Zhukovsky is a city of aviators. A lot of aircraft were created, tested and finalized here. And it was in Zhukovsky that the architectural complex "Creators of Russian Aviation" was opened.

The memorial alley "Creators of Russian Aviation" includes 16 busts of legendary Soviet aircraft designers. The presented busts are made of bronze by a young sculptor Vladimir Ivanov.

2. Tupolev Andrey Nikolaevich. Soviet scientist and aircraft designer, Colonel-General-Engineer, Doctor of Technical Sciences. Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Hero of Labor. Three times Hero of Socialist Labor.
Now in Zhukovsky they are trying to save the memory of the plane, which has become the peak of development domestic aviation — .

3. Ilyushin Sergey Vladimirovich. An outstanding Soviet aircraft designer, developer of the most massive combat aircraft in history - the Il-2 attack aircraft. Three times Hero of Socialist Labor. The only laureate of seven Stalin Prizes, Colonel General of the Engineering and Technical Service, Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences.

4. The "Creators of Aviation of Russia" complex was created on the initiative of the "Legends of Aviation" foundation. The alley was opened on September 22, 2017. Opened solemnly, even with an air parade.

5. The administration of Zhukovsky, the scientific and engineering company NIK, Russian Helicopters, Roscosmos, the United Aircraft Corporation (UAC) took part in the creation of the complex.

6. Mikoyan Artem Ivanovich. Soviet aircraft designer. Twice Hero of Socialist Labor. Under his leadership (together with M. I. Gurevich and V. A. Romodin), the MiG-1 and MiG-3 fighter planes that participated in the Great Patriotic War were created. After the war, MiG-15, MiG-17, MiG-19, MiG-21, MiG-23, MiG-25, MiG-27, MiG-29, MiG-31, MiG-33, MiG- 35.

7. Gurevich Mikhail Iosifovich. Soviet aircraft designer, co-head of OKB-155. Hero of Socialist Labor. Winner of the Lenin Prize and six Stalin Prizes. He worked together with Mikoyan, creating MiG fighters. The letter G is Gurevich.

8. Myasishchev Vladimir Mikhailovich. Soviet aircraft designer, Major General Engineer, General Designer of OKB-23, Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, Honored Worker of Science and Technology of the RSFSR. Hero of Socialist Labor. Laureate of the Lenin Prize.
His planes: M-50, M-4, 3M/M-6, VM-T "Atlant", M-17 "Stratosphere", M-18, M-20, M-55 "Geophysics".
One of the most famous - which transported parts of the Buran and Energia complex.

9. Mikhail Leontievich Mil. Soviet helicopter designer and scientist, Doctor of Technical Sciences, Hero of Socialist Labor, laureate of the Lenin Prize and the State Prize of the USSR.

10. Tishchenko Marat Nikolaevich. Soviet and Russian helicopter designer. Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Hero of Socialist Labor. From 1970 to 2007 - responsible head and chief designer of the Experimental Design Bureau named after M. L. Mil. It was under his leadership that was created.

11. Bartini Robert Ludwigovich. An Italian aristocrat, a communist who left fascist Italy for the USSR, where he became a famous aircraft designer. Physicist, creator of designs for devices based on new principles. Author of more than 60 completed aircraft projects. brigade commander In the questionnaires in the column "nationality" he wrote: "Russian".

12. Kamov Nikolai Ilyich. Soviet aircraft designer, creator of Ka helicopters, Doctor of Technical Sciences. Hero of Socialist Labor. Laureate of the State Prize of the USSR.

13. Yakovlev Alexander Sergeevich. Soviet aircraft designer, corresponding member. and Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Air Colonel General. Twice Hero of Socialist Labor. General Designer of the Yakovlev Design Bureau. Laureate of the Lenin, State and six Stalin Prizes.

14. Antonov Oleg Konstantinovich. Soviet aircraft designer, doctor of technical sciences, professor, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Hero of Socialist Labor. Laureate of the Lenin Prize and the Stalin Prize of the second degree. The An-225 "Mriya" aircraft, built on the basis of the An-124 "Ruslan", is still the largest and most lifting.
It is a pity that a delegation from Ukraine did not come to the opening...

15. Beriev Georgy Mikhailovich. Soviet aircraft designer. Major General of the Engineering Service. Laureate of the Stalin Prize.
Under his leadership, aircraft were created: Steel-6, Steel-7; seaplanes: MBR-2, MP-1, MP-1T, ship ejection KOR-1 and KOR-2, Be-6, Be-10 jet boat, Be-12 amphibians (with modifications) and Be-12PS - serial; MDR-5, MBR-7, LL-143, Be-8, R-1, Be-14 - experienced, passenger Be-30 (Be-32), experimental projectile P-10.

16. Semyon Alekseevich Lavochkin. Soviet aviation designer. Twice Hero of Socialist Labor. Laureate of four Stalin Prizes. He made a huge contribution to aviation during the Great Patriotic War.

17. Pavel Osipovich Sukhoi. An outstanding Belarusian Soviet aircraft designer, Doctor of Technical Sciences, one of the founders of the Soviet jet and supersonic aviation. Twice Hero of Socialist Labor, laureate of the Lenin, Stalin and State Prizes, laureate of the Prize No. A. N. Tupolev.

18. Yakovlev Alexander Sergeevich. Soviet aircraft designer, corresponding member and academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Air Colonel General. Twice Hero of Socialist Labor. General Designer of the Yakovlev Design Bureau. Laureate of the Lenin, State and six Stalin Prizes.

19. Nikolai Nikolaevich Polikarpov. Russian and Soviet aircraft designer, head of OKB-51. Twice winner of the Stalin Prize, Hero of Socialist Labor, Polikarpov is one of the founders of the Soviet school of aircraft construction. The U-2 and R-5 multi-purpose aircraft created under his leadership became one of the best in their class.

20. Vladimir Mikhailovich Petlyakov. Soviet aircraft designer. Laureate of the Stalin Prize of the first degree.

21. Nikolai Egorovich Zhukovsky is considered the founder of aviation in Russia.

22. It is his words that express the idea of ​​aviation:

The series tells about outstanding aircraft designers who have made an invaluable contribution to the history of the development of domestic aviation. Previously, dedicated to military aircraft designers have already been posted, in this cycle the remaining 5 series.

An excellent selection of chronicles and facts, little-known details of the development of aviation technology, it will be interesting to see even those who are not fond of aviation.

Outstanding aircraft designers: Oleg Antonov


He was an unusually bright and attractive personality. He wrote books on gliding and children's stories, was fond of painting and played tennis skillfully. He liked to communicate with young people and was not afraid to argue with those in power.
Designer Oleg Konstantinovich Antonov lived an incredibly eventful life. She was as versatile as his outstanding talent.

Outstanding aircraft designers: Nikolai Polikarpov


Russia has given the world many outstanding aircraft designers. But only one of the domestic aircraft designers was given the royal title of “king of fighters” by colleagues. It was Nikolai Nikolaevich Polikarpov. However, the "king of fighters" tested on his life path dramas and tragedies, no less than Shakespeare's King Lear.
Only one plane bore his name - Po-2. But the famous I-15 and I-16, created by Nikolai Polikarpov before the Second World War, brought glory to our aviation in numerous military conflicts - in Spain, the Winter War, Khasan Lake, Khalkhin Gol.

Outstanding aircraft designers: Georgy Beriev


Glory to domestic aviation brought worldwide famous brands: "Tu", "Il", "MiG", "Su", "Yak" ... In this series, the brand "Be" stands separately - rightfully bearing the title of "leader of hydroaviation". "Be" is an abbreviation for the name of the famous aircraft designer Georgy Beriev.
All of his aircraft, one way or another, became milestones in the development of world hydroaviation, starting with his first flying boat MBR-2. And to this day, the A-40 and Be-200 amphibious aircraft, created in the design bureau that bears his name, are unsurpassed in many of their characteristics.

Outstanding aircraft designers: Vladimir Myasishchev


Vladimir Mikhailovich Myasishchev. This Soviet aircraft designer became known to the general public in the 50s of the twentieth century. It was then that his planes were first shown at the parade. Machines created by Myasishchev for a long time were one of the guarantors of security Soviet Union in the cold war.
Vladimir Mikhailovich passed a big creative way: from a simple draftsman to a general designer. He devoted his whole life to aviation, not for a second doubting his choice.

Outstanding aircraft designers: Mikhail Mil


In January 1970, Mikhail Leontievich Mil died at the age of 60. He devoted his whole life to work. His famous helicopters are known all over the world.
Mi-1, Mi-2, Mi-4, Mi-8, Mi-6, V-1 and other rotorcraft appeared thanks to his genius. And even though he did not manage to complete much of what he had planned. Most importantly, Mil left the school of like-minded people who continued his work.
Mil's students completed the Mi-24 project. Mil's concept of "helicopter - attack aircraft" was embodied in the Mi-28, today known as " night Hunter". The glorious line of training and sports Mi-1 and Mi-2 was continued by the Mi-34. And in the class of heavy helicopters in the 70s, the Mil Design Bureau created the Mi-26, which still has no analogues.

Outstanding aircraft designers: Nikolai Kamov


The word "helicopter" has firmly entered our lexicon and replaced the outdated concept of "helicopter". This word was coined by aircraft designer Nikolai Ilyich Kamov. He is rightfully considered a pioneer in the field of domestic rotary-wing technology. It was Kamov who was the first in the Soviet Union to fly on a main rotor.
Nikolai Kamov devoted his entire life to the creation of rotorcraft. His activities as a general designer bore pronounced features of innovation, courage, daring ... The design bureau he created in the late forties still remains a recognized leader in the development of helicopters.

Outstanding aircraft designers: Semyon Lavochkin


Semyon Alekseevich Lavochkin became the first in many areas of aviation and rocket technology. The first domestic swept-wing aircraft, the first flight at the speed of sound, the first intercontinental winged and anti-aircraft missiles. He had the talent to see the future, he knew how to find solutions that made it possible to make a genuine breakthrough into the future. And at the same time, he understood well what was needed today.
Semen Alekseevich was remembered by his colleagues not only as a talented, but also a truly sympathetic person. Such a personality among great people is really a rarity.

Outstanding aircraft designers: Alexander Yakovlev


The name of Alexander Yakovlev is included in the list of the most famous figures in world aviation. He created more than 200 types and modifications of beautiful, reliable and easy-to-operate machines. Yakovlev was consummate master in the development of light aircraft. But his powerful intellect could solve design problems in any class of machines: from helicopters to bombers. Alexander Sergeevich Yakovlev truly lived in aviation. He was one of those who put all his strength, time, knowledge, talent into it. The creation of aircraft was his passion and the main goal of life.
He once wrote a book about this, which has become a desktop for several generations of people in love with the sky.

Introduce modern world without planes and flights is impossible. Being one of the most important assets among the inventions of mankind, it was born thanks to the frantic desire of man to have wings behind his back. Surely our ancestors dreamed of soaring in the sky. Admiring the birds and spreading their arms, they imagined themselves next to them. Even a child sincerely believes in the existence of fabulous flying devices, truly envying the heroes magic stories. Dreams came true only after millennia - when a sufficient amount of scientific knowledge. Experience gained from many failed attempts, which were made by the creator of the world's first aircraft and his predecessors, came in handy today.

Maholet: the beginning of the journey

Back in the 15th century, Leonardo da Vinci was convinced that a person, having overcome air resistance, has every chance of taking to the air. Huge wings can help him in this. Calculations and detailed study bird flights prompted him to the idea of ​​​​creating such an apparatus as a flywheel. Leonardo da Vinci tried to realize the idea inspired by his usual dragonfly.

That air environment often called the "fifth ocean", many have heard, but not everyone can give an explanation for such an eloquent epithet. The history of aeronautics and aviation remembers that among the enthusiasts who wanted to conquer the unknown airspace, there were many captains sea ​​ships. Perhaps they also sought to explore unexplored spaces, but, putting aside romance, it is worth noting that the sailors had great knowledge in complex technical devices, knew how to manage large frigates. If necessary, they could easily repair or build new ship. Therefore, the experience of professional sailors was useful in the process of creating the first self-propelled devices above the ground.

The modern civil society, whose history is rich in many experiments, has gone through feelings of admiration and disappointment, human losses and new opportunities that have opened up.

The appearance of the first gliders

IN early XIX century, the first non-powered gliders appeared. Imitating birds, the inventors gave their creations a similar shape. However, the first aircraft could not gain a foothold in use, since the desire to lift up incredible inventions for that time was not crowned with success.

They were pushed off a cliff, rolled down hills, dispersed with the help of horses, but no matter how hard the creators tried, they failed to become the authors of the first implemented project in the history of air business, which later acquired the name "aviation".

History remembers in 1857 the first sailor, Jean-Marie Les Bris, who managed to lift a glider into the sky, overcoming a 100-meter height. "Albatross" (as he called his technical miracle), depending on the direction of the wind and density air masses, it was possible to fly about 200 meters.

Mozhaisky's success

Russian aviation can safely be proud of the fact that the admiral of the tsarist fleet was able to design the first aircraft equipped with a steam engine that took off from the surface of the earth with a person on board. The Creator gave him a promising name - "aircraft projectile." The dimensions of the aircraft of that period were impressive: the length of the wings was about 24 meters, the fuselage was about 15 meters. Alexander Mozhaisky - the creator of the world's first aircraft - could not complete the job. But his developments became fundamental in the further development of aeronautics.

Merit of the American Wright Brothers

Anticipating the proximity of success, the best inventors around the world relied on the experience of previous discoverers. Without giving up and being in a continuous search for a suitable idea, they tried to create a lighter flying machine and were confident in the need to supply it with a more powerful engine. However, not everyone thought about the control of a winged device. The main goal was just to take off. Such hindsight cost the life of Otto Lilienthal. In 1896, his glider overturned under the influence of a sharp windy gust, and the apparatus crashed from a height. Therefore, not only famous aircraft designers deserve attention, but also those who were able to submit to the first aircraft.

The Wright brothers, inventors from America, were able to master the most important skills of piloting and maintaining the balance of an aircraft in an air harbor. The advantage of their design was a confident engine running on gasoline. Despite the fact that it did not much resemble a modern aircraft, it rather looked like a flying whatnot, it weighed about 300 kg. At the beginning of the 20th century, the first successful tests of the Flyer took place. After staying in the air for 12 seconds, the Wright brothers gave the green light to the man to master the skies.

early 20th century

For the next few years, the whole world was shocked by the success of the Americans, thanks to which aviation continued its path of development. History mentions flashing newspaper headlines, a bird's eye view of a film shot by a Parisian cameraman, and specialized publications dedicated to aviation achievements. However, the testers of the first aeronautic machines were rightly called daredevils. Russian aviation, according to its representatives, was an uncomfortable and unsafe occupation. For example, in the notes of the famous pilot of that period, Boris Rossinsky, there are essays and memories of flights. Among the unpleasant moments during the flight, he especially remembered smoking oil. The smoky acrid smoke made it impossible to fully breathe, as a result of which the pilot had to apply ammonia to his nose from time to time.

In addition, the lack of brakes forced the aviator to jump out of the cockpit on the go.

Creation of Sikorsky - Russian hero

Several years have passed since the launch of the American Flyer, and on the territory Russian Empire already on high level the production of domestic aircraft was established. Then the first passenger aircraft appeared, the creator of which was Fully consistent with its historical name, "Ilya Muromets" was a real giant among its counterparts. In addition, the salon was distinguished by conditions unprecedented until then: several bedrooms, the presence of a toilet and a bathroom, electricity and heating. The Ilya Muromets passed its first practical test in the winter of 1914. Sixteen passengers with a dog on board received a lot of emotions from the flight, after which the plane made a successful landing. Six months later, comfortable aircraft had to take on the role of bombers, participating in the First World War.

Tupolev distance record

The legendary ANT-25 is located in the Chkalovsky museum hangar. Once upon a time, this aircraft was admired and was recognizable thanks to its huge scarlet wings. The great Russian aircraft designer Andrei Tupolev received many awards for his significant contribution to the development of aviation.

famous Soviet pilot, in 1937 it was possible to set a real distance record on this device. Subsequently, ANT-25 acquired just such a second name. From Moscow to Vancouver, the distance is about 8.5 thousand kilometers, and Tupolev's aviation brainchild was able to overcome it in one breath.

Il-2 air tank

The Il-2 attack aircraft became famous during the Great Patriotic War. He terrified the Nazis, since he acted as the main air defense of Soviet soldiers over the battlefield. Covering his soldiers with cannons, machine guns and rockets, he led the ground forces forward.

One of its clear advantages was strong armor, allowing it to fend off the attacking fighters of enemy Germany. Due to the power of this aircraft, their release prevailed in quantity over other combat counterparts.

Modest U-2

By the forties of the 20th century, countless leading aircraft designers had created on the territory of the USSR, but not only they were entrusted with the protection of the Soviet sky.

Along with them, aircraft intended for peaceful purposes participated in the battle. Among them, the U-2 occupied a place of honor. This modest training aircraft had two seats, was absolutely not whimsical in use and could land outside the place intended for this purpose. In addition, the aircraft was valued for its maneuverability and quietness. This allowed military pilots to almost silently sneak up on the enemy in the dark and deliver decisive blows.

Having distinguished itself in the battles of 1943, the U-2 received insignia and a new name. In honor of Nikolai Polikarpov, a famous aircraft designer, throughout the entire Soviet space, it was renamed Po-2.

Conclusion

Aviation is multifaceted, the history of which still has many worthy examples and exemplary designs, among which are the best lifting, civil aircraft and fighters.


It is impossible not to mention the elegant Tu-144 airliner of 1968, the MiG-25 jet fighter, Columbia and Buran orbital planes. An important breakthrough was the use of such strategic devices as unmanned aerial vehicles.

If a person once saw a dream where he flew, the desire to repeat this in real life will never leave him. You can fulfill a dream simply by being a passenger on an airplane, or by receiving the appropriate education in order to sit at the helm in the future, or by becoming the greatest aircraft designer.

Sergei Vladimirovich Ilyushin was born in 1894.

Soviet aircraft designer, Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1968), Colonel General of the Engineering and Technical Service (1967), three times Hero of Socialist Labor (1941, 1957, 1974). IN Soviet army since 1919, first an aircraft mechanic, then a military commissar, and since 1921 the head of an aircraft repair train. Graduated from the Air Force Academy. Professor N.E. Zhukovsky (1926).

Since 1935, Ilyushin - chief designer, in 1956-1970. - general designer. Under his leadership, mass-produced attack aircraft Il-2, Il-10, bombers Il-4, Il-28, passenger aircraft Il-12, Il-14, Il-18, Il-62, as well as a number of experimental and experimental aircraft.
Sergei Vladimirovich Ilyushin was awarded the FAI Gold Aviation Medal.

Bronze busts of the pilot were installed in Moscow and Vologda. The name of Ilyushin is the Moscow Machine-Building Plant.
The great Soviet designer died in 1977.

Semyon Alekseevich Lavochkin - the most famous Soviet aircraft designer, corresponding member. Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1958), Major General of the Aviation Engineering Service (1944), twice Hero of Socialist Labor (1943, 1956).

He graduated from MVTU in 1927.

In 1940, together with M.I. Gudkov and V.P. Gorbunov presented the LaGG-1 (I-22) fighter for testing, which, after modifications, was launched into a series under the name LaGG-3 (I-301). During its development, Lavochkin for the first time in the USSR used a new especially durable material - delta wood. The conversion of the LaGG to a more powerful Shavrov ASh-82 engine saved the aircraft from being removed from serial production. In September 1942, the first serial La-5s were transferred to the Stalingrad area. The further development of this aircraft was the La-5F, La-5FN, La-7 fighters, which were widely used during the Great Patriotic War.
IN post-war years under the leadership of the aircraft designer Lavochkin, a number of jet serial and experimental fighters were created, incl. La-160 is the first domestic aircraft with a swept wing and La-176, on which for the first time in the USSR on December 26, 1948, a flight speed equal to the speed of sound was achieved. The La-15 fighter, produced in a small series (500 aircraft), became the last serial aircraft designed by Lavochkin.

June 9, 1960 Semyon Alekseevich Lavochkin died suddenly from heart attack at the training ground in Sary-Shagan.

− Mikoyan - the famous designer of MiGs

Artyom Ivanovich Mikoyan was born in 1905.
Soviet aircraft designer, Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1968; Corresponding Member 1953), Colonel General of the Engineering Service (1967), twice Hero of Socialist Labor (1956, 1957). After serving in the Red Army, he entered (1931) the Air Force Academy of the Red Army. Professor N.E. Zhukovsky (now VVIA). Since 1940, the chief designer of plant No. 1. A.I. Mikoyan is one of the pioneers of jet aviation in the USSR.

After the war, he developed high-speed and supersonic front-line jet aircraft, including the MiG-9, MiG-15, MiG-17 (reaching the speed of sound), MiG-19 (the first serial domestic supersonic fighter), the famous MiG-21 with a delta wing of a thin profile and a flight speed twice the speed of sound. Since December 20, 1956, Mikoyan has been the general designer.

The latest aircraft created under his leadership are the MiG-23 fighter (the first in the USSR with a variable sweep of the entire wing in flight) and the MiG-25 interceptor fighter with a flight speed 3 times the speed of sound.

The famous Soviet aircraft designer of supersonic MiGs, Artem Ivanovich Mikoyan, died in 1970.

− Mikhail Gurevich - creator of the MiG

Mikhail Iosifovich Gurevich - a prominent Soviet aircraft designer, Doctor of Technical Sciences (1964), Hero of Socialist Labor (1957).

Graduated from Kharkov Technological Institute (1925). Engaged in the design and construction of gliders. Since 1929, he worked as a design engineer and team leader in various design bureaus of the aviation industry.

In 1940 A.I. Mikoyan and M.I. Gurevich created the MiG-1 fighter, and then its modification MiG-3.

In 1940-1957. Gurevich - Deputy Chief Designer, in 1957-1964. chief designer at OKB A.I. Mikoyan.

During the war years, he participated in the creation of experimental aircraft, after the war - in the development of high-speed and supersonic front-line fighters, many of which were produced for a long time in large series and were in service with the Air Force.

From 1947, he led the development and creation of cruise missiles at the Design Bureau.

The creator of the legendary MiGs, colleague of Mikoyan, the legendary Soviet aircraft designer Mikhail Iosifovich Gurevich died in 1976.

− Chetverikov - designer of flying boats

The famous Soviet aircraft designer Igor Vyacheslavovich Chetverikov was born in 1909.

After graduating from the aviation department of the Leningrad Institute of Communications (1928), he worked in the Design Bureau of A.P. Grigorovich, head of the marine department of the PKB (1931), where the MAR-3 flying boat was created.

In 1934-1935. designed and built a light flying boat in two versions: a carrier-based aircraft (OSGA-101) and a folding submarine aircraft (SPL). At the SPL in 1937, several world records were set.

In 1936, he built the ARK-3 Arctic reconnaissance aircraft, on which in 1937 a record for the height of flight with a load was set. Under the leadership of I.V. Chetverikov in 1937-1946. several modifications of the MAP-6 flying boat were produced: Che-2, B-1 - B-5. In 1947 he built the transport amphibian TA.

Since 1948 he worked as a teacher. Soviet aircraft designer Igor Chetverikov died in 1987.


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Party and government from the very beginning of existence Soviet state in every possible way cared about the creation of the air fleet of the Land of the Soviets. Aviation development issues were at the center of attention of the Soviet party and government agencies and were repeatedly considered at party congresses, special meetings and conferences with the participation of top Soviet party and government officials.

Domestic aircraft construction in the early twenties was based on the modernization and serial production of the best examples of foreign aircraft. In parallel, work was underway to create their own designs.

One of the first aircraft built in Soviet time, was a modernized version of the English machine DN-9. Its development was entrusted to N.N. Polikarpov, and the aircraft in various modifications had the name R-1. At the same time, on the basis of the English machine of the Avro brand, the two-seat training aircraft U-1, intended for flight schools, was produced.

Of the domestic aircraft of the original design, created in the twenties, the AK-1 passenger aircraft of V. L. Aleksandrov and V. V. Kalinin should be noted. Pilot V. O. Pisarenko designed two aircraft and built them in the workshops of the Sevastopol pilot school, where he was an instructor. The design teams led by D. P. Grigorovich and N. N. Polikarpov, who worked on the creation of flying boats, passenger aircraft, and fighters, were very famous.

During this period, in the domestic aircraft industry, there was a transition to the creation aircraft from metal. In 1925, the design bureau AGOS (aviation, hydroaviation and experimental construction) was created at TsAGI, headed by A.N. Tupolev. The topics of work of the AGOS were very diverse, and brigades were formed as part of the bureau. The engineers who led them later became well-known designers.

Many of the aircraft created by the bureau participated in international exhibitions and long-distance flights. For example, ANT-3 (P-3) aircraft were used for flights to European capitals and a Far Eastern flight from Moscow to Tokyo. Heavy metal aircraft TB-1 (ANT-4) in 1929 flew Moscow New York. Aircraft of this type were built in series and were used only in long-range bomber aviation, but also in Arctic expeditions. The technical manager of the TB-1 project was the designer V. M. Petlyakov. AGOS also designed the ANT-9 passenger aircraft, which made a long-range flight with a length of 9037 km.

At the same time, the Land Aircraft Building Department (OSS), under the leadership of N. N. Polikarpov, built I-3, DI-2 fighter aircraft. In the same period, the well-known U-2 (Po-2) aircraft was built, which served for about 35 years. One of the most successful was the R-5 machine, created by the department of land aircraft construction, which was subsequently produced in various options as a reconnaissance aircraft, attack aircraft and even as a light bomber.

The Naval Aircraft Department, headed by D. P. Grigorovich, built naval aircraft, mainly reconnaissance ones.

Along with combat and passenger vehicles, airplanes and light aircraft were designed by order of sports organizations, among them the first aircraft of A. S. Yakovlev, called AIR.

At the beginning of the thirties, the aircraft had the old forms - a biplane scheme and a landing gear that did not retract in flight. The skin of metal aircraft was corrugated. At the same time, a reorganization was taking place in the pilot aircraft industry, and brigades were created at the Aviarabotnik plant according to the types of aircraft.

At first, the task for the development of the I-5 aircraft was given to A.N. Tupolev, and later N.N. Polikarpov and D.P. Grigorovich were engaged in its creation. This aircraft in various modifications was in service for almost ten years, and I-15, I-153, I-16 fighters even participated in hostilities. initial period Great Patriotic War.

The brigade of I. I. Pogossky designed seaplanes, in particular the MDR-3 marine long-range reconnaissance aircraft (later its team was headed by G. M. Beriev, who built seaplanes for the Navy aviation until the seventies).

A brigade of long-range bombers led by S. V. Ilyushin designed the DB-3 aircraft a little later, and then the well-known Il-2 attack aircraft. For several years, the team of S. A. Kocherigin was engaged in the design of an attack aircraft, which, however, was not used. Under the leadership of A. N. Tupolev, heavy bombers were created, including the TB-3, one of the best and most famous aircraft of this type.

Design bureaus, led by A. I. Putilov and R. L. Bartini, worked on the creation of all-metal steel aircraft.

The successes achieved in aircraft construction, and especially in engine design, made it possible to start creating an aircraft with a record-breaking flight range ANT-25. This aircraft with the M-34R engine designed by A. A. Mikulin went down in history after flights made on it from Moscow through North Pole in USA.

By the beginning of the forties, in accordance with the resolution of the Council of People's Commissars "On the reconstruction of existing and construction of new aircraft factories", several aircraft factories were put into operation, which were intended for the production of the latest aircraft. In the same period, a competition was announced for the best design of a fighter aircraft. Talented design engineers S. A. Lavochkin, V. P. Gorbunov, M. I. Gudkov, A. I. Mikoyan, M. I. Gurevich, M. M. Pashinyan, V. M. Petlyakov, N. N. Polikarpov, P. O. Sukhoi, V. K. Tairov, I. F. Florov, V. V. Shevchenko, A. S. Yakovlev, V. P. Yatsenko. As a result of the competition in 1941, LaGG, MiG and Yak aircraft, well-known fighters of the period of the Great Patriotic War, began to enter service.

An important role during the war years was played by Pe-2 dive bombers designed by V. M. Petlyakov. In 1939 under the leadership of V. M. Petlyakov, the ANT-42 (TB-7) aircraft, built at TsAGI in 1936 and renamed after the death of Petlyakov (1942) into Pe-8, was modified. This aircraft, along with the Su-2 bombers designed by P. O. Sukhoi and Yer-2 designed by V. G. Ermolaev R. L. Bartini, was used in long-range aviation. The Yer-2 aircraft had a long flight range, especially with the installation of heavy fuel engines (diesels) designed by A. D. Charomsky.

The words of K. E. Tsiolkovsky that the era of jet airplanes will come after the era of propeller airplanes turned out to be prophetic. The era of jet aircraft practically began in the forties. At the initiative of the prominent Soviet military leader M. N. Tukhachevsky, who at that time was the Deputy People's Commissar for Armaments, many research institutions were created that worked in the field of rocket technology.

However, it should be said that the achievements in the development of Soviet jet aviation did not come suddenly, by themselves.

Theoretical developments and research conducted at the end of the twenties made it possible to come close to the creation of a rocket plane. Such a glider was built by B. I. Cheranovsky for the GIRD, and in 1932 the glider was modified for an experimental engine of one of the founders of Russian rocket science, engineer F. A. Tsander.

In April 1935, S.P. Korolev announced his intention to build a cruise missile laboratory for human flights at low altitudes using air-rocket engines.

An important role was played by tests carried out in 1939 1940, when a liquid-propellant rocket engine (LRE) with adjustable thrust was created, mounted on a glider developed by S.P. Korolev, later an academician, twice Hero of Socialist Labor. On February 28, 1940, pilot V.P. Fedorov at an altitude of 2000 m separated from the towing aircraft in a rocket plane, turned on the rocket engine, flew with the engine running and, after running out of fuel, landed at the airfield.

Security top speed aircraft was the dream of every designer. Therefore, on aircraft piston engines began to install jet accelerator installations. An example is the Yak-7 VRD aircraft, under the wing of which two ramjet engines were suspended. When they were turned on, the speed increased by 60 90 kit/h. On the La-7R aircraft, a liquid-propellant rocket engine was used as an accelerator. The increase in speed due to the thrust of the rocket engine was 85 km / h. Powder boosters were also used to increase the flight speed and reduce the takeoff distance during the takeoff run of the aircraft.

Big job was carried out on the creation of a special fighter aircraft with a rocket engine, which the Dodge was to have a high rate of climb and speed with a significant duration of flight.

Young designers A. Ya. Bereznyak and L. M. Isaev, under the leadership of V. F. Bolkhovitinov, began designing in August 1941 combat aircraft with a rocket engine designed to intercept enemy fighters in the airfield area, on May 15, 1942, the pilot of the State Scientific and Testing Institute of the Air Force G. Ya. Bakhchivandzhi, in the presence of designers and a commission, made a successful flight on this jet aircraft.

In the post-war period, new models of fighter aircraft with rocket engines were created and tested in the country. For example, one of these models was controlled by a pilot who was in a car in a supine position.

During the Great Patriotic War, significant work was carried out to improve flight performance Pe-2 aircraft using liquid-propellant rocket engines that had adjustable thrust.

However, neither fighters with piston engines and boosters installed on them, nor aircraft with rocket engines have not found application in the practice of combat aviation.

In 1944, in order to increase speeds, it was decided to install a motor-compressor engine on the aircraft of A. I. Mikoyan and P. O. Sukhoi, which would combine the features of piston and jet engines. In 1945, the I-250 (Mikoyan) and Su-5 (Sukhoi) aircraft reached speeds of 814 825 km/h.

In accordance with the instructions of the State Defense Committee, a decision was made to create and build jet aircraft. This work was entrusted to Lavochkin, Mikoyan, Sukhoi and Yakovlev.

As you know, on April 24, 1946, on the same day, the Yak-15 and MiG-9 aircraft took off, which had as power plants insufficiently advanced turbojet engines, and the machines themselves did not fully meet the requirements for aviation. Later, the La-160 was built, the first swept-wing jet aircraft in our country. Its appearance played a significant role in increasing the speed of fighters, but it was still far from the speed of sound.

The second generation of domestic jet aircraft was more advanced, faster, more reliable machines, including the Yak-23, La-15 and especially the MiG-15. As you know, the latter had a powerful engine, three guns and a swept wing, under which, if necessary, additional fuel tanks were suspended. The plane fully justified the hopes placed on it. As the experience of military operations in Korea showed, he surpassed american fighter"Saber". The training version of this machine also served well, which for a number of years was the main training fighter of our aviation.

For the first time in the USSR, the speed of sound in flight with a decrease was achieved under the new one, in 1949, on an experimental aircraft of S. A. Lavochkin La-176 by pilot O. V. Sokolovsky. And in 1950, already in level flight, the MiG-17, Yak-50 aircraft passed " sound barrier” and with a decrease reached speeds much greater than sound. In September November 1952, the MiG-19 developed a speed 1.5 times greater than the speed of sound, and surpassed the Super Saber in its main characteristics, which by that time was the main US Air Force fighter.

Having overcome the "sound barrier", aviation continued to master ever-higher speeds and flight altitudes. The speed has already reached such values ​​at which, to further increase it, new solutions to the problem of stability and controllability were required. In addition, aviation came close to the so-called "thermal barrier" (when flying at supersonic speed, the air temperature in front of the aircraft rises sharply as a result of strong compression, this heating is transferred to the machine itself). The problem of thermal protection required an urgent solution.

On May 28, 1960, on the T-405 aircraft of General Designer P. O. Sukhoi, pilot B. Adrianov set an absolute world flight speed record of 2092 km / h along a closed route of 100 km.

As a result, our aviation received an aircraft capable of flying for about 30 minutes at a speed of approximately 3,000 km/h. Flights on these aircraft also showed that, thanks to the use of heat-resistant materials and powerful cooling systems, the problem of the "thermal barrier" for these flight speeds was basically solved.

During the post-war years, excellent passenger and transport aircraft were created in the USSR. Back in 1956, the Tu-104 aircraft began operating on Aeroflot lines, which for the first time in the world began regular passenger transportation, Il-18, Tu-124, Tu-134, An-10 and Yak-40 advanced our Civil Air Fleet by one from the leading places in the world.

New domestic passenger aircraft An-24, Tu-154M, Il-62M and Yak-42 carry out mass air transportation within the country and abroad. At the end of the seventies, the Tu-144 supersonic passenger aircraft was created. A new qualitative and quantitative level of passenger transportation was achieved with the commissioning of the Il-86 airbus. Military transport aviation received An-22 and Il-76T aircraft used to transport military and civilian cargo. In 1984, the operation of the giant aircraft An-124, and later An-225, began.

Helicopters, which only after the Second World War became operational and economically viable vehicle are now widely used. Soviet aviation designers created reliable rotorcraft for various purposes - light Mi-2 and Ka-26, medium Mi-6 and Ka-32 and heavy Mi-26 and others for military and civil aviation.

The successes of the Soviet aviation industry in creating combat aircraft were demonstrated in 1988 at the international aviation exhibition in Farnborough (England), where the MiG-29 air superiority fighter was demonstrated; the same aircraft, the Buran and the Su-27 were demonstrated in Paris in 1989. Military Literature website: militera.lib.ru
Edition: Ponomarev A. N. Soviet aviation designers. - M.: Military Publishing, 1990.