Archaeologists have something to dig into the Kuban: this is the ancient Greek colony of Fanagoria on Tamani, and the Demeter Temple under Anapa, and existing at the time of ancient Rome, the Bosporian fortress in the Crimean district, and even the world-famous parking of a primitive person in the village of Ilsky. But what if you look deeper in the century? What was in the territory of the Krasnodar Territory not thousands, but millions of years ago?

Of course, the idea of \u200b\u200bthat epoch is much more vague than even about the early world civilizations like Suchmers, Hittites and Egyptians, and yet some information to collect scientists managed. Vladimir Borisov wrote about the oldest history of our region in his book.

According to this edition, in the Jurassic and chalk periods of the Mesozoic era (and this is 180-65 million years ago), the occurrence of the ocean on land in the history of the earth, as a result of which Kuban, and the neighboring Adygea were in the power of Tetis. From the water then only the vertices of the mountain ranges were performed.

The proof of this hypothesis can serve numerous ammonites, which to this day are found in both regions. This refers to the remains of the oldest charts of mollusks that have achieved huge sizes. Under the influence of time, their spiral shells turned into fossils. These amazing finds You can see in the so-called garden of the stones, which is located in the village of Potterka, which is on the border of Kuban and Adygea.

Could dwell in the waters of Tethys and sea dinosaurs, For example, ichthyosaur and Plesiosaur, but the scientists have yet been able to detect their remains. But found very impressive bones of other prehistoric animals, for example, China Zetoteria. And at the beginning of this year in the Krasnodar Museum, the only skull of the fossil fansky elephant in the world in the world, the age of a unique find is 2 million years old.

In Armavir, they found the taper and bones of the fossil droganteric elephant, which lived in Kuban 12-13 million years ago.

Gipparion was found there - ancient horse. True, it was very modest - to a meter height.

60-65 million years ago dinosaurs die off, and after this, due to climate change, water retreats and the region relief begins to form.

Approximately 5 million years ago, the mountains of the Caucasus began to rise, and the Taman Peninsula was slowly immersed. On the spot black and Azov Sela Posted by a mounted reservoir. Mud volcanoes began to form on the taman, the forest landscape was replaced by steppe. By the beginning of the Quaternary period (about 1 million years ago), sheeps, horses, camels, ostriches were found in Kuban. The man began to master the territory of about 500 thousand years ago.

Nature defenders do not get tired of convincing people carefully applies to the natural wealth of the country. Yes, in Russia there are many corners with wonderful green forests, meadows, full of flowers, high mountains with steep vertices and many lakes and rivers rich in fish. However, the restless activity of a person has an increasing impact on the world around him and sometimes people do not even notice this in a cycle. own problems. Kuban is known soft, temperate climatesWhere in winter the cold is long held shortly, and in the summer the sun is not so much.

Variety around

The Northeast of Kuban is presented with steppe lowland, it extends on tens of kilometers and steppe animals live there. These are rodents different specieswhich most of their lives spend in nonorah, invisible to humans: Susliki, mice, tushkars, also moles and hamsters. All of them with hunting feed on agricultural plants, making harm. Steppe predators are hunting for them - ordinary ferrets, freer foxes and debris are often found. Birds are clever larks, partridges, interesting quail hunters, crows fly and ordinary forties. Birds are predatory - owls, owls are active at night, the kerms and Lun Steppe.
Skvorts and Finns are more common in the gardens. They are calmer to dwell and people feed.
Delta Kuban is more diverse: the flock of wild boars are found here, foxes are found. And birds are pelicans, ordinary seagulls, wild ducks And Chibisa, flocks of geese, go Herons, swim swans. You can meet Ondatra in Limans.

Forests Kuban.

They cover the mountains, and the foothills, the juicy grass grows there, good conditions For different animals and bird species. And wild pigs are found in the depths of the beech, and the oak clashes. There, rarely you can meet a person and it is quite calm. Kabanov are thick, rough bristles of a dark brown shade, there are black individuals. Males are distinguished by fangs that are so comfortable to threaten before the enemy and dig up the root.
The broad forest forests love roeble, they are small here, not higher than the goat, but externally looked like deer. The males have a horns. You can meet bears, wolves and sacking, raccoon dog, foxes, also kunitsa and badgers. Otters and mink are found off the coast. They live well at the water - the animals are famous as excellent swimmers and divers, and feed on fish.



In the northeastern part of the edge, in the Kubano-Priazovskoye lowland, the steppe animals are common. Here live field mice, Susliki, tushkars, moles, hamsters. They are all harm to agriculture. Live in nonorah, feed on grain, leaves. From predators there are foxes, caress, ferrets. From birds - larks, quail, gray partridges, crows, Soroki. There are predatory - cores, owls, owls, Lun Steppe.

In the gardens and parks you can see chaffins, sinicles, oatmeam, starlats.

In the Kuban Delta, wild boars, foxes, waterfowl are found in smoothies and limans: Pelicans, seagulls, ducks, chibisms, horses, geese, herons, sometimes fly swans. In Limanov lives ondatra. In the floors of the Kalininsky district there is the largest multi-shaped colony of aistoids in the region.

Fauna forests

In the mountains and foothills, the abundance of forest fruits and juicy meal herbs. This creates favorable conditions for the habitat of animals and birds. In oak and beech forests graze with small herds wild pigs. Unlike domestic, wild pigs are somewhat shorter and higher on the legs. Old boars reach 100-150 kilograms of weight. They are covered with thick, coarse bristle dark brown, and sometimes almost black. The male has fangs.

In large forests, they go small, rising with a home goat, roe, in their own way appearance Reindeer. The horns have only males. Industion bear, wolf, jackal, raccoon dog, badger, fox, cunning. On the banks of the rivers - mink and otter. They dive well and swim, feed on fish, frogs.

From the reptiles there are: Claws - ordinary and water, Vijuki - Steppe and Viguka Kosnakova (meets high in the mountains), a non-free lizard of the spray and yellowopus.

In the morning, the forest and the pre-burning valleys are filled with singing and twitter of various birds. Spearfish Soroki, whistling frozards, eat cuckoo, bumps echoes, busting with the streams of the shaking, shook out the tail; The coast of the rivers heard melodic entanglements of the yellow-lemon organizgh, quickly rush for the extraction of Cobschiki, teaching the bark of the stems of forests - Dyatly. Provinal Sorokoputs hunt insects. Yurki golden pure chasing bees, bumblebees, grabbing them on the summer with their long thin beak. Owls fly here, Filin, Skzorts, Dubonos, Schoeglas, Kingfisher, Tits, and high in the mountains - Caucasian TETEREV, mountain turkey. Blue sorripes, field sparrows and coastal swallows are settled on the river banks.

Birds bring great benefit national Economy, destroying harmful insects and rodents. For example, one swallow catches more than a thousand pests of plants per day. Hundreds of trees are saved by the woodpeckers, drinking the larvae of the beetles, hidden under the crust. Owl for the summer destroys a thousand mice, and each mouse eats 1 kilogram of grain per year. It turns out that only one owl retains us a ton of bread per year.

Not all feathered inhabit us all year round. Many people live in the summer, bring chicks, and fall in the fall in warmer edges. There are about 320 species of birds in Kuban.
The contamination of the soil, air led to a sharp reduction in the number of insectivore birds: Skvortsov, swallows, Vorobyov. But the number of raven, pigeons increased. Urban lumps serve them with an excellent feed database.

The animal world of the Black Sea is diverse, but focused mainly in the upper layer. Beluga, ceremony, sorry, herring, hums, sprats, bream, kefal, stavride, mackerel, Kambala have from fish from fish. There are dolphins. Fish in the Azov Sea: Taran, herring, sturgeon (Beluga, Osperature, Sevryuga), Tulka, Shnaya, Study.

In rivers and limans, they live: bream, guster, horse, sazan, catfish and other fish.

The Krasnodar Territory is in the south of our country, therefore it is much warmer here than, for example, in the Moscow region. In the Kubano-Priazovskoye lowland, in the foothills and mountains, on the Black Sea coast and the Taman Peninsula at the same time, you can observe different weather. For each year of year, its weather is characteristic. These annually repetitive weather features and make up the climate of the locality. It depends on geographic location, proximity to seas, terrain relief and dominant winds. The climate of most of our land is moderately continental, on the Black Sea coast (South Tuapse) - subtropical - wet.

The territory of the Kuban Plain is open from the north, that is, available to the action of arctic air mass.

The formation of the weather has some influence cyclones and anticyclones. Cyclones (air masses with reduced atmospheric pressure) usually bring rainy, unstable weather. Anticyclones (air flows with increased atmospheric pressure) contribute to the establishment of sustainable weather, warm summer and cold winter.

At the eastern and northeastern winds in summer is dry and hot weather. Winter from these winds are cold. A particularly sharp decrease in temperature is observed in the breakthrough in the predfaccise of the Arctic air masses. The air temperature drops to minus 20-25 °.

The winds of southwestern directions in the summer bring coolness and rains, in winter - thaw and precipitation in the form of snow and rain.

Local winds also affect climate. These include Bristia and Fin.

Fena - Warm, dry winds, minor, often in October - December. There are cases when in December with such wind, the air temperature in Krasnodar reached 15-20 ° heat. Fenoi are observed on the Black Sea coast, in the mountain and foothill and (weakened) on the Kuban-Priazovskaya lowland duration up to 1-2 days.

Breeze, or coastal winds, blow on the coast of the Black and Azov Seas, during the day from the sea to land, at night - from sushi to the sea.

The Black Sea in the summer cools the coast of breezes, in winter, on the contrary, heats, giving heat accumulated on hot days. High Caucasian Mountains Delay cold air flows running from the north.

Cold Northeast (Nord-Ost) Wind blowing from hurricane power, called bore. Strong Nord-Osks prevail in winter when there is a big difference in barometric pressure On land (high) and at sea (low).

The greatest wind speed is marked in the north-west of the Blackwood coast in the area of \u200b\u200bNovorossiysk. The air temperature decreases to 15-18 ° frost.

For a year, it is usually about 50 days with a bore (more often in November and March). The wind speed reaches 45-50 meters per second (with gusts up to 100 m / s). Boro often leads to the icing of courts standing in the bay, makes great damage to urban economy.

In the territory of the Krasnodar Territory, vegetation is distributed over zones. Here the latitudinal and vertical zonality is pronounced. The zone of the steppe occupies the entire Kuban-Priazovskaya lowland. In the near-past past it was a dreadful-tipper-nice steppe. Currently, almost all of it is placed and turned into unbarrible collective farm and peasant-farm fields, where they cultivate wheat, corn, sugar beets, sunflower, barley, vegetable-mudflower cultures. In total, there are more than 3 thousand species of plants in the region.

Along the roads, on the slopes of the beams and on the tops of the Kurgans, you can meet wilder grassy plants: powder creeping, the buttercup is wild, the donel is yellow, wormwood bitter, plantain, mother-and-mazehu, Swan, Osima Field, John's wort, immorter. In forest belts - oak, nut, acacia and other species of trees.

On the right bank of the Kuban, not far from the village of Ivanovo, an array of red forest (5200 hectares) spread. This is the remainder of the forests, who used to be the coast of Kuban before her low-levels. Narrow forest strips are preserved on average river flow. In the Red Forest grow oak, whale, maple, ash, apple tree, hawthorn, rosehip; Reindeer, roar, boars, hares. Depending on the height above sea level and related changes in climatic, soil and other conditions, not only the overall nature of vegetation varies sharply, but also the appearance of plants.

As the relief increases the steppe goes into the forest-steppe, and the last in forest zone. The forest-steppe stretched out the relatively non-trap band in the left bank of the Kuban, covering the zubban tilting plain and low (mainly up to 600 m) part of the previations. About 50% of Square - shrubs and partly broad-sized forests (oak, grob, maple, hazel, dogwood).

Kuban forests occupy 1.7 million hectares and are characterized exclusively valuable breeds. In the region, approximately 30% oak is focused, over 80% of beech and about 90% of the chestnut plantations of Russia. The main part of the forests falls on foothills, mountain areas And the Black Sea coast.
Vegetation in the mountains forms three belts: forest, subalpine and alpine.

The forest area is divided into two belts: wide and coniferous forests. Up to 700 meters above sea level, predominantly oak forests are growing with an admixture of a grab, ash, Ilma, as well as fruit trees (pear, apple tree, dogwood). Oak forests are replaced by beech belt. At an altitude of 1200 meters, Caucasian fir is joined to them. From 1300 to 1800 meters coniferous forests, consisting of Caucasian fir and east fir predominate. The needles of the fir are softer and a little wider than the needles ate.

At an altitude of 1800-2200 meters above sea level lies the belt of subalpine vegetation. Satisfied subalpine meadows and cryproin with a shrub bug and mountain cleaves. Subalpian meadows are rich pastures. In the summer, there is a cattle and octara sheep here.

Above subalpine meadows, starting from heights of 2300-2500 and up to 2800-3000 meters above sea level, extends the belt of the Alpine meadows of the North-West Caucasus (in other parts of the Caucasus it is much higher). Harsh here nature. Only in August, the glades are freed from snow.

As a split change! In the subalpine zone, everything is great and magnificently, and in the Alpine the same plants, but from 4 to 15 centimeters with an increase in the growing form. The brightness of the color, the color of flowers on the rocky glades, surrounded by rocks and snow. Red mints grow around, bright blue guilty, golden yellow buttercups and dandelions, pink-red carnations, blue forget-me-not.

From 3000 meters and above are the eternal snow and glaciers and the impregnable rocks, almost deprived of all vegetation.

Diversified the vegetation of the Black Sea coast. From Anapa to Novorossiysk, the slopes of the mountains are covered by a crab and oak, Rubinik and Derizhetyev. On the spurs of the Marcoth Range from Novorossiysk to Gelendzhik, curved and low-spirited elms, Grab and among them a dog and hawthorn are growing. In the area of \u200b\u200bGelendzhik there is Elm, Maple, ash, Kizil, Walnut, Alycha, Apple, Pear; On the coast - Pitsundskaya Pine.

12 kilometers south of Gelendzhik is a resort village of Gianhot. Here, on the high seashore, the island of an ancient flora is preserved - Grove Pitsunda Pine. It is surrounded by holbo, maple and other trees.

For Mikhailovsky Pass Oaks, the mountains are distributed over the slopes of the mountains and rises to a height of 500-600 meters, then leaving the beech place. In the floodplains and on the shores of the rivers, Alder, Kalina, Buzin, Kizil, Pear are growing.

On the coast from Lazarevsky to Adler, cypresses, pine pitsundskaya, magnolia, palm trees are growing. They remain green all year round.

Parks, squares decorate a noble laurel, bamboo, yukka, a variety of palm trees. There is no such month a year so that any plants do not bloom. The gardens ripen apricots, peaches and other fruits.

The forests of the Black Sea coast save the reserves of drinking and mineral waters, protect the soil from the water and wind erosions, the columns, stonepads and landslides, soften the climate. They provide a permanent level of water in rivers, protect them from graining and crushing and thereby create conditions for reproduction of fish wealth. From the slopes of mountains that are not protected by the forest, rains are demolished for the year 100 cubic meters of land from one hectare. In such places, ravines are rapidly formed.

The forest has a certain impact on the climate and rivers that feed the fertile plains of Kuban, protects the reservoirs from drying, fields - from drought, cleanses air from harmful carbon dioxide, dust and other smallest particles. The vegetation cover of the land is called " light planet" One hectare of the forest cleans over the year 18 million cubic meters of air smashed and rich in carbon dioxide.

The forest is a wellness factor and a wonderful object for tourist hiking, excursions, walks. Forest air is clean, there are many ozone and phytoncides in it - substances overwhelming the development of pathogenic microbes.

Forest is also building material. The woodworking industry is developed in Kuban. Furniture factories and associations are in Krasnodar, Armavir, Kropotkin, Absheronsk, Novorossiysk. They make wrauls and bookcases, chairs, tables, sofas ...



(edition of 05/29/2014)

Animal world The Krasnodar Territory is diverse and represented by 101 views of mammals, 37 species of reptiles and amphibians, 340 species of birds, 110 species of fish. At the same time, a significant number of animals are listed in Red Book of Russia (11 mammals, 24 - birds, 2 - amphibians, 3 types of reptiles). Among them there are rare specieslike a teddybean, Caucasian, Berkut, Kawaiik, Drop, Smereteer, Tremer, Kickpits, Orlan-Belochpath, Steppe Eagle, Pelicans Curly and Pink, Skop, Sapsan Falcon, Greet, Strept and others. The most numerous from hunting animals in steppe zone are hare, fox, pheasant, quail, are caressed. There are a lot of heroes, moles, tushkanchikh, mouse-like rodents. Mining and forest zone is least mastered by man, and here the main habitats of such valuable types of game, like a boar, Caucasian deer, Koslya, Sulna, Tour (or mountain goat), bison. From predators here live brown bear, Wolf, Jackal, Forest Cat, Fox, Badger, Forest Soft (Jolve) and Stone (Belber), Lynx and others. The banks of the rivers - the abdicate of mink and otter. Missed in the edge and raccoon dog. Edge endemics are: a mountain goat - a Kuban tour, a mountain bison, sulfur occurs; Bird endemics: Caucasian Ular and Caucasian Tetra. Despite the industrial development of the edge and reclamation work, the rivers are found in the rivers, including the sturgeon family. Fishing of sturgeon is allowed in the Delta of Kuban. The smooth part of the edge (Eastern Priazovia) is deservedly considered to be a bird kingdom. Here a significant amount of waterfowl is nest - geese and ducks (17 species), hills (20 species). At the spring and autumn span, millions of waterfowl, nesting in the north of Eurasia stop in the smooth zone. Wild boars and foxes are industrial and foxes in reed thickets; In Limanov, there is a delivered once North American ondatra.
From the reptiles, you can meet with a turtle (bolt and greek), "water and ordinary), violent (steppe and know), a good lizard (spherical and yellowopusik).
Valleys and forests of the Krasnodar Territory are full of birds: Soroki, Orioles, Drozda, Dyatlah, Cuckoo, Cowing, Wagtails, Owls, Skvorts, Dubonos, Schies. The plains are common moucom, falcons (emptore and checklock) and the horses of the reseller. Caucasian Tetherov and Mountain Turkey live in the mountains; In the undergrowth - Udod; In the grass of wetlands low-speed; in the steppes - quail; Above the sea - cormorants and seagulls. Small animals and birds at night are prey for Filins and owls. Coastal swallows, field sparrows, blue sulfur, nest on the rolling banks of the rivers. Golden pike. Next to the man in the parks and gardens dwells finches, tits, oatmeal, starlings, swallows (urban and rustic). In the forest valleys of the rivers Psekups and PSHICH in the thickets of the undergrowth or the root, Caucasian (it is ordinary) Pheasant can be found.

Animal world of Kuban.

Caucasian biosphere reserve.

In order to preserve rare and endangered species of representatives of the animal world, reservations, reserves, forestarks, hunting grounds have been created on the territory of the region.

The Caucasus Reserve is the largest protected area of \u200b\u200bthe Caucasus - the second largest in Europe. He is the largest mining reserve of the country and the benchmark of the untouched nature of the North-West Caucasus.

cHUGUSH TURKE TURKIY MONE-AGEPSTA PRESENTS TO MKSHVAA Krymskaya Polyana

It is located on the lands of the Krasnodar Territory, the Republic of Adygea and the Karachay-Cherkess Republic of the Russian Federation. Currently, the area of \u200b\u200bthe reserve is 280.3 thousand hectares. Within the Krasnodar Territory, the Caucasian Biosphere Reserve is located on the territory of the Mostovsky district and G. Sochi and covers an area of \u200b\u200b176 thousand 208 hectares.
Teacher: Caucasian State Natural Biosphere Reserve was founded on May 12, 1924 in order to preserve and explore mountain forests and an alpine strip with inhabiting them rare animals and plants.
Since 1909, Christopher Georgievich Shaposhnikov, the Foresting Belorechensky Forestry of the Kuban Cossack Troops, began the struggle for organizing the reserve in the territory of the Kuban hunt. The main reason for the preservation of this territory was to preserve the Caucasian mountain bison. He wrote that "Circassians have long had a" sacred grove ", or the reserve, where it was forbidden to chop trees and hunt for animals and birds. This grove was located on the left bank of the White, against the village of Khan. " And only on December 3, 1920, a resolution was adopted to create a Kuban high-altitude reserve, Christopher Shaposhnikov was appointed his director.
Since 1924, the Kuban Alpine Reserve was renamed the Caucasian Zubne Reserve.
The largest reserve of our region is the Caucasian state biosphere, included in international System biosphere reserves. The reserve lives 89 species of mammals, 248 - birds, including 112 nesting, 15 species of reptiles, 9 - amphibians, 21 - fish, 1 - round-old, more than 100 types of mollusks and about 10,000 types of insects. The exact number of worms, crustaceans, spine and many other groups of invertebrate animals remains unclear

Of course, large mammals are the most vulnerable area of \u200b\u200bnatural ecosystems. In the reserve it is a bison, noble deer, brown bear, West Caucasian tour, Sulna, Lynx, Koslya and Caban. However, a number of small types of animals also need emergency conservation measures and detailed study, including badger, Caucasian mink, otter, etc.

Among the birds are dominated by representatives of uniforms of sparrow and fallen. The most numerous groups of herpetofauna are real lizards and cool, fish - carpets.
In the reserve there are rare species of butterflies: large and small night peacock eyes. The red book contains 23 types of vertebrates found in the reserve, and the largest OSA of Russia - Skolia Giant.

Of the reptiles and amphibians in the reserve, a low-union triton, Caucasian russia, mediterranean turtle, Eclap Pass, Caucasian Vijuk, ordinary. Unfortunately, the ECCLAPs of the poloz due to large sizes and slow movement often dies from the hands of people.

Among the birds most often found frozards, foams, shakes, forest cannuk. On rocky cliffs according to the valleys of rivers, birds are nesting, crows, crows, Berkuts, vultures, as well as a white-headed Sip, bearded, who build their nests very thoroughly and use them for many years in a row.

The typical alpine birds of the reserve include Caucasian Tetra and Caucasian Ular (Mountain Turkey), whose featuring of the feathers make it completely imperceptible.

A large migration paths of birds are held above the reserve, caulins going to large flocks are most visible.
Rich and Fauna small mammals Reserve: Hedgehog, Mole, Sonya shell, Caucasian Momotovka. Of large predators In it live lying, leopard, forest cat, brown bear. Forest - Forest and stone, badger, burst, a raccoon dog, European mink, caress, Lisa.

Many animal nature reserves have limited distribution (endemics), or are alive witnesses of past geological eras (relics). Especially many of them among invertebrate animals, as well as fish, amphibians and reptiles.
In the protected tracts found the last refuge of the disappearing views of our planet. From the vertebral animals of the reserve in the Red Book of IUCN 8 species are listed, 25 species in the Red Book of the Russian Federation. And together with invertebrate animals in state and regional red books listed 71 species

The animal world of the reserve is heterogeneous in its origin. Here are representatives of the Mediterranean, Caucasian, Kolkhida and European faun. The characteristic feature of the edge fauna is a high degree of its endemism. From mammals, found only in the North-West Caucasus, the most characteristic of the Kuban tour, a mountain bison, among the birds - Caucasian Ular and Caucasian Tetrayev.

Endemic and relices are found in all high-rise belts Mountains
And now a little about the most vibrant and rare representatives of the fauna of the Caucasian Reserve.

West Caucasian Tour

it is the endemic of the Caucasus, the most numerous among the waters in the reserve.

The length of the body is 120-180 cm, height in the withers 78-112 cm. Coloring reddish-gray or brownish-redhead. All mountain goats are deft strong beasts. It dwells in the mountains of the Caucasus, at altitudes 2500-4500 m above sea level. In the summer she grabbed the Alpine meadows, in winter, part of the animals remains in the highlands, others go down in the forest. In places that are constantly visited by people, especially in the areas of livestock grazing, tours are forced in summer to leave the deaf forestry and rocky arrays. Goats are capable of amazing agility and fearlessly moving around such rocks, and even a leopard or a qualified climber will not be resolved behind them. With carefree species, they are walking along narrow icing rocky eaves on a dizzying height. Active mostly in the morning and in the evening, in winter it is also afternoon. In the fall and in winter are going to herd and graze on southern slopes, where less snow. In the summer, they are kept alone or small groups (up to 15 goals), more often on the northern slopes, and in the heat - near glaciers and snowflies. Exceptionally careful beasts are able to teach a person over hundreds of meters, see for a kilometer and more. From places often visited by people, usually leave. If the mountain goats do not bother, they lead a rather low-wear lifestyle. In the habitats of mountain goats, trails remain along the slope or down to the waterproofs, along the ridges or foot cliffs. In bad weather, goats are going to niches and shallow caves under the rocks, be sure to good overviewwhere bugs are littering and wool. Alarm is a sharp whistle. Food herbatous plants, foliage of trees and shrubs, fruits, in winter - dry grass and shoots.

In ancient times, when mountain goats were a lot, they were the main game for the mountain peoples. Among rock paintings in the mountains of the Caucasus and Central Asia Kozlov's images are more common than all other animals. Because of the sparks driven by the horns of Kozlov with a fight, they were considered a symbol of lightning and the beasts of the God of Thunder. They also served as a symbol of fertility.
Thanks to the protection, their number reached about 26 thousand, of which about 15 thousand - in Caucasian Reserve. Many tours die in winter and spring from snow avalanches, especially males, who usually hold in the mountains above females.

Caucasian Mountain Bison (Bison)

Bison is the largest representative of wild hoofs in our country. This, resembling a homemade bull, but the beast-covered brown wool can have weight up to a ton and above. Unfortunately, the bison in the Caucasus now has to talk about the new form of the animal. The fact is that about 70 years ago in the mountain forests of the North-Western Caucasus, the local subspecies was still inhabited - Caucasian bison. Caucasian Wars and the gradual settlement of the Brassers gradually pushed the bison in less accessible places, and the development of cattle breeding, the cutting of forests and the hunt reduced their number and the range. Special studies have shown that by the beginning of the twentieth century on the territory of the former grand-road Kuban hunt, which the Caucasian biosphere reserve is now occupied by several hundred bison. Subsequently, the number of Caucasian bison is catastrophically reduced. The greatest damage of their population was inflicted in the second decade of the twentieth century, when the local population appeared a large number of Military sample weapon. The result of all this was the complete disappearance of the Caucasian bison to 1926-27. The revival of the Bison in the Caucasus is the merit of the Caucasian Reserve, who began this work since 1940 however we are talking no longer about Caucasian bison, because it is impossible to restore a fully exterminated animal, but about a qualitatively new beast, the leading start from the hybrids between the plain Belovezhsky bison with a symbolically small admixture of the blood of our Caucasian and american bison.

The current Caucasian bison is a large mammal, body length up to 350 cm. Females less males. They are characterized by a massive physique with a powerful body, a large head, short limbs and tail. The eyes are small. Front of body (forehead between horns, neck, withers, chest), except for the end of the muzzle, covered with long, mostly curly hair. The rest of the body's hair is short, straight adjacent to the body. Path of tail hair long. Body coloring in winter dark brown, in summer it is lighter and red. It is found in wide forests, subalpine and alpine belts. In winter, the bison keeps more within the forest belt, in the summer rising in the mountains. Feed on plants, branches, leaves, bark of woody and shrub breeds. In the summer, the bison grazes in the morning and in the evening, in winter feeds in the afternoon. Western or group lifestyle. Females give birth to one calf, less than two.

Caucasian noble deer

This is a typical representative of the family of deer, the genus of real deer. It differs very impressive sizes. We are widespread, it lives in a range of heights from 60 to more than 3000 m. N.M., from the joint of the Anapian and Novorossiysk districts, in the West to the border of Russia with Abkhazia in the East. From Abrau Peninsula to the West - the habitats of another subspecies - the European noble deer, smaller. The approximate number of Caucasian subspecies is estimated at 700 - 900 individuals. Most of these animals live in the Caucasus Reserve. In winter, the overall tone of the color of deer brownish-gray, brown, summer - red, reddish-redhead. Among the young females of one - three-year-old, individuals are often found with white spots on the torso. Olenyata in the first 2nd month of life spotted. The first 3-5 days of the deer life are lying almost all the time, the mother leaves them only for the time of Palaiba. Human fear during this period there are no kids. It happens that a man who found a deer strokes him, takes on his hands. In such cases, the deer goes for a leaving person and it is difficult to escape from him. Local residents They are often referred to as the deer Lanka, a deer - Lunchuk, an adult male - Rogalem.

The males have a horns who are discarded in March Mae. Almost immediately they begin to grow new ones. Young Growing Horn - Pants - Soft, Blood Filled, covered with a very gentle short velvety coarse. The presence of Pantians is a characteristic feature of all deer, excluding only warring deer - Kabargu. Pants of Tibetan medicine are especially valued, they are used by people in medicinal purposes. By August - September, the horns wonder and turn into a formidable tournament and protective weapon. With age, the horns are changed.

In the summer, deer are mastering the storm, meeting even on the rocks, where they are saved from the heaps, blindweight. In the fall, in September - October passes the time of deer weddings. For the winter of deer descend into the forests of the middle and lower belt of the mountains. If a lot of snow falls out, then the deer go along the river beds, feeding the hanging branches of trees. Sometimes deer stand in the water weeks, without having access to the shore. Beasts lose weight. Hooves they swell, increasing in the amount of 1.5 - 2 times. In such cases, human assistance is needed - feeding, the device of gentle exits from the river ashore, constant protection, because Weighing beasts can easily become prey to predators, stray dogs and poachers. The enemies of deer in nature are wolves, lynks, bears. Deli deer and snow avalanches.

Caucasian deer is extremely valuable in scientific, fishing and aesthetic relationship.

Caucasian Sulna.

This is a slim and pretty light animal, with thin neck, small head and strong legs. The tail is very short. The ears are long, at the end of the pointed, the eyes are large, convex. The horns of males and females are small black, smooth. The color of the body in the summer is redhead, in winter black and brown. On the back takes a darker band; The same black and brown stripes pass along the bottom of the sides. The face is developed on the face, more often in the form of strips coming from the base of ears through the eyes to the corners of the mouth. Inhabit Sulna, very cool and rocky slopes of mountains both in the forest and alpine zone, at a height of 100-25 to 3500-4500 m above sea level. Animals inhabiting the alpine belt appear here in May, gradually climbing higher in the mountains. In October-November, they leave highlands and gather in a forest belt on steep rocky slopes covered with deciduous or coniferous forest. In the summer in the Alpine Belt, sulfas holds mixed herds or groups. In the fall of herd sulf, they are the biggest and sometimes reach hundred and more heads. In summer hot days, sulfas appear on the Alpine meadows in the morning and in the evening, and in the afternoon climbing snowflakes and on the ridges of the mountains or go on a lying into the forest. Sulnae is very deftly moving along steep rocky slopes like up and down. But long to run is not capable. On steep slopes, going down, they often sit in doggy, on the hind legs. Serne is well developed both eyesight and hearing and smell. In a dense fog, having heard the rustle, sulfas usually run from a leeward side and, just having a smell, publish a long hissing whistle and run away. In summer, sulfas feed the grass, preferring inflorescences, buds, seed boxes of umbrella, clover, complex and other plants, apparently, they are pretty picky in the choice of feed. In winter, they feed green and dry cereals, as well as thin branches, shoots and kidney willow, oak, rowan, blackberry, maple, honeysuckle and other breeds. In the fall they collect fallen acorns and chestnuts. Most sulfas in nature live up to 10 years. Some damage of SERN in the Caucasus is lynx, in some cases, wolf. In a very snowy winter, a lot of Serne dies from avalanche. In most areas of the Caucasus, the hunt for sulfur due to a sharp reduction in their number was prohibited. Currently, the number of sulfues in many places began to recover and reached 35-40 thousand heads in the Caucasus, an increase of about 50 times in 50 years.

Triton Liaziasian

It is probably the most beautiful of the tritons. The males have a very high, served ridge, sharply tearing at the base of the tail. The upper side of the body in males in the marriage outfit of the magnificent bronze-olive color with dark spots. Body sides sharply performs a silver strip, bordered from above and below darker strips; There are two dark longitudinal strips on the sides of the tail, moving further into one longitudinal row of extended across dark spots. Belubo orange-yellow or orange-red. In length, low-monia tritons reach 14 cm. Completed in the West Caucasus and in Malaya Asia, where it lives at altitudes 600-2750 m, spending, apparently, all year round in water, where and winter. Prefers clean, flowing reservoirs with rich water vegetation at altitudes about 1000 m. After wintering appears at the end of March and in April postpones caviar. Metamorphosis larvae having a length of 28-32 mm. Lifestyle is little important.

Caucasian Tether

Looks like an ordinary Tetherov, but a slightly kneading and slightly different painting plumage. In males, it is a matte- or velvety-black, almost without shine, there is no mirror on the wing. Extreme steering bent down more than on the sides. The female Pepling is smaller and monotonous, forming a tear pattern. Caucasian tetrais spread on an extremely limited area - within the Alpine belt of the Chief Caucasus Range and the Small Caucasus, at an altitude of 1500 to 3000 m above sea level.

Ular Caucasian.

As a general appearance and behavior resembles homemade chickenBut largely is much larger than it. Like other types of ulars, the body of the Caucasian Ular is dense, the neck is short, the head is small, the beak is small, but tight and wide. The legs are short and thick, the wings are also short, somewhat pointed, the tail is relatively long and slightly rounded. The plumage is abundant and thick, well-protecting bird body from low temperatures, characteristic of highly mountainous habitats of ulars. Being ground mountain bird, Caucasian Ular runs very easily and quickly, even by the coolest slopes, sometimes waving the wings to maintain balance. With danger, seeks to run up the slope, stretching the neck and raising the tail. Having reached the pass, takes off and, following or down the slope, hides in the near gorge. In flight, Caucasian Ular almost always whistles loudly. Caucasian Ular is painted mainly in gray-steel color with a beautiful jet pattern on each re. The throat, the upper part of the goiter, the bottom and sides of the neck pure-white, body side have wide brown longitudinal strips with black borders. The front of the back and chest, as well as the goiter are decorated with clear transverse strips of black and light-o-ohloque. Tail feathers are brownish-brown, at the ends of the brown. Flying feathers are white with dark brown ends, the supest of snow-white. The distribution area of \u200b\u200bCaucasian Ular is limited to the Alpine Zone of the Main Caucasus Range. Here, Caucasian Ular meets from upper border Alpine meadows to the limits of eternal snow, covering districts from 1800 to 4000 m above sea level. Inhabited steep rocky placers and rocky gorges with rare and scanty alpine vegetation, alternating with glades, crumbling low alpine herbal vegetation. Clean smooth slopes of mountains without rocks and scaldings clearly avoids. The total number of Caucasian Ularov varies during the year from 410 thousand birds in spring (in April) to 700 thousand in the fall (in October).

Caucasian bugger


The largest view in Russia. Beetle length 32-55 mm. Naughty with a rough coarse sculpture. Body coloring blue, sometimes with purple or green tintshiny. The bottom side of the body of the beetles is black, with a metal glitter. Beetles are active at different times of the day, but most active at night. They are found throughout the growing season since April. More active in spring and early summer. Run quickly. Active predator. It feeds mainly brojonogi mollusks. It also noted in the nutrition of insect larvae, rainworms. It is common in relatively dry forests, mainly dumbers. Sometimes rises to mountain steppes and Lugovpets at altitudes 1800-2000 m above sea level. The second subspecies is mainly timed to deciduous and mixed forests. Beetles are found on the surface of the soil, often in fallen foliage.

Gaduka Kamazova

The maximum length of the males body reaches 475 mm, females - 600 mm, the length of the tail is 7 - 8 cm. The head is very wide, depressed from above, is clearly deliberate from the neck. The tip of the muzzle is rounded. Unlike other types of violence of this complex, red and orange tones are dominated in color. Often there are essays of black color, in which elements of yellow or red in the upper or low-headed panels are saved. On the upper side of the body on the ridge there is a wide slightly zigzag strip of black or dark brown. Very often dark spots on the sides of the body merge into a solid strip. Top black head, belly black without spots. Young individuals have a bright red-brown color and characteristic of adult drawing, the maximum intensity of which is achieved after the first wintering. Completed in south - western slopes of the Big Caucasus from the Mikhailovsky pass through Abkhazia. On the northern slope of the Big Caucasus lives from the village of the Kolinsky Krasnodar Territory in the West, to Maykop in the north and river Urushten in the East. It feeds mainly small rodents. Poisonous.

Crossword "Animal World of Caucasian Biosphere Reserve"

1. The most small representative of the family of the Fauna of the Black Sea (roe)

2. Meeting with this wild animal is always dangerous. (boar)

3. Gray Sanitary Forest. (wolf)

4. The close size of the predator, furry animals, is a forest and stone in the Caucasus. (marten)

5. Snake, inhabiting in the mountains of the Caucasus - ... Kamezkova. (viper)

6. This rodent is very common throughout the Krasnodar Territory. (hare)

7. The smallest of the most evil predators, although wears a good name. (caressing)

8. This is a predatory animal, where the child is similar to crying a child, you can hear at night in the mountains. (jackal)

9. This is the most unusual representative of reptiles in the Caucasus, there are many species, but the most rare and beautiful - low-moniary. (triton)

10. This is a notable, beautiful bird. Its loose plumage in general is a smoky-red, but the main decoration is azure-blue feathers on the bending of the wing. It is powered by insects, eggs and chicks of other birds, small animals, acorns, nuts, seeds of cereals, food garbage. Create "pantry", spare acorns and nuts in the future. ( jay)

11. The Norny Beast, the leading twilight and night lifestyle, so see it can be very rare. Character winter sleep. Omnivorous. By winter feeds a lot of fat. Healing fat than mainly the value of the beast for hunters is determined. ( badger)

12.Very rare disappearing predatory bird, in Russia nests on the northern slopes of the main Caucasian ridge black ... (vulture)

13. In the Caucasus, this predator has been preserved in two foci, mainly in the Caucasian Reserve and in the Kushani, Kishi, White, Sochi, Hosts, Heat, Bzyby, Shahha. Detachment of predatory
Feline family, disappearing. (leopard)

14. This is a slim and pretty light animal, with a thin neck, a small head and strong legs, very deftly move along steep rocky slopes like up and down .(Chamois)

15. This is a kind of sturgeon fish, a stream is found in the Caucasus, many quick and cold-water rivers are inhabited, its special forms live in high mountain lakes of the Caucasus. (trout)

16. Forest large bird, in the Caucasus preserved the view, which is found only in the Caucasian Reserve - Caucasian ... (Teterev)

17. Mountain goatwhich occurs only in the mountains of the Caucasus . (tour)

18. Fluffy animal The average magnitude with the growth with the dog with a striped fur, with so developed fingers that the traces resemble the handprint of the human palm. (raccoon)

19. Beautiful predator Feline family. Wides in the forests of the mountain and foothill regions of the Caucasus. Wides a single, mainly nightlife. The main food is wild hoofs and miserable rodents. (lynx)

20. It is the largest and strong predator The Caucasus, although the smallest of his relatives from the taiga, use natural shelters as a log house, such as caves, rafts, rocks, etc. (Brown bear)

21. This is a large mammal, the color of the body in the winter dark brown, in the summer it is lighter and red. It is found in wide forests, subalpine and alpine belts. Restored regenerate. (bison)

22. Ground mountain bird, according to the general appearance and behavior resembles a homemade chicken, but in magnitude much larger than it. (Ular)

23. Pries bird, family of falcony size with a gray crow.
According to some sources, this is the fastest bird (and in general the animal) in the world - when attacked, it is able to develop speed over 322 km / h, or 90 m / s. ( sapsan)

24. Often on the shores of rivers there is a small, dark brown color, with a large white spot on the chest of a bird. Its life is closely connected with water. It is a water sparrow or .... She freely dives into the water and
floating along the bottom of the river, looking for food among the stones. Her feathers are smeared with special fat, and therefore it always comes out of the water dry. ( dipper)

25. One of the most beautiful butterflies North Caucasus. (hives)

26. The predatory beetle is useful in that it destroys the larvae of harmful insect plants, one of the varieties is Caucasian ... (ground beetle)

27. A relatively large animal with a torso to 70 cm and tail - up to 45 cm. Legs are short with swimming pools. Low smooth wool. It feeds on fish, frogs, attacks birds and rodents. IN Krasnodar Territory Removers in the tributaries of the left bank of Kuban and in her delta. (otter)

28. Jyrian representative of the parking park - Caucasian noble ... ( deer)

29. Large predatory bird The families of hawk, a dropner, nests on the northern slopes of the main Caucasian ridge - ... Bellogol. (SIP)

30. Night, evening butterfly - it like hummingbirds, hangs over a flower and drinks near-long trumps. (brand)

Used literature and other sources of information:

    Buzarov A. Sh., Warshanina T. P. Geography of the Republic of Adygea. Maykop, 2001.

    Kryyu I.A., ID "Simon-Press".

    www.ecosystema.ru.