Or several, i.e. is single or multiple.

For example, the word "iceberg" means "a large accumulation of ice or a large block of ice that has broken away from a glacier." The word has no other meaning. Therefore, it is unambiguous. But the word "braid" can have several interpretations. For example, a “braid” is a “kind of hairstyle” (a girl’s braid), and also a “bank near a river of a special shape” (went to swim on a braid) and, in addition, it is also a “tool of labor” (it’s good to sharpen a braid). Thus, the word "braid" is ambiguous.

The grammatical meaning of a word is a certain set of features that allow the word to change its form. So, for a verb, these are signs of time, person, number, etc., and - time, present or past, gender, number, and.

If the main component of the lexical meaning lies, as a rule, in its root, then the grammatical meaning of the word is most easily determined by the ending (inflection). For example, at the end of the name of a noun, its gender, case or number is easy. So, in the sentence "The morning turned out to be cool, but sunny," the noun has the following: nominative, neuter, singular, second. In addition, it can be said that the word is common noun, inanimate.

If you try to determine the lexical meaning of the word "morning", then, for sure, specify that this is the time of day following the night, i.e. start of the day.

If you learn how to correctly determine the lexical and grammatical meaning of words, you will be able to compose syntactic constructions (and sentences) that are beautiful in expressiveness and correct in terms of grammar and use.

Sources:

the lexical meaning is

At morphological analysis communion it needs to be defined view, which refers to the constant features of this part of speech. This is also very important for the translator, because the view in translation, the participle often changes the meaning of the entire text to the opposite.

You will need

- table of participle forms.

Instruction

Try putting the full participle in a short form. With the passive, this is most often possible, it always has both forms, but with the real, you are unlikely to be able to do such an operation. In any case, in the modern literary real communion short form Dont Have. Some dialects have it. Short form of the passive communion varies by gender and number. However, some suffering communion also in modern short form is usually not put. For example, “breakable”, “readable”, etc. In such cases, a short form exists, but rather refers to an archaic style.

Vocabulary wealth of the Russian language

The language, including Russian, is a developing phenomenon. New cultures, inventions of science and technology appear, one civilization replaces another. Of course, all this is reflected in the language. Some words appear, some disappear. It is the vocabulary that reacts vividly to these changes. All this is the richness of the language. K. Paustovsky gave a very colorful explanation of the totality of words, saying that for each surrounding phenomenon or object there is a corresponding “good” word, or even more than one.

Scientists have proven that for one person to understand another, it is enough to have 4-5 thousand words in stock, but this is not enough for beautiful, figurative speech. The Russian language is one of the most beautiful, so it is simply necessary to use its wealth. Moreover, knowledge of individual words with their interpretations is not enough (for this, you can simply learn a dictionary of lexical meanings). It is much more important to know words related in meaning, their figurative meaning, to understand and use antonyms, to use homonymous units.

Lexical meaning of the word

The word is the most important unit of any language. It is from them that combinations and subsequently sentences are made, with which people communicate with each other. How to distinguish one word from another? With the help of phonetics. Lexical meaning will also help with this. This is what separates the words. They can denote, for example, objects, people or living beings ( table, teacher, wolf); natural phenomena (wind, frost), actions ( run, watch), features ( beautiful, pink).

Over the centuries, words can change their lexical meaning. Take for example the word garden. Until the 20th century, this word also meant a garden. In modern times, the lexical meaning has changed: garden now it is a fenced area where vegetables are grown.

There are words whose lexical meaning is a certain image that is easy to imagine and depict: wood, cupboard, flower. For others, it is very abstract: love, grammar, music. The lexical meaning of the Russian language is summarized in explanatory dictionaries. There are several ways of interpretation: words that are identical in meaning. For example, way - road. Some dictionaries offer a detailed explanation: path- a specific place in space through which they move.

Why you need to know the lexical meaning

It is very important to know the lexical meaning - this will save you from some spelling mistakes. For example:

try on Wedding Dresses is a tedious but enjoyable process.
She was always good at reconciling enemies.

In the first example, the word “try on” is used in the meaning of “try on”, so the root should be written e. In the second sentence, it is about the world, so the letter is required And fundamentally.

Lexical meaning differs not only words, but also morphemes. Yes, attachment at- is used when it comes to the incompleteness of the action, close proximity, approximation or attachment; pre- in cases where the highest degree of something is meant ( funny - very funny, But: move (attachment), sit down (incompleteness), seaside (close to the sea).

There are also roots that have different lexical meanings. These are like - poppy-/-mok-; -equals-/-exactly-. If the word means immersion in liquid, you should write - poppy- (dip cookies in milk), another thing is the meaning of “pass, absorb liquid”, in this case writing is required - mok- (wet feet). Root - equals- should be written when talking about equality ( the equation); -exactly- used in the sense of something smooth, even ( trim bangs).

Single and multiple words

The richness of the words of the Russian language consists of those units that have several or only one lexical meaning. These are single and multiple words. The first has only one interpretation: birch, scalpel, Moscow, pizza. As can be seen from the examples, the group of single-valued words includes proper names, recently emerged or foreign words, also narrowly targeted. These are all kinds of terms, the names of professions, the names of animals.

There are many more polysemantic words in the language, that is, those that have several meanings. As a rule, interpretations unfold around a certain feature or meaning. The explanatory dictionary will tell you that the word is polysemantic. The meanings of such tokens are listed below the numbers. Let's take the word "earth" as an example. It has several interpretations:

One of the planets in the solar system.
Land - opposition to the concepts of "water" and "sky".
The soil is a fertile layer that allows you to grow all kinds of crops.
Territory owned by someone.
For some countries it is a federal unit.

Direct and figurative meaning of the word

All polysemantic words can contain a direct or figurative interpretation. If the task “Explain the lexical meaning of words” is encountered, you need to look into the explanatory dictionary. There, next to the value, it will be indicated whether it is direct or figurative. The first is the main one; the second was formed on the basis of the main one according to the principle of similarity.

For example, consider the word "hat". First, its main meaning is a headdress with small fields. Based on the similarity, a figurative interpretation was formed: the upper part of an object, expanded and flat - mushroom cap or nail.

It is the figurative meanings that give speech a special figurativeness; on their basis, such tropes as a metaphor are created (hidden comparison: sheaf of hair), metonymy (adjacency of signs: silver plate) and synecdoche (the part is used instead of the whole: the peasant was actually a slave).

Sometimes there are cases when only a figurative meaning appears in the language, and to complete a task, such as “Determine the lexical meaning of words”, you will need not only sensible, but also etymological dictionary. For example, this was the case with the adjective "red". Its direct meaning "beautiful" is preserved only in ancient toponyms ("Red Square") or folklore (proverbs).

Homonyms

The meanings of words can be compared, contrasted. The program studies such relationships for grades 5-6. The lexical meaning of homonyms, synonyms and antonyms is very interesting. Consider all these types of words.

Homonyms are those words that are identical in pronunciation or spelling, but their meaning is completely different. Yes, the words carnations(flowers) and carnations(pointed rods for fastening materials) are spelled the same and pronounced differently. Another example: braid- type of hairstyle, and braid- agricultural implement. Homonyms can also be grammatical. So, in the phrases "flood the oven" and "bake pies." Word bake is a noun in the first case and a verb in the second. Do not confuse the concepts of homonymy and ambiguity. The first does not imply any similarity between concepts, while the second is based on the principle of similarity of some feature.

Synonyms

Synonyms are words with the same lexical meaning. For example, the words "friend, buddy, comrade, shirt-guy" have the meaning of a close, trusted person. However, synonyms still differ in shades of meaning. Friend, for example, denotes a particularly close person.

Synonyms also have different stylistic coloring. So, shirt-guy used in colloquial speech. As a rule, synonyms are words of one part of speech, however, they can be stable combinations. Knowing the phenomenon of synonymy helps to avoid spelling errors. So, to find out the correct spelling of the particle Not with nouns or adjectives, you must follow the algorithm: "determine the lexical meaning and try to find a synonym without Not: enemy - enemy".

Antonyms

Antonyms are words that differ diametrically in lexical meaning: friend - enemy; go - run; deep - shallow; up down. As you can see, the phenomenon of antonymy is characteristic of any parts of speech: nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs. The use of such words gives speech a special expressiveness, helps to convey especially important thoughts to the listener or reader, therefore very often words that are opposite in meaning are found in folk sayings - proverbs. For example, "Softly spreads, but hard to sleep." In this case, "soft - hard" are antonyms.

As you can see, the Russian language is very diverse, so the topic of word interpretation has been studied for several years. In addition, it is included in the main school exams, where, for example, the task “Explain the lexical meaning of words” or “Choose a synonym / antonym / homonym for the word” is found, etc.

Types of lexical meanings of words in Russian

In this article, we will consider the types of lexical meanings of words and present their most famous classification created by V. V. Vinogradov.

What is lexical meaning?

As you know, a word has two meanings - grammatical and lexical. And if the grammatical meaning is abstract and inherent in a large number of words, then the lexical meaning is always individual.

It is customary to call the lexical meaning the correlation of objects or phenomena of reality fixed in the mind of a native speaker with a certain sound complex of a language unit. That is, the lexical meaning denotes the content inherent in a particular word.

Now we will analyze on the basis of which the types of lexical meanings of words are distinguished. And then consider one of the most popular classifications.

Lexical value types

Semantic correlation various words Russian language allows you to identify Various types tokens. To date, there are many systematizations of such values. But the classification proposed by V. V. Vinogradov in his article entitled "The main types of lexical meanings of words" is considered the most complete. We will analyze this typology further.

By correlation

According to the nomination (or correlation), it is customary to distinguish two meanings of the lexeme - direct and figurative.

Direct meaning, it is also called the main or main one, is a meaning that reflects the phenomenon of reality, real world. For example: the word "table" refers to a piece of furniture; "black" is the color of coal and soot; "to boil" means to seethe, boil, evaporate from heating. Such semantics is permanent and is subject only to historical changes. For example: "table" in ancient times meant "reigning", "throne" and "capital".

The main types of lexical meanings of a word are always subdivided into smaller ones, which we proved in this paragraph, speaking of direct and figurative meanings.

Returning to the main theme, we can add that words in the direct meaning less than others depend on the context and other words. Therefore, it is believed that such meanings have the least syntagmatic coherence and the greatest paradigmatic conditionality.

portable

The types of lexical meanings of words were identified on the basis of living Russian speech, in which a language game is often used, part of which is the use of words in figurative meanings.

Such meanings arise as a result of the transfer of the name of one object of reality to another on the basis of common features, similarity of functions, and so on.

Thus, the word got the opportunity to have several meanings. For example: "table" - 1) in the meaning of "piece of equipment" - "table of the machine"; 2) in the meaning of "food" - "get a room with a table"; 3) in the meaning of "department in the institution" - "round table".

The word “boil” also has a number of figurative meanings: 1) in the meaning of “manifestation in high degree"-" work is in full swing "; 2) excessive manifestation of emotions - "boil with indignation."

Portable meanings are based on the convergence of two concepts with the help of various kinds of associations, which are easily understood by native speakers. Very often, indirect meanings have great figurativeness: black thoughts, seething with indignation. These figurative phrases are quickly fixed in the language, and then fall into explanatory dictionaries.

Figurative meanings with pronounced figurativeness differ in their stability and reproducibility from metaphors invented by writers, publicists and poets, since the latter are strictly individual in nature.

However, very often figurative meanings lose their imagery for native speakers. For example, “handles of a sugar bowl”, “knee of a pipe”, “strike of a clock” are no longer perceived by us as figurative phrases. This phenomenon is called extinct imagery.

Types of lexical meanings of words by origin

Depending on the degree of semantic motivation (or by origin), the following are distinguished:

Motivated words (secondary or derivative) are derived from derivational affixes and meanings of the word-derivative stem.
Unmotivated words (primary or non-derivative) - they do not depend on the meaning of the morphemes that make up the word.

For example: the words “build”, “table”, “white” are unmotivated. The motivated words are “construction”, “desktop”, “whitewash”, since these words were formed from unmotivated ones, in addition, the primary source words help to understand the meaning of the newly formed lexemes. That is, "to whiten", derived from "white", means "to make white."

But not everything is so simple, the motivation of some words does not always manifest itself so clearly, as the language changes, and it is not always possible to find the historical root of the word. Nevertheless, if an etymological analysis is carried out, it is often possible to find an ancient connection between seemingly completely dissimilar words and explain their meanings. For example, after an etymological analysis, we learn that the words “feast”, “fat”, “cloth”, “window”, “cloud” come from “drink”, “live”, “twist”, “eye”, “drag” respectively. Therefore, it is not always possible for a non-specialist to distinguish an unmotivated word from a motivated one the first time.

Types of lexical meanings of words by compatibility

Depending on the lexical compatibility of meanings, words can be divided into:

Free - are based on only subject-logical connections. For example: “drink” can only be combined with words that denote liquid (tea, water, lemonade, etc.), but can never be used with words like “running”, “beauty”, “night”. Thus, the combination of such words will be regulated by the subject compatibility or incompatibility of the concepts that they denote. That is, "freedom" in the compatibility of such words is very conditional.
Non-free - such words are limited in their ability to lexically combine. Their use in speech depends both on the subject-logical factor and on the linguistic one. For example: the word "down" can be combined with the words "eyes", "look", "eyes", while these words cannot be correlated with other lexemes - they do not say "down your leg".

Non-free types of lexical meanings of words in Russian:

Phraseologically related - are realized exclusively in stable (or phraseological) combinations. For example: a sworn enemy - a sworn friend is not used, unless it is the author's language game.
Syntactically conditioned - is implemented only in those cases when the word is forced to perform an unusual function for it. For example, the words "hat", "oak", "log" become predicates, characterizing a person as narrow-minded, stupid, muddled, insensitive, lack of initiative. In fulfilling such a role, the word always acquires figurativeness and is classified as a type of figurative meanings.

Syntactically conditioned meanings also include those dictionary constructions that can be realized only under certain syntactic conditions. For example: "whirlwind" takes on a figurative meaning only in the form of a genus. n. - "whirlwind of events."

By function

Types of transfers of the lexical meaning of words can be distinguished depending on the nature of the functions performed:

Nominative - the name comes from the word "nomination", and denotes the naming of objects, phenomena and their qualities.
Expressive-semantic - in such words, the connotative (emotional-evaluative) becomes the predominant seme.

An example of a nominative word: " A tall man"- this phrase informs the listener that the person who is given the characteristic is tall.

An example of an expressive-semantic word: in the same case as described above, the word "tall" is replaced by the word "lanky" - this is how a disapproving, negative assessment of this growth is added to the information about high growth. Thus, the word "lanky" is an expressive synonym for the word "tall".

By the nature of the connection

The main types of lexical meanings of Russian words, depending on the nature of the connection in the lexical system of some meanings with others:

Correlative meanings are words that are opposed to each other on some basis: good - bad, far - close.
Autonomous meanings are relatively independent words denoting specific objects: a chair, a flower, a theater.
Deterministic meanings are words determined by the meaning of other words, as they are their expressive or stylistic variants: the word “nag” is determined by the word “horse”, “beautiful”, “magnificent” - “good”.

conclusions

Thus, we have listed the types of lexical meanings of words. Briefly, we can name the following aspects that formed the basis of our classification:

Subject-conceptual connections of words or paradigmatic relations.
Syntagmatic relations or the relation of words to each other.
Derivational or word-forming connections of lexemes.

Through the study of the classification of lexical meanings, one can better understand semantic structure words, to understand in more detail the systemic relationships that have developed in the vocabulary of the modern language.

What is lexical meaning? Need to give examples!

Sasha Markhakshinov

Lexical meaning - the correlation of the sound shell of the word with the corresponding objects or phenomena of objective reality. The lexical meaning does not include the entire set of features inherent in any object, phenomenon, action, etc., but only the most significant, helping to distinguish one object from another. The lexical meaning reveals the signs by which general properties for a number of objects, actions, phenomena, and also establishes differences that distinguish a given object, action, phenomenon. For example, the lexical meaning of the word giraffe is defined as follows: “an African artiodactyl ruminant with a very long neck And long legs", that is, those signs are listed that distinguish the giraffe from other animals

Pavel kiyamov

Evgeny Dzerzhinsky

The lexical meaning of a word is its content, i.e., the correlation between the sound complex and the object or phenomenon of reality, historically fixed in the minds of speakers. lexical meaning of a word A direct meaning is one that is directly related to an object or phenomenon, quality, action, etc. A figurative meaning is one that does not arise as a result of direct correlation with the object, but through the transfer of direct meaning to another object due to various associations . Examples: nose - the organ of smell, located on the face of a person, the muzzle of an animal (direct); - forward part of the ship, aircraft(portable); - bird's beak (portable); - toe (boot toes).

The lexical meaning of a word is its content, i.e., the correlation between the sound complex and the object or phenomenon of reality, historically fixed in the minds of speakers. lexical meaning of a word A direct meaning is one that is directly related to an object or phenomenon, quality, action, etc. A figurative meaning is one that does not arise as a result of direct correlation with the object, but through the transfer of direct meaning to another object due to various associations . Examples: nose - the organ of smell, located on the face of a person, the muzzle of an animal (direct); - front part of the vessel, aircraft (portable); - bird's beak (portable); - toe (boot toes).

Kiseleva tatiana

The lexical meaning of a word is its content, i.e., the correlation between the sound complex and the object or phenomenon of reality, historically fixed in the minds of speakers. lexical meaning of a word A direct meaning is one that is directly related to an object or phenomenon, quality, action, etc. A figurative meaning is one that does not arise as a result of direct correlation with the object, but through the transfer of direct meaning to another object due to various associations . Examples: nose - the organ of smell, located on the face of a person, the muzzle of an animal (direct); - front part of the vessel, aircraft (portable); - bird's beak (portable); - toe (boot toes).

What is the lexical meaning of the word??? rule =(

Irina Robertovna Makhrakova

The lexical meaning of a word is its interpretation, it is what the word means.
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● selection of synonyms;

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Words can have one meaning - they are called single-valued, and can have several meanings (two or more) - they are called polysemantic.
Meanings can be direct - these are primary, initial values, or they can be figurative - these are secondary values that arise on the basis of transferring primary values to other objects, signs, actions.

Examples of interpretation of the lexical meaning of the word:
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Alexandra wild

The lexical and grammatical meanings of the word differ.
The lexical meaning of a word is the correlation of the word with certain phenomena of reality.

All words of the language have a lexical meaning, but the meanings of independent and auxiliary parts of speech differ. Independent parts of speech call objects, actions, signs, quantities (man, run, fast, twelve), and service parts express the relationship between words in a phrase and sentence or introduce additional semantic shades into the sentence (on, in, through, because, because , whether, -ka).

The grammatical meaning of a word is its characteristic tick in terms of belonging to a certain part of speech, as well as the meaning of the grammatical form.

The lexical meaning of a word is contained in the basis of the word, the grammatical meaning is in affixes.

For example, the lexical meaning of the word "house" is "a residential building, as well as (collected) people living in it", and the grammatical meaning will be that it is a noun, common noun, inanimate, masculine, II declension, that it can be defined by an adjective, change by cases and numbers, act as a member of a sentence.

1. What is the lexical and grammatical meaning of a word? 2. Tell us about single-valued and polysemantic words; direct and n

1. What is the lexical and grammatical meaning of a word? 2. Talk about unambiguous and polysemantic words; direct and figurative meanings of the word. 3. What expressive means of the language do you know, based on the figurative meaning of the word?

Irina Robertovna Makhrakova

The LEXICAL MEANING of a WORD is its interpretation, this is what the word means.
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The lexical meaning of words is explained in explanatory dictionaries. There are several ways to interpret words:
● by describing an object, attribute, action, etc.;
● selection of synonyms;
● using antonym / antonyms;
● selection of single-root words.
Words can have one meaning - they are called UNIVERSAL, and can have several meanings (two or more) - they are called MULTIPLE.
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VALUES can be DIRECT - these are the primary, original meanings of words, or they can be PORTABLE - these are secondary meanings that arise on the basis of transferring primary meanings to other objects, signs, actions.

PORTABLE MEANINGS OF WORDS - the basis of such visual means language, as METAPHOR, METONYMY, PERSONATION, so that the use of words in a figurative sense gives speech, language works of art brightness, figurativeness, expressiveness.
An example of the interpretation of the lexical meaning of a word:
.

EXCEPT THE LEXICAL SIGNIFICANCE, the words of significant parts of speech have a GRAMMATICAL meaning. This is the meaning of number, gender, case, person, for example:
● the ending -IT in the verb SEES expresses the grammatical meaning singular, 3rd person;
● the ending -A in the verb LOOKED expresses the grammatical meaning of the singular, female, and together with the formative suffix -L- also the meaning of the past tense;
● the ending -У in the noun COUNTRY expresses the grammatical meaning of the feminine, singular, nominative case;
● the ending -YMI in the adjective MYSTERIOUS expresses the grammatical meaning plural, accusative case.

Anton Ulyanchenko

The lexical meaning of a word is essentially its definition,
Grammatical is the function that this word carries in a sentence (for example, it is a subject, predicate, object)

Single-valued words - words with one meaning, polysemantic - with many meanings. For example, cough is a one-to-one word, for example, and a shoe is a multi-valued word (both shoes and a buffer for stopping trains)

Direct meaning - words and expressions taken literally. For example: creak a table.
The figurative meaning of the word is what is perceived as a metaphor, not literally. For example, reluctantly.

Introduction

Language as a communicative system provides the transfer of information of various kinds. This includes information about objects, phenomena, states of affairs in external reality, and information about subjective acts of cognitive (cognitive) activity and personal experiences of the speaker, and information of a service nature regarding the methods used to construct coherent speech and the behavioral features of the language units used in it and their options. Thus, our speech is not a mechanical set of words. But to be understandable, one must not only choose the right words, but also put them in the appropriate grammatical form, skillfully combine and arrange the forms of words in a sentence.

The meaning of a word is determined not only by its correspondence to the concept that is expressed with the help of this word (for example: movement, development, language, society, law, etc.); it depends on the properties of that part of speech, that grammatical category, to which the word belongs, from socially conscious and settled contexts of its use.

Therefore, the word is studied in different sections of linguistics, as it has sound design, meaning, grammatical characteristics, that is, it combines the features of different aspects of the language.

The word is a two-way unity: it combines form (a certain sound or letter complex) and meaning. A sound or letter sequence becomes a word only when it acquires a meaning. Distinguish between lexical and grammatical meaning.

They will be considered in this work.

Lexical meaning

The lexical commonality of words lies, as a rule, in the root morpheme - the carrier of the conceptual idea. The lexical meaning, therefore, is the semantic side of the word and is devoid of a standard (regular) expression. According to the classical definition of V.V. Vinogradova, the lexical meaning of a word is “a subject-material content, designed according to the laws of the grammar of a given language and being an element of the general semantic system of the dictionary of this language”

However, the term "lexical" or, as in Lately they began to say that "the semantic meaning of the word" cannot be considered quite definite. The lexical meaning of a word is usually understood as its subject-material content, designed according to the laws of the grammar of a given language and being an element of the general semantic system of the dictionary of this language. The socially fixed content of a word can be homogeneous, unified, but it can be an internally connected system of multidirectional reflections of different "pieces of reality", between which a semantic connection is established in the system of a given language. The differentiation and unification of these heterogeneous subject-semantic relations in the structure of the word is associated with very great difficulties. These difficulties make themselves felt in the constant confusion of meanings and uses of the word, typical for explanatory dictionaries, in the vagueness of the boundaries between the meanings and shades of the meanings of the word, in constant disagreements or contradictions on the question of the number of meanings of the word and the correctness of their definition.

The lack of clarity in the definition of the concept of "lexical meaning of a word" has a very hard effect on the practice of vocabulary. In every explanatory dictionary hundreds, if not thousands, of living word meanings are omitted, and many non-existent meanings are invented.

In the semantic structure of the word, as in other aspects of the language, there are elements of the new, elements of the living, developing, and elements of the old, elements of the dying, receding into the past.

Observations on the ways of combining different meanings in a word, as well as on the patterns of word usage, lead to the conclusion that not all meanings of words are homogeneous or of the same type, that there are qualitative differences in the structure different types lexical meanings. It is well known that a word refers to reality, reflects it and expresses its meanings not in isolation, not in isolation from the lexical-semantic system of a given particular language, but in inseparable connection with it, as its constituent element.

In the system of meanings expressed by the vocabulary of the language, it is easiest to single out direct, nominative meanings, as if directly aimed at "objects", phenomena, actions and qualities of reality (including the inner life of a person) and reflecting their public understanding. The nominative meaning of the word is the support and socially conscious foundation of all its other meanings and applications.

The basic nominative meanings of words, especially those that belong to the main vocabulary fund, are very stable. These meanings can be called free, although their freedom is conditioned socio-historically and subject-logically. The functioning of these meanings of words is usually not limited and not bound by the narrow framework of close phraseological combinations. Basically, the circle of use of the nominative meaning of the word, the circle of its connections corresponds to the connections and relations of the objects themselves, processes and phenomena of the real world, for example: drink water, kvass, wine, tea, cider, grape juice, etc.; stone house, basement, foundation, floor, barn, etc.; squint, squint one's eyes; syllabic verse, versification.

lexical grammatical word meaning

A word can have several free meanings, which directly reflect various objects and phenomena of reality (cf. hat - "headdress" and "headline in large print, common to several articles").

However, in relation to the main nominative meaning, all other meanings of this kind in the word are derivatives. This derivation of secondary nominative meanings must not be confused with metaphor and figurativeness. To the extent that these meanings are not separated from the main one, they are understood in relation to it and can be called nominative-derived meanings. Often they are narrower, closer, more specialized than the main nominative meaning of the word.

In the language system, the nominative-derived meaning of a word (as well as the terminological, scientific) cannot be divorced from the basic free one. Therefore, the assertion that a word in its basic meaning can be included in the main vocabulary fund, and in a "portable or special" one can be outside it, is erroneous.

Two or more free nominative meanings can be combined in one word only if one or two of them are derived from the main one (at least they are understood as such in given period language development). If there is no such connection between the meanings, then we are already dealing with two homonyms. An analysis of the morphological structure of the word is also very helpful in resolving this issue.

In addition to the possibility of combining different nominative meanings in one word, it is also necessary to pay attention to the fact that free nominative meanings, with the exception of terminological, scientifically prepared meanings, can be the supporting or starting points of synonymic rows.

Many words that belong both to the main vocabulary fund and to the rest of the vocabulary of the language have stylistic synonyms in different layers or layers of vocabulary. A significant part of these synonyms is devoid of a direct, free nominative meaning. Such synonyms express their main meaning not directly, but through that semantically basic or supporting word, which is the base of the corresponding synonymic series and whose nominative meaning is directly directed to reality.

It goes without saying that on the basis of the expressive-synonymous meaning, other, but only phraseologically related meanings and uses of the word can develop. In the history of vocabulary, we can observe the very process of creating this kind of synonymous series.

However, the semantic structure and function of different types synonyms are heterogeneous; the nature of the correlation of their meanings with the nominative meanings of the reference or initial words of the synonymic series is not the same. Depending on the degree of differentiation of its own meaning, on its subject-semantic and expressive-stylistic shades, an expressive synonym can also express a free nominative meaning that is not conveyed by other words of the same synonymic series, although it is correlative with them.

Thus, the peculiarities of the expressive-synonymous meanings of many words are determined by the nature and types of their relationships with the nominative meanings of the basic, original words of the corresponding synonymous series. Meanwhile, the phraseologically related meanings of words cannot serve as a basis at all, the basis of a synonymic series, although they allow synonymous "substitutes".

In language fiction correlative and homogeneous meanings of close synonyms can be individually opposed to one another, as designations for different objects, although belonging to the same species or genus, but qualitatively different.

Nevertheless, it is impossible to give a single now generally accepted definition of the lexical meaning of a word, since this issue has not yet been resolved due to its complexity and the huge variety of approaches to the problem. So, according to M.V. Nikitin, two parts are distinguished in the total content of the lexical meaning of a word: the content core of the lexical meaning (its intensive) and the periphery of the semantic features surrounding this core (the implication). In other definitions, lexical meaning appears as a combination of the conceptual core and additional shades. V.N. Telia considers the intension to be the conceptual essence of the word, thereby connecting it not with the subject-logical, but with the conceptual side of the meaning, referring the denotation to the area of the extension.

LEXICAL MEANING OF THE WORD

Parameter name	Meaning
Article subject:	LEXICAL MEANING OF THE WORD
Rubric (thematic category)	Lexicology

WORD AND ITS LEXICAL MEANING. LEXICAL ERRORS

Vocabulary – the set of all words in a given language.

Lexicology - a branch of the science of language that studies the vocabulary of a language.

In lexicology, words are studied from the point of view of: 1) their semantic meaning; 2) places in common system vocabulary; 3) origin; 4) usage; 5) areas of application in the process of communication; 6) their expressive-stylistic nature.

The concept of ʼʼlexicologyʼʼ includes the doctrine of stable phrases (phraseological units), the doctrine of dictionaries (lexicography).

Word - the basic unit of the language, it is a sound or a complex of sounds that correlates with some phenomenon of reality: it names an object, Living being, attribute, action, property, etc.

The word as the basic unit of the language has different sides: phonetic (sound), lexical and grammatical.

phonetic side words: milk[ml ko'].

From the semantic side, each word is characterized by a certain lexical meaning.

Lexical meaning – this is the content of the word, its correlation with the phenomenon of reality, that is, what a separate independent word means.

For example, there is an object ʼʼbridgeʼʼ and there is a word ʼʼ bridgeʼʼ denoting the subject.

The lexical meaning of the word ʼʼ bridgeʼʼ next; ʼʼconstruction for crossing, crossing a river, ravine, railway lineʼʼ.

Although the concept lies at the base of the lexical meaning of the word, it is impossible to put an equal sign between the meaning and the concept. The lexical meaning of the word is multifaceted. In addition to the concept, it may include emotionally expressive coloring. This is explained by the fact that language is not only a means of expressing and forming thoughts, but also a means of expressing feelings and moods. For example, words Sun And Sun express kindness, love relationship speaker to the named object.

Words good And wonderful, big And huge, Beautiful And beautiful, be surprised and be amazed, frugality and avarice express one concept and differ only in the presence or absence of emotionally expressive coloring.

The lexical meaning of a word is closely related to the grammatical one. There is not a single word that has a lexical meaning and does not have a social grammatical design. To express grammatical meanings, there are special material indicators that give the word grammatical formality. So, for example, in the verb decide, used in different forms (decided, decided), the lexical meaning is further complicated by the grammatical meanings of the past tense, singular, masculine and feminine, which is expressed with the help of the ending - A– for feminine, zero ending – for masculine and suffix - l- past tense.

LEXICAL MEANING OF THE WORD - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "LEXICAL MEANING OF THE WORD" 2017, 2018.

- The lexical meaning of the word. Types of lexical meanings of a word in modern Russian.

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- The lexical meaning of the word. Lexical value types

Lexical meaning - the correlation of the sound shell of the word with the corresponding objects or phenomena of objective reality. Lexical meaning does not include the entire set of features inherent in any object, phenomenon, action, etc., but ....

- The lexical meaning of the word.

All objects and phenomena of reality have their own names in the language. Words point to real objects, to our attitude towards them, which arose in the process of knowing the world around us, to the concepts of these objects that arise in our minds. This connection... .

- Lexical meaning of the word and concept

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Vocabulary. Lexical meaning of the word

♦Lexicology(Greek lexikos "verbal") - a section of linguistics that studies the vocabulary of the language.

Vocabulary of the Russian language

Vocabulary the whole set of words of the language, its vocabulary is called. The section of linguistics that studies vocabulary is called lexicology (gr. lexikos - dictionary + logos - teaching).

Word is the basic unit of the lexical level of the language.

The lexical meaning of the word. Its main types

The word differs in its sound design, morphological structure and the meaning and meaning contained in it.

Lexical meaning of the word is its content, i.e. the correlation between the sound complex and the object or phenomenon of reality, historically fixed in the minds of speakers, "formulated according to the grammatical laws of a given language and being an element of the general semantic system of the dictionary."

Depending on which feature is the basis of the classification, four main types of lexical meanings of words can be distinguished in the modern Russian language.

1. By connection, correlation with the subject of reality, i.e. according to the method of naming, or nomination (lat. nominatio - naming, name), direct, or basic, and figurative, or indirect meanings are distinguished.

A direct meaning is one that is directly related to an object or phenomenon, quality, action, etc. For example, the first two meanings of the word hand will be direct: "one of the two upper limbs of a person from the shoulder to the end of the fingers .." and "... as an instrument of activity, labor."

A figurative meaning is one that does not arise as a result of a direct correlation with an object, but through the transfer of a direct meaning to another object due to various associations. For example, the following meanings of the word hand will be portable:

1) (only singular) manner of writing, handwriting; 2) (plural only) labor force;

3) (only pl.) about a person, a person (... with a definition) as the owner, owner of something; 4) a symbol of power; 5) (only singular, colloquial) o influential person able to protect, provide support; 6) (only singular) about the consent of someone to marriage, about the readiness to marry.

The connections of words with a direct meaning depend less on the context and are conditioned by subject-logical relations, which are quite wide and relatively free. The figurative meaning depends much more on the context; it has a living or partially extinct imagery.

2. According to the degree of semantic motivation, the meanings are divided into unmotivated (or non-derivative, idiomatic) and motivated (or derived from the former). For example, the meaning of the word hand is unmotivated, while the meanings of the words hand, sleeve, etc. are already motivated by semantic and derivational connections with the word hand.

3. According to the degree of lexical compatibility, the meanings are divided into relatively free (these include all the direct meanings of words) and non-free. Among the latter, there are two main types:

1) a phraseologically related meaning is one that occurs in words in certain lexically indivisible combinations. They are characterized by a narrowly limited, stably reproducible range of words, the links between which are determined not by subject-logical relations, but by the internal laws of the lexico-semantic system. The boundaries of the use of words with this meaning are narrow. So, in the word bosom, the figurative meaning "sincere, sincere" is realized, as a rule, only in combination with the word friend (friendship);

2) a syntactically determined meaning is one that appears in a word when it performs an unusual role in a sentence. In the development of these meanings, the role of context is great. For example, when using the word oak in the role of characterizing a person: Eh, you, oak, didn’t understand anything - its meaning is realized “dumb, insensitive” (colloquial).

A variety of syntactically conditioned meanings includes the so-called constructively limited, which occurs only under the conditions of using a word in a certain syntactic construction. For example, the relatively recent meaning of "district, region, place of action" in the word geography is due to its use in a construction with a noun in genitive case: geography of sports victories.

4. According to the nature of the performed nominative functions, the meanings are actually nominative and expressive-synonymous.

Nominative are those that directly, immediately name an object, phenomenon, quality, action, etc. In their semantics, as a rule, there is no additional features(in particular, evaluation). Although over time, such signs may appear.

For example, the words writer, make noise and many others. others

Expressive-synonymous is the meaning of the word, in the semantics of which the emotional-expressive feature prevails. Words with such meanings exist independently, are reflected in the dictionary and are perceived as evaluative synonyms for words that have a proper nominative meaning. Wed: writer scribbler, scribbler; make noise - roam. Consequently, they not only name the object, action, but also give a special assessment. For example, roam(simple) not just “make noise”, but “behave noisily, fussily, dissolutely, dishonorably”.

In addition to these main types of lexical meanings, many words in the Russian language have shades of meanings, which, being closely related to the main one, still have differences. For example, along with the first direct meaning of the word hand in dictionaries, its shade is also given, i.e. a semicolon indicates "part of the same limb from the metacarpus to the end of the fingers."

The lexical meaning in a word can be unique (such words are called unambiguous), but it can also coexist with other lexical meanings of the same word (such words are called polysemantic).

Polysemy of a word

Polysemy, or polysemy (gr. poly - many + sema - sign), is the property of words to be used in different meanings. So, the word core in modern Russian has several meanings:

1) the inner part of the fruit in a hard shell: And the nuts are not simple, all the shells are golden, the cores are pure emerald (P.); 2) the basis of something (book): The core of the fascist army was destroyed on the Volga; 3) the central part of something (special): the nucleus of an atom; 4) an old gun projectile in the form of a round cast body: Cannonballs roll, bullets whistle, cold bayonets hang (P.). The semantic connection of the selected meanings is close, therefore all of them are considered as meanings of the same word.

The word pipe, for example, in the phrases water pipe or spyglass means "a long, hollow, usually round object." A wind brass musical instrument with a strong sonorous timbre is also called a pipe: My Creator! deafened, louder than any pipes! (Gr.). This word is also used in such a special sense as "a channel in the body for communication between organs", for example, the Eustachian tube.

Thus, the word in the process of its historical development, in addition to the original value, can acquire a new, derived value.

The ways of forming the meanings of words are different. A new meaning of a word can arise, for example, by transferring the name according to the similarity of objects or their features, i.e. metaphorically (from Gr. metaphora - transfer). For example; by the similarity of external signs: nose (of a person) - nose (of a ship), the shape of objects: apple (Antonov) - apple (eye), by the similarity of sensations, assessments: warm (flow) - warm (participation), etc. It is also possible to transfer names according to the similarity of the functions performed (i.e. functional transfers): pen (goose) - pen (steel), conductor (official accompanying the train) - conductor (in technology - a device that guides the tool).

A new meaning may arise as a result of the appearance of associations by adjacency (the so-called metonymic transfers, Greek metonymia - renaming). For example, the name of the material is transferred to a product made of this material: bronze chandelier (name of material) - Antique bronze was sold in an antique shop (an item made of this material). In a metonymic way, various kinds of connotations also arise (gr. synekdoche), i.e. the name in one word of the action and its result, cf .: to do embroidery - an exhibition of artistic embroidery; parts and the whole (and vice versa), cf .: Pea coats with peakless caps and gray overcoats flashed (i.e. sailors and infantrymen; in this case, a person is named after a piece of clothing), etc.

The different meanings of a word, as well as their shades, make up its so-called semantic structure and serve as a vivid example of the manifestation of systemic connections within a single word. It is this type of relationship that allows writers and speakers to widely use polysemy, both without a special stylistic predestination, and with a specific goal: to give speech expressiveness, emotionality, etc.

In the event of a break or complete loss of semantic links between different values there is an opportunity for naming completely different concepts, objects, etc. with an already known word. This is one of the ways to develop new words - homonyms.