment. Along the perimeter of the upper compartment, upper and lower fuses are sewn on the inside, which prevent the reserve parachute from being blown away by the air stream.

To hold the valves in the closed position, they have a locking device consisting of four eyelets with a sew-on washer and two loops passed through the blocks and located on the middle valve.

The locking device is covered with a fuse and fastened with a textile fastener.

A loop is sewn to the right side valve for passing a flexible hose through it.

A collar is sewn to the base of the satchel at the top valve, on which flexible hoses, left and right fuses are mounted, blocking the pocket of the manual opening link of the main parachute, the detachment link; valves separating the free ends of the reserve parachute from the free ends of the main parachute; loops for passing flexible hoses.

At the bottom of the upper compartment there are two pairs of rubber loops for laying reserve parachute lines in them.

The lower compartment is formed by four valves: two lateral, lower (the base of the knapsack) and the middle one.

On the left side valve (on the outside) there is a pocket for the device, a valve to cover the device hose; a loop through which a flexible hose is passed; plate for fastening the hose of a semi-automatic parachute; valve that closes the locking device. The flaps are fastened with a textile fastener.

On the inside of the middle valve there is a valve with a rubber honeycomb, with the help of which the intermediate valve of the lower valve of the base of the knapsack is clicked in and thereby the main parachute, stowed in a case, is separated from the exhaust one.

To hold the valves of the lower compartment in the closed position, they have a locking device consisting of three eyelets with a sew-on washer and a cord ring.

At the bottom of the knapsack from the outside (to give it rigidity) LTKPkr-40-700 tapes are sewn, and along the lower edge - LTKOkr-44-1600 tape, which ends with buckles with a jumper for pulling the knapsack to the parachutist's body. The bottom of the satchel is closed with a false bottom, under which there is a polyurethane foam pad.

Shoulder girths made of LTKOkr-44-1600 tape are sewn to the upper part of the satchel (they are connected with hanging system), handle for carrying the parachute system and a pocket for storing the tightening tape.

The flexible hose is designed to give the desired direction to the cable of the manual opening link at the moment of pulling out the pins and to protect the cable from accidental engagement (Fig. 12).

Rice. 12. Flexible hose:

1 - flexible sleeve; 2 - cap

The hose is made of metal flexible sleeve. The ends of the hose are tucked into caps.

The flexible hose of the main parachute is attached at one end to the left valve of the lower compartment of the satchel, and at the other end to the harness.

The flexible hose of the reserve parachute is passed through the loop of the right side valve of the backpack at one end, and is attached to the harness system at the other.

The length of the flexible hose for both parachutes is the same - 650 mm.

Main parachute manual deployment link

The manual opening link of the main parachute (Fig. 13) consists of an exhaust ring, a cable, a pin and a limiter.

Rice. 13. Link manual disclosure of the main parachute system PO-17:

1 - hairpin; 2 - cable; 3 - ring; 4 - limiter; 5 - bracket

A stud is fixed at one end of the cable, and a limiter at the other.

The manual release link stud is designed to close the cord ring through the valve grommets.

The length of the manual opening link cable from the limiter to the end of the stud is 900 mm, the length of the stud is 38 mm.

The manual release link cable runs inside the hollow pull ring. The ring is made of a steel pipe with a diameter of 10 mm. A bracket is welded to it, which is inserted into a pocket located on the left strap of the suspension system. For convenience of grasping by hand, the ring in relation to the bracket is bent at an angle of 135°.

Reserve parachute manual deployment link

The reserve parachute manual deployment link consists of an exhaust ring, a cable and studs. A limiter is fixed at one end of the cable, and two pins at the other (Fig. 14).

Rice. 14. Manual deployment link, reserve parachute system PO-17:

1 - ring; 2 - cable; 3 - hairpins; 4 - bracket; 5 - limiter

Studs 32 mm long are located one from the other at a distance of 90 mm.

The length of the manual release link cable from the limiter to the end of the last pin is 842 mm.

The ring is made of a steel pipe with a diameter of 10 mm. A bracket is welded to it, which is inserted into a pocket located on the right strap of the suspension system.

Main parachute cover

The main parachute cover (Fig. 15) has a valve, eyelets with a sew-on washer, a pocket, honeycombs and loops.

Eyelets with a sew-on washer on the valve and honeycomb serve to close the laid dome in the cover, loops - for laying slings. A link to the pilot chute passes through the grommet (with a sewing washer) in the upper part of the cover.

Pocket for easy stowage

Rice. 15. Cover of the main parachute of the PO-17 system:

1 - valve; 2 - eyelet with a sewing washer; 3 - loop; 4 - honeycomb; 5 - pocket.

3vein disconnect

Designed to disconnect the free ends of the main parachute in case of its failure. The link consists (Fig. 16) of the base of the link and the cable.

Rice. 16. Detachment link of the main dome of the PO-17 system:

1 - the basis of the link; 2 - textile fastener; 3 - blocks; 4 - cable

The base of the link is made of fabric art. 56260krPL, inserts - from LTKOkr-44-1600 tape and gaskets - from polyurethane foam. The base of the link has the shape of a “cushion”, which is convenient for gripping by hand. A cable is passed through the pulley installed on the basis of the link, forming a loop and two ends 260 and 1060 mm long for closing the ring locking device on the suspension system. The loop of the cable is fixed with a sleeve, and the ends of the cable are soldered.

The link is held on the suspension system with a textile fastener between the right strap and the fuse.

On the base of the detachment link, on the front side, the sign “B” is applied, indicating that the detachment link belongs to the PO-17 parachute system.

The exhaust link is designed to turn on the semi-automatic parachute (Fig. 17), made of LTKL-15-900 tape. The length of the exhaust link is 3000 mm.

At one end of the link there is a carabiner, at the other - a loop for attaching the halyard of the flexible pin of the parachute semi-automatic

Rice. 17. Exhaust link:

1 - tape; 2 - loop; 3 - signal clutch; 4 - carbine

It is made from the ShKP-200 cord in two additions.

There are loops at the ends of the halyard (Fig. 18). The length of the halyard is 130 mm.

Locking thread for parachute semiautomatic device PPK-U-240AD made of cotton yarn 15.4 tex. X6XZ.

Rice. 18. Flexible hairpin halyard

Hose to ensure directional movement of the release link cable and to protect the cable from accidental snagging.

It is made of a metal shell, the ends of which are soldered and the ends are polished. The hose is attached at one end to the right strap of the suspension system (passed through the collar), the other - to the left.

Hose length 750 mm.

Earring for pulling out the pin of the manual opening of the main parachute pack using the PPK-U-240AD device (Fig. 19).

It is made of D16T metal and is attached to the device loop.

Rice. 19. Earring.

Semiautomatic device PPK-U-240AD. Hose length 240 mm, rope - 397 mm, loops - 19 mm, halyard - 130 mm.

Carrying bag of rectangular shape made of fabric art. 56039PL or fabrics art. 56260crPL.

Bag dimensions 260X590X600 mm.

Each canopy can be described with the help of the following characteristics: wing shape, its inclination and loading. The first and second are determined by the design, the latter by the pilot himself. Each of these characteristics determines how a particular parachute will fly. If you understand what these characteristics mean, you can - without even jumping on this canopy - with a high probability of guessing how it will fly. The shape of the wing is determined by the aspect ratio and the profile. Elongation is the ratio of span (the width between the side edges) to the chord (the distance between the leading and trailing edges). The profile is the ratio of wing height to chord. The slope determines at what angle to the apparent wind a particular wing shape will achieve the best balance of performance. And loading is the "power" that the pilot decides to put on the system.

Aspect Ratio In theory, high aspect ratio canopies fly faster -- because the greater the aspect ratio, the lower the profile drag value relative to the lift produced. In other words, a 200-foot nine-section canopy has more lift than a 200-foot seven-section canopy, although they will have the same airfoil drag. Why not make a 200-foot 11-section with a very high aspect ratio then?

In practice, an elongation of about 3 to 1 is the limit. With a larger elongation, the designer faces several problems. Unlike an airplane wing, a parachute does not have a rigid frame and maintains its shape due to air pressure. A parachute flies well only when every section is full. The greater the elongation, the more difficult it is to maintain pressure in the extreme sections. In addition, more lines and ribs will be required to maintain the correct shape. And that means more resistance.

High aspect ratio canopies have shorter toggle travel and are therefore more responsive to inputs. They tend to enter the stall more abruptly, and on recovery fill less evenly than domes with lower elongation. A canopy with a higher aspect ratio takes longer to initiate a turn -- but once the turn has begun, it is faster than a smaller aspect ratio canopy of the same size. In addition, a canopy with a higher aspect ratio will have more parts (sections, ribs and lines) - which means more stowage volume.

Difficulties in maintaining pressure in the sections, increased resistance and the need for special control over deployment - all this has led to the fact that the largest aspect ratio domes currently on the market have not crossed the 3/1 ratio. The aspect ratio of most 9-section parachutes is close to 3/1; most 7-section is in the range from 1 to 2.2.

7-sections are more predictable in terms of filling and stalling - that's why almost all PZs have 7 sections. The same applies to canopies for precision jumps, dome acrobatics and BASE - varieties of sports where the stability of the opening and behavior on low speeds more important than speed and planning.

Profile
The profile of the dome is determined by the shape of the ribs - this is the side view of the dome. In general terms, in order to create lift, a slow-flying wing must have a thick profile (there is an explanation for this in the first chapter - you just need to use your brains!). reverse side is that a thick profile creates more resistance than a thin one. The profile height of parachutes for precision and canopy jumps is 15 to 18 percent of the chord, while high-speed canopies for RW can have this figure as low as 10%. Although the thinner airfoil flies faster, it has less lift potential at low speeds, more stall and sharper turns. No less important is the curvature of the wing profile. If the center of lift is shifted forward, the canopy will have a high sink rate and very stable inflation. Moving the center of lift back improves planning, but worsens filling. Combining this offset with high aspect ratio will cause the leading edge corners to fold in corners. Elliptical domes are designed to solve this problem: the rounding of the leading edge and the reduction in the length of the outer sections increase the filling of the outer sections. As an added benefit, elliptical canopies are more responsive (because more of the outer edge responds to toggle input), making them very agile.

Conclusion B in general terms, the shape of the profile determines the following difference between 7 and 9-section domes of the same area:

A 7-cell canopy is more predictable in opening, has a slightly smaller stacking volume than a 9-cell canopy of the same size, and is less prone to overlap failures. In the event of a partial failure, the 7-section will behave more calmly (it will lose height more slowly and generally behave less aggressively).

The 9-section will have a flatter glide angle, giving it a bit more range. He has a "longer" pillow, which simplifies its implementation, but it will take longer to "run out" from the landing.

The 7-section is more stable at low speeds, gives more "warnings" before entering a stall, and is more predictable when exiting it.

A 9-section can have more horizontal speed - an advantage when flying in windy conditions.

The term refers to the weight that a parachute carries. This is probably the most important factor determining the flight performance of modern parachutes. In America, loading is defined as a pound/square foot ratio. The value in pounds is the weight of you and your equipment. Square feet are specified by the manufacturer. Divide the weight in feet by the area in square feet to calculate the load. For example, I weigh 190 pounds, and my equipment is 25 more (system, suit, etc.). Together my total weight is 215 pounds. If I jump with a 205 square foot canopy, my load will be 1.05. A student of the same weight as me under the Manta Canopy (288 feet) will have a load of 0.75. Another parachutist of the same weight under the Saber-150 will have a load of 1.43. Many manufacturers list a recommended maximum (and sometimes minimum) load for each dome.

As a rule, the larger the load, the higher the flight performance. At low load, the canopy flies and reacts sluggishly. Increasing the load increases the horizontal and vertical speeds. As speed increases, turns become faster and control more sensitive. Remember that lift increases with speed -- a high load means the cushion will be deeper than a lighter load. But since everything happens much faster, you have less room for error. The larger the load, the more dangerous partial failures become.

The slope affects the chock in the same way as the glide angle. A high pitch canopy will have a short flare but will be more stable in deceleration and will recover faster from a stall.

There is a limit at which the benefits of high loading begin to be exhausted. Using the horizontal and vertical speed recorders while testing various modern canopies, I have found that at loads over 1.5, the only performance that continues to improve is turn speed and overall responsiveness. The more weight, the sharper angle planning (the dome loses height faster), and the horizontal speed does not increase. For the average canopy pilot, loading from 1.4 doesn't seem to me to bring positive results - the sink rate increases, but the horizontal speed and glide characteristics do not. With an increase in load, the speed of entering the stall (the moment of flow stall) also increases.

For slow, soft landings, and for jumps to areas well above sea level, choose a low load of 0.7 to 0.9.

For a good balance of safety and performance, jump with 1 to 1 loading.

Want a fast dome? Jump with loading from 1.1 to 1.3. Piloting a canopy with a load greater than 1.3 means that you are moving into the category of testers - the canopy flies to the limit of its capabilities. Professionals are constantly jumping from 1.4 to 1.6 - but they jump every day, in the same conditions. Changes in landing site, altitude, or other factors make these loadings moot.

As a general rule, zero-permeability fabric canopies and 9-cells are safer at high loads than F-111 7-cells. A skydiver who jumps on an old 0.8-load 7-section can, after some training, safely jump on a 9-section from zero with a 1.1 load.

Tilt Tilt and parachute settings have great value for flight performance. Slope is the design angle of the dome. If you lower the nose of the dome, the rate of descent and stability will increase. Conversely, if the nose is raised higher, the canopy will glide better - but will also be more susceptible to the influence of turbulence and the danger of folding. Such a dome will also take longer to fill after deformation. Typically, canopies for precision and canopy are tilted down (higher pitch), while canopies for RW are flatter.

The length of the control lines also affects the performance of the canopy. Control lines that are too long reduce the effectiveness of the inputs. This can also result in the pilot not being able to use the canopy's full potential during the flare moment. If the lines are too short, the canopy will operate in light braking mode all the time, and during the flare it will be easy to enter the stall. Change the line length by just one inch and it will make a big difference in your canopy cushion. If you find it difficult to slow down on a calm day, chances are your control lines are too long. If your canopy starts to dance on landing and is easy to stall, you may want to lengthen the control lines.

The slope does not always depend only on the manufacturer's settings. Over time, the lines stretch and wear out. On high speed canopies, changing the line length by one to two inches makes a big difference. It is necessary to periodically change the lines, as their wear changes the slope. However, many skydivers who methodically change the oil and tires on their cars never think about the fact that their canopy is also subject to time.

Materials The standard parachute material in the 80s and early 90s was F-111 fabric (named after the factory where it was made). Then zero-permeability fabrics (zero-p) began to dominate the market. Compared to the "null" F-111 is not as expensive and easier to handle - which makes parachutes from it cheaper. They are also easier to lay because they release air more easily. However, they wear out faster. The canopy of the F-111 retains its original characteristics for the first 300 jumps. For another 300 jumps it will still fly well, but by the end of the next 300 jumps it will lose a lot (up to 20 percent or more) of its initial characteristics. Few F-111 parachutes are good for anything after 1000 jumps.

The Nulevka is more expensive than the F-111 and harder to work with - that's why Nulevka domes are more expensive. However, the high cost is offset by several advantages. Zero fabric canopies hold their shape better and allow less air to pass through, giving them better flight performance than the equivalent F-111 canopy. They also "live" much longer - zero fabric canopies can fly just fine when they're well past 1000 jumps. The disadvantage is that they are more difficult to style (this requires a certain habit, which comes after a couple of dozen styling).
Some domes use both types of fabric. This works great too.

Lines There are two main materials for parachute lines - regular dacron (thick lines) and microline (or spectrum) - thin lines. Microline is more expensive than Dacron, which increases the cost of the parachute. However, due to the fact that microline lines are much thinner, they reduce drag - this gives about a 5% improvement in performance compared to canopies with regular lines. Microline is very durable and, unlike Dacron, does not stretch under stress. This means that it transfers the impact more strongly when opening. Over time, the microline also shrinks unevenly, which disrupts the canopy tilt settings. Some feel that it is more difficult to bundle and that it is not suitable for dome acrobatics.

Other modifications
Most skydiving equipment comes in a fairly standard configuration. However, there are a number of small modifications to the risers and canopy that can improve performance. Not all of them are suitable for every skydiver, but individual "sharpening" of equipment can bring up to 15 percent improvement in performance. There are two types of modifications - some reduce drag, others improve control.

Slider The slider is needed on deployment -- but once the canopy is open, it's no longer needed. From now on, he is a burden. If you think its resistance is negligible, stick the open slider out of the car window at 25 miles per hour. Another positive point is that if you remove the slider, the canopy will be able to expand more (it will lessen its curvature and it will fly more "flat"). By removing the slider, you not only improve flight performance, but there is also an aesthetic side to it: you remove the source of noise and significantly increase visibility.

There are several ways to deal with the slider. Each method has its pros and cons. The main disadvantage of any method is that you will have to tinker with the slider after opening. Remember that slider collapse is far less important than flight control - relative to other skydivers and the drop zone. So don't start fiddling with the slider until you've chosen a safe path to the landing area.

The most common way to get rid of the slider is to drag it down and either press it under the chin or fasten it behind the back of the head with Velcro sewn to the collar of the overalls. The advantage of this method is that it is very simple, it practically does not increase the styling time, and it is simply impossible to screw up with it on styling. However, if you have thick risers, it won't work. If you tuck the slider under your chin, it may slide out and block your view. If you have attached the slider to the back of the head, and your canopy is tangled with another canopy or there was a failure - when unhooking, the canopy may remain with you! Both have happened, with dire consequences. Also, if you don't have big enough stops (bumpers) on the risers, don't try to make it easier to pull the slider off with too big grommets - otherwise you will have a spectacular failure!

A fairly common way is to leave the slider in place, but collapse it with a string. In fact, in this way you achieve only noise reduction and a slight decrease in resistance. Although this is the simplest of all possible solutions, it is also the most inefficient.

The two-piece slider is a fairly common item on canopies for accuracy, because it allows the canopy to expand as much as possible. This method works well with wide freebies and is quite simple. It is good for slow domes because the resistance from the two parts of the "split" slider has no of great importance for precision domes - they already have a lot of resistance. From an aesthetic point of view, shared sliders look pretty ugly.

The last option is to remove the slider altogether. Removable sliders use a loop and pin (like the small toggle loop) that attaches the eyelet to the fabric. To remove the slider, you need to pull the loop in the middle of the slider (where the cords from the four corners converge). One movement - and the fabric is in your hands. Now you need to hide the slider in your overalls or somewhere else where you won't lose it. The slider eyelets remain at the free ends. Before laying, the slider will have to be attached back - this increases the laying time by a minute or two. Since you absolutely don't want to have it attached incorrectly by mistake, it's important to be careful when putting the slider back in place.

Collapsible pilot chutes
Collapsible fume hood -- another one easy way parachute modifications. There are two types. The bungee-cord collapsible ones are good for their simplicity - they, unlike the kill-line version, do not need to be collapsed. The disadvantage of the first type is that if the elastic band is worn out or when opening at low speed, the jellyfish may not fill up and this will lead to a high-speed failure ("exhaust in tow"). With a jellyfish on a cord, the opposite is true - this type works great with almost any opening option. But if you forget to collapse it, you get exactly the same refusal. If you understand your collapsed pilot chute and keep it in good condition, you won't have any problems.

Both types use a thicker and stiffer brace than non-collapsible fume hoods. This increases the likelihood that when stuffing a jellyfish into a pocket, the bridle will be tied into a knot. I've seen cases like this a few times, and I think they happen more often with collapsible hoods -- so be careful with your styling technique.

Riser Control with front risers greatly enhances the piloting possibilities. However, standard risers can be difficult to handle. Moreover, during the turn, the centrifugal force increases the weight and with it the load on the risers. Thus, most advanced pilots prefer to have some kind of "handle" attached to the front ends. Usually these are either loops or "knots" ("blocks").

Loops are loops. "Knots" is a certain additional material or a metal ring sewn below where your hand holds the free end. The "knot" prevents the loose end from slipping through your hand when you apply force to it. The advantage of the hinges is that they do not stick out and cannot catch on anything when opened. However, you need to get used to inserting (and pulling out) your palms into them. "Knots" are easier - you just grab the free end. Open your palm - and you release the free one. This is why dome pilots and many advanced pilots use knots.

Some high aspect ratio small canopy pilots use three pairs of risers instead of two. The third pair is used for control lines. This modification, like a removable slider, allows the canopy to expand, improving its shape and, accordingly, its flight characteristics. The fact that the third pair of risers is rare suggests that in this case the improvement in flight performance is not always worth the complexity of the system.

And another modification is "locks", which allow the pilot to mechanically lock the front risers under a certain tension. Locks were often used by dome builders in the early and mid 80s. They make the free end thicker and are extremely rarely used.

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PARACHUTE

The word "parachute" is French, it means: "a device that prevents falling." More precisely, a parachute is a device that slows down the fall of a body in the air.

HOW THE PARACHUTE IS WORKED

A modern parachute is a huge dome made of thin but strong fabric (Fig. LEFT), to which a load or a person is suspended using a large number of lines. We know that every load dropped from a height falls rapidly down. If you attach a parachute to the load, then the fall will become many times slower, since the parachute will slow down (slow down) "the fall of the load. This phenomenon is caused by a large resistance that occurs when the parachute moves in the air, which is not difficult to check. If you pick up an open umbrella, which is a small parachute, and quickly move it down, you can feel the force of air resistance to the movement of the umbrella with your hand (Fig. 12) At the same time, you can notice that with slow movement, the umbrella “resists” weaker, and with fast movement, stronger.

The resistance force depends on the size of the dome. The canopy of a parachute has a much larger surface than the canopy of an umbrella, and therefore its resistance is very high.

A modern parachute is folded in a special way, so that the whole thing fits into a relatively small satchel. The inventor of the backpack parachute is our compatriot Gleb Evgenievich Kotelnikov, who patented this device in October 1911 - Modern backpack parachute is always with the pilot, on board the aircraft. At any moment, a pilot can parachute out of an aircraft if any danger threatens his life.

Many attempts to build a parachute are known from history. So, in the 12th century, a Georgian youth who lived in the village of Khertvisi, Akhalkalaki region, built something like an umbrella from shingles and willow twigs and jumped off the tower with it. The descent took place safely, but the young man at the moment of landing stumbled upon the tip of the ax that was with him, and died from the wound.

A similar descent was made by a certain Simeon in the thirties, years of the 18th century.

The more and more developing aviation also demanded an apparatus on which a pilot could escape in case of an accident with an airplane. Many inventors took up the design of an aircraft parachute. Such were the French Vasser (1909) and Hervier (1910), the Austrian Reichelt (1912) and many others. But they could not create a reliable and light parachute. Such aviation parachute created in 1911 by our compatriot G. E. Kotelnikov.

A parachute is also used to drop cargo, ammunition and food from aircraft. During the Great Patriotic War, our aviation dropped armed paratroopers behind enemy lines - "paratroopers", often along with ammunition, mortars and light guns; parachutes dropped cargo for the partisans.

In the former Soviet Union, the training of paratroopers was put on a wide scale. This was done by the Voluntary Society for Assistance to the Army, Aviation and Navy (DOSAAF). Many thousands of skydivers-athletes were trained by the Society.

Our athletes have won a large number of world records. Among them are such as V. Romanyuk, who jumped from a height of 13,400 m, E. Vladimirskaya, from a height of 10,370 m. Sultanova. In addition to these outstanding achievements set during the day, our athletes have a number of records set at night. These include the jump of E. Vladimirskaya from a height of 10,370 m, L. Maznichenko from a height of 7,421 m, a fall with an unopened parachute (opening delay) over 9,726 m at P. Storchienko and 8,326 m at V. Seliverstova.

Now parachuting has become widespread throughout Russia, and even a non-professional can jump from almost any height, of course, with appropriate training.

Altimeter- cm. parachute altimeter.

aneroid- hermetically sealed container designed to determine atmospheric pressure by comparing it with the pressure of the gas inside the container.

Aerodrome- (from the Greek. aer - air and dromos - running, a place to run) A land plot with air space, structures and equipment that provide take-off, landing, placement and maintenance of aircraft, helicopters and gliders. Not to be confused with the airport.

Base- 1. formation of one or more paratroopers (possibly with open parachutes), who decided not to move anywhere and wait for the rest. 2. The position in space from which the skydiver must start attacking the target when working on accuracy.

Boss- an element in the form of a ball, pillow or short tube. Attaches to a soft jellyfish, drogue, etc. for convenience as a grip.

Rope- slang. 1. jump on . 2. Exhaust halyard pulling the cover off the parachute.

Mi-8 helicopter- a type of LA. Not to be confused with by plane An-2.

pinwheel- slang. Mi-8 helicopter.

Wingsuit- a special suit that improves the quality of planning of a parachutist who has not yet opened his parachute.

Issuing- a person responsible for the strict implementation of the established procedure when paratroopers leave the aircraft (including sighting). Communicates with others, as a rule, publicly available signs and gestures. Looks at paratroopers from above.

Branch height- testimony parachute altimeter in the moment branches.

Parachute altimeter- a device designed to measure the height of a paratrooper during free fall and when descending under a parachute.

Pull ring- a ring pulled out (hence the name) by a paratrooper from suspension system to open the parachute.

pilot chute- cm. exhaust parachute.

Vyazanka- entanglement of two or more parachutes when working on dome acrobatics, as well as knocking down the formation of group acrobats.

Gazir- Textile pocket with elastic band. Designed for laying a beam in it sling.

chest jumper- Part suspension system designed to hold the parachutist in the harness.

group acrobatics- direction parachuting. It consists in the high-speed construction (rebuilding) of figures by a group of paratroopers in free fall.

crush pillow- (colloquial) briefly extinguish the speed of a parachute type wing by pulling the control lines and thereby changing the trajectory of its flight. The effect is possible only due to the reserve speed of the parachute type wing.

Drog- a small parachute, used when tandem-jump to stabilize the fall. Also performs the functions pilot chute.

Oak- caress. slang. name among parachute athletes D-1-5U (see also drag parachute).

Arc- view failure. Usually caused by pilot chute or lines getting caught on something. materiel or a skydiver's limb.

hangup behind the aircraft- view special occasion, in which a parachutist who tried to separate from an airplane or helicopter is hooked by a parachute system that has not worked in a regular way for him and flies, thus tied outside.

hangup on a bridle or jellyfish- a type of failure of the parachute system, when for some reason the pilot chute could not open the main parachute container.

Delay- time free fall in seconds, starting from branches and ending with the opening of one of the parachutes (or attempt).

twist- beam twisting phenomenon sling parachute after it has opened, which may result in the parachute not working properly.

spare wheel- a parachute designed to be used in case of failure or abnormal operation of the main parachute.

Shading— 1. zone of turbulent flow behind a rapidly moving body. 2. The situation when the pilot chute enters the turbulent zone and cannot leave it on its own.

puff- kapron braid with pointed edges, used for zachekovka knapsack valves.

capture- 1. intentional holding by a skydiver with a leg or hand domes or parts of the body of another skydiver when performing group or dome acrobatics. 2. A device on the object that can be grasped and held with hands or feet.

hook- unintentional and unwanted fixation of skydivers' equipment.

Check in- fix something with a special device. For example, to fix tightened knapsack valve by using hairpins(or a metal cable) inserted into a metal cone (or soft loop) over the eyelet put on it.

The waiting area- the area of ​​​​space in which the parachutist under the canopy must be before the landing approach is carried out.

Instructor- a position in the staff list of the flying club.

Camera- bag-shaped sleeve-shaped textile object. Designed to fit in domes and parts sling. May not be available on some parachutes. There are two holes in the chamber: a large one - for laying through it domes inside, and a small one on the opposite side, into which it is threaded bridle(here it can be attached to the camera).

Carbine- a metal product designed for detachable connection of two objects to each other. In parachuting, what is at one end halyard, which he fastens to the cable in LA. Everything else is called "carbines".

Valve- detail knapsack parachute. It is used to fix the parachute in the stowed form and to give knapsack a certain form.

Classic- the direction of parachuting. Includes individual acrobatics and work on landing accuracy.

toggle- a plastic or ebonite cylinder with rounded ends and a transverse through hole in the middle. Of red color. It is fixed at the ends of the control lines for their fixation in the upper position and ease of control. Currently, instead of toggles, soft loops are widely used. Not to be confused with boss.

Klevant- cm. toggle(female).

Witch- slang. wind cone.

Complex- a certain set of figures necessary for construction in a particular discipline.

locker- fixing the relative position of the control points of the interacting parts of the parachute with the help of special threads (cords) of a certain strength.

wind cone- a device in the form of a cloth tapering sleeve of bright colors, pivotally mounted on a pole. Serves to determine the strength and direction of the wind near the ground (syn. wind indicator, sorcerer).

Cone of Opportunity Dome- an area in space, being in which the parachutist has the opportunity to reach the target. Parameters ~ depend on the direction and strength of the wind, the quality of the parachute.

Red sling — sling, from which the parachute winding begins. Not to be confused with the red line.

Kroki- plan airfield with specific landmarks.

Wing- A type of parachute. Dome such a parachute consists of two shells and ribs, has a profile and aerodynamic properties of the wing, like an aircraft.

Hook laying- an auxiliary device for laying in the form of a large metal hook with a plastic handle.

Dome- (ital. cupola, from lat. cupula - barrel) - a detail of a parachute of a hemispherical shape or in the form of a wing. It is she who slows down its decline (round dome) or ensures its planning (parachute type wing). Made of fabric and power tapes. Attached to suspension system slings, To camera And pilot chute — Bridle.

Dome acrobatics- the direction of parachuting. Construction of figures by a group of paratroopers under the open domes.

Canopy piloting- the direction of parachuting. Flying along the surface at high speed obtained by a special canopy acceleration technique. CP is for speed, accuracy and range.

Aircraft- a means for delivering paratroopers to a height.

Pilot- a person who controls the movements (including rolls) aircraft . Communicating with signs issuing. Leaves aircraft extreme, usually at the height of the landing.

materiel- material part, a set of machinery, equipment, tools used in parachute jumps.

Jellyfish- slang. pilot chute.

Jellyfish tough — jellyfish with spring frame. It is used on reserve parachutes or main parachutes, put into action with the help of exhaust ring or release.

Medusa soft- textile system without frame and spring. Performs a function pilot chute. Attached to the top of the main parachute with Bridles. There is a collapsible variety.

Medusa soft collapsible — pilot chute, after performing its function, contracting along the axis to reduce resistance. Applies to speed domes.

Bag- slang. dome.

Meat- specially prepared skydiver(less often pioneer) of medium size, jumping from neutral dome and intended to clarify drop points. Leaves LA after zeroing.

ground training- training physical ability and skydiver skills on the ground, studying theoretical issues and compiling jump plan.

Filling the parachute- filling domes parachute by a stream of air and its adoption of a form normal for parachuting.

neutral dome — dome, which does not have its own horizontal velocity.

Cover not coming out / dome not coming out of the camera- a failure in which the cover for some reason does not come off domes and won't let it fill up.

Leg loops- very important part suspension system. Adjusting the length of the leg loops, as well as their position on the skydiver's body by the time branches requires special attention.

Line break- a parachute malfunction requiring repair or write-off.

break sling- a special device used to streamline the opening process during forced contraction of the cover(cm. forced disclosure).

Special cases- the name of the most entertaining section of a boring briefing.

Branch- leaving aircraft as directed issuing.

compartment for motor- correct department from the aircraft facing the motor, i.e. forward.

Refusal — a special case in which the parachute system does not work properly.

Failure complete — refusal, at which dome parachute is in a case or camera.

Partial failure — refusal, at which dome parachute is completely or partially out of the bag or cameras and reduces the rate of descent of the parachutist.

Open- open the main parachute arbitrarily.

go-ahead- a characteristic wave of the hands, indicating the end of work or warning others about the upcoming opening of the parachute by the paratrooper performing the go-ahead.

Uncoupling— 1. disconnection suspension system with a parachutist loose ends main parachute. 2. Not always necessary, but more than sufficient condition for application spare wheels.

Alarmist- a person from the TZK at the KDP, informing the RP at the UPC about the emergency. also in formations the one who watches the height for everyone.

Parachute- (French parachute, from Greek para - against and French chute - fall) a device for braking an object due to atmospheric resistance. Used for safe descent from a height of people, cargo, spacecraft, reducing the mileage when landing an aircraft, etc. Consists of domes, sling and stacking container ( knapsack).

Retractable parachute- a small parachute designed to pull (hence the name) a parachute with a cover (if any), unclip and exit rubber honeycomb (gazyrey) sling and tightening the cover. Provides parachute opening. Syn. jellyfish.

Parachute stabilizing- a small parachute designed to prevent an object from falling (usually beginner skydiver). Opens immediately after branches. Fixes beginner skydiver in a vertical position and slows down its rotation, that is, it stabilizes (hence the name). It also performs the function exhaust parachute. Not to be confused with exhaust parachute.

Parachuting- the process of descending a parachutist from the moment of full disclosure of the main (reserve) canopy until the moment landing.

skydiver- a living being that jumps with a parachute.

Parachute semi-automatic- cm. safety device.

Parachuting- a type of aviation sport, skydiving on landing accuracy, protracted, with execution complex acrobatic figures, combined, etc. In the parachute commission, founded in 1950 at the FAI, about 60 countries (1982), the USSR - since 1950; world champions - since 1951.

Pervoznik- a person who makes (or plans to make) the first parachute jump in his life.

rifts— 1. devices on loose ends parachute D-6, allowing him to cease to be neutral. 2. Actions performed by a skydiver landing with increased horizontal speed. At the same time, it takes on a rounded shape and rolls along the ground, squealing happily and trying to stop.

Carrying bag- a device for easy movement in the direction laying used parachute. Made, as a rule, from an advisor.

Re-laying— dissolution of the parachute and repeated styling. associated with completion re-laying period or with the identification of errors made during laying.

overlap — refusal parachute, most often associated with poor quality of swiping domes. One or more sling(or Bridle) capture part domes and interfere with its normal operation.

jump plan- the algorithm of actions of the parachutist during branches, free fall, parachuting, landing. Detailed in the right places depending on the training of the skydiver and what type parachuting and he's doing it. Compiled on the ground after analysis weather conditions and circumstances of the jump (aircraft type, compartment height, with whom, who else can be in the air, etc.)

Planning— 1. drafting jump plan. Part ground training. 2. translational movement object down and forward, caused by the deviation of a part of the oncoming flow inclined surface object.

Weather- a condition for the presence (absence) of a good mood.

suspension system- product from power tapes and buckles connected in a special way. Designed to hold securely skydiver.

Landing- end of process parachuting(or free fall) by collision with the surface of the planet or solid objects located on it (excl.: landing on water. See special cases).

Forced check of the knapsack halyard branches checks knapsack main parachute, releasing the spring pilot chute. Further, the opening process proceeds as with manual opening of the parachute.

Forced disclosure- cm. forced tightening of the cover.

Forced shrinking of the cover- a method of opening a parachute, in which halyard, fastened to the cable in LA, after branches check first knapsack, then pulls out the cover ( camera) With dome And slings, then slings come out of honeycomb, are stretched to their full length, halyard pulls off the cover ( camera) With domes, dome filled with fresh air and the opening process is completed.

Zeroing- a specially trained, absolutely cold-blooded professional skydiver of small size, whose only duty is to provide assistance issuing in definition drop points. Always jumps first. It separates from the hand. Requires assistance in returning from the landing site, as it is unable to move independently on a hard surface. see also meat.

Progressive twist- view failure. twist, accompanied by rotation of the canopy-parachutist system and further twisting sling parachute type wing. Requires cuts.

long jump- jump from delay disclosure knapsack parachute. Accompanied free fall.

run-up- deletion skydivers to a safe distance after class group acrobatics to ensure the safe deployment of parachutes.

Laying frame- U-shaped object made of 8 mm rod, designed to stiffen the parachute cover during packing sling in rubber honeycomb.

knapsack- a fabric container designed for laying the main, spare and pilot chute, free ends of the suspension system, mounting safety device. It is the only part of the parachute that does not carry a load.

Opening by instrument- check knapsack and filling the parachute as a result of operation safety device.

disclosure is forced- opening a parachute by using special devices, the action of which does not depend on the will, desires and emotional state of the skydiver.

Opening manual- parachute opening by putting into action pilot chute directly by hand or with exhaust ring.

Jump calculation- calculation of the drop point and the base point when gliding (or parachuting) under the canopy, carried out to land the parachutist or zero in the right place.

Rigger- the master serving the parachute systems.

redhead- slang. check cord. Rigid sling used to prevent reserve parachute deployment safety device in case of normal operation of the main parachute.

cypress– electronic pyrotechnic safety device on batteries. Opens the reserve parachute with a firecracker. Syn. cyprus, snickers.

somersault- element complex figures of individual acrobatics - a 360° turn in the vertical plane.

An-2 aircraft- variety aircraft. Not to be confused with Mi-8 helicopter.

Free fall- special emotional condition skydiver.

free end- an element of the suspension system in the form of a short nylon tape connecting slings with hanging system. Various control devices can be attached to ~ dome. Do not confuse!

swoop- cm. Canopy piloting

Power Tape- high-strength nylon tape (some argue that it is made of tear-resistant fabric). Used to reinforce the structure domes, knapsack etc.

Skyball(from the English sky - "sky" and ball - "ball") - a ball for classes freefly. To prevent rotation, a stabilizing tape is attached to the skyball. The skyball can be used as a "base" and to play sifaka in the sky.

skysurf(from the English sky - "sky" and surf - "surf") - a board for skysurfing.

skysurfing- discipline parachuting, wherein skydiver performs acrobatic figures, being attached with both legs to skysurfer. Not currently practiced.

speed dome- a dome having an increased vertical (more than 6 m/s) or horizontal (more than 10 m/s) speed when filled.

Slider — corrugation device by parachute type wing in the form of a rectangle with rings at the corners.

honeycomb- rubber loop sewn to the textile body, designed for laying a bundle in it sling. see also gazyr.

Spiral- element complex figures of individual acrobatics - a 360° turn in the horizontal plane.

Athlete skydiver — skydiver performing jumps according to a sports program, aiming to achieve high sports results, participation in regional and world competitions, setting records.

Parachute opening method- a set of actions taken by the skydiver and the objects surrounding him to put the parachute into action. That. there are an infinite number of ways to open, and sometimes even sitting in the aircraft, the skydiver still does not know exactly how this will happen, and if he does, he may be mistaken. Despite the large number, ~ are divided into main groups: forced tightening of the cover, forced check of the knapsack, manual opening. One more large group (informal) can be added here - device opening.

Relay time- the period of time during which the parachute can be in the packed state. After the expiration of this time, the parachute is considered unsuitable for jumping and requires repacking.

Stabilization- state beginner skydiver falling with deployed stabilizing parachute.

target A vertical plane in space passing through the target and parallel to the direction of the wind.

Leading strip- projection of the CVC on the surface of the landing area.

Safety device- a semi-automatic device designed to open knapsack parachute or activation of other devices after a given period of time or at a given height.

Strand- high-strength rope tying pilot chute With dome And camera(if there is).

sling- rope connecting dome parachute with loose ends suspension system.

Tandem- 1. a kind of parachute jumps, in which the passenger and the instructor jump with one parachute for two. 2. Parachute type system wing big size with suspension system, designed for skydiver(tandem master) and a person ( beginner skydiver).

drag parachute— 1. A parachute designed to decelerate an object to a speed sufficient to deploy the main parachute, the next level drag chute, or other braking systems. 2. Just a very slow parachute in all respects (see. Oak).

Drop point the point on the ground over which department paratroopers from aircraft.

Landing Accuracy- discipline parachuting. The aim of the work on landing accuracy is the touching of the parachutist's foot on the landing site with the smallest possible deviation from the given target with a diameter of 3 cm.

Traverse- a plane in space passing through the target and perpendicular to alignment.

Tracking (track)- planning a skydiver in free fall, without wingsuit.

Trexsuit- younger brother wingsuit- a special costume that improves quality tracks.

Bridle- a power element in the form of a loop or sewn crosswise power tapes designed to connect the pole part domes main parachute, cameras and a cover with other parts of the parachute system.

Laying- a process consisting of a large number of successive actions aimed at turning an open parachute into a packed one and ready for dissolution. It is produced according to a strict algorithm by a stacker.

Laying- room for styling parachutes.

stacker- a person specially trained for styling parachutes for beginner skydivers, or others paratroopers not trained for it.

Corrugation device- a constructive device designed to reduce dynamic loads in the process of opening a parachute ( honeycomb, gazyri, cameras, covers, sliders, corrugated tapes, etc.)

Fal- is the same rope, but scientifically and in the sense of the subject. Those who are even more advanced call rope Static Line, which is the same, but in a bourgeois way.

Formation- a flock (often a record) of paratroopers in free fall or under domes.

freefly(from English free - "free (th)" and fly - "fly") - direction parachuting, in which skydivers perform free fall in any way except for the classic “belly-fly” position.

Flexible hoses- flexible hoses. You will not confuse with anything.

Hairpin- a metal rod, usually used for checks valves knapsack. Inserted into a metal cone or soft loop.

Hairpin flexible- a hairpin twisted from wire, used as a blocking device in PPK-U.

Electronil- an electrical device used for exact definition results of work on landing accuracy.

The most common abbreviations in parachute terminology

APA– airfield power vehicle
BP- erratic fall
VLK— medical flight commission
WFP- runway strip
fuel and lubricants– fuels and lubricants
D- landing
KVK– cone of dome possibilities
KDP- control room
KZU- ring lock
LA- aircraft
LTP- therapeutic jump
ISS- multi-dome system
OP- main parachute
USC- uncoupling of free ends
OSCD- OSK with revision
PV- diver's parachute
RAP- parachute training
PDS- parachute service
PZ- reserve parachute
PLP- glider parachute
BY- planning shell
PPK-U- semi-automatic parachute combined unified (see. safety device)
PSN- special purpose parachute
PTL— parachute training pilot
PS- parachute service
RP- flight director, jump leader
RPP- parachute training guide
UPC- fixed command post
TZK- anti-aircraft commander's tube
TNK- trajectory of the neutral dome
UT- training
FAI– International Aviation Federation
state of emergency- emergency
ball screw- ball pilot chute
GPS- jeepieska (global positioning system)

In the history of inventions, it is difficult to find a more international product than a parachute. The idea, first expressed, as they say, by the Italian Leonardo da Vinci in the 15th century, was implemented by the French in the 18th century, finalized by the British in the 19th century. and improved by a Russian inventor at the beginning of the 20th century.

The initial task was a safe landing of a person (for example, when jumping from a balloon basket). Models of that time did not differ in a wide variety of species. Continued until the 1970s. improvement of the design and materials used, led to the differentiation of parachutes into two large groups: round and "wing". The most used in professional parachuting belong to the wing group.

Types of parachutes by purpose of use

According to the purpose, the following types are distinguished:

  • for landing cargo;
  • for solving auxiliary problems;
  • for landing people.

The drag parachute has a long history. It was developed at the beginning of the 20th century. Russian designer, and was originally intended for braking cars. In this form, the idea did not take root, but in the late 1930s. it is beginning to take root in aviation.

Today, the brake parachute is part of the braking system of fighter aircraft that have a high landing speed and a short landing distance, for example, on warships. When approaching the runway for such aircraft, one drag parachute with one or more canopies is ejected from the rear fuselage. Its use allows to reduce the braking distance by 30%. In addition, a drag parachute is used when landing space challengers.

Civil aircraft do not use this method of braking, because at the time of ejection of the canopy, the vehicle and the people in it experience significant overload.

To land cargo thrown from aircraft, special parachute systems are used, consisting of one or more domes. If necessary, such systems can be equipped with jet engines that give an additional braking impulse before direct contact with the ground. Similar parachute systems are also used for the descent of spacecraft to the ground. Auxiliary task parachutes include those that are components of parachute systems:

  • exhaust, which pull out the main or spare dome;
  • stabilizing, which, in addition to pulling, have the function of stabilizing the landing object;
  • support that provides the right process opening another parachute.

Most parachute systems exist for landing people.

Types of parachutes for landing people

For the safe landing of people are used the following types parachutes:

  • training;
  • rescue;
  • special purpose;
  • landing;
  • gliding shell parachute systems (sports).

The main types are gliding shell parachute systems (“wing”) and landing (round) parachutes.

landing

Army parachutes come in 2 types: round and square.

The dome of a round landing parachute is a polygon, which, when filled with air, takes the form of a hemisphere. The dome has a cutout (or less dense fabric) in the center. Round landing parachute systems (for example, D-5, D-6, D-10) have the following altitude characteristics:

  • the maximum height of the release is 8 km.
  • the usual working height is 800-1200 m.
  • the minimum ejection height is 200 m with stabilization for 3 s and descent on a filled canopy for at least 10 s.

Round landing parachutes are poorly controlled. They have approximately the same vertical and horizontal speed (5 m/s). Weight:

  • 13.8 kg (D-5);
  • 11.5 kg (D-6);
  • 11.7 (D-10).

Square parachutes (for example, the Russian "Listik" D-12, the American T-11) have additional slots in the canopy, which gives them better maneuverability and allows the parachutist to control the horizontal movement. The rate of descent is up to 4 m/s. Horizontal speed - up to 5 m/s.

Training

Training parachutes are used as intermediate parachutes for the transition from landing to sports. They, like the landing ones, have round domes, but are equipped with additional slots and valves that allow the paratrooper to influence the horizontal movement and train landing accuracy.

The most popular training option is D-1-5U. It is he who is used when making the first independent jumps in parachute clubs. When pulling on one of the control lines, this model makes a full 360 turn ° C for 18 s. He is well managed.

Average sink rates (m/s):

  • horizontal - 2.47;
  • vertical - 5.11.

The minimum release height from the D-1-5U is 150 m with immediate deployment. The maximum height of the release is 2200 m. Other training models: P1-U; T-4; UT-15. Having characteristics similar to D-1-5U, these models are even more maneuverable: they make a full turn in 5 s, 6.5 s and 12 s, respectively. In addition, they are about 5 kg lighter than the D-1-5U.

Sports

Gliding shell parachute systems are characterized by the greatest species diversity. They can be classified according to the shape of the wing and the type of dome.

  • Wing shape classification

Domes of the "wing" type can have the following shape:

  • rectangular;
  • semi-elliptical;
  • elliptical.

Most of the wings are rectangular in shape. It provides ease of control, predictability of the behavior of the parachute.

The more elliptical the shape of the canopy, the better the aerodynamic performance of the parachute becomes, but the less stable it becomes.

Elliptical structures are characterized by:

  • more high speed(horizontal and vertical);
  • short stroke control lines;
  • large loss of height during the turn.

Elliptical canopies are high-speed models designed for use by skydivers with more than 500 jumps experience.

  • Classification by dome type

Sports modifications are divided according to the purpose of the dome into:

  • classic;
  • student;
  • high-speed;
  • transitional;
  • tandem.

Classic domes have a large area (up to 28 m²), which makes them stable even when strong wind. They are also called precision.

ABOUTdistinguishing features:

  • mobile in the horizontal plane (developing speed up to 10 m/s);
  • allow you to effectively control the decline;
  • used to practice landing accuracy.

The name "student dome" speaks for itself. Such parachute systems are used by skydivers with little jumping experience. They are quite inert, less maneuverable and therefore safer. In terms of area, the student's dome roughly corresponds to the range of the classical one, but has 9 sections instead of 7. Domes for high-speed parachutes are small - up to 21.4 m². These professional models are distinguished by "agility" and high maneuverability. Some models develop a horizontal speed of more than 18 m/s. On average - 12-16 m / s. Used by trained paratroopers.

Tandem domes are designed for landing 2 people at the same time. Therefore, they have a large area, up to 11 sections. Differ in the increased stability and durability of a design. Transitional domes are more inert and slow, but fast enough: they can develop a horizontal speed of up to 14 m/s. They are used as training before mastering speed models. And planning shell parachute systems are designated by the letters PO (for example, PO-16, PO-9).

Rescue

Systems designed for emergency landing from a crashed aircraft are called rescue systems. As a rule, they have a round dome shape (for example, C-4, C-5). But there are also square ones (for example, C-3-3).

Emergency release can occur at speeds up to 1100 km / h (S-5K) at altitude:

  • from 100 m to 12000 m (С-3-3);
  • from 70 to 4000 m (S-4U);
  • from 60 to 6000 m (С-4);
  • from 80 to 12000 m (С-5).

When ejected for very high altitude the parachute is allowed to be opened after passing the mark of 9000 m. The area of ​​​​the domes of the rescue models is significant and, for example, the S-3-3 is 56.5 m. Rescue systems designed for ejection at high altitude are supplied with oxygen devices.

Spare

Whatever parachute systems are used, a reserve parachute is a mandatory part of them. It is attached to the parachutist's chest and is used as an emergency in cases where the main one failed or could not open correctly. The reserve parachute is designated by the letters "З" or "ПЗ". The reserve parachute has a large canopy area - up to 50 m². The shape of the dome is round. Vertical descent speed - from 5 to 8.5 m / s.

Various types of alarm systems are compatible with different types main parachutes:

  • reserve parachute type Z-2 is compatible with landing and rescue models D-5, D-1-5, S-3-3, S-4.
  • reserve parachute type PZ-81 must be used with sports options like PO-9.
  • reserve parachute PZ-74 is designed for use with training models UT-15 and T-4.

special purpose

This group includes non-mass parachute systems. They are used in rescue and military operations.

Base jumping parachutes

The main dome for base jumping is the usual rectangular "wing". As a rule, they are made of airtight material (ZP-0). There is no reserve parachute: the low jump height makes it redundant.

When jumping like free fall, when the base jumper opens the parachute itself, the parachute system requires a large pilot chute, the thrust of which is enough to quickly open the main canopy. Assist jumps are less demanding on the size of the pilot chute, because. the extension of the main dome occurs "automatically". In roll over jumps, only the main, already unfolded, canopy is used.